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Kang H, Yan G, Zhang W, Xu J, Guo J, Yang J, Liu X, Sun A, Chen Z, Fan Y, Deng X. Impaired endothelial cell proliferative, migratory, and adhesive abilities are associated with the slow endothelialization of polycaprolactone vascular grafts implanted into a hypercholesterolemia rat model. Acta Biomater 2022; 149:233-247. [PMID: 35811068 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Most small diameter vascular grafts (inner diameter<6 mm) evaluation studies are performed in healthy animals that cannot represent the clinical situation. Herein, an hypercholesterolemia (HC) rat model with thickened intima and elevated expression of pro-inflammatory intercellular adhesion molecular-1 (ICAM-1) in the carotid branch is established. Electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) vascular grafts (length: 1 cm; inner diameter: 2 mm) are implanted into the HC rat abdominal aortas in an end to end fashion and followed up to 43 days, showing a relative lower patency accompanied by significant neointima hyperplasia, abundant collagen deposition, and slower endothelialization than those implanted into healthy ones. Moreover, the proliferation, migration, and adhesion behavior of endothelial cells (ECs) isolated from the HC aortas are impaired as evaluated under both static and pulsatile flow conditions. DNA microarray studies of the HC aortic endothelium suggest genes involved in EC proliferation (Egr2), apoptosis (Zbtb16 and Mt1), and metabolism (Slc7a11 and Hamp) are down regulated. These results suggest the impaired proliferative, migratory, and adhesive abilities of ECs are associated with the bad performances of grafts in HC rat. Future pre-clinical evaluation of small diameter vascular grafts may concern more disease animal models with clinical complications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: During the development of small diameter vascular grafts (D<6 mm), young and healthy animal models from pigs, sheep, dogs, to rabbits and rats are preferred. However, it cannot represent the clinic situation, where most cardiovascular grafting procedures are performed in the elderly and age is the primary risk factor for disease development or death. Herein, the performance of electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) vascular grafts implanted into hypercholesterolemia (HC) or healthy rats were evaluated. Results suggest the proliferative, migratory, and adhesive abilities of endothelial cells (ECs) are already impaired in HC rats, which contributes to the observed slower endothelialization of implanted PCL grafts. Future pre-clinical evaluation of small diameter vascular grafts may concern more disease animal models with clinical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Kang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guiqin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Junwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiaxin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiali Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Anqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zengsheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
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He P, Talukder MAH, Gao F. Oxidative Stress and Microvessel Barrier Dysfunction. Front Physiol 2020; 11:472. [PMID: 32536875 PMCID: PMC7268512 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental evidence indicate that increased vascular permeability contributes to many disease-associated vascular complications. Oxidative stress with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in a wide variety of pathological conditions, including inflammation and many cardiovascular diseases. It is thus important to identify the role of ROS and their mechanistic significance in microvessel barrier dysfunction under pathological conditions. The role of specific ROS and their cross talk in pathological processes is complex. The mechanisms of ROS-induced increases in vascular permeability remain poorly understood. The sources of ROS in diseases have been extensively reviewed at enzyme levels. This review will instead focus on the underlying mechanisms of ROS release by leukocytes, the differentiate effects and signaling mechanisms of individual ROS on endothelial cells, pericytes and microvessel barrier function, as well as the interplay of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and nitrogen species in ROS-mediated vascular barrier dysfunction. As a counter balance of excessive ROS, nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), a redox-sensitive cell-protective transcription factor, will be highlighted as a potential therapeutic target for antioxidant defenses. The advantages and limitations of different experimental approaches used for the study of ROS-induced endothelial barrier function are also discussed. This article will outline the advances emerged mainly from in vivo and ex vivo studies and attempt to consolidate some of the opposing views in the field, and hence provide a better understanding of ROS-mediated microvessel barrier dysfunction and benefit the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingnian He
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - M A Hassan Talukder
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
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3
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Agunloye OM, Oboh G. Hypercholesterolemia, angiotensin converting enzyme and ecto-enzymes of purinergic system: Ameliorative properties of caffeic and chlorogenic acid in hypercholesterolemic rats. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Odunayo Michael Agunloye
- Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Phytomedicine Unit, Department of Biochemistry; Federal University of Technology; Akure Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu Oboh
- Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Phytomedicine Unit, Department of Biochemistry; Federal University of Technology; Akure Nigeria
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Baldissera MD, Souza CF, Doleski PH, Leal DBR, Stefani LM, Boligon AA, Monteiro SG. Enzymes that hydrolyze adenine nucleotides in a model of hypercholesterolemia induced by Triton WR-1339: protective effects of β-caryophyllene. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 434:127-134. [PMID: 28432556 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic system has been proven to play a critical role in the inflammatory process and to represent an important therapeutic target to improve the immune response during hypercholesterolemia. β-caryophyllene, a phytocannabinoid compound, has a powerful hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory actions. However, the effects of β-caryophyllene on seric enzymes of purinergic system have not been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether β-caryophyllene is able to ameliorate the seric activities of NTPDase and adenosine deaminase (ADA) in a model of hypercholesterolemia induced by Triton WR-1339. The activities of NTPDase and ADA were evaluated enzymatically, and the seric levels of β-caryophyllene were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. We found that treatment with β-caryophyllene ameliorates the enzymatic activities of NTPDase and ADA in serum of hypercholesterolemic rats, in a concentration-dependent manner. These results indicated that β-caryophyllene treatment could improve the immune response during hypercholesterolemia through purinergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus D Baldissera
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Carine F Souza
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Doleski
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniela B R Leal
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lenita M Stefani
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Santa Maria, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Aline A Boligon
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Silvia G Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Buechler N, Wang X, Yoza BK, McCall CE, Vachharajani V. Sirtuin 2 Regulates Microvascular Inflammation during Sepsis. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:2648946. [PMID: 28503576 PMCID: PMC5414591 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2648946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Sepsis and septic shock, the leading causes of death in noncoronary intensive care units, kill more than 200,000/year in the US alone. Circulating cell-endothelial cell interactions are the rate determining factor in sepsis inflammation. Sirtuin, a seven-member family of proteins (SIRT1-7), epigenetically controls inflammation. We have studied the roles of SIRTs 1, 3, and 6 in sepsis previously. In this project, we studied the role of SIRT2 on sepsis-related inflammation. Methods. Sepsis was induced in C57Bl/6 (WT), SIRT2 knockout (SIRT2KO), and SIRT2 overexpressing (SIRT2KI) mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We studied leukocyte/platelet adhesion using intravital microscopy and E-selectin/ICAM-1 adhesion molecule expression in the small intestine with immunohistochemistry (IHC) six hours post-CLP/sham surgery. We also studied 7-day survival rates in WT, SIRT2KO, and SIRT2KI sepsis mice. Results. Compared to WT mice, SIRT2KO mice show exaggeration while SIRT2KI mice show attenuation of cellular adhesion with sepsis in the small intestine. We also show that the small intestinal E-selectin and ICAM-1 expressions increased in SIRT2KO and decreased in SIRT2KI mice versus those in WT sepsis mice. We show that the 7-day survival rate is decreased in SIRT2KO and increased in SIRT2KI sepsis mice. Conclusion. SIRT2 modulates microvascular inflammation in sepsis and affects survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Buechler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Barbara K. Yoza
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Charles E. McCall
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Vidula Vachharajani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review seeks to describe the role of the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR) in modulating non-HDL lipoprotein levels, platelet numbers and atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Genetics studies have revealed that ASGR haplodeficiency provides protection from atherosclerosis. The potential interactions of ASGR with LDL receptor may regulate the rate of LDL uptake and as a result may lower plasma non-HDL cholesterol. ASGR clears senescent platelets and induces the expression of hepatic thrombopoietin. Platelet activity promotes plaque formation and atherosclerosis. SUMMARY ASGR is a multifunctional receptor specializing in clearance of desialylated glycoproteins and platelets. The impact of ASGR on the levels of plasma non-HDL cholesterol makes it a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman A Igdoura
- Departments of Biology and Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Wang X, Buechler NL, Yoza BK, McCall CE, Vachharajani V. Adiponectin treatment attenuates inflammatory response during early sepsis in obese mice. J Inflamm Res 2016; 9:167-174. [PMID: 27785087 PMCID: PMC5063563 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s119021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morbid obesity increases the cost of care in critically ill patients. Sepsis is the leading cause of death in noncoronary intensive care units. Circulating cell-endothelial cell interactions in microcirculation are the rate-determining factors in any inflammation; obesity increases these interactions further. Adiponectin deficiency is implicated in increased cardiovascular risk in obese patients. We have shown that adiponectin deficiency increases microvascular dysfunction in early sepsis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of adiponectin replacement on nutritionally obese mice with early sepsis. METHODS We used cecal ligation and puncture model of sepsis in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) vs control diet (CTRL), with or without adiponectin treatment. We studied leukocyte/platelet adhesion in the cerebral microcirculation in early sepsis. We also studied the effect of adiponectin on free fatty acid (FFA)-fed and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) for mechanistic studies. RESULTS Leukocyte and platelet adhesion increased in the cerebral microcirculation of DIO and CTRL mice with early sepsis vs. sham; moreover cell adhesion in DIO-sepsis group was significantly higher than in the CTRL-sepsis group. Adiponectin replacement decreased leukocyte/platelet adhesion in CTRL and DIO mice. In FFA-fed BMDM, adiponectin treatment decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA expression and increased sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) mRNA expression. Furthermore, using BMDM from SIRT1 knockout mice, we showed that the adiponectin treatment decreased inflammatory response in FFA-fed BMDM via SIRT1-dependent and -independent pathways. CONCLUSION Adiponectin replacement attenuates microvascular inflammation in DIO-sepsis mice. Mechanistically, adiponectin treatment in FFA-fed mouse macrophages attenuates inflammatory response via SIRT1-dependent and -independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- XianFeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medicine and Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Nancy L Buechler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medicine and Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Barbara K Yoza
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medicine and Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Charles E McCall
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medicine and Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Vidula Vachharajani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medicine and Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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8
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Wang X, Buechler NL, Martin A, Wells J, Yoza B, McCall CE, Vachharajani V. Sirtuin-2 Regulates Sepsis Inflammation in ob/ob Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160431. [PMID: 27500833 PMCID: PMC4976857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity increases morbidity and resource utilization in sepsis patients. Sepsis transitions from early/hyper-inflammatory to late/hypo-inflammatory phase. Majority of sepsis-mortality occurs during the late sepsis; no therapies exist to treat late sepsis. In lean mice, we have shown that sirtuins (SIRTs) modulate this transition. Here, we investigated the role of sirtuins, especially the adipose-tissue abundant SIRT-2 on transition from early to late sepsis in obese with sepsis. METHODS Sepsis was induced using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in ob/ob mice. We measured microvascular inflammation in response to lipopolysaccharide/normal saline re-stimulation as a "second-hit" (marker of immune function) at different time points to track phases of sepsis in ob/ob mice. We determined SIRT-2 expression during different phases of sepsis. We studied the effect of SIRT-2 inhibition during the hypo-inflammatory phase on immune function and 7-day survival. We used a RAW264.7 (RAW) cell model of sepsis for mechanistic studies. We confirmed key findings in diet induced obese (DIO) mice with sepsis. RESULTS We observed that the ob/ob-septic mice showed an enhanced early inflammation and a persistent and prolonged hypo-inflammatory phase when compared to WT mice. Unlike WT mice that showed increased SIRT1 expression, we found that SIRT2 levels were increased in ob/ob mice during hypo-inflammation. SIRT-2 inhibition in ob/ob mice during the hypo-inflammatory phase of sepsis reversed the repressed microvascular inflammation in vivo via activation of endothelial cells and circulating leukocytes and significantly improved survival. We confirmed the key finding of the role of SIRT2 during hypo-inflammatory phase of sepsis in this project in DIO-sepsis mice. Mechanistically, in the sepsis cell model, SIRT-2 expression modulated inflammatory response by deacetylation of NFκBp65. CONCLUSION SIRT-2 regulates microvascular inflammation in obese mice with sepsis and may provide a novel treatment target for obesity with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Wang
- Departments of Anesthesiology Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Nancy L. Buechler
- Departments of Anesthesiology Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Ayana Martin
- Department of Medicine Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Wells
- Department of Surgery Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Barbara Yoza
- Department of Medicine Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
- Department of Surgery Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Charles E. McCall
- Department of Medicine Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Vidula Vachharajani
- Departments of Anesthesiology Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
- Department of Medicine Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
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Ruchel JB, Rezer JFP, Thorstenberg ML, Dos Santos CB, Cabral FL, Lopes STA, da Silva CB, Machado AK, da Cruz IBM, Schetinger MRC, Gonçalves JF, Leal DBR. Hypercholesterolemia and Ecto-enzymes of Purinergic System: Effects of Paullinia cupana. Phytother Res 2015; 30:49-57. [PMID: 26514663 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of low-density lipoprotein and blood cholesterol, causing inflammatory lesion. Purinergic signaling modulates the inflammatory and immune responses through adenine nucleotides and nucleoside. Guaraná has hypocholesterolemic and antiinflammatory properties. Considering that there are few studies demonstrating the effects of guaraná powder on the metabolism of adenine nucleotides, we investigated its effects on the activity of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase) and ecto-adenosine deaminase activity in lymphocytes of rats with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. The rats were divided into hypercholesterolemic and normal diet groups. Each group was subdivided by treatment: saline, guaraná powder 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg/day and caffeine concentration equivalent to highest dose of guaraná, fed orally for 30 days. An increase in adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis was observed in the lymphocytes of rats with hypercholesterolemia and treated with 25 or 50 mg/kg/day when compared with the other groups. The hypercholesterolemic group treated with the highest concentration of guaraná powder showed decreased ecto-adenosine deaminase activity compared with the normal diet groups. Guaraná was able to reduce the total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to basal levels in hypercholesterolemic rats. High concentrations of guaraná associated with a hypercholesterolemic diet are likely to have contributed to the reduction of the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Ruchel
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.,Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - J F P Rezer
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.,Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - M L Thorstenberg
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - C B Dos Santos
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - F L Cabral
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - S T A Lopes
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - C B da Silva
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - A K Machado
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - I B M da Cruz
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - M R C Schetinger
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - J F Gonçalves
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.,Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - D B R Leal
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
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Wang X, Buechler NL, Yoza BK, McCall CE, Vachharajani VT. Resveratrol attenuates microvascular inflammation in sepsis via SIRT-1-Induced modulation of adhesion molecules in ob/ob mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1209-17. [PMID: 25959124 PMCID: PMC4446191 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity, a sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1) -deficient state, increases morbidity and resource utilization in critically ill patients. SIRT-1 deficiency increases microvascular inflammation and mortality in early sepsis. The objective of the study was to study the effect of resveratrol (RSV), a SIRT-1 activator, on microvascular inflammation in obese septic mice. METHODS ob/ob and C57Bl/6 (WT) mice were pretreated with RSV versus dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (vehicle) prior to cecal ligation and puncture (sepsis). We studied (1) leukocyte/platelet adhesion, (2) E-selectin, ICAM-1, and SIRT-1 expression in small intestine, and (3) 7-day survival. A group of RSV-treated mice received SIRT-1 inhibitor (EX-527) with sepsis induction, and leukocyte/platelet adhesion and E-selectin/ICAM-1 expression were studied. We treated endothelial (HUVEC) cells with RSV to study E-selectin/ICAM-1 and p65-acetylation (AC-p65) in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULTS RSV treatment decreased leukocyte/platelet adhesion and E-selectin/ICAM-1 expression with increased SIRT-1 expression in septic ob/ob and WT mice, decreased E-selectin/ICAM-1 expression via increased SIRT-1 expression, and decreased AC-p65 expression in HUVEC. EX-527 abolished RSV-induced attenuation of microvascular inflammation in ob/ob septic mice. Finally, ob/ob mice in the sepsis+RSV group had significantly increased 7-day survival versus the sepsis+vehicle group. CONCLUSIONS RSV increases SIRT-1 expression in ob/ob septic mice to reduce microvascular inflammation and improves survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nancy L Buechler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barbara K Yoza
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles E McCall
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vidula T Vachharajani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Bianciardi G, Aglianò M, Volpi N, Stefanutti C. Geometric complexity identifies platelet activation in familial hypercholesterolemic patients. Microsc Res Tech 2015; 78:519-22. [PMID: 25877374 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a genetic disease, is associated with a severe incidence of athero-thrombotic events, related, also, to platelet hyperreactivity. A plethora of methods have been proposed to identify those activated circulating platelets, none of these has proved really effective. We need efficient methods to identify the circulating platelet status in order to follow the patients after therapeutic procedures. We propose the use of computerized fractal analysis for an objective characterization of the complexity of circulating platelet shapes observed by means of transmission electron microscopy in order to characterize the in vivo hyperactivated platelets of familial hypercholesterolemic patients, distinguishing them from the in vivo resting platelets of healthy individuals. Platelet boundaries were extracted by means of automatically image analysis. Geometric complexity (fractal dimension, D) by box counting was automatically calculated. The platelet boundary observed by electron microscopy is fractal, the shape of the circulating platelets is more complex in FH (n = 6) than healthy subjects (n = 5, P < 0.01), with 100% correct classification in selected individuals. In vitro activated platelets from healthy subjects show an analogous increase of D. The observed high D in the platelet boundary in FH originates from the in vivo platelet activation. Computerized fractal analysis of platelet shape observed by transmission electron microscopy can provide accurate, quantitative data to study platelet activation in familial hypercholesterolemia and after administration of drugs or other therapeutic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Bianciardi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Anatomia Patologica, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Aglianò
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nila Volpi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Stefanutti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Roma, Italy
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Khoretonenko MV, Brunson JL, Senchenkov E, Leskov IL, Marks CR, Stokes KY. Platelets, acting in part via P-selectin, mediate cytomegalovirus-induced microvascular dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H1745-53. [PMID: 25326535 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00201.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infects a majority of the population worldwide. It has been implicated in cardiovascular disease, induces microvascular dysfunction, and synergizes with hypercholesterolemia to promote leukocyte and platelet recruitment in venules. Although platelets and platelet-associated P-selectin contribute to cardiovascular disease inflammation, their role in CMV-induced vascular responses is unknown. We assessed the role of platelets in CMV-induced microvascular dysfunction by depleting platelets and developing bone marrow chimeric mice deficient in platelet P-selectin. Wild-type and chimeric mice received mock or murine (m)CMV intraperitoneally. Five weeks later, some mice were switched to a high-cholesterol diet (HC) to investigate the synergism between mCMV and HC. Arteriolar vasodilation and recruitment of leukocytes and donor platelets in venules were measured at 11wk. mCMV with or without HC caused significant endothelial dysfunction in arterioles. Platelet depletion restored normal vasodilation in mCMV-HC but not mCMV-ND mice, whereas protection was seen in both groups for platelet P-selectin chimeras. Only mCMV + HC elevated leukocyte and platelet recruitment in venules. Leukocyte adhesion was reduced to mock levels by acute platelet depletion but was only partially decreased in platelet P-selectin chimeras. Platelets from mCMV-HC mice and, to a lesser extent, mCMV-ND but not mock-HC mice showed significant adhesion in mCMV-HC recipients. Our findings implicate a role for platelets, acting through P-selectin, in CMV-induced arteriolar dysfunction and suggest that the addition of HC leads to a platelet-dependent, inflammatory infiltrate that is only partly platelet P-selectin dependent. CMV appeared to have a stronger activating influence than HC on platelets and may represent an additional therapeutic target in vulnerable patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Khoretonenko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana; Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana; and Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Jerry L Brunson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana; Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana; and Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Evgeny Senchenkov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Igor L Leskov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Christian R Marks
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Karen Y Stokes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana; Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana; and Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
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13
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Vachharajani VT, Liu T, Brown CM, Wang X, Buechler NL, Wells JD, Yoza BK, McCall CE. SIRT1 inhibition during the hypoinflammatory phenotype of sepsis enhances immunity and improves outcome. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:785-96. [PMID: 25001863 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ma0114-034rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanism-based sepsis treatments are unavailable, and their incidence is rising worldwide. Deaths occur during the early acute phase of hyperinflammation or subsequent postacute hypoinflammatory phase with sustained organ failure. The acute sepsis phase shifts rapidly, and multiple attempts to treat early excessive inflammation have uniformly failed. We reported in a sepsis cell model and human sepsis blood leukocytes that nuclear NAD+ sensor SIRT1 deacetylase remodels chromatin at specific gene sets to switch the acute-phase proinflammatory response to hypoinflammatory. Importantly, SIRT1 chromatin reprogramming is reversible, suggesting that inhibition of SIRT1 might reverse postacute-phase hypoinflammation. We tested this concept in septic mice, using the highly specific SIRT1 inhibitor EX-527, a small molecule that closes the NAD+ binding site of SIRT1. Strikingly, when administered 24 h after sepsis, all treated animals survived, whereas only 40% of untreated mice survived. EX-527 treatment reversed the inability of leukocytes to adhere at the small intestine MVI, reversed in vivo endotoxin tolerance, increased leukocyte accumulation in peritoneum, and improved peritoneal bacterial clearance. Mechanistically, the SIRT1 inhibitor restored repressed endothelial E-selectin and ICAM-1 expression and PSGL-1 expression on the neutrophils. Systemic benefits of EX-527 treatment included stabilized blood pressure, improved microvascular blood flow, and a shift toward proimmune macrophages in spleen and bone marrow. Our findings reveal that modifying the SIRT1 NAD+ axis may provide a novel way to treat sepsis in its hypoinflammatory phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Barbara K Yoza
- Internal Medicine, and Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Abstract
Ischemic diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide. It is becoming increasingly appreciated that atherosclerosis is a major cause of ischemia reperfusion. Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, and is associated with an increased incidence of ischemia reperfusion. Furthermore, elevated cholesterol levels exacerbate the vascular responses to ischemia-reperfusion, which intensifies the resulting organ dysfunction. One of the underlying features of both ischemia-reperfusion injury and hypercholesterolemia is the proinflammatory and prothrombogenic phenotype invoked in the microvasculature. This is manifested as an endothelial dysfunction, characterized by leukocyte and platelet recruitment, oxidative stress and angiotensin II receptor Type 1a activation. These common pathways of inflammation offer attractive targets for the development of drugs to combat cardiovascular disease and the associated ischemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Y Stokes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA.
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da Silva Pereira R, Tatsch E, Bochi GV, Kober H, Duarte T, dos Santos Montagner GFF, da Silva JEP, Duarte MMMF, da Cruz IBM, Moresco RN. Assessment of Oxidative, Inflammatory, and Fibrinolytic Biomarkers and DNA Strand Breakage in Hypercholesterolemia. Inflammation 2013; 36:869-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Yildirim A, Russell J, Yan LSS, Senchenkova EY, Granger DN. Leukocyte-dependent responses of the microvasculature to chronic angiotensin II exposure. Hypertension 2012; 60:1503-9. [PMID: 23090770 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.198465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Ang II induces a pro-oxidative, proinflammatory, and prothrombogenic phenotype in vascular endothelial cells. Although the peptide promotes the recruitment of leukocytes and platelets and induces oxidative stress in the microvasculature, it remains unclear whether and how the blood cell recruitment is linked to the production of reactive oxygen species. In this study, we addressed the contributions of Ang II type 1 receptors (AT(1)r) and gp91(phox) to the recruitment of leukocytes and platelets and reactive oxygen species production in venules during chronic (2-week) infusion of Ang II in wild-type (WT) and mutant mice. Intravital video microscopy was used to measure the adhesion and emigration of leukocytes, the adhesion of fluorescently labeled platelets, and dihydrorhodamine oxidation (a measure of oxidative stress) in cremaster muscle postcapillary venules. In WT mice, Ang II infusion induced a time-dependent increase in the adhesion of leukocytes and platelets and enhanced reactive oxygen species production in venules. These changes in blood cell adhesion and reactive oxygen species production were not observed in AT(1)r(-/-) mice, AT(1)r(-/-) bone marrow chimeras (blood cells deficient in AT(1)r), gp91(phox-/-) mice, gp91(phox-/-) chimeras (blood cells or endothelial cells deficient in gp91(phox)), and in WT mice rendered granulocytopenic via intraperitoneal injection of antimouse granulocyte receptor 1 antibody. Thrombocytopenic WT mice (platelets depleted by intraperitoneal injection of rabbit antimouse thrombocyte antiserum) responded similar to WT mice. These findings implicate leukocyte-associated AT(1)r and gp91(phox) in the induction of the pro-oxidative, proinflammatory, and prothrombogenic phenotype assumed by microvessels that is chronically exposed to elevated Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Yildirim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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Lin HL, Shen KP, Chang WT, Lin JC, An LM, Chen IJ, Wu BN. Eugenosedin-A prevents high-fat diet increased adhesion molecules through inhibition of MAPK- and p65-mediated NF-κB pathway in rat model. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 65:300-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Previous studies have shown eugenosedin-A, a 5-HT1B/2A and α1/α2/β1-adrenergic blocker, is able to decrease cholesterol levels, hyperglycaemia and inflammation in hyperlipidaemic mice induced by high-fat diet (HFD). The aim of this study is to examine the effects of eugenosedin-A on the inhibition of adhesion molecules of platelets, the aorta and acyl-coenzymeA:cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1) of macrophages in a hyperlipidaemic rat model.
Methods
Six-week-old Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into two control and treatment groups. The control rats received either a regular diet or HFD and the treatment groups were fed HFD with either 5 mg/kg eugenosedin-A or atorvastatin for a 10-week period.
Key findings
Compared with the two control groups, the HFD group had lower levels of high-density lipoprotein, higher concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and insulin. The expression of adhesion molecules in platelets, aorta and monocyte-macrophage were enhanced by HFD. HFD also increased upstream proteins and their phosphorylated form in the aorta. In treatment groups, eugenosedin-A and atorvastatin improved HFD-induced hyperlipidaemia and levels of insulin. Eugenosedin-A reduced the upregulation of P-selectin, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3, VCAM, PECAM in platelets and inhibited E-selectin, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3, VCAM and PECAM protein levels in the aorta. Eugenosedin-A reduced the ACAT-1 protein expression of monocyte-macrophages. The expression of PKCα, MAPKs, IKKα and p65 and their phosphorylated form were reduced in treatment groups.
Conclusions
Taken together, hyperlipidaemia enhances the expression of adhesion molecules and ACAT-1 protein, and eugenosedin-A ameliorates those increases. Through inhibition of MAPK- and p-65-mediated NF-κB pathway, eugenosedin-A decreases the quantity of adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Li Lin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ping Shen
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tsan Chang
- Division of Hepatobiliarypancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jou-Chun Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Mei An
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Jun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bin-Nan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Higashiyama M, Hokari R, Kurihara C, Ueda T, Watanabe C, Tomita K, Komoto S, Okada Y, Kawaguchi A, Nagao S, Miura S. Indomethacin-induced small intestinal injury is ameliorated by cilostazol, a specific PDE-3 inhibitor. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47:993-1002. [PMID: 22934593 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2012.690043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil migration, one of the major factors predisposing to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)-induced intestinal lesions, consists of several steps, including interaction with P-selectin from platelets. Cilostazol, a specific phosphodiesterase (PDE)-3 inhibitor, suppresses the expression of P-selectin from platelets and reduces interaction between platelets and leukocytes, leading to inflammatory amelioration in several disease models. We tried to clarify the therapeutic effectiveness of cilostazol for NSAID-induced small intestinal lesions. SUBJECTS AND METHODS 1) Anti-PSGL-1 antibody (2 mg/kg) or cilostazol (100 mg/kg) was administered to mice one hour before Indomethacin (IND, 2.5 mg/kg) administration for 4 days to evaluate small intestinal lesions. 2) IND-induced migratory behaviors of neutrophils and platelets were evaluated in intestinal vessels by an intravital microscopy. RESULTS i) IND induced small intestinal lesions with an increase in MPO activity. Anti-PSGL-1 antibody and cilostazol ameliorated intestinal lesions along with suppression of MPO activity. ii) Intravital microscopy revealed that administration of IND increased migration of platelet-bearing neutrophils. Cilostazol treatment ameliorated neutrophil migration by blocking interaction between platelets and neutrophils. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that enhanced platelets-bearing neutrophil migration is critically involved in the pathogenesis of IND-induced small intestinal lesions and suggest a potential application of cilostazol for prevention of NSAID-induced small intestinal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Higashiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan.
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20
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Zeng TT, Ye YX, Niu Q, Lu XJ, An YF, Li XP, Jiang H. Frequency distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms in P-selectin gene in Chinese Tibetan and Han populations. Gene 2012; 499:352-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Vachharajani V, Cunningham C, Yoza B, Carson J, Vachharajani TJ, McCall C. Adiponectin-deficiency exaggerates sepsis-induced microvascular dysfunction in the mouse brain. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:498-504. [PMID: 21996662 PMCID: PMC3288614 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity increases circulating cell-endothelial cell interactions; an early marker of inflammation in laboratory model of sepsis, but little is known about the effect of different adipokines. Adiponectin is an anti-inflammatory adipokine secreted by adipocytes. Adiponectin deficiency is implicated in exaggerated proinflammatory phenotype in both obesity and sepsis via increased proinflammatory cytokine expression. However the effect of adiponectin deficiency on circulating cell-endothelial cell interactions in polymicrobial sepsis is unknown. Furthermore although brain dysfunction in septic patients is a known predictor of death, the pathophysiology involved is unknown. In the current study, we examined the effects of adiponectin deficiency on leukocyte (LA) and platelet adhesion (PA) in cerebral microcirculation of septic mice. Adiponectin deficient (Adipoq(-/-): Adko) and background strain C57Bl/6 (wild type (WT)) mice were used. Sepsis was induced using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We studied LA and PA in the cerebral microcirculation using intravital fluorescent video microscopy (IVM), blood brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction using Evans Blue (EB) leakage method and E-selectin expression using dual radiolabeling technique in different WT and Adko mice with CLP. Adiponectin deficiency significantly exaggerated LA (WT-CLP:201 ± 17; Adko-CLP: ± 53 cells/mm(2); P < 0.05) and PA (WT-CLP:125 ± 17; Adko-CLP:188 ± 20 cells/mm(2); P < 0.05) in cerebral microcirculation, EB leakage (WT-CLP:10 ± 3.7; Adko-CLP:24 ± 4.3 ng/g × µl plasma; P < 0.05) and E-selectin expression (WT-CLP:0.06 ± 0.11; Adko-CLP:0.44 ± 0.053 ng/g; P < 0.05) in the brain tissue of the mice with CLP. Furthermore, E-selectin monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment attenuated cell adhesion and BBB dysfunction of Adko-CLP mice. Adiponectin deficiency is associated with exaggerated leukocyte and PA in cerebral microcirculation of mice with CLP via modulation of E-selectin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidula Vachharajani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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Senchenkov E, Khoretonenko MV, Leskov IL, Ostanin DV, Stokes KY. P-selectin mediates the microvascular dysfunction associated with persistent cytomegalovirus infection in normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic mice. Microcirculation 2011; 18:452-62. [PMID: 21457388 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2011.00106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cytomegalovirus has been implicated in cardiovascular disease, possibly through the induction of inflammatory processes. P-selectin and L-selectin are adhesion molecules that mediate early microvascular responses to inflammatory stimuli. This study examined the role of these selectins in the microvascular dysfunction that occurs during persistent CMV infection. METHODS C57Bl/6, P- or L-selectin-deficient mice were mock-inoculated or infected with murine CMV, and five weeks later placed on normal diet or high cholesterol diet for six weeks. P-selectin expression was measured or intravital microscopy was performed to determine arteriolar vasodilation and venular blood cell recruitment. RESULTS P-selectin expression was significantly increased in the heart, lung, and spleen of mCMV-ND, but not mCMV-HC C57Bl/6. mCMV-ND and mCMV-HC exhibited impaired arteriolar function, which was reversed by treatment with an anti-P-selectin antibody, but not L-selectin deficiency. mCMV-HC also showed elevated leukocyte and platelet recruitment. P-selectin inhibition abrogated, whereas L-selectin deficiency partially reduced these responses. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first evidence for P-selectin upregulation by persistent mCMV infection and implicate this adhesion molecule in the associated arteriolar dysfunction. P-selectin, and to a lesser extent L-selectin, mediates the leukocyte and platelet recruitment induced by CMV infection combined with hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Senchenkov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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Vachharajani V, Wang SW, Mishra N, El Gazzar M, Yoza B, McCall C. Curcumin modulates leukocyte and platelet adhesion in murine sepsis. Microcirculation 2010; 17:407-16. [PMID: 20690979 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2010.00039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating cell-endothelial cell interaction in sepsis is a rate-determining factor in organ dysfunction, and interventions targeting this process have a potential therapeutic value. In this project, we examined whether curcumin, an active ingredient of turmeric and an anti-inflammatory agent, could disrupt interactions between circulating blood cells and endothelium and improve survival in a murine model of sepsis. METHODS Mice were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to induce sepsis vs. sham surgery. We studied leukocyte and platelet adhesion in cerebral microcirculation using intravital fluorescent video microscopy technique, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction using Evans Blue (EB) leakage method, P-selectin expression using dual radiolabeling technique, and survival in mice subjected to Sham, CLP, and CLP with curcumin pre-treatment (CLP + curcumin). RESULTS Curcumin significantly attenuated leukocyte and platelet adhesion in cerebral microcirculation, EB leakage in the brain tissue, and improved survival in mice with CLP. P-selectin expression in mice with CLP + curcumin was significantly attenuated compared with CLP in various microcirculatory beds, including brain. Reduction in platelet adhesion was predominantly via modulation of endothelium by curcumin. CONCLUSION Curcumin pre-treatment modulates leukocyte and platelet adhesion and BBB dysfunction in mice with CLP via P-selectin expression and improves survival in mice with CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidula Vachharajani
- Department of Anesthesiology/Section for Critical Care, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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Higashiyama M, Hokari R, Kurihara C, Ueda T, Nakamura M, Komoto S, Okada Y, Watanabe C, Kawaguchi A, Nagao S, Miura S. Interferon-α increases monocyte migration via platelet-monocyte interaction in murine intestinal microvessels. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 162:156-62. [PMID: 20659125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of interferon (IFN)-α on recruitment of platelets and monocytes within the murine small intestinal venular endothelium. Monocytes were isolated from bone marrow of C57B6 mice. Platelets were collected from murine blood. Rolling and adhesion to submucosal microvessels in the small intestine were examined under an intravital fluorescence microscope after injection of fluorescein-labelled monocytes or platelets. In some mice, IFN-α (5×10(5) U/kg) was administered intraperitoneally. After treatment with an antibody against P-selectin, changes in monocyte and platelet migration were also investigated. Changes in monocyte migration under the condition of thrombocytopenia were also investigated. Platelets and monocytes interacted with murine intestinal microvessels, although only few platelets and monocytes showed migration behaviour. Intraperitoneal injection of IFN-α enhanced the migration of both platelets and monocytes in the intestinal microvessels. Pretreatment with anti-P-selectin attenuated the increase in migration of platelets and monocytes induced by administration of IFN-α. Thrombocytopenia decreased the rolling ratio of monocytes, suggesting that the effect of IFN-α on migration was P-selectin-dependent, derived from both the endothelium of microvessels and platelets. The results of this study suggest that IFN-α acts as a potent proinflammatory agent via its stimulatory effect on the endothelium-platelet-monocyte interaction in intestinal microvessels by a P-selectin-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Higashiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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25
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Devi S, Kuligowski MP, Kwan RYQ, Westein E, Jackson SP, Kitching AR, Hickey MJ. Platelet recruitment to the inflamed glomerulus occurs via an alphaIIbbeta3/GPVI-dependent pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:1131-42. [PMID: 20651232 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment of leukocytes to glomeruli is fundamental to the pathogenesis of many forms of glomerulonephritis. In a model of glomerulonephritis induced by in situ immune complex deposition, we previously observed that, in addition to leukocytes, platelets accumulate in glomerular capillaries, where they contribute to leukocyte recruitment. However, the mechanisms of platelet recruitment and the role of platelet-expressed P-selectin in leukocyte recruitment require further investigation. We used intravital microscopy to examine the mechanisms of platelet and leukocyte recruitment to glomeruli of mice following administration of an antibody against the glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM antibody). Platelet recruitment was initiated within five minutes of administration of anti-GBM antibody. This was unaltered by inhibition of platelet GPIbalpha but was prevented by the absence of platelet GPVI. Fibrinogen was deposited in glomerular capillaries via a partially intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)-dependent mechanism, and inhibition of alpha(IIb)beta(3), fibrinogen and ICAM-1 inhibited platelet recruitment. Notably, neutrophil depletion also reduced platelet accumulation, indicating a cooperative interaction underlying recruitment of platelets and neutrophils. Finally, using bone marrow chimeras to restrict expression of P-selectin to platelets or endothelial cells, platelet but not endothelial P-selectin was required for glomerular leukocyte recruitment. Together these data indicate that platelet recruitment in this model is dependent on the combined actions of GPVI and the alpha(IIb)beta(3)/fibrinogen/ICAM-1 pathway and that platelet P-selectin is crucial for subsequent leukocyte recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Devi
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Department of Medicine, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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26
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He P. Leucocyte/endothelium interactions and microvessel permeability: coupled or uncoupled? Cardiovasc Res 2010; 87:281-90. [PMID: 20472564 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to infections or tissue injury, circulating leucocytes adhere to and migrate from the vessel lumen to interstitial inflammatory sites to combat invading pathogens. However, these defensive actions may also cause host tissue injury and microvascular dysfunction through oxidative bursts or enzyme release. For decades, the interaction between leucocytes and microvessel walls has been considered as a critical event leading to organ dysfunction. Extensive investigations have therefore focused on blocking specific adhesive ligands to prevent tissue injury. However, anti-adhesion therapies have shown limited success in preventing vascular dysfunction in clinical trials. Numerous studies have demonstrated temporal and spatial dissociations of leucocyte adhesion and/or emigration from permeability increases. The mechanisms that initiate the adhesion cascade have been found to be distinct from those that trigger the leucocyte oxidative burst responsible for increasing microvessel permeability. Recent studies demonstrated that endothelial activation by inflammatory mediators is critical for initiating platelet adhesion and platelet-dependent leucocyte recruitment resulting in augmented increases in microvessel permeability. These new developments suggest that targeting endothelial activation via directly enhancing endothelial barrier function might be a more efficient strategy than focusing on anti-adhesion or platelet/leucocyte depletion to prevent vascular damage during inflammation. Owing to space limitations and the wide range of studies in the field, this article will not serve as a comprehensive review. Instead, it will highlight the emerging evidence of adhesion-uncoupled permeability changes and establish a basis for re-evaluating the coupled relationship between leucocyte/platelet activation and microvessel permeability to achieve a better understanding of permeability regulation during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingnian He
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9229, USA.
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Vachharajani V, Vital S, Russell J. Modulation of circulating cell–endothelial cell interaction by erythropoietin in lean and obese mice with cecal ligation and puncture. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2010; 17:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Vachharajani V, Russell JM, Scott KL, Conrad S, Stokes KY, Tallam L, Hall J, Granger DN. Obesity Exacerbates Sepsis-Induced Inflammation and Microvascular Dysfunction in Mouse Brain. Microcirculation 2010; 12:183-94. [PMID: 15828130 DOI: 10.1080/10739680590904982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obese patients with sepsis have higher morbidity and mortality than lean counterparts, but the mechanisms involved are unknown. The authors examined the inflammatory and thrombogenic responses of the cerebral microvasculature to sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation in obese and lean wild-type mice. METHODS Leukocyte and platelet adhesion in cerebral microvasculature and behavioral responses were measured in wild-type and obese mice 4 h postperforation. P-selectin expression in different vascular beds was assessed 6 h postperforation. The effects of immunoblockade of P-selectin, ICAM-1, and CD18 on leukocyte and platelet recruitment were evaluated in obese septic animals. RESULTS Cerebral venules of obese and wild-type mice assumed a proinflammatory and prothrombogenic phenotype 4 h post-perforation, with greatly exaggerated responses in obese mice compared to the lean counterparts. These enhanced responses were attenuated by blocking P-selectin, CD18, or ICAM-1. Obese mice also exhibited a more profound behavioral deficit after sepsis, which appears to be unrelated to the recruitment of leukocytes and platelets. Cecal ligation and perforation-induced P-selectin expression was greater in obese mice compared with lean counterparts. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the increased morbidity to sepsis in obesity may result from exaggerated microvascular inflammatory and thrombogenic responses that include the activation of endothelial cells with subsequent expression of adhesion molecules, such as P-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidula Vachharajani
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport 71130-3932, USA
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30
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Stellos K, Bigalke B, Stakos D, Henkelmann N, Gawaz M. Platelet-bound P-selectin expression in patients with coronary artery disease: impact on clinical presentation and myocardial necrosis, and effect of diabetes mellitus and anti-platelet medication. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:205-7. [PMID: 19874461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Yata T, Nishikawa M, Nishizaki C, Oku M, Yurimoto H, Sakai Y, Takakura Y. Control of hypoxia-induced tumor cell adhesion by cytophilic human catalase. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1772-8. [PMID: 19804819 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Revised: 09/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated expression of a variety of genes in endothelial cells has been suggested to be involved in abnormal cell adhesion. To prevent this by accelerated binding of catalase to endothelial cells, human catalase (hCAT), an enzyme catalyzing the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, was fused with three repeats of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide or nona arginine peptide at the C-terminal to obtain hCAT-(RGD)3 and hCAT-R9, respectively. Human CAT and its derivatives were expressed in yeast Pichia pastoris and purified. The specific activity and secondary structure of hCAT-(RGD)3 and hCAT-R9 were close to those of hCAT, but these derivatives showed higher binding to the mouse aortic vascular endothelial cell line MAEC than hCAT, indicating that they are cytophilic derivatives. Hypoxic treatment of MAEC increased the intracellular ROS level, the binding of mouse melanoma cells, and the activity of transcription factors, hypoxia inducible factor-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB. hCAT-(RGD)3 or hCAT-R9 efficiently inhibited these changes compared with hCAT. These results indicate that cytophilic hCAT-(RGD)3 and hCAT-R9 are effective in inhibiting hypoxia-induced tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Yata
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Sakyo-ku, Japan
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32
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Matsunaga H, Hokari R, Higashiyama M, Kurihara C, Okada Y, Watanabe C, Komoto S, Nakamura M, Kawaguchi A, Nagao S, Miura S. Cilostazol, a specific PDE-3 inhibitor, ameliorates chronic ileitis via suppression of interaction of platelets with monocytes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G1077-84. [PMID: 19815627 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00240.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Excessive migration of monocytes to a site of intestinal inflammation contributes to tissue damage in Crohn's disease. It is known that cilostazol, a specific phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE-3) inhibitor of platelets, decreases monocyte recruitment to intestinal mucosa through suppression of platelet-monocyte interactions. The objective of this study was to clarify whether cilostazol ameliorates murine ileitis by suppression of monocyte migration. Significant inflammation was induced in the ileum of SAMP1/Yit mice at 23 wk of age after piroxicam treatment for 3 wk. Weight of the terminal ileum of mice was significantly greater with inflammatory cell infiltration in SAMP1/Yit mice than in control mice (AKR-J). Treatment of SAMP1/Yit mice with cilostazol-containing food (200 ppm) for 3 wk significantly attenuated the increase in intestinal weight and the histological changes, including invasion of F4/80-positive macrophages. A significant increase in migration of monocytes and platelets to microvessels of the ileal mucosa was observed in SAMP/Yit mice in vivo by using an intravital fluorescence microscope. Pretreatment with cilostazol significantly attenuated the increased migration of monocytes, possibly through suppression of platelet-monocyte interactions. In conclusion, a PDE-3 inhibitor ameliorates murine ileitis through attenuating migration of monocytes to the intestinal mucosa, suggesting a potential usefulness of antiplatelet drugs for treatment of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayuki Matsunaga
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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33
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Stokes KY, Calahan L, Hamric CM, Russell JM, Granger DN. CD40/CD40L contributes to hypercholesterolemia-induced microvascular inflammation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 296:H689-97. [PMID: 19112095 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00962.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is associated with phenotypic changes in endothelial cell function that lead to a proinflammatory and prothrombogenic state in different segments of the microvasculature. CD40 ligand (CD40L) and its receptor CD40 are ubiquitously expressed and mediate inflammatory responses and platelet activation. The objective of this study was to determine whether CD40/CD40L, in particular T-cell CD40L, contributes to microvascular dysfunction induced by hypercholesterolemia. Intravital microscopy was used to quantify blood cell adhesion in cremasteric postcapillary venules, endothelium-dependent vasodilation responses in arterioles, and microvascular oxidative stress in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6, CD40-deficient ((-/-)), CD40L(-/-), or severe combined immune deficient (SCID) mice placed on a normal (ND) or high-cholesterol (HC) diet for 2 wk. WT-HC mice exhibited an exaggerated leukocyte and platelet recruitment in venules and impaired vasodilation responses in arterioles compared with ND counterparts. A deficiency of CD40, CD40L, or lymphocytes attenuated these responses to HC. The HC phenotype was rescued in CD40L(-/-) and SCID mice by a transfer of WT T cells. Bone marrow chimeras revealed roles for both vascular- and blood cell-derived CD40 and CD40L in the HC-induced vascular responses. Hypercholesterolemia induced an oxidative stress in both arterioles and venules of WT mice, which was abrogated by either CD40 or CD40L deficiency. The transfer of WT T cells into CD40L(-/-) mice restored the oxidative stress. These results implicate CD40/CD40L interactions between circulating cells and the vascular wall in both the arteriolar and venular dysfunction elicited by hypercholesterolemia and identify T-cell-associated CD40L as a key mediator of these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Y Stokes
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Ctr., 1501 E. Kings Hwy., Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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Abstract
The microcirculation is a complex and integrated system, transporting oxygen and nutrients to the cells. The key component of this system is the endothelium, contributing to the local balance between pro and anti-inflammatory mediators, hemostatic balance, as well as vascular permeability and cell proliferation. A constant shear stress maintains vascular endothelium homeostasis while perturbed shear stress leads to changes in secretion of vasodilator and vasoconstrictor agents. Increased oxidative stress is a major pathogenetic mechanism of endothelial dysfunction by decreasing NO bioavailability, promoting inflammation and participating in activation of intracellular signals cascade, so influencing ion channels activation, signal transduction pathways, cytoskeleton remodelling, intercellular communication and ultimately gene expression. Targeting the microvascular inflammation and oxidative stress is a fascinating approach for novel therapies in order to decrease morbidity and mortality of chronic and acute diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Crimi
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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35
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Iwakiri Y, Grisham M, Shah V. Vascular biology and pathobiology of the liver: Report of a single-topic symposium. Hepatology 2008; 47:1754-63. [PMID: 18393322 PMCID: PMC2724750 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Portal hypertension and its complications account for the majority of morbidity and mortality that occurs in patients with cirrhosis. In addition to portal hypertension, a number of other vascular syndromes are also of great importance, especially the ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. With the identification of major vascular defects that could account for many of the clinical sequelae of these syndromes, the liver vasculature field has now integrated very closely with the broader vascular biology discipline. In that spirit, the Henry and Lillian Stratton Basic Research Single Topic Conference was held on the topic of Vascular Biology and Pathobiology of the Liver. The course took place approximately 10 years after the first American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD)-sponsored conference on this topic that occurred in Reston, Virginia. The conference initiated with an introduction to basic vascular cell signaling and then explored vascular biology specifically as it relates to liver cells. Subsequently, specific disease syndromes were discussed in more detail including portal hypertension and IR injury. Finally, clinical and translational sessions focused on emerging therapies and technologies to treat vascular diseases of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Iwakiri
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Matthew Grisham
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, USA
| | - Vijay Shah
- GI Research Unit and Fitterman Center for Digestive Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Tailor A, Wood KC, Wallace JL, Specian RD, Granger DN. Roles of platelet and endothelial cell COX-1 in hypercholesterolemia-induced microvascular dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H3636-42. [PMID: 17933963 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01105.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aspirin is a common preventative therapy in patients at risk for cardiovascular diseases, yet little is known about how aspirin protects the vasculature in hypercholesterolemia. The present study determines whether aspirin, nitric oxide-releasing aspirin (NCX-4016), a selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 inhibitor (SC560), or genetic deficiency of COX-1 prevents the inflammatory and prothrombogenic phenotype assumed by hypercholesterolemic (HC) venules. Aspirin or NCX-4016 (60 mg/kg) was administered orally for the last week of a 2-wk HC diet. COX-1-deficient (COX-1(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) mice were transplanted with WT (WT/COX-1(-/-)) or COX-1(-/-) (COX-1(-/-)/WT) bone marrow, respectively. HC-induced adhesion of platelets and leukocytes in murine intestinal venules, observed with intravital fluorescence microscopy, was greatly attenuated in aspirin-treated mice. Adhesion of aspirin-treated platelets in HC venules was comparable to untreated platelets, whereas adhesion of SC560-treated platelets was significantly attenuated. HC-induced leukocyte and platelet adhesion in COX-1(-/-)/WT chimeras was comparable to that in SC560-treated mice, whereas the largest reductions in blood cell adhesion were in WT/COX-1(-/-) chimeras. NCX-4016 treatment of platelet recipients or donors attenuated leukocyte and platelet adhesion independent of platelet COX-1 inhibition. Platelet- and endothelial cell-associated COX-1 promote microvascular inflammation and thrombogenesis during hypercholesterolemia, yet nitric oxide-releasing aspirin directly inhibits platelets independent of COX-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitaben Tailor
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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Stokes KY, Gurwara S, Granger DN. T-Cell–Derived Interferon-γ Contributes to Arteriolar Dysfunction During Acute Hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:1998-2004. [PMID: 17585067 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.146449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES T-lymphocytes and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) contribute to leukocyte recruitment in postcapillary venules during hypercholesterolemia. Our objectives were to determine whether: (1) T-lymphocytes are the source of this IFN-gamma, and (2) whether T-cell-derived IFN-gamma also mediates the accompanying arteriolar dysfunction and platelet adhesion. METHODS AND RESULTS Intravital videomicroscopy was used to quantify arteriolar responses to acetylcholine, and leukocyte and platelet adhesion in postcapillary venules of wild-type (WT), immunodeficient (SCID), and IFN-gamma(-/-) mice on a normal (ND) or high-cholesterol (HC) diet. Acetylcholine-induced arteriolar dilation was impaired in WT-HC, compared with WT-ND. This endothelial dysfunction was absent in SCID-HC or IFN-gamma(-/-)-HC mice. Vasodilation was impaired by transfer of WT, but not IFN-gamma(-/-), T-cells to these immunodeficient mice. WT-HC mice exhibited elevated leukocyte and platelet adhesion in venules, versus WT-ND. This blood cell recruitment was attenuated to ND levels in SCID-HC and IFN-gamma(-/-)-HC mice, but restored to WT-HC levels by transfer of WT, but not IFN-gamma(-/-), T-lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal a novel role of T-lymphocyte-derived IFN-gamma in the development of endothelial dysfunction in arterioles during hypercholesterolemia and extend our previous observations that IFN-gamma mediates both inflammatory and thrombogenic responses to hypercholesterolemia in postcapillary venules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Y Stokes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 E Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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Stokes KY, Russell JM, Jennings MH, Alexander JS, Granger DN. Platelet-associated NAD(P)H oxidase contributes to the thrombogenic phenotype induced by hypercholesterolemia. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:22-30. [PMID: 17561090 PMCID: PMC1975956 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 02/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Elevated cholesterol levels promote proinflammatory and prothrombogenic responses in venules and impaired endothelium-dependent arteriolar dilation. Although NAD(P)H oxidase-derived superoxide has been implicated in the altered vascular responses to hypercholesterolemia, it remains unclear whether this oxidative pathway mediates the associated arteriolar dysfunction and platelet adhesion in venules. Platelet and leukocyte adhesion in cremasteric postcapillary venules and arteriolar dilation responses to acetylcholine were monitored in wild-type (WT), Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase transgenic (SOD-TgN), and NAD(P)H oxidase-knockout (gp91(phox-/-)) mice placed on a normal (ND) or high-cholesterol (HC) diet for 2 weeks. HC elicited increased platelet and leukocyte adhesion in WT mice versus ND. Cytosolic subunits of NAD(P)H oxidase (p47phox and p67phox) were expressed in platelets. This was not altered by hypercholesterolemia; however, platelets and leukocytes from HC mice exhibited elevated generation of reactive oxygen species compared to ND mice. Hypercholesterolemia-induced leukocyte recruitment was attenuated in SOD-TgN-HC and gp91(phox-/-)-HC mice. Recruitment of platelets derived from WT-HC mice in venules of SOD-TgN-HC or gp91(phox-/-)-HC recipients was comparable to ND levels. Adhesion of SOD-TgN-HC platelets paralleled the leukocyte response and was attenuated in SOD-TgN-HC recipients, but not in WT-HC recipients. However, gp91(phox-/-)-HC platelets exhibited low levels of adhesion comparable to those of WT-ND in both hypercholesterolemic gp91(phox-/-) and WT recipients. Arteriolar dysfunction was evident in WT-HC mice, compared to WT-ND. Overexpression of SOD or, to a lesser extent, gp91(phox) deficiency restored arteriolar vasorelaxation responses toward WT-ND levels. These findings reveal a novel role for platelet-associated NAD(P)H oxidase in producing the thrombogenic phenotype in hypercholesterolemia and demonstrate that NAD(P)H oxidase-derived superoxide mediates the HC-induced arteriolar dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Y Stokes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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Gleissner CA, Leitinger N, Ley K. Effects of native and modified low-density lipoproteins on monocyte recruitment in atherosclerosis. Hypertension 2007; 50:276-83. [PMID: 17548720 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.089854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Gleissner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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40
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Duarte MMF, Loro VL, Rocha JBT, Leal DBR, Bem AFD, Dorneles A, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC. Enzymes that hydrolyze adenine nucleotides of patients with hypercholesterolemia and inflammatory processes. FEBS J 2007; 274:2707-14. [PMID: 17451439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The activity of NTPDase (EC 3.6.1.5, apyrase, CD39) was verified in platelets from patients with increasing cholesterol levels. A possible association between cholesterol levels and inflammatory markers, such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein, highly sensitive C-reactive protein and oxidized low-density lipoprotein autoantibodies, was also investigated. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in serum. The following groups were studied: group I, < 150 mg.dL(-1) cholesterol; group II, 151-200 mg.dL(-1) cholesterol; group III, 201-250 mg.dL(-1) cholesterol; and group IV, > 251 mg.dL(-1) cholesterol. The results demonstrated that both ATP hydrolysis and ADP hydrolysis were enhanced as a function of cholesterol level. Low-density lipoprotein levels increased concomitantly with total cholesterol levels. Triglyceride levels were increased in the groups with total cholesterol above 251 mg.dL(-1). Oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels were elevated in groups II, III, and IV. Highly sensitive C-reactive protein was elevated in the group with cholesterol levels higher than 251 mg.dL(-1). Oxidized low-density lipoprotein autoantibodies were elevated in groups III and IV. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance content was enhanced as a function of cholesterol level. In summary, hypercholesterolemia is associated with enhancement of inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and ATP and ADP hydrolysis. The increased ATP and ADP hydrolysis in group IV was confirmed by an increase in CD39 expression on its surface. The increase in CD39 activity is possibly related to a compensatory response to the inflammatory and pro-oxidative state associated with hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Medeiros Frescura Duarte
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pos-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Ishikawa M, Sekizuka E, Yamaguchi N, Nakadate H, Terao S, Granger DN, Minamitani H. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor signaling contributes to platelet-leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in the cerebral microvasculature. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 292:H2306-15. [PMID: 17220190 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00601.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II type 1 (AT(1)) receptor signaling has been implicated in cerebral microvascular alterations associated with ischemia, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and atherosclerosis. Platelets, which express AT(1) receptors, also appear to contribute to the thrombogenic and inflammatory responses that are elicited by these pathological conditions. This study assesses the role of AT(1) receptor activation on platelet-leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions elicited in cerebral microvasculature by ischemia and reperfusion. Intravital microscopy was used to monitor the adhesion of platelets and leukocytes that were labeled with different fluorochromes, whereas dihydrorhodamine-123 was used to quantify oxygen radical production in cerebral surface of mice that were either treated with the AT(1) receptor agonist Val-angiotensin II (ANG II) or subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) followed by reperfusion. ANG II elicited a dose- and time- dependent increase in platelet-leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in cerebral venules that included rolling platelets, adherent platelets on the leukocytes and the endothelial cells, rolling leukocytes, and adherent leukocytes. All of these interactions were attenuated by treatment with either P-selectin or P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) antibody. The AT(1) receptor antagonist candesartan and losartan as well as diphenyleneiodonium, an inhibitor of flavoproteins including NAD(P)H oxidase, significantly reduced the platelet-leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions elicited by either ANG II administration or BCCAO/reperfusion. The increased oxygen radical generation elicited by BCCAO/reperfusion was also attenuated by candesartan. These findings are consistent with an AT(1) receptor signaling mechanism, which involves oxygen radical production and ultimately results in P-selectin- and PSGL-1-mediated platelet-leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in the cerebral microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Ishikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-city, Tochigi, 329-0498 Japan.
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Kim MH, Granger DN, Harris NR. Mediators of CD18/P-selectin-dependent constriction of venule-paired arterioles in hypercholesterolemia. Microvasc Res 2006; 73:150-5. [PMID: 17157883 PMCID: PMC1850978 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses the role of venule-derived mediators in the arteriolar constriction that accompanies hypercholesterolemia. Constriction was assessed by measuring the tone of small arterioles closely paired with venules in the mesentery of normal cholesterol rats (NC), high cholesterol rats (HC), HC rats injected with antibodies against CD18 and P-selectin (HC/mAbs), HC rats treated with the thromboxane synthase inhibitor, ozagrel (HC/ozagrel), and HC rats pretreated with anti-platelet serum (HC/APS). Venule-paired arterioles in the untreated HC group demonstrated enhanced tone compared with arterioles in the NC group, while no difference was found between unpaired arterioles of the two groups. Perivascular nitric oxide (NO) concentrations were found to be significantly decreased in venule-paired arterioles of HC rats (238+/-14 nM) compared with those of NC rats (426+/-42 nM). The injection of anti-adhesion antibodies successfully attenuated the enhanced arteriolar tone and venular leukocyte adherence in the HC group, and tended to increase levels of NO in venule-paired arterioles by 33% (to 326+/-19 nM; still lower than that of the NC group). Ozagrel and platelet depletion attenuated the enhanced arteriolar tone by 53% and 33%, respectively, without affecting NO concentrations. These findings indicate that the mechanism of blood cell-dependent arteriolar constriction during hypercholesterolemia may be dependent on thromboxane, a decrease in NO, and the proximity of the arterioles to postcapillary venules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-ho Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Kiefmann R, Heckel K, Schenkat S, Dörger M, Goetz AE. Role of P-Selectin in Platelet Sequestration in Pulmonary Capillaries during Endotoxemia. J Vasc Res 2006; 43:473-81. [PMID: 16926551 DOI: 10.1159/000095247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that platelets accumulate in the lung and contribute to the pathogenesis of acute lung injury during endotoxemia. The aims of the present study were to localize platelet sequestration in the pulmonary microcirculation and to investigate the role of P-selectin as a molecular mechanism of platelet endothelial cell interaction. METHODS We used in vivo fluorescence microscopy to quantify the kinetics of fluorescently labeled erythrocytes and platelets in alveolar capillary networks in rabbit lungs. RESULTS Six hours after onset of endotoxin infusion we observed a massive rolling along and firm adherence of platelets to lung capillary endothelial cells whereas under control conditions no platelet sequestration was detected. P-selectin was expressed on the surface of separated platelets which were incubated with endotoxin and in lung tissue. Pretreatment of platelets with fucoidin, a P-selectin antagonist, significantly attenuated the endotoxin-induced platelet rolling and adherence. In contrast, intravenous infusion of fucoidin in endotoxin-treated rabbits did not inhibit platelet sequestration in pulmonary capillaries. CONCLUSION We conclude that platelets accumulate in alveolar capillaries following endotoxemia. P-selectin expressed on the surface of platelets seems to play an important role in mediating this platelet-endothelial cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Kiefmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Kim MH, Carter PR, Harris NR. P-selectin-mediated adhesion impairs endothelium-dependent arteriolar dilation in hypercholesterolemic mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 292:H632-8. [PMID: 16980348 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00780.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is associated with an attenuation of endothelium-dependent dilation in arterioles and an increase in leukocyte and platelet adhesion in venules. The proximity of closely paired arterioles and venules is thought to facilitate heat and mass transport between the two and could be involved in transport of inflammatory and/or vasoactive mediators from venule to arteriole. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that the impaired arteriolar dilation associated with hypercholesterolemia might be dependent on P-selectin-dependent blood cell adhesion in the closely paired venules. Leukocyte and platelet recruitment in venules and the endothelium-dependent response to bradykinin in second-order arterioles were observed in the mouse intestinal submucosa using intravital microscopy. Four weeks of a high-cholesterol diet decreased bradykinin-induced arteriolar dilation more dramatically in closely paired arterioles than in distantly paired arterioles. The dysfunctional arteriolar dilation of closely paired arterioles in hypercholesterolemic mice was significantly improved when the experiments were repeated in P-selectin-deficient mice (given the high-cholesterol diet) or in hypercholesterolemic mice injected with a P-selectin monoclonal antibody. A similar improvement in dilation of closely paired arterioles was attained in hypercholesterolemic mice given the superoxide dismutase mimetic Tempol. These findings indicate that hypercholesterolemia-induced increases in venular leukocyte and platelet adhesion might contribute to the impaired endothelium-dependent dilation of closely paired arterioles via a mechanism that is distance limited and dependent on P-selectin and superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Kim
- Louisiana State Univ. Health Sciences Center, Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Koller E, Volf I, Gurvitz A, Koller F. Modified Low-Density Lipoproteins and High-Density Lipoproteins. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HAEMOSTASIS AND THROMBOSIS 2006; 35:322-45. [PMID: 16877881 DOI: 10.1159/000093225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It has long been known that the oxidative state of the various plasma lipoproteins modulates platelet aggregability, thereby contributing to atherogenesis. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), occurring in vivo both in the native and oxidised forms, interacts directly with platelets, by binding to specific receptors. While the identity of the receptors for native LDL and some subfractions of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) remains disputed, apoE-containing HDL(2) binds to LRP8. The nature of these interactions as well as the distinction between candidate receptor proteins was elucidated using covalently modified apolipoproteins, which pointed to the participation of apolipoproteins in high affinity binding. However, the platelet effects initiated by binding of native lipoproteins remain controversial. Some of this ambiguity can be traced to the fact that native LDL inevitably undergoes substantial oxidisation upon modification, including by radiolabelling. The platelet-activating effects provoked by oxidised LDL are irrefutable, but many details remain unknown. The role of CD36 in platelet binding by oxidised LDL is well established, although additional receptors may exist. Much less is known about the interaction of oxidised HDL with platelets, since platelet activation was observed in some, but not all studies. Various frequently applied in vitro oxidation methods produce modified lipoprotein species that may not be relevant in vivo. Based on the reported modifications obtained by in vitro oxidation of LDL, early investigations focused mainly on the formation and the eventual effects of oxidised lipids. More recently, alterations to lipoproteins performed using hypochloric acid and myeloperoxidase redirected the attention to the role of modified apoproteins in triggering platelet responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Koller
- Department of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Stokes KY. Microvascular responses to hypercholesterolemia: the interactions between innate and adaptive immune responses. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:1141-51. [PMID: 16910762 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is recognized as one of the major risk factors in cardiovascular disease. It promotes the development of a proinflammatory phenotype in large vessels, in particular arteries, with disease. Cells of the innate and adaptive immune system are localized within atherosclerotic plaques and participate in the initiation and progression of plaque formation. It is now recognized that each segment of the microvasculature also experiences inflammation due to hypercholesterolemia, and that this occurs long before events in the large vessels. More recently, it is has been established that the innate and adaptive immune systems participate in the responses of postcapillary venules, and possibly arterioles, to elevated cholesterol levels, and that T lymphocytes may be one of the early cell types activated by hypercholesterolemia. These cells initiate a series of steps that lead to leukocyte accumulation in postcapillary venules and endothelial dysfunction in the arterioles. This review discusses the microvascular alterations induced by hypercholesterolemia, with particular attention paid to the roles of the innate and adaptive immune responses, and how these two systems may communicate to induce the microvascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Y Stokes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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Petnehazy T, Cooper D, Stokes KY, Russell J, Wood KC, Granger DN. Angiotensin II type 1 receptors and the intestinal microvascular dysfunction induced by ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 290:G1203-10. [PMID: 16469824 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00578.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The acute phase of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is mediated by leukocytes and is characterized by oxidative stress and blood cell recruitment. Upregulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1-R) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of conditions associated with oxidative stress. The AT1-R-antagonist Losartan (Los) attenuates leukocyte recruitment following I/R. However, the role of AT1-R in intestinal I/R injury and the associated platelet-leukocyte interactions remains unclear. The objective of this study was to define the contribution of AT1-R to I/R-induced blood cell recruitment in intestinal venules. Leukocyte and platelet adhesion were quantified by intravital microscopy in the small bowel of C57Bl/6 [wild-type (WT)] mice exposed to sham operation or 45 min of ischemia and 4 h of reperfusion. A separate WT group received Los for 7 days before gut I/R (WT-I/R + Los). AT1-R bone marrow chimeras that express AT1-R on the vessel wall but not blood cells also underwent I/R. Platelet and leukocyte adhesion as well as AT1-R expression in the gut microvasculature were significantly elevated after I/R. All of these responses were attenuated in the WT-I/R + Los group, compared with untreated I/R mice. A comparable abrogation of I/R-induced blood cell adhesion was noted in AT1-R bone marrow chimeras. I/R-induced platelet adhesion was unaltered in mice overexpressing Cu,Zn-SOD or mice deficient in NAD(P)H oxidase. These data suggest that although gut I/R upregulates endothelial expression of AT1-R, engagement of these angiotensin II receptors on blood cells is more important in eliciting the prothrombogenic and proinflammatory state observed in postischemic gut venules, through a superoxide-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Petnehazy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, 71130, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although lymphocyte recruitment and activation are associated with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, the contributions of specific lymphocyte subpopulations and lymphocyte-derived interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to stroke remain unknown. The objectives of this study were to define the contribution of specific populations of lymphocytes to the inflammatory and prothrombogenic responses elicited in the cerebral microvasculature by I/R and to investigate the role of T-cell-associated IFN-gamma in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS Middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced for 1 hour (followed by 4 or 24 hours of reperfusion) in wild-type mice and mice deficient in lymphocytes (Rag1(-/-)), CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, or IFN-gamma. Platelet and leukocyte adhesion was assessed in cortical venules with intravital video microscopy. Neurological deficit and infarct volume were determined 24 hours after reperfusion. Rag1(-/-), CD4+ T-cell(-/-), CD8+ T-cell(-/-), and IFN-gamma(-/-) mice exhibited comparable significant reductions in I/R-induced leukocyte and platelet adhesion compared with wild-type mice exposed to I/R. Infarct volume was reduced and I/R-induced neurological deficit was improved in immunodeficient Rag1(-/-) mice. These protective responses were reversed in Rag1(-/-) mice reconstituted with either wild-type or, to a lesser extent, IFN-gamma(-/-) splenocytes. B-cell-deficient mice failed to show improvement against ischemic stroke injury. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, but not B lymphocytes, contribute to the inflammatory and thrombogenic responses, brain injury, and neurological deficit associated with experimental stroke. Although IFN-gamma plays a pivotal role in stroke-induced inflammatory responses, T lymphocytes appear to be a minor source of this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Yilmaz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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Wood KC, Hebbel RP, Lefer DJ, Granger DN. Critical role of endothelial cell-derived nitric oxide synthase in sickle cell disease-induced microvascular dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:1443-53. [PMID: 16631534 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide, which can limit nitric oxide bioavailability, has been implicated in blood cell-vessel wall interactions observed in sickle cell transgenic (beta(S)) mice. Here we report that nonselective chemical inhibition of nitric oxide synthase isoforms dramatically reduces the enhanced leukocyte and platelet adhesion normally observed in cerebral venules of beta(S) mice. Although genetic deficiency of vascular wall inducible nitric oxide synthase does not alter adhesion responses in beta(S) mice, a significant attenuation is noted in beta(S) mice with vascular wall endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) deficiency, while the adhesion responses are exacerbated when eNOS is overexpressed in microvessels. The eNOS-mediated enhancement of blood cell adhesion is reversible by pretreatment with sepiapterin (which generates the eNOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin) or polyethyleneglycol-superoxide dismutase, implicating a role for eNOS-dependent superoxide production. These findings suggest that an imbalance between eNOS-derived nitric oxide and superoxide, both generated by the vessel wall, is critical to the proinflammatory and prothrombogenic phenotype that is assumed by the microvasculature in sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Wood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, 71130, USA
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Alexander RW. Leukocyte and endothelial angiotensin II type 1 receptors and microvascular thrombotic and inflammatory responses to hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:240-1. [PMID: 16424361 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000199680.42737.ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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