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Jiang S, Hu L, Zhou H, Wu J, Zhou J, Yu X, Chen G. Novel Therapeutic Mechanisms and Strategies for Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Focusing on Exosomes. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:8987-9007. [PMID: 39246427 PMCID: PMC11378801 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s473611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a primary, non-traumatic cerebral event associated with substantial mortality and disability. Despite advancements in understanding its etiology and refining diagnostic techniques, a validated treatment to significantly improve ICH prognosis remains elusive. Exosomes, a subtype of extracellular vesicles, encapsulate bioactive components, predominantly microRNAs (miRNAs), facilitating and regulating intercellular communication. Currently, exosomes have garnered considerable interests in clinical transformation for their nanostructure, minimal immunogenicity, low toxicity, inherent stability, and the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier. A wealth of studies has demonstrated that exosomes can improve the prognosis of ICH through anti-apoptosis, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, anti-inflammation, immunomodulation, and autophagy, primarily via the transportation or overexpression of selected miRNAs. More importantly, exosomes can be easily customized with specific miRNAs or bioactive compounds to establish delivery systems, broadening their potential applications. This review focuses on the therapeutic potential of exosomes in ICH, reviewing the mechanisms of molecular biology mediated by certain miRNAs, discussing the benefits, challenges, and future prospects in ICH treatment. We hope comprehensive understanding of exosomes based on miRNAs will provide new insights into the treatment of ICH and guide the translation of exosome's research from laboratory to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shandong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Libin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayin Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, People's Republic of China
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Thompson MD, Reiner-Link D, Berghella A, Rana BK, Rovati GE, Capra V, Gorvin CM, Hauser AS. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pharmacogenomics. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024:1-44. [PMID: 39119983 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2358304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The field of pharmacogenetics, the investigation of the influence of one or more sequence variants on drug response phenotypes, is a special case of pharmacogenomics, a discipline that takes a genome-wide approach. Massively parallel, next generation sequencing (NGS), has allowed pharmacogenetics to be subsumed by pharmacogenomics with respect to the identification of variants associated with responders and non-responders, optimal drug response, and adverse drug reactions. A plethora of rare and common naturally-occurring GPCR variants must be considered in the context of signals from across the genome. Many fundamentals of pharmacogenetics were established for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes because they are primary targets for a large number of therapeutic drugs. Functional studies, demonstrating likely-pathogenic and pathogenic GPCR variants, have been integral to establishing models used for in silico analysis. Variants in GPCR genes include both coding and non-coding single nucleotide variants and insertion or deletions (indels) that affect cell surface expression (trafficking, dimerization, and desensitization/downregulation), ligand binding and G protein coupling, and variants that result in alternate splicing encoding isoforms/variable expression. As the breadth of data on the GPCR genome increases, we may expect an increase in the use of drug labels that note variants that significantly impact the clinical use of GPCR-targeting agents. We discuss the implications of GPCR pharmacogenomic data derived from the genomes available from individuals who have been well-phenotyped for receptor structure and function and receptor-ligand interactions, and the potential benefits to patients of optimized drug selection. Examples discussed include the renin-angiotensin system in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection, the probable role of chemokine receptors in the cytokine storm, and potential protease activating receptor (PAR) interventions. Resources dedicated to GPCRs, including publicly available computational tools, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Reiner-Link
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Berghella
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brinda K Rana
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - G Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerie Capra
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Caroline M Gorvin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander S Hauser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Park SH, Heo Y, Kwon I, Jo S, Jeon H, Lee Y, Kim J, Heo JH, Namkung W. Gestodene, a novel positive allosteric modulator of PAR1, enhances PAR1-mediated human platelet aggregation. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1430548. [PMID: 39130626 PMCID: PMC11310598 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1430548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is expressed in human platelets and can be activated by low concentrations of thrombin. Vorapaxar, a selective antagonist of PAR1, inhibits thrombin-induced calcium mobilization in human platelet, which is associated with an increased risk of bleeding. Conversely, the administration of a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of PAR1 may pose a substantial risk of thrombosis due to inducing excessive platelet activation. In this study, we discovered a novel PAM of PAR1 and investigated the effect of enhanced PAR1 activation by PAM of PAR1 on platelet activation. Methods: To find PAMs of PAR1, a cell-based screen was performed in HT29 cells, and finally, gestodene, an oral contraceptive drug (OC), was identified as a novel PAM of PAR1. The mechanism of action of gestodene and its effects on platelet activation were investigated in human megakaryocytic leukemia cell line MEG-01 cells and human platelet. Results: Gestodene enhanced both thrombin- and PAR1-activating peptide (AP)-induced intracellular calcium levels in a dose-dependent manner without altering PAR2 and PAR4 activity. Gestodene significantly increased PAR1-AP-induced internalization of PAR1 and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and the enhancing effects were significantly blocked by vorapaxar. Furthermore, gestodene potently increased PAR1-AP induced morphological changes in MEG-01 cells. Remarkably, in human blood, gestodene exerted a robust augmentation of PAR1-AP-induced platelet aggregation, and vorapaxar effectively attenuated the gestodene-induced enhancement of platelet aggregation mediated by PAR1. Conclusion: Gestodene is a selective PAM of PAR1 and suggest one possible mechanism for the increased risk of venous thromboembolism associated with OCs containing gestodene.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hyeon Park
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunkyung Heo
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Kwon
- Integrative Research Institute for Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Jo
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Jeon
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yechan Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Graduate Program of Industrial Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoe Heo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Namkung
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Industrial Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Rajala R, Cleuren AC, Griffin CT. Acetaminophen Overdose Reveals Protease-Activated Receptor 4 as a Low-Expressing but Potent Receptor on the Hepatic Endothelium. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.598028. [PMID: 38895465 PMCID: PMC11185779 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.598028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Background & Aims Hepatic endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction and centrilobular hepatocyte necrosis occur with acetaminophen (APAP) overdose. The protease thrombin, which is acutely generated during APAP overdose, can signal through protease-activated receptors 1 and 4 (PAR1/PAR4). PAR1 is a high-affinity thrombin receptor that is known to signal on ECs, whereas PAR4 is a low-affinity thrombin receptor, and evidence for its expression and function on ECs is mixed. This study aims to exploit the high levels of thrombin generated during APAP overdose to determine (1) if hepatic endothelial PAR4 is a functional receptor, and (2) endothelial-specific functions for PAR1 and PAR4 in a high thrombin setting. Methods We generated mice with conditional deletion(s) of Par1/Par4 in ECs and overdosed them with APAP. Hepatic vascular permeability, erythrocyte congestion/bleeding, and liver function were assessed following overdose. Additionally, we investigated the expression levels of endothelial PARs and how they influence transcription in APAP-overdosed liver ECs using endothelial Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification followed by next-generation sequencing (TRAPseq). Results We found that mice deficient in high-expressing endothelial Par1 or low-expressing Par4 had equivalent reductions in APAP-induced hepatic vascular instability but no effect on hepatocyte necrosis. Additionally, mice with loss of endothelial Par1 and Par4 had reduced permeability at an earlier time point after APAP overdose when compared to mice singly deficient in either receptor in ECs. We also found that endothelial PAR1-but not PAR4-can regulate transcription in hepatic ECs. Conclusions Low-expressing PAR4 can react similarly to high-expressing PAR1 in APAP-overdosed hepatic ECs, demonstrating that PAR4 is a potent thrombin receptor. Additionally, these receptors are functionally redundant but act divergently in their expression and ability to influence transcription in hepatic ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Rajala
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Audrey C.A. Cleuren
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Courtney T. Griffin
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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Paul S, Mukherjee T, Das K. Coagulation Protease-Driven Cancer Immune Evasion: Potential Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1568. [PMID: 38672649 PMCID: PMC11048528 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation and cancer are intrinsically connected, hypercoagulation-associated thrombotic complications are commonly observed in certain types of cancer, often leading to decreased survival in cancer patients. Apart from the common role in coagulation, coagulation proteases often trigger intracellular signaling in various cancers via the activation of a G protein-coupled receptor superfamily protease: protease-activated receptors (PARs). Although the role of PARs is well-established in the development and progression of certain types of cancer, their impact on cancer immune response is only just emerging. The present review highlights how coagulation protease-driven PAR signaling plays a key role in modulating innate and adaptive immune responses. This is followed by a detailed discussion on the contribution of coagulation protease-induced signaling in cancer immune evasion, thereby supporting the growth and development of certain tumors. A special section of the review demonstrates the role of coagulation proteases, thrombin, factor VIIa, and factor Xa in cancer immune evasion. Targeting coagulation protease-induced signaling might be a potential therapeutic strategy to boost the immune surveillance mechanism of a host fighting against cancer, thereby augmenting the clinical consequences of targeted immunotherapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhojit Paul
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India;
| | - Tanmoy Mukherjee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler Health Science Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA;
| | - Kaushik Das
- Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council-National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani 741251, West Bengal, India
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Johri N, Matreja PS, Agarwal S, Nagar P, Kumar D, Maurya A. Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of Activated Protein C (APC) in Mitigating Reperfusion Injury and Cardiac Ischemia: a Promising Avenue for Novel Therapeutic Interventions. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2024; 17:345-355. [PMID: 37851312 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-023-10445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease, which results from plaque formation in the coronary arteries, hinders the flow of oxygenated blood to the heart, leading to ischemia. Reperfusion injury remains a significant challenge for researchers, and the mechanisms underlying myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) are not entirely understood. The review directs future research into potential targets in clinical treatment based on our present understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of MIRI. The study provides insights into the mechanisms underlying MIRI and offers direction for future research in this area. The use of targeted therapies may hold promise in improving cardiac function in the elderly and minimizing the adverse effects of revascularization therapies. The purpose of this review is to analyze the role of activated protein C (APC) in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and discuss the potential of APC-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Johri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- School of Health & Psychological Sciences, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Prithpal S Matreja
- Department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shalabh Agarwal
- Department of Cardiology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Hospital & Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priya Nagar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepanshu Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aditya Maurya
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Biswas I, Giri H, Panicker SR, Rezaie AR. Thrombomodulin Switches Signaling and Protease-Activated Receptor 1 Cleavage Specificity of Thrombin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:603-616. [PMID: 38174561 PMCID: PMC10922642 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleavage of the extracellular domain of PAR1 (protease-activated receptor 1) by thrombin at Arg41 and by APC (activated protein C) at Arg46 initiates paradoxical cytopathic and cytoprotective signaling in endothelial cells. In the latter case, the ligand-dependent coreceptor signaling by EPCR (endothelial protein C receptor) is required for the protective PAR1 signaling by APC. Here, we investigated the role of thrombomodulin in determining the specificity of PAR1 signaling by thrombin. METHODS We prepared a PAR1 knockout (PAR1-/-) EA.hy926 endothelial cell line by CRISPR/Cas9 and transduced PAR1-/- cells with lentivirus vectors expressing PAR1 mutants in which either Arg41 or Arg46 was replaced with an Ala. Furthermore, human embryonic kidney 293 cells were transfected with wild-type or mutant PAR1 cleavage reporter constructs carrying N-terminal Nluc (NanoLuc luciferase) and C-terminal enhanced yellow fluorescent protein tags. RESULTS Characterization of transfected cells in signaling and receptor cleavage assays revealed that, upon interaction with thrombomodulin, thrombin cleaves Arg46 to elicit cytoprotective effects by a β-arrestin-2 biased signaling mechanism. Analysis of functional data and cleavage rates indicated that thrombin-thrombomodulin cleaves Arg46>10-fold faster than APC. Upon interaction with thrombin, the cytoplasmic domain of thrombomodulin recruited both β-arrestin-1 and -2 to the plasma membrane. Thus, the thrombin cleavage of Arg41 was also cytoprotective in thrombomodulin-expressing cells by β-arrestin-1-biased signaling. APC in the absence of EPCR cleaved Arg41 to initiate disruptive signaling responses like thrombin. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that coreceptor signaling by thrombomodulin and EPCR determines the PAR1 cleavage and signaling specificity of thrombin and APC, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Biswas
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - Hemant Giri
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - Sumith R. Panicker
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - Alireza R. Rezaie
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
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Hirano K. New Mechanistic Insight Into Biased Signaling of Proteinase-Activated Receptor 1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:617-619. [PMID: 38269587 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Hirano
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Japan
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Mavridis T, Choratta T, Papadopoulou A, Sawafta A, Archontakis-Barakakis P, Laou E, Sakellakis M, Chalkias A. Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs): Biology and Therapeutic Potential in Perioperative Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01233-0. [PMID: 38326662 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Perioperative stroke is a devastating complication that occurs during surgery or within 30 days following the surgical procedure. Its prevalence ranges from 0.08 to 10% although it is most likely an underestimation, as sedatives and narcotics can substantially mask symptomatology and clinical presentation. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology and identifying potential therapeutic targets are of paramount importance. Protease-activated receptors (PARs), a unique family of G-protein-coupled receptors, are widely expressed throughout the human body and play essential roles in various physiological and pathological processes. This review elucidates the biology and significance of PARs, outlining their diverse functions in health and disease, and their intricate involvement in cerebrovascular (patho)physiology and neuroprotection. PARs exhibit a dual role in cerebral ischemia, which underscores their potential as therapeutic targets to mitigate the devastating effects of stroke in surgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Mavridis
- Department of Neurology, Tallaght University Hospital (TUH)/The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Dublin, incorporating the National Children's Hospital (AMNCH), Dublin, D24 NR0A, Ireland
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Choratta
- Department of General Surgery, Metaxa Hospital, 18537, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Androniki Papadopoulou
- Department of Anesthesiology, G. Gennimatas General Hospital, 54635, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Assaf Sawafta
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larisa, 41110, Larisa, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Laou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Agia Sophia Children's Hospital, 15773, Athens, Greece
| | - Minas Sakellakis
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center-North Central Bronx Hospital, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA
| | - Athanasios Chalkias
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-5158, USA.
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Giri H, Biswas I, Rezaie AR. Thrombomodulin Regulates PTEN/AKT Signaling Axis in Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:352-365. [PMID: 38059351 PMCID: PMC10841639 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently demonstrated that deletion of thrombomodulin gene from endothelial cells results in upregulation of proinflammatory phenotype. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis for the altered phenotype in thrombomodulin-deficient (TM-/-) cells. METHODS Different constructs containing deletions or mutations in the cytoplasmic domain of thrombomodulin were prepared and introduced to TM-/- cells. The phenotype of cells expressing different derivatives of thrombomodulin and tissue samples of thrombomodulin-knockout mice were analyzed for expression of distinct regulatory genes in established signaling assays. RESULTS The phosphatase and tensin homolog were phosphorylated and its recruitment to the plasma membrane was impaired in TM-/- cells, leading to hyperactivation of AKT (protein kinase B) and phosphorylation-dependent nuclear exclusion of the transcription factor, forkhead box O1. The proliferative/migratory properties of TM-/- cells were enhanced, and cells exhibited hypersensitivity to stimulation by angiopoietin 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor. Reexpression of wild-type thrombomodulin in TM-/- cells normalized the cellular phenotype; however, thrombomodulin lacking its cytoplasmic domain failed to restore the normal phenotype in TM-/- cells. Increased basal permeability and loss of VE-cadherin were restored to normal levels by reexpression of wild-type thrombomodulin but not by a thrombomodulin construct lacking its cytoplasmic domain. A thrombomodulin cytoplasmic domain deletion mutant containing 3-membrane-proximal Arg-Lys-Lys residues restored the barrier-permeability function of TM-/- cells. Enhanced phosphatase and tensin homolog phosphorylation and activation of AKT and mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) were also observed in the liver of thrombomodulin-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the cytoplasmic domain of thrombomodulin interacts with the actin cytoskeleton and plays a crucial role in regulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog/AKT signaling in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Giri
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - Indranil Biswas
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - Alireza R. Rezaie
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
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11
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Boutin L, Roger E, Gayat E, Depret F, Blot-Chabaud M, Chadjichristos CE. The role of CD146 in renal disease: from experimental nephropathy to clinics. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:11-21. [PMID: 37993561 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial dysfunction is a major risk factor in the development of renal diseases. Recent studies pointed out a major interest for the inter-endothelial junction protein CD146, as its expression is modulated during renal injury. Indeed, some complex mechanisms involving this adhesion molecule and its multiple ligands are observed in a large number of renal diseases in fundamental or clinical research. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent literature on the role of CD146 in renal pathophysiology, from experimental nephropathy to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Boutin
- FHU PROMICE AP-HP, Saint Louis and DMU Parabol, Critical Care Medicine and Burn Unit, AP-HP, Department of Anesthesiology, University Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-942, MASCOT, Cardiovascular Markers in Stress Condition, University Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-S1155, Bâtiment Recherche, Tenon Hospital, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020, Paris, France
| | - Elena Roger
- INSERM, UMR-S1155, Bâtiment Recherche, Tenon Hospital, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020, Paris, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Gayat
- FHU PROMICE AP-HP, Saint Louis and DMU Parabol, Critical Care Medicine and Burn Unit, AP-HP, Department of Anesthesiology, University Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-942, MASCOT, Cardiovascular Markers in Stress Condition, University Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
| | - François Depret
- FHU PROMICE AP-HP, Saint Louis and DMU Parabol, Critical Care Medicine and Burn Unit, AP-HP, Department of Anesthesiology, University Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-942, MASCOT, Cardiovascular Markers in Stress Condition, University Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
| | | | - Christos E Chadjichristos
- INSERM, UMR-S1155, Bâtiment Recherche, Tenon Hospital, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020, Paris, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, 75013, Paris, France.
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Hadjiagapiou MS, Krashias G, Christodoulou C, Pantzaris M, Lambrianides A. Serum Reactive Antibodies against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor NR2 Subunit-Could They Act as Potential Biomarkers? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16170. [PMID: 38003360 PMCID: PMC10671476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction and disrupted communication between neuronal and glial cells play an essential role in the underlying mechanisms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Earlier studies have revealed the importance of glutamate receptors, particularly the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, in excitotoxicity, leading to abnormal synaptic transmission and damage of neurons. Our study aimed to determine whether antibodies to the NR2 subunit of NMDAR are detected in MS patients and evaluate the correlation between antibody presence and clinical outcome. Furthermore, our focus extended to examine a possible link between NR2 reactivity and anti-coagulant antibody levels as pro-inflammatory molecules associated with MS. A cross-sectional study was carried out, including 95 patients with MS and 61 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect anti-NR2 antibodies in serum samples of participants along with IgG antibodies against factor (F)VIIa, thrombin, prothrombin, FXa, and plasmin. According to our results, significantly elevated levels of anti-NR2 antibodies were detected in MS patients compared to HCs (p < 0.05), and this holds true when we compared the Relapsing-Remitting MS course with HCs (p < 0.05). A monotonically increasing correlation was found between NR2 seropositivity and advanced disability (rs = 0.30; p < 0.01), anti-NR2 antibodies and disease worsening (rs = 0.24; p < 0.05), as well as between antibody activity against NR2 and thrombin (rs = 0.33; p < 0.01). The presence of anti-NR2 antibodies in MS patients was less associated with anti-plasmin IgG antibodies [OR:0.96 (95%CI: 0.92-0.99); p < 0.05]; however, such an association was not demonstrated when analyzing only RRMS patients. In view of our findings, NR2-reactive antibodies may play, paving the way for further research into their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S. Hadjiagapiou
- Department of Neuroimmunology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.S.H.); (M.P.)
| | - George Krashias
- Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (G.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Christina Christodoulou
- Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (G.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Marios Pantzaris
- Department of Neuroimmunology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.S.H.); (M.P.)
| | - Anastasia Lambrianides
- Department of Neuroimmunology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.S.H.); (M.P.)
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13
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Lee SK, Malik RA, Zhou J, Wang W, Gross PL, Weitz JI, Ramachandran R, Trigatti BL. PAR4 Inhibition Reduces Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis and Myocardial Fibrosis in SR-B1/LDLR Double Knockout Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:2165-2178. [PMID: 37675637 PMCID: PMC10597419 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SR-B1 (scavenger receptor class B type 1)/LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor) double knockout mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet containing cholate exhibit coronary artery disease characterized by occlusive coronary artery atherosclerosis, platelet accumulation in coronary arteries, and myocardial fibrosis. Platelets are involved in atherosclerosis development, and PAR (protease-activated receptor) 4 has a prominent role in platelet function in mice. However, the role of PAR4 on coronary artery disease in mice has not been tested. METHODS We tested the effects of a PAR4 inhibitory pepducin (RAG8) on diet-induced aortic sinus and coronary artery atherosclerosis, platelet accumulation in atherosclerotic coronary arteries, and myocardial fibrosis in SR-B1/LDLR double knockout mice. SR-B1/LDLR double knockout mice were fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet containing cholate and injected daily with 20 mg/kg of either the RAG8 pepducin or a control reverse-sequence pepducin (SRQ8) for 20 days. RESULTS Platelets from the RAG8-treated mice exhibited reduced thrombin and PAR4 agonist peptide-mediated activation compared with those from control SRQ8-treated mice when tested ex vivo. Although aortic sinus atherosclerosis levels did not differ, RAG8-treated mice exhibited reduced coronary artery atherosclerosis, reduced platelet accumulation in atherosclerotic coronary arteries, and reduced myocardial fibrosis. These protective effects were not accompanied by changes in circulating lipids, inflammatory cytokines, or immune cells. However, RAG8-treated mice exhibited reduced VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) protein levels in nonatherosclerotic coronary artery cross sections and reduced leukocyte accumulation in atherosclerotic coronary artery cross sections compared with those from SRQ8-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS The PAR4 inhibitory RAG8 pepducin reduced coronary artery atherosclerosis and myocardial fibrosis in SR-B1/LDLR double knockout mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet containing cholate. Furthermore, RAG8 reduced VCAM-1 in nonatherosclerotic coronary arteries and reduced leukocyte and platelet accumulation in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. These findings identify PAR4 as an attractive target in reducing coronary artery disease development, and the use of RAG8 may potentially be beneficial in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K. Lee
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (S.K.L., R.A.M., J.Z., W.W., P.L.G., J.I.W., B.L.T.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada (S.K.L., R.A.M., J.Z., W.W., P.L.G., J.I.W., B.L.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (S.K.L., W.W., J.I.W., B.L.T.)
| | - Rida A. Malik
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (S.K.L., R.A.M., J.Z., W.W., P.L.G., J.I.W., B.L.T.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine (R.A.M., J.Z., P.L.G., J.I.W.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada (S.K.L., R.A.M., J.Z., W.W., P.L.G., J.I.W., B.L.T.)
| | - Ji Zhou
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (S.K.L., R.A.M., J.Z., W.W., P.L.G., J.I.W., B.L.T.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine (R.A.M., J.Z., P.L.G., J.I.W.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada (S.K.L., R.A.M., J.Z., W.W., P.L.G., J.I.W., B.L.T.)
| | - Wei Wang
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (S.K.L., R.A.M., J.Z., W.W., P.L.G., J.I.W., B.L.T.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada (S.K.L., R.A.M., J.Z., W.W., P.L.G., J.I.W., B.L.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (S.K.L., W.W., J.I.W., B.L.T.)
| | - Peter L. Gross
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (S.K.L., R.A.M., J.Z., W.W., P.L.G., J.I.W., B.L.T.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine (R.A.M., J.Z., P.L.G., J.I.W.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada (S.K.L., R.A.M., J.Z., W.W., P.L.G., J.I.W., B.L.T.)
| | - Jeffrey I. Weitz
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (S.K.L., R.A.M., J.Z., W.W., P.L.G., J.I.W., B.L.T.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine (R.A.M., J.Z., P.L.G., J.I.W.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada (S.K.L., R.A.M., J.Z., W.W., P.L.G., J.I.W., B.L.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (S.K.L., W.W., J.I.W., B.L.T.)
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Bernardo L. Trigatti
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (S.K.L., R.A.M., J.Z., W.W., P.L.G., J.I.W., B.L.T.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada (S.K.L., R.A.M., J.Z., W.W., P.L.G., J.I.W., B.L.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (S.K.L., W.W., J.I.W., B.L.T.)
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14
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Zhang A, Liu Y, Wang X, Xu H, Fang C, Yuan L, Wang K, Zheng J, Qi Y, Chen S, Zhang J, Shao A. Clinical Potential of Immunotherapies in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Treatment: Mechanistic Dissection of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses. Aging Dis 2023; 14:1533-1554. [PMID: 37196120 PMCID: PMC10529760 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), classified as a medical emergency, is a devastating and severe subtype of stroke. SAH induces an immune response, which further triggers brain injury; however, the underlying mechanisms need to be further elucidated. The current research is predominantly focused on the production of specific subtypes of immune cells, especially innate immune cells, post-SAH onset. Increasing evidence suggests the critical role of immune responses in SAH pathophysiology; however, studies on the role and clinical significance of adaptive immunity post-SAH are limited. In this present study, we briefly review the mechanistic dissection of innate and adaptive immune responses post-SAH. Additionally, we summarized the experimental studies and clinical trials of immunotherapies for SAH treatment, which may form the basis for the development of improved therapeutic approaches for the clinical management of SAH in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yibo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Houshi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chaoyou Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - KaiKai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jingwei Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yangjian Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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15
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Lok SWY, Yiu WH, Zou Y, Xue R, Li H, Ma J, Chen J, Chan LYY, Lai KN, Tang SCW. Tubulovascular protection from protease-activated receptor-1 depletion during AKI-to-CKD transition. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 38:2232-2247. [PMID: 36914214 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thromboembolic events are prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients due to increased thrombin generation leading to a hypercoagulable state. We previously demonstrated that inhibition of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) by vorapaxar reduces kidney fibrosis. METHODS We used an animal model of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced CKD to explore the tubulovascular crosstalk mechanisms of PAR-1 in acute kidney injury (AKI)-to-CKD transition. RESULTS During the early phase of AKI, PAR-1-deficient mice exhibited reduced kidney inflammation, vascular injury, and preserved endothelial integrity and capillary permeability. During the transition phase to CKD, PAR-1 deficiency preserved kidney function and diminished tubulointerstitial fibrosis via downregulated transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling. Maladaptive repair in the microvasculature after AKI further exacerbated focal hypoxia with capillary rarefaction, which was rescued by stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor and increased tubular vascular endothelial growth factor A in PAR-1-deficient mice. Chronic inflammation was also prevented with reduced kidney infiltration by both M1- and M2-polarized macrophages. In thrombin-induced human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs), PAR-1 mediated vascular injury through activation of NF-κB and ERK MAPK pathways. Gene silencing of PAR-1 exerted microvascular protection via a tubulovascular crosstalk mechanism during hypoxia in HDMECs. Finally, pharmacologic blockade of PAR-1 with vorapaxar improved kidney morphology, promoted vascular regenerative capacity, and reduced inflammation and fibrosis depending on the time of initiation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings elucidate a detrimental role of PAR-1 in vascular dysfunction and profibrotic responses upon tissue injury during AKI-to-CKD transition and provide an attractive therapeutic strategy for post-injury repair in AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W Y Lok
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Han Yiu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Yixin Zou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Rui Xue
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Hongyu Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Jingyuan Ma
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Jiaoyi Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Loretta Y Y Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Kar Neng Lai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Sydney C W Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
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16
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Kleinjan ML, Mao DY, Naiche LA, Joshi JC, Gupta A, Jesse JJ, Shaye DD, Mehta D, Kitajewski J. CLIC4 Regulates Endothelial Barrier Control by Mediating PAR1 Signaling via RhoA. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1441-1454. [PMID: 37317855 PMCID: PMC10527476 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial CLICs (chloride intracellular channel proteins) CLIC1 and CLIC4 are required for the GPCRs (G-protein-coupled receptors) S1PR1 (sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1) and S1PR3 to activate the small GTPases Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) and RhoA (Ras homolog family member A). To determine whether CLIC1 and CLIC4 function in additional endothelial GPCR pathways, we evaluated CLIC function in thrombin signaling via the thrombin-regulated PAR1 (protease-activated receptor 1) and downstream effector RhoA. METHODS We assessed the ability of CLIC1 and CLIC4 to relocalize to cell membranes in response to thrombin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We examined CLIC1 and CLIC4 function in HUVEC by knocking down expression of each CLIC protein and compared thrombin-mediated RhoA or Rac1 activation, ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) phosphorylation, and endothelial barrier modulation in control and CLIC knockdown HUVEC. We generated a conditional murine allele of Clic4 and examined PAR1-mediated lung microvascular permeability and retinal angiogenesis in mice with endothelial-specific loss of Clic4. RESULTS Thrombin promoted relocalization of CLIC4, but not CLIC1, to HUVEC membranes. Knockdown of CLIC4 in HUVEC reduced thrombin-mediated RhoA activation, ERM phosphorylation, and endothelial barrier disruption. Knockdown of CLIC1 did not reduce thrombin-mediated RhoA activity but prolonged the RhoA and endothelial barrier response to thrombin. Endothelial-specific deletion of Clic4 in mice reduced lung edema and microvascular permeability induced by PAR1 activating peptide. CONCLUSIONS CLIC4 is a critical effector of endothelial PAR1 signaling and is required to regulate RhoA-mediated endothelial barrier disruption in cultured endothelial cells and murine lung endothelium. CLIC1 was not critical for thrombin-mediated barrier disruption but contributed to the barrier recovery phase after thrombin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Kleinjan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - De Yu Mao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L. A. Naiche
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jagdish C. Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ahana Gupta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jordan J. Jesse
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel D. Shaye
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jan Kitajewski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Ramadas N, Sparkenbaugh EM. The APC-EPCR-PAR1 axis in sickle cell disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1141020. [PMID: 37497271 PMCID: PMC10366386 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1141020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a group of inherited hemoglobinopathies. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is caused by a homozygous mutation in the β-globin generating sickle hemoglobin (HbS). Deoxygenation leads to pathologic polymerization of HbS and sickling of erythrocytes. The two predominant pathologies of SCD are hemolytic anemia and vaso-occlusive episodes (VOE), along with sequelae of complications including acute chest syndrome, hepatopathy, nephropathy, pulmonary hypertension, venous thromboembolism, and stroke. SCD is associated with endothelial activation due to the release of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as heme, recurrent ischemia-reperfusion injury, and chronic thrombin generation and inflammation. Endothelial cell activation is mediated, in part, by thrombin-dependent activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), a G protein coupled receptor that plays a role in platelet activation, endothelial permeability, inflammation, and cytotoxicity. PAR1 can also be activated by activated protein C (APC), which promotes endothelial barrier protection and cytoprotective signaling. Notably, the APC system is dysregulated in SCD. This mini-review will discuss activation of PAR1 by APC and thrombin, the APC-EPCR-PAR1 axis, and their potential roles in SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupama Ramadas
- Department of Medicine, Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Erica M. Sparkenbaugh
- Department of Medicine, Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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18
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Konarska-Bajda K, Ceranowicz P, Cieszkowski J, Ginter G, Stempniewicz A, Gałązka K, Kuśnierz-Cabala B, Dumnicka P, Bonior J, Warzecha Z. Administration of Warfarin Inhibits the Development of Cerulein-Induced Edematous Acute Pancreatitis in Rats. Biomolecules 2023; 13:948. [PMID: 37371528 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a severe disease with high morbidity and mortality in which inflammation and coagulation play crucial roles. The development of inflammation leads to vascular injury, endothelium and leukocytes stimulation, and an increased level of tissue factor, which results in the activation of the coagulation process. For this reason, anticoagulants may be considered as a therapeutic option in AP. Previous studies have shown that pretreatment with heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), or acenocoumarol inhibits the development of AP. The aim of the present study was to check if pretreatment with warfarin affects the development of edematous pancreatitis evoked by cerulein. Warfarin (90, 180, or 270 µg/kg/dose) or saline were administered intragastrically once a day for 7 days consecutively before the induction of AP. AP was evoked by the intraperitoneal administration of cerulein. The pre-administration of warfarin at doses of 90 or 180 µg/kg/dose reduced the histological signs of pancreatic damage in animals with the induction of AP. Additionally, other parameters of AP, such as an increase in the serum activity of lipase and amylase, the plasma concentration of D-dimer, and interleukin-1β, were decreased. In addition, pretreatment with warfarin administered at doses of 90 or 180 µg/kg/dose reversed the limitation of pancreatic blood flow evoked by AP development. Warfarin administered at a dose of 270 µg/kg/dose did not exhibit a preventive effect in cerulein-induced AP. Conclusion: Pretreatment with low doses of warfarin inhibits the development of AP evoked by the intraperitoneal administration of cerulein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Konarska-Bajda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Kraków, Poland
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital in Cracow, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jakub Cieszkowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Ginter
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Stempniewicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krystyna Gałązka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala
- Chair of Clinical Biochemistry/Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Dumnicka
- Chair of Clinical Biochemistry/Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Bonior
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Kraków, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Kraków, Poland
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19
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Li M, Wang D, Liu Z, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Pan C, Lin Y, Sun L, Zheng Y. Assessing the effects of aging on the renal endothelial cell landscape using single-cell RNA sequencing. Front Genet 2023; 14:1175716. [PMID: 37214419 PMCID: PMC10196692 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1175716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) with senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASP) have been identified as a key mechanism of aging that contributes to various age-related kidney diseases. In this study, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to create a transcriptome atlas of murine renal ECs and identify transcriptomic changes that occur during aging. We identified seven different subtypes of renal ECs, with glomerular ECs and angiogenic ECs being the most affected by senescence. We confirmed our scRNA-seq findings by using double immunostaining for an EC marker (CD31) and markers of specialized EC phenotypes. Our analysis of the dynamics of capillary lineage development revealed a chronic state of inflammation and compromised glomerular function as prominent aging features. Additionally, we observed an elevated pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant microenvironment in aged glomerular ECs, which may contribute to age-related glomerulosclerosis and renal fibrosis. Through intercellular communication analysis, we also identified changes in signaling involved in immune regulation that may contribute to a hostile microenvironment for renal homeostasis and function. Overall, our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of aging in the renal endothelium and may pave the way for the discovery of diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic interventions against age-related kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
- Research Unit of Ocular Development and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qikai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caineng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingfeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
- Research Unit of Ocular Development and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Tariq MB, Lee J, McCullough LD. Sex differences in the inflammatory response to stroke. Semin Immunopathol 2023; 45:295-313. [PMID: 36355204 PMCID: PMC10924671 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and disproportionally affects women, in part due to their higher longevity. Older women have poorer outcomes after stroke with high rates of cognitive deficits, depression, and reduced quality of life. Post-stroke inflammatory responses are also sexually dimorphic and drive differences in infarct size and recovery. Factors that influence sex-specific immune responses can be both intrinsic and extrinsic. Differences in gonadal hormone exposure, sex chromosome compliment, and environmental/social factors can drive changes in transcriptional and metabolic profiles. In addition, how these variables interact, changes across the lifespan. After the onset of ischemic injury, necrosis and apoptosis occur, which activate microglia and other glial cells within the central nervous system, promoting the release of cytokines and chemokines and neuroinflammation. Cells involved in innate and adaptive immune responses also have dual functions after stroke as they can enhance inflammation acutely, but also contribute to suppression of the inflammatory cascade and later repair. In this review, we provide an overview of the current literature on sex-specific inflammatory responses to ischemic stroke. Understanding these differences is critical to identifying therapeutic options for both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Tariq
- Memorial Hermann Hospital-Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, MSB7044B, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, MSB7044B, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Memorial Hermann Hospital-Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, MSB7044B, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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21
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Park MJ, Won JH, Kim DK. Thrombin Induced Apoptosis through Calcium-Mediated Activation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2 in Intestinal Myofibroblasts. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2023; 31:59-67. [PMID: 36052603 PMCID: PMC9810453 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2022.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is a serine protease that participates in a variety of biological signaling through protease-activated receptors. Intestinal myofibroblasts play central roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. In this study, we found that thrombin-induced apoptosis is mediated by the calcium-mediated activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in the CCD-18Co cell. Thrombin reduced cell viability by inducing apoptosis and proteinase-activated receptor-1 antagonist attenuated thrombin-induced cell death. Endogenous ceramide did not affect the cell viability itself, but a ceramide-mediated pathway was involved in thrombin-induced cell death. Thrombin increased intracellular calcium levels and cytosolic phospholipase A2 activity. The ceramide synthase inhibitor Fumonisin B1, intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM, and cytosolic phospholipase A2 inhibitor AACOCF3 inhibited thrombin-induced cell death. Thrombin stimulated arachidonic acid release and reactive oxygen species generation, which was blocked by AACOCF3, BAPTA-AM, and the antioxidant reagent Trolox. Taken together, thrombin triggered apoptosis through calcium-mediated activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in intestinal myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ja Park
- Department of Environmental & Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Won
- Department of Environmental & Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Kyong Kim
- Department of Environmental & Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea,Corresponding Author E-mail: , Tel: +82-31-724-2611, Fax: +82-31-724-2612
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22
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Ranucci M, Baryshnikova E, Pistuddi V, Di Dedda U. The Rise and Fall of Antithrombin Supplementation in Cardiac Surgery. Anesth Analg 2022; 136:1043-1051. [PMID: 36853953 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Various cohort studies, both retrospective and prospective, showed that low antithrombin levels after cardiac surgery (at the arrival in the intensive care unit and during the next days) were associated with a number of adverse outcomes, including surgical reexploration and thromboembolic events, eventually leading to prolonged stay in the intensive care. Values lower than 58% to 64% of antithrombin activity were indicative of this higher morbidity with good sensitivity and specificity. The scenario generated the hypothesis that low antithrombin levels needed to be corrected by supplementation to improve postoperative outcome. However, randomized controlled studies run to test this idea failed to demonstrate any benefit of antithrombin supplementation, showing no effects on outcome, neither as preemptive preoperative strategy nor for treating postoperative low antithrombin values. In addition, randomized trials highlighted that those patients who received antithrombin experienced significantly higher incidence of acute kidney injury with a pooled odds ratio of 4.41 (95% CI, 1.90-10.23; P = .001). A strongly decreased thrombin activity after antithrombin correction may eventually affect the efficiency of the glomerular filtration and cause the deterioration of kidney function, but underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear. In conclusion, low levels of antithrombin activity after cardiac surgery should be considered as a marker of greater severity of the patient's conditions and/or of the complexity of the surgical procedure. There are no indications for antithrombin supplementation in cardiac surgery unless for correcting heparin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ranucci
- From the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
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23
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Bochenek ML, Gogiraju R, Großmann S, Krug J, Orth J, Reyda S, Georgiadis GS, Spronk H, Konstantinides S, Münzel T, Griffin JH, Wild PS, Espinola-Klein C, Ruf W, Schäfer K. EPCR-PAR1 biased signaling regulates perfusion recovery and neovascularization in peripheral ischemia. JCI Insight 2022; 7:157701. [PMID: 35700057 PMCID: PMC9431695 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.157701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood clot formation initiates ischemic events, but coagulation roles during postischemic tissue repair are poorly understood. The endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) regulates coagulation, as well as immune and vascular signaling, by protease activated receptors (PARs). Here, we show that endothelial EPCR-PAR1 signaling supports reperfusion and neovascularization in hindlimb ischemia in mice. Whereas deletion of PAR2 or PAR4 did not impair angiogenesis, EPCR and PAR1 deficiency or PAR1 resistance to cleavage by activated protein C caused markedly reduced postischemic reperfusion in vivo and angiogenesis in vitro. These findings were corroborated by biased PAR1 agonism in isolated primary endothelial cells. Loss of EPCR-PAR1 signaling upregulated hemoglobin expression and reduced endothelial nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Defective angiogenic sprouting was rescued by the NO donor DETA-NO, whereas NO scavenging increased hemoglobin and mesenchymal marker expression in human and mouse endothelial cells. Vascular specimens from patients with ischemic peripheral artery disease exhibited increased hemoglobin expression, and soluble EPCR and NO levels were reduced in plasma. Our data implicate endothelial EPCR-PAR1 signaling in the hypoxic response of endothelial cells and identify suppression of hemoglobin expression as an unexpected link between coagulation signaling, preservation of endothelial cell NO bioavailability, support of neovascularization, and prevention of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena L Bochenek
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Großmann
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Janina Krug
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Orth
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Reyda
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - George S Georgiadis
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Henri Spronk
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Disease, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - John H Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - Philipp S Wild
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Schäfer
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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24
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Golderman V, Ben-Shimon M, Maggio N, Dori A, Gofrit SG, Berkowitz S, Qassim L, Artan-Furman A, Zeimer T, Chapman J, Shavit-Stein E. Factor VII, EPCR, aPC Modulators: novel treatment for neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:138. [PMID: 35690769 PMCID: PMC9187898 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02505-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation and coagulation are linked and pathogenic in neuroinflammatory diseases. Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) can be activated both by thrombin, inducing increased inflammation, and activated protein C (aPC), inducing decreased inflammation. Modulation of the aPC-PAR1 pathway may prevent the neuroinflammation associated with PAR1 over-activation. Methods We synthesized a group of novel molecules based on the binding site of FVII/aPC to the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR). These molecules modulate the FVII/aPC-EPCR pathway and are therefore named FEAMs—Factor VII, EPCR, aPC Modulators. We studied the molecular and behavioral effects of a selected FEAM in neuroinflammation models in-vitro and in-vivo. Results In a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced in-vitro model, neuroinflammation leads to increased thrombin activity compared to control (2.7 ± 0.11 and 2.23 ± 0.13 mU/ml, respectively, p = 0.01) and decreased aPC activity (0.57 ± 0.01 and 1.00 ± 0.02, respectively, p < 0.0001). In addition, increased phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase (pERK) (0.99 ± 0.13, 1.39 ± 0.14, control and LPS, p < 0.04) and protein kinase B (pAKT) (1.00 ± 0.09, 2.83 ± 0.81, control and LPS, p < 0.0002) levels indicate PAR1 overactivation, which leads to increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) level (1.00 ± 0.04, 1.35 ± 0.12, control and LPS, p = 0.02). In a minimal traumatic brain injury (mTBI) induced neuroinflammation in-vivo model in mice, increased thrombin activity, PAR1 activation, and TNF-α levels were measured. Additionally, significant memory impairment, as indicated by a lower recognition index in the Novel Object Recognition (NOR) test and Y-maze test (NOR: 0.19 ± 0.06, -0.07 ± 0.09, p = 0.03. Y-Maze: 0.50 ± 0.03, 0.23 ± 0.09, p = 0.02 control and mTBI, respectively), as well as hypersensitivity by hot-plate latency (16.6 ± 0.89, 12.8 ± 0.56 s, control and mTBI, p = 0.01), were seen. FEAM prevented most of the molecular and behavioral negative effects of neuroinflammation in-vitro and in-vivo, most likely through EPCR-PAR1 interactions. Conclusion FEAM is a promising tool to study neuroinflammation and a potential treatment for a variety of neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Golderman
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marina Ben-Shimon
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Amir Dori
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shany Guly Gofrit
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shani Berkowitz
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lamis Qassim
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avital Artan-Furman
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Talya Zeimer
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel. .,Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,The TELEM Rubin Excellence in Biomedical Research Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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25
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Cao D, Strainic MG, Counihan D, Sridar S, An F, Hussain W, Schmaier AH, Nieman M, Medof ME. Vascular Endothelial Cells Produce Coagulation Factors That Control Their Growth via Joint Protease-Activated Receptor and C5a Receptor 1 (CD88) Signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:361-378. [PMID: 35144762 PMCID: PMC8908053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As per the classical view of the coagulation system, it functions solely in plasma to maintain hemostasis. An experimental approach modeling vascular reconstitution was used to show that vascular endothelial cells (ECs) endogenously synthesize coagulation factors during angiogenesis. Intracellular thrombin generated from this synthesis promotes the mitotic function of vascular endothelial cell growth factor A (VEGF-A). The thrombin concurrently cleaves C5a from EC-synthesized complement component C5 and unmasks the tethered ligand for EC-expressed protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4). The two ligands jointly trigger EC C5a receptor-1 (C5ar1) and PAR4 signaling, which together promote VEGF receptor 2 growth signaling. C5ar1 is functionally associated with PAR4, enabling C5a or thrombin to elicit Gαi and/or Gαq signaling. EC coagulation factor and EC complement component synthesis concurrently down-regulate with contact inhibition. The connection of these processes with VEGF receptor 2 signaling provides new insights into mechanisms underlying angiogenesis. Knowledge of endogenous coagulation factor/complement component synthesis and joint PAR4/C5ar1 signaling could be applied to other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Cao
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Daniel Counihan
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shiva Sridar
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Fengqi An
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wasim Hussain
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alvin H. Schmaier
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Marvin Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - M. Edward Medof
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio,Address correspondence to M. Edward Medof, M.D., Ph.D., Institute of Pathology, 2085 Adelbert, Room 301, Cleveland, OH 44106.
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26
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Garcia-Bonilla L, Iadecola C, Anrather J. Inflammation and Immune Response. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Jurcau A, Simion A. Neuroinflammation in Cerebral Ischemia and Ischemia/Reperfusion Injuries: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:14. [PMID: 35008440 PMCID: PMC8744548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Its increasing incidence has led stroke to be the second leading cause of death worldwide. Despite significant advances in recanalization strategies, patients are still at risk for ischemia/reperfusion injuries in this pathophysiology, in which neuroinflammation is significantly involved. Research has shown that in the acute phase, neuroinflammatory cascades lead to apoptosis, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, cerebral edema, and hemorrhagic transformation, while in later stages, these pathways support tissue repair and functional recovery. The present review discusses the various cell types and the mechanisms through which neuroinflammation contributes to parenchymal injury and tissue repair, as well as therapeutic attempts made in vitro, in animal experiments, and in clinical trials which target neuroinflammation, highlighting future therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Jurcau
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
- Neurology Ward, Clinical Municipal Hospital “dr. G. Curteanu” Oradea, 410154 Oradea, Romania
| | - Aurel Simion
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
- Neurorehabilitation Ward, Clinical Municipal Hospital “dr. G. Curteanu” Oradea, 410154 Oradea, Romania
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28
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Uehara K, Uehara A. Immunolocalization of protease-activated receptors in endothelial cells of splenic sinuses. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:605-615. [PMID: 34613486 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The immunolocalization of protease-activated receptors (PARs) and related proteins in splenic sinus endothelial cells was examined using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that PAR1 colocalized with PAR2, PAR3, and PAR4. PAR4 colocalized with PAR3 and P2Y12. Myosin heavy chain IIA localized to the outer shape and at the base of cells, but did not colocalize with α-catenin. The localization of di-phosphorylated myosin regulatory light chains (ppMLC) was partially detected on the outer circumference and conspicuously at the base of cells. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) also localized in cells. Immunogold electron microscopy revealed the localization of PAR1 on the caveolar membrane, plasma membrane, and junctional membrane of cells. PAR2 and PAR3 localized to the plasma membrane of cells. PAR4 localized to the plasma membrane, depressions in the plasma membrane, and cytoplasmic vesicles. PpMLC was detected in stress fibers, but rarely near the adherens junctions of neighboring cells. MIF localized in vesicles on the apical and basal sides of the Golgi apparatus. Electron microscopy of endothelial cells with saponin extraction showed the depression of many coated pits formed by clathrin from the plasma membrane. Stress fibers developed at the base of cells; however, few actin filaments were observed near adherens junctions. These results indicate that PARs play important roles in splenic sinus endothelial cells, such as in endothelial barrier protection and the maintenance of firm adhesion to ring fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Uehara
- Department of Cell Biology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Akira Uehara
- Department of Physiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
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29
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Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroimmune Crosstalk in the Pathogenesis of Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179486. [PMID: 34502395 PMCID: PMC8431165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke disrupts the homeostatic balance within the brain and is associated with a significant accumulation of necrotic cellular debris, fluid, and peripheral immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Additionally, cells, antigens, and other factors exit the brain into the periphery via damaged blood–brain barrier cells, glymphatic transport mechanisms, and lymphatic vessels, which dramatically influence the systemic immune response and lead to complex neuroimmune communication. As a result, the immunological response after stroke is a highly dynamic event that involves communication between multiple organ systems and cell types, with significant consequences on not only the initial stroke tissue injury but long-term recovery in the CNS. In this review, we discuss the complex immunological and physiological interactions that occur after stroke with a focus on how the peripheral immune system and CNS communicate to regulate post-stroke brain homeostasis. First, we discuss the post-stroke immune cascade across different contexts as well as homeostatic regulation within the brain. Then, we focus on the lymphatic vessels surrounding the brain and their ability to coordinate both immune response and fluid homeostasis within the brain after stroke. Finally, we discuss how therapeutic manipulation of peripheral systems may provide new mechanisms to treat stroke injury.
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30
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Wat JM, Baczyk D, Kingdom JC. The antithrombin binding regions of heparin mediate fetal growth and reduced placental damage in the RUPP model of preeclampsia†. Biol Reprod 2021; 102:1102-1110. [PMID: 31950133 PMCID: PMC7186778 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a serious hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, which is only cured with delivery of the placenta, thereby commonly necessitating preterm birth of the fetus. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) has demonstrated potential to reduce the incidence of preeclampsia in high-risk pregnant women, although the underlying mechanism by which LMWH protects against preeclampsia is unknown. Given the complex structure and biologic actions of heparin, we tested the hypothesis that heparin can mediate preeclampsia prevention via nonanticoagulant pathways. We compared the effects of a nonanticoagulant, glycol-split LMWH (gsHep)—rendered nonanticoagulant through disruption of the antithrombin binding regions—with the LMWH dalteparin in the rat reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) surgical model of preeclampsia. Although RUPP animals exhibit significantly elevated blood pressure and reduced plasma levels of placental growth factor (PGF) compared to sham, neither dalteparin nor gsHep treatment significantly impacted these parameters. However, the observed positive correlation between PGF levels and number of viable fetuses in RUPP-induced animals suggests that reduced PGF levels were predominately due to placental loss. Daily subcutaneous injections of low-dose dalteparin but not gsHep significantly restored fetal growth that was impaired by RUPP surgery. Placentas from RUPP animals exhibited an abnormal labyrinth structure, characterized by expanded sinusoidal blood spaces, relative to sham-operated animals. Morphometric analysis demonstrated that dalteparin but not gsHep treatment normalized development of the labyrinth in RUPP-exposed conceptuses. These data suggest that the antithrombin-binding regions of LMWH are required to confer its protective effects on fetal growth and placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovian M Wat
- Research Centre for Women's and Infant's Health, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dora Baczyk
- Research Centre for Women's and Infant's Health, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John C Kingdom
- Research Centre for Women's and Infant's Health, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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31
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ten Cate H, Guzik TJ, Eikelboom J, Spronk HMH. Pleiotropic actions of factor Xa inhibition in cardiovascular prevention: mechanistic insights and implications for anti-thrombotic treatment. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2030-2044. [PMID: 32931586 PMCID: PMC8318102 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which atherothrombotic complications lead to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. At advanced stages, myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, and peripheral artery disease, including major adverse limb events, are caused either by acute occlusive atherothrombosis or by thromboembolism. Endothelial dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell activation, and vascular inflammation are essential in the development of acute cardiovascular events. Effects of the coagulation system on vascular biology extend beyond thrombosis. Under physiological conditions, coagulation proteases in blood are pivotal in maintaining haemostasis and vascular integrity. Under pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis, the same coagulation proteases (including factor Xa, factor VIIa, and thrombin) become drivers of atherothrombosis, working in concert with platelets and vessel wall components. While initially atherothrombosis was attributed primarily to platelets, recent advances indicate the critical role of fibrin clot and plasma coagulation factors. Mechanisms of atherothrombosis and hypercoagulability vary depending on plaque erosion or plaque rupture. In addition to contributing to thrombus formation, factor Xa and thrombin can affect endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, vascular smooth muscle cell function as well as immune cell activation and vascular inflammation. By these mechanisms, they promote atherosclerosis and contribute to plaque instability. In this review, we first discuss the postulated vasoprotective mechanisms of protease-activated receptor signalling induced by coagulation enzymes under physiological conditions. Next, we discuss preclinical studies linking coagulation with endothelial cell dysfunction, thromboinflammation, and atherogenesis. Understanding these mechanisms is pivotal for the introduction of novel strategies in cardiovascular prevention and therapy. We therefore translate these findings to clinical studies of direct oral anticoagulant drugs and discuss the potential relevance of dual pathway inhibition for atherothrombosis prevention and vascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo ten Cate
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thrombosis Expertise Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Thrombosis Expertise Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland
| | - John Eikelboom
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton General Hospital and McMaster University, Hamilton, L8L 2x2, ON, Canada
| | - Henri M H Spronk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thrombosis Expertise Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Thrombosis Expertise Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Jeon MT, Kim KS, Kim ES, Lee S, Kim J, Hoe HS, Kim DG. Emerging pathogenic role of peripheral blood factors following BBB disruption in neurodegenerative disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101333. [PMID: 33774194 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The responses of central nervous system (CNS) cells such as neurons and glia in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) suggest that regulation of neuronal and glial functions could be a strategy for ND prevention and/or treatment. However, attempts to develop such therapeutics for NDs have been hindered by the challenge of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and continued constitutive neuronal loss. These limitations indicate the need for additional perspectives for the prevention/treatment of NDs. In particular, the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that accompanies NDs allows brain infiltration by peripheral factors, which may stimulate innate immune responses involved in the progression of neurodegeneration. The accumulation of blood factors like thrombin, fibrinogen, c-reactive protein (CRP) and complement components in the brain has been observed in NDs and may activate the innate immune system in the CNS. Thus, strengthening the integrity of the BBB may enhance its protective role to attenuate ND progression and functional loss. In this review, we describe the innate immune system in the CNS and the contribution of blood factors to the role of the CNS immune system in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Tae Jeon
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sung Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seon Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Lee
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jieun Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do-Geun Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.
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van Vught LA, Uhel F, Ding C, van‘t Veer C, Scicluna BP, Peters‐Sengers H, Klein Klouwenberg PMC, Nürnberg P, Cremer OL, Schultz MJ, van der Poll T. Consumptive coagulopathy is associated with a disturbed host response in patients with sepsis. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:1049-1063. [PMID: 33492719 PMCID: PMC8048632 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A prolonged prothrombin time (PT) is a common feature in sepsis indicating consumptive coagulopathy. OBJECTIVES To determine the association between a prolonged PT and aberrations in other host response mechanisms in sepsis. METHODS Patients admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis were divided in quartiles according to the highest PT value measured within 24 h after admission. The host response was evaluated by measuring 19 plasma biomarkers reflecting pathways implicated in sepsis pathogenesis and by blood leukocyte gene expression profiling. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of 1524 admissions for sepsis, 386 (25.3%) involved patients with a normal PT (≤12.7 s); the remaining quartiles entailed 379 (24.9%) patients with a slightly prolonged PT (12.8 ≤ PT ≤ 15.0 s), 383 (25.1%) with an intermediately prolonged PT (15.1 ≤ PT ≤ 17.2 s), and 376 (24.7%) with an extremely prolonged PT (≥17.3 s). While patients with an extremely prolonged PT showed an increased crude mortality up to 1 year after admission, none of the prolonged PT groups was independently associated with 30-day adjusted mortality. Comparison of the host response between patients with a normal PT or an extremely prolonged PT matched for baseline characteristics including severity of disease showed that an extremely prolonged PT was associated with impaired anticoagulant mechanisms, a more disturbed endothelial barrier integrity and increased systemic inflammation, and blood leukocyte transcriptomes indicating more prominent metabolic reprogramming and protein catabolism. CONCLUSION A prolonged PT is associated with stronger anomalies in pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of sepsis, suggesting that activation of coagulation impacts other host response mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke A. van Vught
- Center for Experimental and Molecular MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Centerslocation Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- The Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Fabrice Uhel
- Center for Experimental and Molecular MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Centerslocation Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- The Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Chao Ding
- Center for Experimental and Molecular MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Centerslocation Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- The Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of Gastric SurgeryState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Cees van‘t Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Centerslocation Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- The Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Brendon P. Scicluna
- Center for Experimental and Molecular MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Centerslocation Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- The Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsAmsterdam University Medical CentersAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Hessel Peters‐Sengers
- Center for Experimental and Molecular MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Centerslocation Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- The Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Peter M. C. Klein Klouwenberg
- Department of Intensive Care MedicineUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary CareUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics and Center for Molecular Medicine CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Olaf L. Cremer
- Department of Intensive Care MedicineUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Marcus J. Schultz
- Department of Intensive CareAmsterdam University Medical CentersAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Mahidol‐Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORUMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Centerslocation Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- The Amsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Division of Infectious DiseasesAmsterdam University Medical CentersAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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The PAR-1 antagonist vorapaxar ameliorates kidney injury and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:2873-2891. [PMID: 33078834 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 has emerged as a key profibrotic player in various organs including kidney. PAR-1 activation leads to deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the tubulointerstitium and induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during renal fibrosis. We tested the anti-fibrotic potential of vorapaxar, a clinically approved PAR-1 antagonist for cardiovascular protection, in an experimental kidney fibrosis model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and an AKI-to-chronic kidney disease (CKD) transition model of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury (UIRI), and dissected the underlying renoprotective mechanisms using rat tubular epithelial cells. PAR-1 is activated mostly in the renal tubules in both the UUO and UIRI models of renal fibrosis. Vorapaxar significantly reduced kidney injury and ameliorated morphologic changes in both models. Amelioration of kidney fibrosis was evident from down-regulation of fibronectin (Fn), collagen and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) in the injured kidney. Mechanistically, inhibition of PAR-1 inhibited MAPK ERK1/2 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-mediated Smad signaling, and suppressed oxidative stress, overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and macrophage infiltration into the kidney. These beneficial effects were recapitulated in cultured tubular epithelial cells in which vorapaxar ameliorated thrombin- and hypoxia-induced TGF-β expression and ECM accumulation. In addition, vorapaxar mitigated capillary loss and the expression of adhesion molecules on the vascular endothelium during AKI-to-CKD transition. The PAR-1 antagonist vorapaxar protects against kidney fibrosis during UUO and UIRI. Its efficacy in human CKD in addition to CV protection warrants further investigation.
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Thrombomodulin is essential for maintaining quiescence in vascular endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022248118. [PMID: 33836597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022248118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) is a thrombin receptor on endothelial cells that is involved in promoting activation of the anticoagulant protein C pathway during blood coagulation. TM also exerts protective anti-inflammatory properties through a poorly understood mechanism. In this study, we investigated the importance of TM signaling to cellular functions by deleting it from endothelial cells by CRISPR-Cas9 technology and analyzed the resultant phenotype of TM-deficient (TM -/- ) cells. Deficiency of TM in endothelial cells resulted in increased basal permeability and hyperpermeability when stimulated by thrombin and TNF-α. The loss of the basal barrier permeability function was accompanied by increased tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin and reduced polymerization of F-actin filaments at cellular junctions. A significant increase in basal NF-κB signaling and expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules was observed in TM -/- cells that resulted in enhanced adhesion of leukocytes to TM -/- cells in flow chamber experiments. There was also a marked increase in expression, storage, and release of the von Willebrand factor (VWF) and decreased storage and release of angiopoietin-2 in TM -/- cells. In a flow chamber assay, isolated platelets adhered to TM -/- cells, forming characteristic VWF-platelet strings. Increased VWF levels and inflammatory foci were also observed in the lungs of tamoxifen-treated ERcre-TMf/f mice. Reexpression of the TM construct in TM -/- cells, but not treatment with soluble TM, normalized the cellular phenotype. Based on these results, we postulate cell-bound TM endows a quiescent cellular phenotype by tightly regulating expression of procoagulant, proinflammatory, and angiogenic molecules in vascular endothelial cells.
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Kim TK, Tirloni L, Bencosme-Cuevas E, Kim TH, Diedrich JK, Yates JR, Mulenga A. Borrelia burgdorferi infection modifies protein content in saliva of Ixodes scapularis nymphs. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:152. [PMID: 33663385 PMCID: PMC7930271 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme disease (LD) caused by Borrelia burgdorferi is the most prevalent tick-borne disease. There is evidence that vaccines based on tick proteins that promote tick transmission of B. burgdorferi could prevent LD. As Ixodes scapularis nymph tick bites are responsible for most LD cases, this study sought to identify nymph tick saliva proteins associated with B. burgdorferi transmission using LC-MS/MS. Tick saliva was collected using a non-invasive method of stimulating ticks (uninfected and infected: unfed, and every 12 h during feeding through 72 h, and fully-fed) to salivate into 2% pilocarpine-PBS for protein identification using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS We identified a combined 747 tick saliva proteins of uninfected and B. burgdorferi infected ticks that were classified into 25 functional categories: housekeeping-like (48%), unknown function (18%), protease inhibitors (9%), immune-related (6%), proteases (8%), extracellular matrix (7%), and small categories that account for <5% each. Notably, B. burgdorferi infected ticks secreted high number of saliva proteins (n=645) than uninfected ticks (n=376). Counter-intuitively, antimicrobial peptides, which function to block bacterial infection at tick feeding site were suppressed 23-85 folds in B. burgdorferi infected ticks. Similar to glycolysis enzymes being enhanced in mammalian cells exposed to B. burgdorferi : eight of the 10-glycolysis pathway enzymes were secreted at high abundance by B. burgdorferi infected ticks. Of significance, rabbits exposed to B. burgdorferi infected ticks acquired potent immunity that caused 40-60% mortality of B. burgdorferi infected ticks during the second infestation compared to 15-28% for the uninfected. This might be explained by ELISA data that show that high expression levels of immunogenic proteins in B. burgdorferi infected ticks. CONCLUSION Data here suggest that B. burgdorferi infection modified protein content in tick saliva to promote its survival at the tick feeding site. For instance, enzymes; copper/zinc superoxide dismutase that led to production of H2O2 that is toxic to B. burgdorferi were suppressed, while, catalase and thioredoxin that neutralize H2O2, and pyruvate kinase which yields pyruvate that protects Bb from H2O2 killing were enhanced. We conclude data here is an important resource for discovery of effective antigens for a vaccine to prevent LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kwon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Emily Bencosme-Cuevas
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tae Heung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Albert Mulenga
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
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MicroRNA expression patterns in the brown fat of hibernating 13-lined ground squirrels. Genomics 2021; 113:769-781. [PMID: 33529780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The sequence diversity of microRNAs (miRNAs) allows these potent regulators of mRNA fate to bind multiple transcripts, giving them the power to inhibit diverse cellular processes. Therefore, miRNAs may regulate metabolic rate suppression (also termed torpor), an adaptation used by capable species to reduce energy expenditure, minimize tissue damage, and prolong life. Small RNA-sequencing of brown fat from control (37 °C) and torpid (5-8 °C) ground squirrels revealed a central role for miRNAs in torpor. Unsupervised clustering analysis of all 319 conserved miRNAs showed separation of control and torpor samples, which was supported by PCA analysis. Of the 76 miRNAs that were differentially expressed, 45 were upregulated during torpor. KEGG and GO analyses suggested these miRNAs inhibit genes within the ribosome, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways. Some of the most downregulated miRNAs (miR-1-3p, miR-206 and miR-133a/b) had significant Pearson correlation coefficients, suggesting these myomiRs may be co-expressed in control animals. Only 3 of the 16 enriched KEGG pathways were less targeted by miRNAs during torpor, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions and the coagulation and complement cascades, suggesting epigenetic or post-translation modifications may inhibit these potentially damaging processes. Alternatively, their activation could promote damage sensing, wound repair, and improve tissue homeostasis. Overall, miRNA-seq analysis of brown fat revealed a strong role for miRNAs in the downregulation of central metabolic processes necessary for MRS, and highlighted miRNAs that could be inhibited by antagomiRs to promote brown fat activity in potential obesity treatments, or that could be used to replicate torpor in non-hibernating mammals.
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Healy LD, Fernández JA, Mosnier LO, Griffin JH. Activated protein C and PAR1-derived and PAR3-derived peptides are anti-inflammatory by suppressing macrophage NLRP3 inflammasomes. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:269-280. [PMID: 33049092 PMCID: PMC7790994 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Activated protein C (APC) is a serine protease with anticoagulant and cytoprotective effects. We tested whether APC or non-canonical PAR-derived peptides suppress inflammasome activity. APC or PAR1- and PAR3-derived peptides restrict inflammasome-dependent caspase-1 activity. Combined PAR1-derived and PAR3-derived peptides synergistically suppress caspase-1 activity. ABSTRACT: Background Activated protein C (APC) has been shown to restrict murine inflammasome activity. However, whether APC can exert anti-inflammatory activity in part through suppression of inflammasome activation in human systems is unknown. Objectives Studies were made to determine whether either APC or protease activated receptor (PAR)-derived peptides can reduce NLRP3 inflammasome activity in differentiated human THP-1 macrophage-like cells or in primary human monocytes stimulated to activate the inflammasome. Methods Human THP-1 cells or primary human monocytes were differentiated, treated with APC or PAR-derived peptides, and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and ATP to induce caspase-1 activity, a product of inflammasome activation. Results Activated protein C or noncanonical PAR1-derived or PAR3-derived peptides significantly reduced caspase-1 activity, detection of fluorescent NLRP3, and IL-1β release from THP-1 cells. At low concentrations where no effect was observed for each individual peptide, combinations of the PAR1-derived peptide and the PAR3-derived peptide resulted in a significant synergistic decrease in caspase-1 and IL-1β release. Caspase-1 activity was also reduced in primary human monocytes. Studies using blocking antibodies and small molecule PAR1 inhibitors suggest that EPCR, PAR1, and PAR3 each play roles in the observed anti-inflammatory effects. Several shortened versions of the PAR1- and PAR3-derived peptide reduced caspase-1 activity and exhibited synergistic anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusions The results indicate that both APC and certain PAR1- and PAR3-derived peptides, which are biased agonists for PAR1 or PAR3, can reduce inflammasome activity in stimulated human monocytes as measured by caspase-1 activity and IL-1β release and that PAR-derived biased peptide agonist combinations are synergistically anti-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Healy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - José A Fernández
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laurent O Mosnier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John H Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Urs AP, Manjuprasanna VN, Rudresha GV, Hiremath V, Sharanappa P, Rajaiah R, Vishwanath BS. Thrombin-like serine protease, antiquorin from Euphorbia antiquorum latex induces platelet aggregation via PAR1-Akt/p38 signaling axis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118925. [PMID: 33333088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant latex proteases (PLPs) are pharmacologically essential and are integral components of traditional medicine in the management of bleeding wounds. PLPs are known to promote blood coagulation and stop bleeding by interfering at various stages of hemostasis. There are a handful of scientific reports on thrombin-like enzymes characterized from plant latices. However, the role of plant latex thrombin-like enzymes in platelet aggregation is not well known. In the present study, we attempted to purify and characterize thrombin-like protease responsible for platelet aggregation. Among tested plant latices, Euphorbia genus latex protease fractions (LPFs) induced platelet aggregation. In Euphorbia genus, E. antiquorum LPF (EaLPF) strongly induced platelet aggregation and attenuated bleeding in mice. The purified thrombin-like serine protease, antiquorin (Aqn) is a glycoprotein with platelet aggregating activities that interfere in intrinsic and common pathways of blood coagulation cascade and alleviates bleeding and enhanced excision wound healing in mice. In continuation, the pharmacological inhibitor of PAR1 inhibited Aqn-induced phosphorylation of cPLA2, Akt, and P38 in human platelets. Moreover, Aqn-induced platelet aggregation was inhibited by pharmacological inhibitors of PAR1, PI3K, and P38. These data indicate that PAR1-Akt/P38 signaling pathways are involved in Aqn-induced platelet aggregation. The findings of the present study may open up a new avenue for exploiting Aqn in the treatment of bleeding wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amog P Urs
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Gotravalli V Rudresha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vilas Hiremath
- Vijayashree Diagnostics, Specialized Coagulation Lab, Bengaluru, India
| | - P Sharanappa
- Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Hassan, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
| | - Bannikuppe S Vishwanath
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India; Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
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Iannucci J, Johnson SL, Majchrzak M, Barlock BJ, Akhlaghi F, Seeram NP, Sen A, Grammas P. Short-term treatment with dabigatran alters protein expression patterns in a late-stage tau-based Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 24:100862. [PMID: 33294639 PMCID: PMC7689047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins that regulate the coagulation cascade, including thrombin, are elevated in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. While studies using amyloid-based AD transgenic mouse models have implicated thrombin as a protein of interest, the role of thrombin in tau-based animal models has not been explored. The current study aims to determine how inhibiting thrombin could alter oxidative stress, inflammation, and AD-related proteins in a tau-based mouse model, the Tg4510. Aged Tg4510 mice were treated with the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran or vehicle for 7 days, brains collected, and western blot and data-independent proteomics using mass spectrometry with SWATH-MS acquisition performed to evaluate proteins related to oxidative stress, intracellular signaling, inflammation, and AD pathology. Dabigatran reduced iNOS, NOX4, and phosphorylation of tau (S396, S416). Additionally, dabigatran treatment increased expression of several signaling proteins related to cell survival and synaptic function. Increasing evidence supports a chronic procoagulant state in AD, highlighting a possible pathogenic role for thrombin. Our data demonstrate that inhibiting thrombin produces alterations in the expression of proteins involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and AD-related pathology, suggesting that thrombin-mediated signaling affects multiple AD-related pathways providing a potential future therapeutic target. Thrombin inhibition with dabigatran reduces markers of oxidative stress in vivo. Dabigatran treatment reduces tau pathology in vivo. Dabigatran treatment promotes factors related to cell survival, synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Iannucci
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Shelby L Johnson
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.,Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Mark Majchrzak
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Benjamin J Barlock
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Navindra P Seeram
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.,Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Abhik Sen
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Paula Grammas
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
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Sriram K, Insel PA. Inflammation and thrombosis in COVID-19 pathophysiology: proteinase-activated and purinergic receptors as drivers and candidate therapeutic targets. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:545-567. [PMID: 33124941 PMCID: PMC8238137 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolving information has identified disease mechanisms and dysregulation of host biology that might be targeted therapeutically in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Thrombosis and coagulopathy, associated with pulmonary injury and inflammation, are emerging clinical features of COVID-19. We present a framework for mechanisms of thrombosis in COVID-19 that initially derive from interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with ACE2, resulting in dysregulation of angiotensin signaling and subsequent inflammation and tissue injury. These responses result in increased signaling by thrombin (proteinase-activated) and purinergic receptors, which promote platelet activation and exert pathological effects on other cell types (e.g., endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts), further enhancing inflammation and injury. Inhibitors of thrombin and purinergic receptors may, thus, have therapeutic effects by blunting platelet-mediated thromboinflammation and dysfunction in other cell types. Such inhibitors include agents (e.g., anti-platelet drugs) approved for other indications, and that could be repurposed to treat, and potentially improve the outcome of, COVID-19 patients. COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, drives dysregulation of angiotensin signaling, which, in turn, increases thrombin-mediated and purinergic-mediated activation of platelets and increase in inflammation. This thromboinflammation impacts the lungs and can also have systemic effects. Inhibitors of receptors that drive platelet activation or inhibitors of the coagulation cascade provide opportunities to treat COVID-19 thromboinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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42
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Han X, Nieman MT. The domino effect triggered by the tethered ligand of the protease activated receptors. Thromb Res 2020; 196:87-98. [PMID: 32853981 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have a unique activation mechanism. Unlike other GPCRs that can be activated by free ligands, under physiological conditions, PARs are activated by the tethered ligand, which is a part of their N-terminus that is unmasked by proteolysis. It has been 30 years since the first member of the family, PAR1, was identified. In this review, we will discuss this unique tethered ligand mediate receptor activation of PARs in detail: how they interact with the proteases, the complex structural rearrangement of the receptors upon activation, and the termination of the signaling. We also summarize the structural studies of the PARs and how single nucleotide polymorphisms impact the receptor reactivity. Finally, we review the current strategies for inhibiting PAR function with therapeutic targets for anti-thrombosis. The focus of this review is PAR1 and PAR4 as they are the thrombin signal mediators on human platelets and therapeutics targets. We also include the structural studies of PAR2 as it informs the mechanism of action for PARs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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43
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Madhusudhan T, Ghosh S, Wang H, Dong W, Gupta D, Elwakiel A, Stoyanov S, Al-Dabet MM, Krishnan S, Biemann R, Nazir S, Zimmermann S, Mathew A, Gadi I, Rana R, Zeng-Brouwers J, Moeller MJ, Schaefer L, Esmon CT, Kohli S, Reiser J, Rezaie AR, Ruf W, Isermann B. Podocyte Integrin- β 3 and Activated Protein C Coordinately Restrict RhoA Signaling and Ameliorate Diabetic Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:1762-1780. [PMID: 32709711 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019111163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (dNP), now the leading cause of ESKD, lacks efficient therapies. Coagulation protease-dependent signaling modulates dNP, in part via the G protein-coupled, protease-activated receptors (PARs). Specifically, the cytoprotective protease-activated protein C (aPC) protects from dNP, but the mechanisms are not clear. METHODS A combination of in vitro approaches and mouse models evaluated the role of aPC-integrin interaction and related signaling in dNP. RESULTS The zymogen protein C and aPC bind to podocyte integrin-β 3, a subunit of integrin-α v β 3. Deficiency of this integrin impairs thrombin-mediated generation of aPC on podocytes. The interaction of aPC with integrin-α v β 3 induces transient binding of integrin-β 3 with G α13 and controls PAR-dependent RhoA signaling in podocytes. Binding of aPC to integrin-β 3 via its RGD sequence is required for the temporal restriction of RhoA signaling in podocytes. In podocytes lacking integrin-β 3, aPC induces sustained RhoA activation, mimicking the effect of thrombin. In vivo, overexpression of wild-type aPC suppresses pathologic renal RhoA activation and protects against dNP. Disrupting the aPC-integrin-β 3 interaction by specifically deleting podocyte integrin-β 3 or by abolishing aPC's integrin-binding RGD sequence enhances RhoA signaling in mice with high aPC levels and abolishes aPC's nephroprotective effect. Pharmacologic inhibition of PAR1, the pivotal thrombin receptor, restricts RhoA activation and nephroprotects RGE-aPChigh and wild-type mice.Conclusions aPC-integrin-α v β 3 acts as a rheostat, controlling PAR1-dependent RhoA activation in podocytes in diabetic nephropathy. These results identify integrin-α v β 3 as an essential coreceptor for aPC that is required for nephroprotective aPC-PAR signaling in dNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thati Madhusudhan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany .,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sanchita Ghosh
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dheerendra Gupta
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ahmed Elwakiel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stoyan Stoyanov
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Moh'd Mohanad Al-Dabet
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Medical Laboratories, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Madaba, Amman, Jordan
| | - Shruthi Krishnan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronald Biemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sumra Nazir
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Silke Zimmermann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Akash Mathew
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ihsan Gadi
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rajiv Rana
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jinyang Zeng-Brouwers
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Hospital and Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marcus J Moeller
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University Hospital of the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Hospital and Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Charles T Esmon
- Coagulation Biology Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Shrey Kohli
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alireza R Rezaie
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany .,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Rehman A, Baloch NUA, Morrow JP, Pacher P, Haskó G. Targeting of G-protein coupled receptors in sepsis. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 211:107529. [PMID: 32197794 PMCID: PMC7388546 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Third International Consensus Definitions (Sepsis-3) define sepsis as life-threatening multi-organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis can progress to septic shock-an even more lethal condition associated with profound circulatory, cellular and metabolic abnormalities. Septic shock remains a leading cause of death in intensive care units and carries a mortality of almost 25%. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the pathobiology of sepsis, therapeutic interventions have not translated into tangible differences in the overall outcome for patients. Clinical trials of antagonists of various pro-inflammatory mediators in sepsis have been largely unsuccessful in the past. Given the diverse physiologic roles played by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), modulation of GPCR signaling for the treatment of sepsis has also been explored. Traditional pharmacologic approaches have mainly focused on ligands targeting the extracellular domains of GPCR. However, novel techniques aimed at modulating GPCR intracellularly through aptamers, pepducins and intrabodies have opened a fresh avenue of therapeutic possibilities. In this review, we summarize the diverse roles played by various subfamilies of GPCR in the pathogenesis of sepsis and identify potential targets for pharmacotherapy through these novel approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rehman
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Noor Ul-Ain Baloch
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - John P Morrow
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States.
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45
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Iadecola C, Buckwalter MS, Anrather J. Immune responses to stroke: mechanisms, modulation, and therapeutic potential. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:2777-2788. [PMID: 32391806 PMCID: PMC7260029 DOI: 10.1172/jci135530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and a leading cause of disability. Most strokes are caused by occlusion of a major cerebral artery, and substantial advances have been made in elucidating how ischemia damages the brain. In particular, increasing evidence points to a double-edged role of the immune system in stroke pathophysiology. In the acute phase, innate immune cells invade brain and meninges and contribute to ischemic damage, but may also be protective. At the same time, danger signals released into the circulation by damaged brain cells lead to activation of systemic immunity, followed by profound immunodepression that promotes life-threatening infections. In the chronic phase, antigen presentation initiates an adaptive immune response targeted to the brain, which may underlie neuropsychiatric sequelae, a considerable cause of poststroke morbidity. Here, we briefly review these pathogenic processes and assess the potential therapeutic value of targeting immunity in human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marion S. Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Josef Anrather
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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46
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Maduzia D, Ceranowicz P, Cieszkowski J, Gałązka K, Kuśnierz-Cabala B, Warzecha Z. Pretreatment with Warfarin Attenuates the Development of Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Rats. Molecules 2020; 25:E2493. [PMID: 32471279 PMCID: PMC7321200 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In acute pancreatitis (AP), pancreatic damage leads to local vascular injury, manifesting as endothelial damage and activation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte rolling, sticking and transmigration to pancreatic tissue as well as activation of coagulation. Previous studies have shown that pretreatment with heparin or acenocoumarol inhibits the development of AP. The aim of the present study was to check the impact of pretreatment with warfarin, an oral vitamin K antagonist, on the development of ischemia/reperfusion-induced AP in rats. AP was induced by pancreatic ischemia followed by reperfusion of the gland. Warfarin (90, 180 or 270 µg/kg/dose) or vehicle were administered intragastrically once a day for 7 days before induction of AP. The effect of warfarin on the severity of AP was assessed 6 h after pancreatic reperfusion. The assessment included histological, functional, and biochemical analyses. Pretreatment with warfarin given at a dose of 90 or 180 µg/kg/dose increased the international normalized ratio and reduced morphological signs of pancreatic damage such as pancreatic edema, vacuolization of acinar cells, necrosis and the number of hemorrhages. These effects were accompanied by an improvement of pancreatic blood flow and a decrease in serum level amylase, lipase, pro-inflammatory interleukin-1β and plasma level of D-dimer. In contrast, pretreatment with warfarin given at a dose of 270 µg/kg/dose led to an increase in severity of pancreatic damage and biochemical indicators of AP. In addition, this dose of warfarin resulted in deaths in some animals. Pretreatment with low doses of warfarin inhibits the development of AP induced by pancreatic ischemia followed by reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Maduzia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (D.M.); (J.C.); (Z.W.)
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Cracow, Poland
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (D.M.); (J.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jakub Cieszkowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (D.M.); (J.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Krystyna Gałązka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala
- Department of Diagnostics, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (D.M.); (J.C.); (Z.W.)
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47
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Kondreddy V, Pendurthi UR, Xu X, Griffin JH, Rao LVM. FVIIa (Factor VIIa) Induces Biased Cytoprotective Signaling in Mice Through the Cleavage of PAR (Protease-Activated Receptor)-1 at Canonical Arg41 (Arginine41) Site. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1275-1288. [PMID: 32212848 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies showed that FVIIa (factor VIIa), upon binding to EPCR (endothelial cell protein C receptor), elicits endothelial barrier stabilization and anti-inflammatory effects via activation of PAR (protease-activated receptor)-1-mediated signaling. It is unknown whether FVIIa induces PAR1-dependent cytoprotective signaling through cleavage of PAR1 at the canonical site or a noncanonical site, similar to that of APC (activated protein C). Approach and Results: Mouse strains carrying homozygous R41Q (canonical site) or R46Q (noncanonical site) point mutations in PAR1 (QQ41-PAR1 and QQ46-PAR1 mice) were used to investigate in vivo mechanism of PAR1-dependent pharmacological beneficial effects of FVIIa. Administration of FVIIa reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, barrier permeability, and VEGF (vascular endothelial cell growth factor)-induced barrier disruption in wild-type (WT) and QQ46-PAR1 mice but not in QQ41-PAR1 mice. In vitro signaling studies performed with brain endothelial cells isolated from WT, QQ41-PAR1, and QQ46-PAR1 mice showed that FVIIa activation of Akt (protein kinase B) in endothelial cells required R41 cleavage site in PAR1. Our studies showed that FVIIa cleaved endogenous PAR1 in endothelial cells, and FVIIa-cleaved PAR1 was readily internalized, unlike APC-cleaved PAR1 that remained on the cell surface. Additional studies showed that pretreatment of endothelial cells with FVIIa reduced subsequent thrombin-induced signaling. This process was dependent on β-arrestin1. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that in vivo pharmacological benefits of FVIIa in mice arise from PAR1-dependent biased signaling following the cleavage of PAR1 at the canonical R41 site. The mechanism of FVIIa-induced cytoprotective signaling is distinctly different from that of APC. Our data provide another layer of complexity of biased agonism of PAR1 and signaling diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kondreddy
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler (V.K., U.R.P., L.V.M.R.)
| | - Usha R Pendurthi
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler (V.K., U.R.P., L.V.M.R.)
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (X.X., J.H.G.)
| | - John H Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (X.X., J.H.G.)
| | - L Vijaya Mohan Rao
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler (V.K., U.R.P., L.V.M.R.)
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48
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Mitsui S, Oe Y, Sekimoto A, Sato E, Hashizume Y, Yamakage S, Kumakura S, Sato H, Ito S, Takahashi N. Dual blockade of protease-activated receptor 1 and 2 additively ameliorates diabetic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F1067-F1073. [PMID: 32200667 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00595.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are coagulation protease targets, and they increase expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in various diseases. Of all PARs, previous reports have shown that PAR1 or PAR2 inhibition is protective against diabetic glomerular injury. However, how PAR1 and PAR2 cooperatively contribute to diabetic kidney disease (DKD) pathogenesis and whether dual blockade of PARs is more effective in DKD remain elusive. To address this issue, male type I diabetic Akita mice heterozygous for endothelial nitric oxide synthase were used as a model of DKD. Mice (4 mo old) were divided into four treatment groups and administered vehicle, PAR1 antagonist (E5555, 60 mg·kg-1·day-1), PAR2 antagonist (FSLLRY, 3 mg·kg-1·day-1), or E5555 + FSLLRY for 4 wk. The results showed that the urinary albumin creatinine ratio was significantly reduced when both PAR1 and PAR2 were blocked with E5555 + FSLLRY compared with the vehicle-treated group. Dual blockade of PAR1 and PAR2 by E5555 + FSLLRY additively ameliorated histological injury, including mesangial expansion, glomerular macrophage infiltration, and collagen type IV deposition. Marked reduction of inflammation- and fibrosis-related gene expression in the kidney was also observed. In vitro, PAR1 and PAR2 agonists additively increased mRNA expression of macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human endothelial cells. Changes induced by the PAR1 agonist were blocked by a NF-κB inhibitor, whereas those of the PAR2 agonist were blocked by MAPK and/or NF-κB inhibitors. These findings suggest that PAR1 and PAR2 additively contribute to DKD pathogenesis and that dual blockade of both could be a novel therapeutic option for treatment of patients with DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Mitsui
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuji Oe
- Department of Community Medical Support, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akiyo Sekimoto
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Emiko Sato
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yamato Hashizume
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shu Yamakage
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kumakura
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pneumonia, an inflammatory disease, is the single largest infectious cause of death. Pneumonia has recently been established as an important contributing factor to major adverse cardiovascular events including heart failure. Developing an intermechanistic understanding of pneumonia and cardiovascular disease is crucial for successful future drug therapy and reducing healthcare expenditure. RECENT FINDINGS Up to 30% of patients admitted with pneumonia develop cardiovascular complications such as heart failure within 10 years of hospital discharge. Recent mechanistic studies have identified inflammation, pneumolysin, platelet activation, and thrombus formation at the center of cardiovascular disease progression. SUMMARY In this review, we will detail current knowledge of the mechanistic interaction between pneumonia and development of cardiovascular disease as well as discuss the current and potential drug therapy targets.
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50
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Guo X, Kolpakov MA, Hooshdaran B, Schappell W, Wang T, Eguchi S, Elliott KJ, Tilley DG, Rao AK, Andrade-Gordon P, Bunce M, Madhu C, Houser SR, Sabri A. Cardiac Expression of Factor X Mediates Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis in Pressure Overload. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:69-83. [PMID: 32043021 PMCID: PMC7000872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Factor X expression was increased in the heart following pressure overload and in isolated cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. Rivaroxaban treatment at doses that do not affect thrombin generation, blood coagulation or cardiac hemostasis attenuated cardiac inflammation, hypertrophy, and fibrosis caused by pressure overload and improved cardiac diastolic function. Activated coagulation factor X induced PAR-1/-2–mediated elongated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and PAR1-mediated cardiac fibroblast proliferation, migration and differentiation. Activated coagulation factor X derived from a cardiac source may represent an important physiologic and pathophysiologic activator of PAR-1/PAR-2. Non-anticoagulation dosage of rivaroxaban could provide an effective therapy to attenuate early phases of heart failure development.
Activated factor X is a key component of the coagulation cascade, but whether it directly regulates pathological cardiac remodeling is unclear. In mice subjected to pressure overload stress, cardiac factor X mRNA expression and activity increased concurrently with cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, inflammation and diastolic dysfunction, and responses blocked with a low coagulation-independent dose of rivaroxaban. In vitro, neurohormone stressors increased activated factor X expression in both cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts, resulting in activated factor X-mediated activation of protease-activated receptors and pro-hypertrophic and -fibrotic responses, respectively. Thus, inhibition of cardiac-expressed activated factor X could provide an effective therapy for the prevention of adverse cardiac remodeling in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinji Guo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mikhail A Kolpakov
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bahman Hooshdaran
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William Schappell
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tao Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine J Elliott
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas G Tilley
- Center of Translational Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - A Koneti Rao
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Steven R Houser
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Abdelkarim Sabri
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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