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Wang Y, Zou Y, Jiang Q, Li W, Chai X, Zhao T, Liu S, Yuan Z, Yu C, Wang T. Ox-LDL-induced CD80 + macrophages expand pro-atherosclerotic NKT cells via CD1d in atherosclerotic mice and hyperlipidemic patients. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1563-C1572. [PMID: 38586879 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00043.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of blood vessels involving the immune system. Natural killer T (NKT) cells, as crucial components of the innate and acquired immune systems, play critical roles in the development of atherosclerosis. However, the mechanism and clinical relevance of NKT cells in early atherosclerosis are largely unclear. The study investigated the mechanism influencing NKT cell function in apoE deficiency-induced early atherosclerosis. Our findings demonstrated that there were higher populations of NKT cells and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-producing NKT cells in the peripheral blood of patients with hyperlipidemia and in the aorta, blood, spleen, and bone marrow of early atherosclerotic mice compared with the control groups. Moreover, we discovered that the infiltration of CD80+ macrophages and CD1d expression on CD80+ macrophages in atherosclerotic mice climbed remarkably. CD1d expression increased in CD80+ macrophages stimulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) ex vivo and in vitro. Ex vivo coculture of macrophages with NKT cells revealed that ox-LDL-induced CD80+ macrophages presented lipid antigen α-Galcer (alpha-galactosylceramide) to NKT cells via CD1d, enabling NKT cells to express more IFN-γ. Furthermore, a greater proportion of CD1d+ monocytes and CD1d+CD80+ monocytes were found in peripheral blood of hyperlipidemic patients compared with that of healthy donors. Positive correlations were found between CD1d+CD80+ monocytes and NKT cells or IFN-γ+ NKT cells in hyperlipidemic patients. Our findings illustrated that CD80+ macrophages stimulated NKT cells to secrete IFN-γ via CD1d-presenting α-Galcer, which may accelerate the progression of early atherosclerosis. Inhibiting lipid antigen presentation by CD80+ macrophages to NKT cells may be a promising immune target for the treatment of early atherosclerosis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This work proposed the ox-LDL-CD80+ monocyte/macrophage-CD1d-NKT cell-IFN-γ axis in the progression of atherosclerosis. The proinflammatory IFN-γ+ NKT cells are closely related to CD1d+CD80+ monocytes in hyperlipidemic patients. Inhibiting CD80+ macrophages to present lipid antigens to NKT cells through CD1d blocking may be a new therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Chongqing Liangjiang New District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsong Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenming Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Chai
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingrui Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyi Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyi Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Chakrabarti R, Duddu S, Tiwari A, Naidu KT, Sharma P, Chakravorty N, Shukla PC. Natural Killer T cells and the invariant subset promote atherosclerosis: A meta-analysis. Life Sci 2023; 321:121620. [PMID: 37011534 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are reported to be both pro- and anti-atherosclerotic. With this meta-analysis, we evaluated the NKT population and their subsets in regulating the atherosclerotic disease in mice. MAIN METHODS Eighteen pre-clinical (mice, n = 1276) and 6 clinical observational studies (humans, n = 116) met the eligibility criteria for inclusion. Random effects model was used and standard mean difference (SMD) was calculated for the cell counts and aortic lesion area. KEY FINDINGS Lesion area decreased in the absence of whole NKT cell population (-1.33[95%CI, -2.14, -0.52]), and in the absence of only iNKT subset (-0.66[95%CI, -1.69, 0.37]). However, lesion area increased after over-expression/activation of iNKTs (1.40[95%CI, 0.28, 2.52]). Atherogenic diet (AD) or high fat diet (HFD) increased the number of NKT cells (2.51[95%CI, 1.42, 3.61]), whereas the iNKT cell numbers and iNKT cell-specific gene expression decreased in mice (-2.04[95%CI, -3.34, -0.75]) and atherosclerotic patients (-1.81[95 % CI, -2.89, -0.74]). SIGNIFICANCE Here we show that, NKT and iNKT cells promote atherosclerosis. In general, NKT cell population increases with the progression of the plaque in mice and the numbers of iNKT cells reduce once the disease is established both in mice and humans.
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Apolipoprotein E in Cardiometabolic and Neurological Health and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179892. [PMID: 36077289 PMCID: PMC9456500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A preponderance of evidence obtained from genetically modified mice and human population studies reveals the association of apolipoprotein E (apoE) deficiency and polymorphisms with pathogenesis of numerous chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis, obesity/diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease. The human APOE gene is polymorphic with three major alleles, ε2, ε3 and ε4, encoding apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, respectively. The APOE gene is expressed in many cell types, including hepatocytes, adipocytes, immune cells of the myeloid lineage, vascular smooth muscle cells, and in the brain. ApoE is present in subclasses of plasma lipoproteins, and it mediates the clearance of atherogenic lipoproteins from plasma circulation via its interaction with LDL receptor family proteins and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Extracellular apoE also interacts with cell surface receptors and confers signaling events for cell regulation, while apoE expressed endogenously in various cell types regulates cell functions via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. This review article focuses on lipoprotein transport-dependent and -independent mechanisms by which apoE deficiency or polymorphisms contribute to cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, and neurological disorders.
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Ludwig K, Huppertz T, Radsak M, Gouveris H. Cellular Immune Dysfunction in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Front Surg 2022; 9:890377. [PMID: 35874140 PMCID: PMC9299259 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.890377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder. Repetitive pauses in breathing during sleep cause a brief but recurrent decrease in oxygen saturation in organs and tissues (chronic intermittent tissue hypoxia). Many studies have proven a pro-inflammatory status in OSA patients. However, few reports are available on the effects of OSA on the cellular immune system, mostly focusing on single immune cell types and their subtypes. The aim of this Mini-Review is to summarize these reports, as OSA is associated with a high prevalence and comorbidities such as atherosclerosis, which are known to involve the cellular immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ludwig
- Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tilman Huppertz
- Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Radsak
- IIIrd Department of Medicine, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Haralampos Gouveris
- Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: Haralampos Gouveris
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Gwon SY, Lee HM, Rhee KJ, Sung HJ. Microarray and proteome array in an atherosclerosis mouse model for identification of biomarkers in whole blood. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:882-892. [PMID: 31337962 PMCID: PMC6643112 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.30082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is highly fatal, and 80 percent of the mortality is attributed to heart attack and stroke. Atherosclerosis is a disease that increases a patient's risk to CVD and is characterized by atheroma formed by immune cells, lipids, and smooth muscle cells. When an atherosclerotic lesion grows and blocks blood vessels or when an atheroma ruptures and blocks blood vessels by embolism, sudden angina, or stroke can occur. It is therefore important to diagnose atherosclerosis early and prevent its progression to more severe disease. Although myeloperoxidase, plasma fibrinogen, cardiac troponin-I, and C-reactive protein have been considered as diagnostic markers for multiple cardiac risks, specific biomarkers for atherosclerosis have not been clearly determined yet. Particularly, reliable biomarkers for the diagnosis of atherosclerosis using whole blood are not yet available. In this study, we screened potential biomarker genes and proteins from whole blood of apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/- ) mice maintained on a Western diet, by comparing them to ApoE+/+ mice. We used whole blood for microarray and proteome array. Candidate genes and proteins identified from each method were confirmed with quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA. Based on our data, we speculate that Lilrb4a, n-R5s136, and IL-5 are potential targets that can be developed into novel biomarkers of atherosclerosis. Our study contributes to the diagnosis of atherosclerosis using whole blood in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Yeong Gwon
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13135, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University at Wonju, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26493
| | - Hae Min Lee
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 plus Program, Graduated School, Eulji University, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jong Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University at Wonju, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26493
| | - Ho Joong Sung
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13135, Republic of Korea
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 plus Program, Graduated School, Eulji University, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
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Grönberg C, Nilsson J, Wigren M. Recent advances on CD4 + T cells in atherosclerosis and its implications for therapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:58-66. [PMID: 28457923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an arterial inflammatory disease and the primary cause of cardiovascular disease. T helper (Th) cells are an important part in atherosclerotic plaque as they can be either disease promoting or protective. A body of evidence points to a pro-atherosclerotic role of Th1 cells, whereas the role of Th2, Th17 and iNKT cells seems more complex and dependent on surrounding factors, including the developmental stage of the disease. Opposed to Th1 cells, there is convincing support for an anti-atherogenic role of Tregs. Recent data identify the plasticity of Th cells as an important challenge in understanding the functional role of different Th cell subsets in atherosclerosis. Much of the knowledge of Th cell function in atherosclerosis is based on findings from experimental models and translating this into human disease is challenging. Targeting Th cells and/or their specific cytokines represents an attractive option for future therapy against atherosclerosis, although the benefits and the risk of modulation of Th cells with these novel drug targets must first be carefully assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Maria Wigren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden.
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Lee YT, Laxton V, Lin HY, Chan YWF, Fitzgerald-Smith S, To TLO, Yan BP, Liu T, Tse G. Animal models of atherosclerosis. Biomed Rep 2017; 6:259-266. [PMID: 28451383 PMCID: PMC5403338 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Many animal models have been developed to study atherosclerosis, and permit experimental conditions, diet and environmental risk factors to be carefully controlled. Pathophysiological changes can be produced using genetic or pharmacological means to study the harmful consequences of different interventions. Experiments using such models have elucidated its molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms, and provided platforms for pharmacological development. Different models have their own advantages and disadvantages, and can be used to answer different research questions. In the present review article, different species of atherosclerosis models are outlined, with discussions on the practicality of their use for experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Ting Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Victoria Laxton
- Intensive Care Department, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Hiu Yu Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Yin Wah Fiona Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1AG, UK
| | | | - Tsz Ling Olivia To
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Bryan P Yan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Gary Tse
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
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Scott EA, Karabin NB, Augsornworawat P. Overcoming Immune Dysregulation with Immunoengineered Nanobiomaterials. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 19:57-84. [PMID: 28226216 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071516-044603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is governed by an immensely complex network of cells and both intracellular and extracellular molecular factors. It must respond to an ever-growing number of biochemical and biophysical inputs by eliciting appropriate and specific responses in order to maintain homeostasis. But as with any complex system, a plethora of false positives and false negatives can occur to generate dysregulated responses. Dysregulated immune responses are essential components of diverse inflammation-driven pathologies, including cancer, heart disease, and autoimmune disorders. Nanoscale biomaterials (i.e., nanobiomaterials) have emerged as highly customizable platforms that can be engineered to interact with and direct immune responses, holding potential for the design of novel and targeted approaches to redirect or inhibit inflammation. Here, we present recent developments of nanobiomaterials that were rationally designed to target and modulate inflammatory cells and biochemical pathways for the treatment of immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Nicholas B Karabin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Punn Augsornworawat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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Lee YT, Lin HY, Chan YWF, Li KHC, To OTL, Yan BP, Liu T, Li G, Wong WT, Keung W, Tse G. Mouse models of atherosclerosis: a historical perspective and recent advances. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:12. [PMID: 28095860 PMCID: PMC5240327 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both the developed and developing countries. Animal models of atherosclerosis have served as valuable tools for providing insights on its aetiology, pathophysiology and complications. They can be used for invasive interrogation of physiological function and provide a platform for testing the efficacy and safety of different pharmacological therapies. Compared to studies using human subjects, animal models have the advantages of being easier to manage, with controllable diet and environmental risk factors. Moreover, pathophysiological changes can be induced either genetically or pharmacologically to study the harmful effects of these interventions. There is no single ideal animal model, as different systems are suitable for different research objectives. A good understanding of the similarities and differences to humans enables effective extrapolation of data for translational application. In this article, we will examine the different mouse models for the study and elucidation of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis. We also review recent advances in the field, such as the role of oxidative stress in promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA damage, which can result in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Finally, novel therapeutic approaches to reduce vascular damage caused by chronic inflammation using microRNA and nano-medicine technology, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Ting Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | - Hiu Yu Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | | | | | - Olivia Tsz Ling To
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | - Bryan P Yan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wing Tak Wong
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | - Wendy Keung
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | - Gary Tse
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
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Yi S, Allen SD, Liu YG, Ouyang BZ, Li X, Augsornworawat P, Thorp EB, Scott EA. Tailoring Nanostructure Morphology for Enhanced Targeting of Dendritic Cells in Atherosclerosis. ACS NANO 2016; 10:11290-11303. [PMID: 27935698 PMCID: PMC5418862 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a leading cause of heart disease, results from chronic vascular inflammation that is driven by diverse immune cell populations. Nanomaterials may function as powerful platforms for diagnostic imaging and controlled delivery of therapeutics to inflammatory cells in atherosclerosis, but efficacy is limited by nonspecific uptake by cells of the mononuclear phagocytes system (MPS). MPS cells located in the liver, spleen, blood, lymph nodes, and kidney remove from circulation the vast majority of intravenously administered nanomaterials regardless of surface functionalization or conjugation of targeting ligands. Here, we report that nanostructure morphology alone can be engineered for selective uptake by dendritic cells (DCs), which are critical mediators of atherosclerotic inflammation. Employing near-infrared fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry as a multimodal approach, we compared organ and cellular level biodistributions of micelles, vesicles (i.e., polymersomes), and filomicelles, all assembled from poly(ethylene glycol)-bl-poly(propylene sulfide) (PEG-bl-PPS) block copolymers with identical surface chemistries. While micelles and filomicelles were respectively found to associate with liver macrophages and blood-resident phagocytes, polymersomes were exceptionally efficient at targeting splenic DCs (up to 85% of plasmacytoid DCs) and demonstrated significantly lower uptake by other cells of the MPS. In a mouse model of atherosclerosis, polymersomes demonstrated superior specificity for DCs (p < 0.005) in atherosclerotic lesions. Furthermore, significant differences in polymersome cellular biodistributions were observed in atherosclerotic compared to naïve mice, including impaired targeting of phagocytes in lymph nodes. These results present avenues for immunotherapies in cardiovascular disease and demonstrate that nanostructure morphology can be tailored to enhance targeting specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Yi
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sean David Allen
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yu-Gang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian Zhou Ouyang
- Master of Biotechnology Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaomo Li
- Master of Biotechnology Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Punn Augsornworawat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Edward Benjamin Thorp
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Evan Alexander Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Master of Biotechnology Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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Cheng F, Twardowski L, Reifenberg K, Winter K, Canisius A, Pross E, Fan J, Schmitt E, Shultz LD, Lackner KJ, Torzewski M. Combined B, T and NK Cell Deficiency Accelerates Atherosclerosis in BALB/c Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157311. [PMID: 27564380 PMCID: PMC5001715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the unique properties of both the Ldlr knockout defect (closely mimicking the human situation) and the BALB/c (C) inbred mouse strain (Th-2 slanted immune response). We generated two immunodeficient strains with severe combined B- and T-cell immunodeficiency with or without a complete lack of natural killer cells to revisit the role of adaptive immune responses on atherogenesis. C-Ldlr-/-Rag1-/- mice, which show severe combined B- and T-cell immunodeficiency and C-Ldlr-/-Rag1-/-Il2rg-/- mice, which combine the T- and B-cell defect with a complete lack of natural killer cells and inactivation of multiple cytokine signalling pathways were fed an atherogenic Western type diet (WTD). Both B6-Ldlr-/- and C-Ldlr-/- immunocompetent mice were used as controls. Body weights and serum cholesterol levels of both immunodeficient strains were significantly increased compared to C-Ldlr-/- controls, except for cholesterol levels of C-Ldlr-/-Rag1-/- double mutants after 12 weeks on the WTD. Quantification of the aortic sinus plaque area revealed that both strains of immunodeficient mice developed significantly more atherosclerosis compared to C-Ldlr-/- controls after 24 weeks on the WTD. Increased atherosclerotic lesion development in C-Ldlr-/-Rag1-/-Il2rg-/- triple mutants was associated with significantly increased numbers of macrophages and significantly decreased numbers of smooth muscle cells compared to both C-Ldlr-/- wild type and C-Ldlr-/-Rag1-/- double mutants pointing to a plaque destabilizing effect of NK cell loss. Collectively, the present study reveals a previously unappreciated complexity with regard to the impact of lymphocytes on lipoprotein metabolism and the role of lymphocyte subsets in plaque composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cheng
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laura Twardowski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kurt Reifenberg
- Center for Preclinical Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Winter
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Antje Canisius
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Pross
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Edgar Schmitt
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Karl J. Lackner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Torzewski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Allen S, Liu YG, Scott E. Engineering nanomaterials to address cell-mediated inflammation in atherosclerosis. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 2:37-50. [PMID: 27135051 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-016-0012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disorder with a pathophysiology driven by both innate and adaptive immunity and a primary cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) worldwide. Vascular inflammation and accumulation of foam cells and their products induce maturation of atheromas, or plaques, which can rupture by metalloprotease action, leading to ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction. Diverse immune cell populations participate in all stages of plaque maturation, many of which directly influence plaque stability and rupture via inflammatory mechanisms. Current clinical treatments for atherosclerosis focus on lowering serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) using therapeutics such as statins, administration of antithrombotic drugs, and surgical intervention. Strategies that address cell-mediated inflammation are lacking, and consequently have recently become an area of considerable research focus. Nanomaterials have emerged as highly advantageous tools for these studies, as they can be engineered to target specific inflammatory cell populations, deliver therapeutics of wide-ranging solubilities and enhance analytical methods that include imaging and proteomics. Furthermore, the highly phagocytic nature of antigen presenting cells (APCs), a diverse cell population central to the initiation of immune responses and inflammation, make them particularly amenable to targeting and modulation by nanoscale particulates. Nanomaterials have therefore become essential components of vaccine formulations and treatments for inflammation-driven pathologies like autoimmunity, and present novel opportunities for immunotherapeutic treatments of CVD. Here, we review recent progress in the design and use of nanomaterials for therapeutic assessment and treatment of atherosclerosis. We will focus on promising new approaches that utilize nanomaterials for cell-specific imaging, gene therapy and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Allen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
| | - Yu-Gang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
| | - Evan Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
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14
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Abstract
Low-grade inflammation in the obese AT (AT) and the liver is a critical player in the development of obesity-related metabolic dysregulation, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Myeloid as well as lymphoid cells infiltrate the AT and the liver and expand within these metabolic organs as a result of excessive nutrient intake, thereby exacerbating tissue inflammation. Macrophages are the paramount cell population in the field of metabolism-related inflammation; as obesity progresses, a switch takes place within the AT environment from an M2-alternatively activated macrophage state to an M1-inflammatory macrophage-dominated milieu. M1-polarized macrophages secrete inflammatory cytokines like TNF in the obese AT; such cytokines contribute to insulin resistance in adipocytes. Besides macrophages, also CD8+ T cells promote inflammation in the AT and the liver and thereby the deterioration of the metabolic balance in adipocytes and hepatocytes. Other cells of the innate immunity, such as neutrophils or mast cells, interfere with metabolic homeostasis as well. On the other hand, eosinophils or T-regulatory cells, the number of which in the AT decreases in the course of obesity, function to maintain metabolic balance by ameliorating inflammatory processes. In addition, eosinophils and M2-polarized macrophages may contribute to "beige" adipogenesis under lean conditions; beige adipocytes are located predominantly in the subcutaneous AT and have thermogenic and optimal energy-dispensing properties like brown adipocytes. This chapter will summarize the different aspects of the regulation of homeostasis of metabolic tissues by immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research, Dresden, Germany
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15
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Bissig-Choisat B, Wang L, Legras X, Saha PK, Chen L, Bell P, Pankowicz FP, Hill MC, Barzi M, Leyton CK, Leung HCE, Kruse RL, Himes RW, Goss JA, Wilson JM, Chan L, Lagor WR, Bissig KD. Development and rescue of human familial hypercholesterolaemia in a xenograft mouse model. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7339. [PMID: 26081744 PMCID: PMC4557302 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases of lipid metabolism are a major cause of human morbidity, but no animal model entirely recapitulates human lipoprotein metabolism. Here we develop a xenograft mouse model using hepatocytes from a patient with familial hypercholesterolaemia caused by loss-of-function mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). Like familial hypercholesterolaemia patients, our familial hypercholesterolaemia liver chimeric mice develop hypercholesterolaemia and a 'humanized‘ serum profile, including expression of the emerging drug targets cholesteryl ester transfer protein and apolipoprotein (a), for which no genes exist in mice. We go on to replace the missing LDLR in familial hypercholesterolaemia liver chimeric mice using an adeno-associated virus 9-based gene therapy and restore normal lipoprotein profiles after administration of a single dose. Our study marks the first time a human metabolic disease is induced in an experimental animal model by human hepatocyte transplantation and treated by gene therapy. Such xenograft platforms offer the ability to validate human experimental therapies and may foster their rapid translation into the clinic. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a congenital disease associated with high plasma cholesterol levels. Here, the authors recapitulate FH in chimeric mice, in which livers are repopulated with hepatocytes from an FH patient, and successfully correct the disease using adenovirus-mediated gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bissig-Choisat
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lili Wang
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Xavier Legras
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Pradip K Saha
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Leon Chen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Peter Bell
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Francis P Pankowicz
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Matthew C Hill
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mercedes Barzi
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Claudia Kettlun Leyton
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Hon-Chiu Eastwood Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Robert L Kruse
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ryan W Himes
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - John A Goss
- Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Lawrence Chan
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - William R Lagor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Karl-Dimiter Bissig
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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16
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T, B, and NKT Cells in Systemic Inflammation in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:161579. [PMID: 26101459 PMCID: PMC4458542 DOI: 10.1155/2015/161579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) brings risk of serious complications. The study objective was to assess elements of the cellular immune response in the course of OSAS. Methods. Peripheral blood (PB) lymphocytes: T, B, NK, NKT-like, Th, Tc, and HLA DR+ T cells were evaluated by flow cytometry of 48 OSA patients; the concentration of adiponectin, interleukin 1β, and TNFα was measured by ELISA method. The OSA complication score was developed and used for statistical analysis. Results. The proportion of B cells and Th/Tc ratio were significantly lower in the BP of OSA patients when compared with control subjects (median 7.9 versus 10.9%, 0.9 versus 1.5, p < 0.05). The proportion of Tc, NK, NKT-like, and HLADR positive T cells were elevated in OSA patients when compared with healthy subjects (36.4 versus 26.8, 15.5 versus 8.5, 5.7 versus 3.0, and 8.4 versus 4.5%, p < 0.05, resp.) and were more pronounced in patients with metabolic syndrome. The grade of OSA complication score correlated with systemic inflammation markers and the proportion of B cells. The value of adiponectin/BMI ratio correlated significantly with SpO2 (r = 0.31, p < 0.05), CRP (r = −0.35, p < 0.05), TNFα concentration (r = −0.36, p < 0.05), and proportion of B cells (r = 0.32, p < 0.05). Conclusion. Lymphocytes B, Tc, NK, NKT-like, and adiponectin are involved in systemic immune response in OSA patients possibly predisposing them to cardiovascular and metabolic complications.
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17
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Rosales C, Tang D, Geng YJ. CD1d serves as a surface receptor for oxidized cholesterol induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. Atherosclerosis 2015; 239:224-31. [PMID: 25618030 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cluster of differentiation-1d (CD1d) recognizes and presents the lipid antigens to NK-T lymphocytes. Atherosclerotic lesions contain atherogenic lipids, mainly cholesterol and its oxides. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is also known to exist in atherosclerotic lesions, participating in regulation of lipid metabolism. The current study tested whether CD1d acts as a surface receptor that mediates induction and activation of PPARγ by oxysterols commonly found in atherosclerotic lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS CD1d overexpression in HEK 293 cells transfected with CD1d cDNA was confirmed by fluorescence, flow cytometry, Western blotting and mRNA expression. Tritiated ((3)H) 7-ketocholesterol (7K) was used for lipid binding assays. Radioactive assessment demonstrated an increased 7K-binding activity HEK 293 cells with CD1d overexpression. The 7K binding could be blocked by another oxysterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, but not by native free cholesterol. Addition of CD1d:IgG dimer protein or an anti-CD1d antibody, but not control IgG, significantly diminished 7K binding to CD1d-expressing HEK 293 cells. CD1d deficiency markedly diminished the 7K-binding in macrophages and smooth muscle cells. Western blot and gel shift assays demonstrated that CD1d-mediated 7K binding induced expression and activation of PPARγ. The PPARγ agonist PGJ2 enhances the 7K stimulatory effect on PPARγ expression and activity but the antagonist GW9662 inhibits the 7K effect on the CD1d-expressing cells. CONCLUSIONS CD1d acts as a cell surface receptor that recognizes and binds oxysterols and initializes a pathway connecting oxysterol binding to PPARγ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Rosales
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
| | - Daming Tang
- Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yong-Jian Geng
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA; Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death in most developed nations and the social and economic burden of this disease is quite high. Atherosclerosis is a major underlying basis for most cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction and stroke. Genetically modified mouse models, particularly mice deficient in apoprotein E or the LDL receptor, have been widely used in preclinical atherosclerosis studies to gain insight into the mechanisms underlying this pathology. This chapter reviews several mouse models of atherosclerosis progression and regression as well as the role of immune cells in disease progression and the genetics of murine atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Box MC 1089, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Catherine A Reardon
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Box MC 1089, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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19
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Getz GS, Reardon CA. The mutual interplay of lipid metabolism and the cells of the immune system in relation to atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:657-671. [PMID: 25705263 DOI: 10.2217/clp.14.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammation in the arterial wall involving cells of the innate and adaptive immune system that is promoted by hyperlipidemia. In addition, the immune system can influence lipids and lipoprotein levels and cellular lipid homeostasis can influence the level and function of the immune cells. We will review the effects of manipulation of adaptive immune cells and immune cell products on lipids and lipoproteins, focusing mainly on studies performed in murine models of atherosclerosis. We also review how lipoproteins and cellular lipid levels, particularly cholesterol levels, influence the function of cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. The overriding theme is that these interactions are driven by the need to provide the energy and membrane components for cell proliferation and migration, membrane expansion and other functions that are so important in the functioning of the immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Box MC 1089, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Catherine A Reardon
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Box MC 1089, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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20
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Mesenchymal stem cells alleviate atherosclerosis by elevating number and function of CD4(+)CD25 (+)FOXP3 (+) regulatory T-cells and inhibiting macrophage foam cell formation. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 400:163-72. [PMID: 25389006 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of plaques inside arteries, leading to narrowing and blockage. Potential therapeutic strategies include expanding the population of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) to enhance atheroprotective immunity, and inhibiting the formation of macrophage foam cells. Here, we studied the effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) on atherosclerotic plaque formation in Apolipoprotein E(-/-) (ApoE-KO) mice, and elucidated the underlying mechanism. BM-MSCs isolated from 4 week-old ApoE-KO mice were evaluated by flow cytometry for expression of MSC-specific markers. Thirty eight week-old ApoE-KO mice were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n = 10 per group): 1. MSC group-received BM-MSCs intravenously; 2. Vehicle group-received DMEM; 3. Control group-did not receive any treatment. Administration of MSCs resulted in a marked decrease in the size of atherosclerotic plaques 3 months after treatment. In addition, the number and function of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T-cells (Tregs) in cultured splenocytes, and the expression of FOXP3 at both mRNA and protein levels, was significantly increased in the MSC group. In vitro experiments further indicated that the formation of macrophage foam cells was inhibited by treatment with MSCs, accompanied by a significant downregulation in CD36 and scavenger receptor A (SRA). Our findings suggest that MSCs play an atheroprotective role by enhancing the number and function of Tregs and inhibiting the formation of macrophage foam cells. Hence, administration of MSCs to atherosclerotic patients might have significant clinical benefits.
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21
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Witztum JL, Lichtman AH. The influence of innate and adaptive immune responses on atherosclerosis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2013; 9:73-102. [PMID: 23937439 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020712-163936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Both the chronic development of atherosclerotic lesions and the acute changes in lesion phenotype that lead to clinical cardiovascular events are significantly influenced by the innate and adaptive immune responses to lipoprotein deposition and oxidation in the arterial wall. The rapid pace of discovery of mechanisms of immunologic recognition, effector functions, and regulation has significantly influenced the study of atherosclerosis, and our new knowledge is beginning to affect how we treat this ubiquitous disease. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how innate and adaptive immunity contribute to atherosclerosis, as well as therapeutic opportunities that arise from this knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
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22
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Subramanian S, Turner MS, Ding Y, Goodspeed L, Wang S, Buckner JH, O'Brien K, Getz GS, Reardon CA, Chait A. Increased levels of invariant natural killer T lymphocytes worsen metabolic abnormalities and atherosclerosis in obese mice. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2831-41. [PMID: 23922382 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m041020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic inflammatory state characterized by infiltration of adipose tissue by immune cell populations, including T lymphocytes. Natural killer T (NKT) cells, a specialized lymphocyte subset recognizing lipid antigens, can be pro- or anti-inflammatory. Their role in adipose inflammation continues to be inconclusive and contradictory. In obesity, the infiltration of tissues by invariant NKT (iNKT) cells is decreased. We therefore hypothesized that an excess iNKT cell complement might improve metabolic abnormalities in obesity. Vα14 transgenic (Vα14tg) mice, with increased iNKT cell numbers, on a LDL receptor-deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) background and control Ldlr(-/-) mice were placed on an obesogenic diet for 16 weeks. Vα14tg.Ldlr(-/-) mice gained 25% more weight and had increased adiposity than littermate controls. Transgenic mice also developed greater dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and hepatic triglyceride accumulation. Increased macrophage Mac2 immunostaining and proinflammatory macrophage gene expression suggested worsened adipose inflammation. Concurrently, these mice had increased atherosclerotic lesion area and aortic inflammation. Thus, increasing the complement of iNKT cells surprisingly exacerbated the metabolic, inflammatory, and atherosclerotic features of obesity. These findings suggest that the reduction of iNKT cells normally observed in obesity may represent a physiological attempt to compensate for this inflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savitha Subramanian
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition and University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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23
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Bondarenko S, Catapano AL, Norata GD. The CD1d-natural killer T cell axis in atherosclerosis. J Innate Immun 2013; 6:3-12. [PMID: 23774666 DOI: 10.1159/000351034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A key role for 'lipid-sensing' CD1-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has been suggested. However, the biology of NKT cells remains poorly characterized, as in different experimental settings their activation was reported to both stimulate and suppress innate and adaptive immune responses. Most of the data from experimental models suggest that NKT cells are proatherogenic; however, it is debated whether the increase in atherosclerosis observed following NKT cell stimulation is a consequence of the inability to induce functional NKT cells rather than the proatherogenic nature of NKT cells. CD1d-expressing antigen-presenting cells and NKT cells were detected in mouse and human atherosclerotic lesions. Furthermore, several lysophospholipids and glycosphingolipids, known to accumulate in atherosclerotic plaques, are antigenic for human NKT cell clones. Lipid transfer proteins, such as apolipoprotein E and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, are central to NKT cell responses. All these data suggest a profound relation between lipid metabolism, CD1d-NKT cell axis activation and atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize the advances and gaps in our knowledge of NKT cell biology in the context of atherosclerosis as well as the possibility of influencing NKT cell polarization toward an atheroprotective phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Bondarenko
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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24
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Lichtman AH, Binder CJ, Tsimikas S, Witztum JL. Adaptive immunity in atherogenesis: new insights and therapeutic approaches. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:27-36. [PMID: 23281407 DOI: 10.1172/jci63108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many remarkable advances have improved our understanding of the cellular and molecular events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Chief among these is the accumulating knowledge of how the immune system contributes to all phases of atherogenesis, including well-known inflammatory reactions consequent to intimal trapping and oxidation of LDL. Advances in our understanding of the innate and adaptive responses to these events have helped to clarify the role of inflammation in atherogenesis and suggested new diagnostic modalities and novel therapeutic targets. Here we focus on recent advances in understanding how adaptive immunity affects atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Lichtman
- Vascular Research Division, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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25
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Naser SA, Thanigachalam S, Spinelli N, Safavi MM, Naser N, Khan O. The 19 kDa Protein from <i>Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis</i> Is a Glycolipoprotein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2013.37070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Monzon-Casanova E, Paletta D, Starick L, Müller I, Sant'Angelo DB, Pyz E, Herrmann T. Direct identification of rat iNKT cells reveals remarkable similarities to human iNKT cells and a profound deficiency in LEW rats. Eur J Immunol 2012; 43:404-15. [PMID: 23165932 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
iNKT cells are a particular lymphocyte population with potent immunomodulatory capa-city; by promoting or suppressing immune responses against infections, tumors, and autoimmunity, iNKT cells are a promising target for immunotherapy. The hallmark of iNKT cells is the expression of a semiinvariant TCR (with an invariant α-chain comprising AV14 and AJ18 gene segments), which recognizes glycolipids presented by CD1d. Here, we identified iNKT cells for the first time in the rat using rat CD1d-dimers and PLZF staining. Importantly, in terms of frequencies (1.05% ± 0.52 SD of all intrahepatic αβ T cells), coreceptor expression and in vitro expansion features, iNKT cells from F344 inbred rats more closely resemble human iNKT cells than their mouse counterparts. In contrast, in LEW inbred rats, which are often used as models for organ-specific autoimmune diseases, iNKT cell numbers are near or below the detection limit. Interestingly, the usage of members of the rat AV14 gene family differed between F344 and LEW inbred rats. In conclusion, the similarities between F344 rat and human iNKT cells and the nearly absent iNKT cells in LEW rats make the rat a promising animal model for the study of iNKT cell-based therapies and of iNKT-cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Monzon-Casanova
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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27
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Review: Preeclampsia, acute atherosis of the spiral arteries and future cardiovascular disease: two new hypotheses. Placenta 2012; 34 Suppl:S73-8. [PMID: 23246096 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy, potentially lethal for women and offspring. Affected women have an augmented risk of later cardiovascular disease and premature death and may have risk factors in common with older persons developing cardiovascular disease. In some cases of preeclampsia, lipid-filled foam cells accumulate in the walls of the spiral arteries of the uteroplacental circulation (acute atherosis). These lesions resemble the early stages of atherosclerosis and are thought to regress after delivery. The mechanisms that contribute to acute atherosis are largely unknown, but are related to defective vascular remodeling of the spiral arteries in the first half of pregnancy. Spiral artery lipid deposition may also occur in normal pregnancies, which suggests that it may not be confined exclusively to maladapted spiral arteries or caused by hypertension. Our first hypothesis is that there are several pathways to the development of acute atherosis, which converge at the point of excessive decidual inflammation in the final common pathway. Our second hypothesis is that acute atherosis, evolving during the short time of pregnancy, identifies a subset of women at augmented risk for atherosclerosis and later chronic arterial disease better than the diagnosis of preeclampsia itself. If confirmed, this may enable better preventive management for the affected women.
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28
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Chatzigeorgiou A, Karalis KP, Bornstein SR, Chavakis T. Lymphocytes in obesity-related adipose tissue inflammation. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2583-2592. [PMID: 22733483 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in the white adipose tissue (WAT) is considered a major player in the development of insulin resistance. The role of macrophages accumulating in the WAT during obesity, promoting WAT inflammation and insulin resistance is well established. In contrast, less is known about the role of lymphocytes. Recent studies have implicated different lymphocyte subsets in WAT inflammation. For instance, cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells infiltrating the WAT may contribute to the recruitment, differentiation and activation of macrophages. On the other hand, a differential role for CD4(+) Th1 and CD4(+) Th2 cells has been suggested. Levels of WAT regulatory T cells decrease during the course of obesity and may represent a crucial factor for the maintenance of insulin sensitivity. Moreover, activation of natural killer T cells, an innate-like T cell population, which recognises lipid antigens, promotes insulin resistance and WAT inflammation. Finally, B cells may infiltrate WAT very early in response to high-fat feeding and worsen glucose metabolism through modulation of T cells and the production of pathogenic antibodies. These interesting new findings however bear controversies and introduce novel, yet unanswered, questions. Here, we review and discuss the impact of the different lymphocyte subsets in obesity-related WAT inflammation and attempt to identify the open questions to be answered by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Vascular Inflammation, Diabetes and Kidney, University Clinic Carl-Gustav-Carus, University of Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Institute of Physiology, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - K P Karalis
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinic Carl-Gustav-Carus, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Developmental Biology Section, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinic Carl-Gustav-Carus, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - T Chavakis
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Vascular Inflammation, Diabetes and Kidney, University Clinic Carl-Gustav-Carus, University of Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Institute of Physiology, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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29
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Pei B, Vela JL, Zajonc D, Kronenberg M. Interplay between carbohydrate and lipid in recognition of glycolipid antigens by natural killer T cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1253:68-79. [PMID: 22352829 PMCID: PMC3336017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a T cell subpopulation that were named originally based on coexpression of receptors found on natural killer (NK) cells, cells of the innate immune system, and by T lymphocytes. The maturation and activation of NKT cells requires presentation of glycolipid antigens by CD1d, a cell surface protein distantly related to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded antigen presenting molecules. This specificity distinguishes NKT cells from most CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that recognize peptides presented by MHC class I and class II molecules. The rapid secretion of a large amount of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines by activated NKT cells endows them with the ability to play a vital role in the host immune defense against various microbial infections. In this review, we summarize progress on identifying the sources of microbe-derived glycolipid antigens recognized by NKT cells and the biochemical basis for their recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pei
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Jose Luis Vela
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Dirk Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
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30
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that is the underlying cause of most cardiovascular disease. Both cells of the vessel wall and cells of the immune system participate in atherogenesis. This process is heavily influenced by plasma lipoproteins, genetics, and the hemodynamics of the blood flow in the artery. A variety of small and large animal models have been used to study the atherogenic process. No model is ideal as each has its own advantages and limitations with respect to manipulation of the atherogenic process and modeling human atherosclerosis or lipoprotein profile. Useful large animal models include pigs, rabbits, and nonhuman primates. Due in large part to the relative ease of genetic manipulation and the relatively short time frame for the development of atherosclerosis, murine models are currently the most extensively used. Although not all aspects of murine atherosclerosis are identical to humans, studies using murine models have suggested potential biological processes and interactions that underlie this process. As it becomes clear that different factors may influence different stages of lesion development, the use of mouse models with the ability to turn on or delete proteins or cells in tissue specific and temporal manner will be very valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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31
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Lutgens E, Binder CJ. Immunology of atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost 2011; 106:755-6. [PMID: 22011700 DOI: 10.1160/th11-10-0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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