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Hendriks PM, van den Bosch AE, Kors JA, Geenen LW, Baggen VJM, Eindhoven JA, Kauling RM, Cuypers JAAE, Boersma E, Roos-Hesselink JW. Heart rate: an accessible risk indicator in adult congenital heart disease. Heart 2024; 110:402-407. [PMID: 37996241 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2023-323233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher resting heart rate has been described as a risk factor for adverse outcome in healthy individuals and cardiovascular patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate resting heart rate as risk factor in adult congenital heart disease (ACHD). METHODS In this prospective observational cohort study, patients with moderate or complex ACHD were included at routine outpatient visit. Standard 12-lead ECGs were obtained in rest. Heart rate was obtained from the ECG automatically by the Modular ECG Analysis System (MEANS). The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality and the secondary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality and heart failure. Survival was derived using the Kaplan-Meier estimator. Subgroups based on heart rate tertiles were compared by the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards models were adjusted for clinical factors including age, sex and diagnosis (moderate vs complex ACHD). RESULTS A total of 556 patients were included (median age 32 years (IQR 24-41), 57.6% male). Mean heart rate was 69±13 bpm. Negative chronotropic medication was used by 74 (13.3%) patients. During a median follow-up of 10.1 (IQR 9.6-10.5) years, 36 patients (6.5%) died and 83 (14.9%) reached the secondary endpoint. Patients with higher heart rates had significantly lower survival and heart failure-free survival. After adjusting for clinical factors, heart rate remained associated with mortality (HR 1.57 per 10 bpm, 95% CI 1.26 to 1.96) and mortality or heart failure (HR 1.33 per 10 bpm, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.57). CONCLUSION Higher heart rate is associated with lower survival and heart failure-free survival in ACHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Hendriks
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annemien E van den Bosch
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan A Kors
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laurie W Geenen
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vivan J M Baggen
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jannet A Eindhoven
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert M Kauling
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Judith A A E Cuypers
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric Boersma
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jolien W Roos-Hesselink
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Jiang J, Sun X, Chen R, Su Y, Xu W, Cheng C, Zhang S. Association between nighttime heart rate and cardiovascular mortality in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: A cohort study. Heart Rhythm 2023; 20:1682-1688. [PMID: 37689174 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies have shown that an increased resting heart rate measured randomly at a single point of the day has been associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, the utility of continuous monitoring of nighttime heart rate (NTHR) has remained largely uninvestigated. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the association between NTHR and cardiovascular mortality. METHODS The Study of Home Monitoring System Safety and Efficacy in Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device-implanted Patients, which is a prospective cohort study, enrolled patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator between 2010 and 2015. Baseline NTHR was measured during the programmed sleep period from 30 to 60 days after implantation. The primary outcome was cardiovascular mortality, fitted by a restricted cubic spline function. RESULTS A total of 534 implantable cardioverter-defibrillator recipients with sinus rhythm during the detection window were included in the study. The mean baseline NTHR was 59.6 ± 8.0 beats/min. During the follow-up period of 60.4 ± 21.8 months, 88 (16.5%) patients experienced cardiovascular mortality. After considering potential confounders, a linear association was observed. Each 1 beat/min increase in NTHR was associated with a 7.8%, 10.1%, and 5.7% increase in the risk of cardiovascular mortality in the total population, patients with heart failure, and patients without heart failure, respectively. CONCLUSION Continuous monitoring of NTHR may identify patients at high risk of cardiovascular mortality in a timely manner, with the potential for "preemptive" action. TRIAL REGISTRATION No. ChiCTR-ONRC-13003695.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Arrhythmia Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuerong Sun
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruohan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Arrhythmia Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yangang Su
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Chendi Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Shu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Arrhythmia Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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3
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Farkas GJ, Caldera LJ, Nash MS. Assessing the efficacy of duration and intensity prescription for physical activity in mitigating cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury. Curr Opin Neurol 2023; 36:531-540. [PMID: 37865846 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Spinal cord injury (SCI) heightens susceptibility to cardiometabolic risk (CMR), predisposing individuals to cardiovascular disease. This monograph aims to assess the optimal duration and intensity of physical activity (PA) for managing CMR factors, particularly obesity, after SCI and provide modality-specific PA durations for optimal energy expenditure. RECENT FINDINGS PA guidelines recommend at least 150 min/week of moderate-intensity activity. However, non-SCI literature supports the effectiveness of engaging in vigorous-intensity PA (≥6 METs) and dedicating 250-300 min/week (≈2000 kcal/week) to reduce CMR factors. Engaging in this volume of PA has shown a dose-response relationship, wherein increased activity results in decreased obesity and other CMR factors in persons without SCI. SUMMARY To optimize cardiometabolic health, individuals with SCI require a longer duration and higher intensity of PA to achieve energy expenditures comparable to individuals without SCI. Therefore, individuals with SCI who can engage in or approach vigorous-intensity PA should prioritize doing so for at least 150 min/wk. At the same time, those unable to reach such intensities should engage in at least 250-300 min/week of PA at a challenging yet comfortable intensity, aiming to achieve an optimal intensity level based on their abilities. Given the potential to decrease CMR after SCI, increasing PA duration and intensity merits careful consideration in future SCI PA directives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Farkas
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis
| | - Lizeth J Caldera
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis
| | - Mark S Nash
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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4
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A higher resting heart rate is associated with cardiovascular event risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without known cardiovascular disease. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:1090-1099. [PMID: 36707715 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A higher resting heart rate (RHR) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between RHR and cardiovascular events in T2DM patients with diabetic retinopathy and without known cardiovascular disease. We analyzed the association between RHR and cardiovascular events, including coronary, cerebral, renal and vascular events or cardiovascular death in T2DM patients with retinopathy and hyperlipidemia without prior cardiovascular events who were enrolled in the EMPATHY study. Data from 4746 patients were analyzed. The median RHR was 76 bpm. Patients were divided into four groups based on their baseline RHR ( < 60, 60-69, 70-79, and ≥80 bpm). Patients with a higher RHR were more likely to be younger and had a higher body mass index, blood pressure value, HbA1c value, and estimated glomerular filtration rate and a lower B-type natriuretic peptide value; they also had a higher proportion of current smoking status, neuropathy, and nephropathy. After adjusting for confounders, including the aforementioned risk factors, a RHR of 70-79 bpm and a RHR ≥ 80 bpm were significantly associated with cardiovascular events (hazard ratio 1.50, 95% CI 1.03-2.20; and hazard ratio 1.62, 95% CI 1.11-2.36; respectively) compared to a RHR of 60-69 bpm. The analysis using restricted cubic splines indicated that the cardiovascular risk seemed to be similarly high when the RHR range was ≥70 bpm. In conclusion, in T2DM patients with diabetic retinopathy and without known cardiovascular disease, a high RHR, particularly ≥70 bpm, was associated with the risk of cardiovascular events compared to a RHR of 60-69 bpm. High resting heart rate (RHR), particularly ≥70 bpm, was associated with the risk of cardiovascular events compared to RHR 60-69 bpm in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), diabetic retinopathy, and hyperlipidemia, but without known cardiovascular disease.
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5
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Cicha I, Chauvierre C, Texier I, Cabella C, Metselaar JM, Szebeni J, Dézsi L, Alexiou C, Rouzet F, Storm G, Stroes E, Bruce D, MacRitchie N, Maffia P, Letourneur D. From design to the clinic: practical guidelines for translating cardiovascular nanomedicine. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:1714-1727. [PMID: 30165574 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) account for nearly half of all deaths in Europe and almost 30% of global deaths. Despite the improved clinical management, cardiovascular mortality is predicted to rise in the next decades due to the increasing impact of aging, obesity, and diabetes. The goal of emerging cardiovascular nanomedicine is to reduce the burden of CVD using nanoscale medical products and devices. However, the development of novel multicomponent nano-sized products poses multiple technical, ethical, and regulatory challenges, which often obstruct their road to successful approval and use in clinical practice. This review discusses the rational design of nanoparticles, including safety considerations and regulatory issues, and highlights the steps needed to achieve efficient clinical translation of promising nanomedicinal products for cardiovascular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Cicha
- Cardiovascular Nanomedicine Unit, Section of Experimental Oncology und Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstr. 10a, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cédric Chauvierre
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Paris Diderot University, Paris 13 University, X. Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H. Huchard, Paris, France
| | | | - Claudia Cabella
- Centro Ricerche Bracco, Bracco Imaging Spa, Colleretto Giacosa, Italy
| | - Josbert M Metselaar
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - János Szebeni
- Nanomedicine Research and Education Center, Department of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Dézsi
- Nanomedicine Research and Education Center, Department of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Cardiovascular Nanomedicine Unit, Section of Experimental Oncology und Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstr. 10a, Erlangen, Germany
| | - François Rouzet
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Paris Diderot University, Paris 13 University, X. Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H. Huchard, Paris, France.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, X. Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Neil MacRitchie
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Didier Letourneur
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Paris Diderot University, Paris 13 University, X. Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H. Huchard, Paris, France
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Grande D, Iacoviello M, Aspromonte N. The effects of heart rate control in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Heart Fail Rev 2019; 23:527-535. [PMID: 29687317 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-018-9704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Elevated heart rate has been associated with worse prognosis both in the general population and in patients with heart failure. Heart rate is finely modulated by neurohormonal signals and it reflects the balance between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic limbs of the autonomic nervous system. For this reason, elevated heart rate in heart failure has been considered an epiphenomenon of the sympathetic hyperactivation during heart failure. However, experimental and clinical evidence suggests that high heart rate could have a direct pathogenetic role. Consequently, heart rate might act as a pathophysiological mediator of heart failure as well as a marker of adverse outcome. This hypothesis has been supported by the observation that the positive effect of beta-blockade could be linked to the degree of heart rate reduction. In addition, the selective heart rate control with ivabradine has recently been demonstrated to be beneficial in patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. The objective of this review is to examine the pathophysiological implications of elevated heart rate in chronic heart failure and explore the mechanisms underlying the effects of pharmacological heart rate control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Grande
- School of Cardiology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Iacoviello
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiothoracic Department, Policlinic University Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Nadia Aspromonte
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Foundation Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, Italy.
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7
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Xing R, Moerman AM, Ridwan RY, Gaalen KV, Meester EJ, van der Steen AFW, Evans PC, Gijsen FJH, Van der Heiden K. The effect of the heart rate lowering drug Ivabradine on hemodynamics in atherosclerotic mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14014. [PMID: 30228313 PMCID: PMC6143553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart rate lowering drug Ivabradine was shown to improve cardiac outcome in patients with previous heart failure. However, in patients without heart failure, no beneficial effect of Ivabradine was observed. Animal studies suggested a preventive effect of Ivabradine on atherosclerosis which was due to an increase in wall shear stress (WSS), the blood flow-induced frictional force exerted on the endothelium, triggering anti-inflammatory responses. However, data on the effect of Ivabradine on WSS is sparse. We aim to study the effect of Ivabradine on (i) the 3D WSS distribution over a growing plaque and (ii) plaque composition. We induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice by placing a tapered cast around the right common carotid artery (RCCA). Five weeks after cast placement, Ivabradine was administered via drinking water (15 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks, after which the RCCA was excised for histology analyses. Before and after Ivabradine treatment, animals were imaged with Doppler Ultrasound to measure blood velocity. Vessel geometry was obtained using contrast-enhanced micro-CT. Time-averaged WSS during systole, diastole and peak WSS was subsequently computed. Ivabradine significantly decreased heart rate (459 ± 28 bpm vs. 567 ± 32 bpm, p < 0.001). Normalized peak flow significantly increased in the Ivabradine group (124.2% ± 40.5% vs. 87.3% ± 25.4%, p < 0.05), reflected by an increased normalized WSS level during systole (110.7% ± 18.4% vs. 75.4% ± 24.6%, p < 0.05). However, plaque size or composition including plaque area, relative necrotic core area and macrophage content were not altered in mice treated with Ivabradine compared to controls. We conclude that increased WSS in response to Ivabradine treatment did not affect plaque progression in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Xing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A M Moerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Y Ridwan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K van Gaalen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E J Meester
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A F W van der Steen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P C Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - F J H Gijsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Van der Heiden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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9
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Yang Z, Zhang W, Zhu L, Lin N, Niu Y, Li X, Lu S, Zhang H, Wang X, Wen J, Ning G, Qin L, Su Q. Resting heart rate and impaired glucose regulation in middle-aged and elderly Chinese people: a cross-sectional analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2017; 17:246. [PMID: 28903724 PMCID: PMC5598034 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-017-0675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated resting heart rate (RHR) has been reported to be associated with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to explore whether a positive relationship exists between RHR and impaired glucose regulation (IGR) among middle-aged and older Chinese individuals. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis that included a total of 9898 subjects (3194 men and 6704 women) in a Chinese population. The RHRs were derived from ECG recordings, and the subjects were stratified based on RHR quartiles. Results RHR levels were significantly higher in the subjects with isolated impaired fasting glucose (i-IFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (i-IGT), IFG + IGT and diabetes than in those with normal glucose regulation. When multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed, the odds ratios were substantially higher for the subjects with IGR (odds ratio 2.19, 95% confidence interval 1.85–2.58) in the fourth RHR quartile compared with those in the first quartile after adjustment for potential confounding covariates, and the corresponding OR for the combined IGR and type 2 diabetes group was 2.56 (95% CI 2.20–2.98, p < 0.001). Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that RHR was significantly associated with fasting plasma glucose, 2-h OGTT plasma glucose and A1c. Conclusions Our cross-sectional findings provide evidence that high RHR is associated with existing IGR among middle-aged and older Chinese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lingfei Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ning Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yixin Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaoyong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shuai Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital Chongming Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xuanchun Wang
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Endocrine Tumors and the Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, E-Institute of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital Chongming Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Arginine and aerobic training prevent endothelial and metabolic alterations in rats at high risk for the development of the metabolic syndrome. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:1-10. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517001702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEndothelial function is a key mechanism in the development of CVD. Arginine and exercise are important non-pharmacological strategies for mitigating the impact of metabolic changes in the metabolic syndrome, but the effect of their combined administration is unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the isolated and combined effects of aerobic training and arginine supplementation on metabolic variables and vascular reactivity in rats at high risk for developing the metabolic syndrome. Wistar rats were divided into two groups: control and fructose (F – water with 10 % fructose). After 2 weeks, the F group was divided into four groups: F, fructose+arginine (FA, 880 mg/kg per d of l-arginine), fructose+training (FT) and fructose+arginine+training (FTA); treatments lasted for 8 weeks, and no difference was observed in body mass gain. Arginine did not improve the body protein content, and both the FA and FT groups show a reversal of the increase in adipose tissue. Insulin increase was prevented by training and arginine, without additive effect, and the increase in serum TAG was prevented only by training. The F group showed impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation and hyperreactivity to phenylephrine, but arginine and training were capable of preventing these effects, even separately. Higher nitric oxide level was observed in the FA and FT groups, and no potentiating effect was detected. Thus, only training was able to prevent the increase in TAG and improve the protein mass, and training and arginine exert similar effects on fat content, insulin and endothelial function, but these effects are not additive.
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Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of a heart rate (HR) lowering agent (Ivabradine) on features of atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound imaging, and histology. Approach and results Atherosclerosis was induced in the abdominal aorta of 19 rabbits. Nine rabbits were treated with Ivabradine (17 mg/kg/day) during the entire study period. At week 14, imaging was performed. Plaque size was quantified on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR images. Microvascular flow, density, and permeability was studied with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Plaque biomechanics was studied by measuring the aortic distension with ultrasound. After, animals were sacrificed and histology was performed. HR was reduced by 16% (p = 0.026) in Ivabradine-treated animals. No differences in absolute and relative vessel wall beat-to-beat distension were found, but due to the reduction in HR, the frequency of the biomechanical load on the plaque was reduced. Plaque size (MR and histology) was similar between groups. Although microvessel density (histology) was similar between groups, AUC and Ktrans, indicative for plaque microvasculature flow, density, and permeability, were decreased by 24% (p = 0.029) and 32% (p = 0.037), respectively. Macrophage content (relative RAM11 positive area) was reduced by 44% (p<0.001) on histology in Ivabradine-treated animals. Conclusions HR lowering treatment with Ivabradine in an atherosclerotic rabbit model is associated with a reduction in vulnerable plaque features. The current study suggests that HR reduction may be beneficial for inducing or maintaining a more stable plaque phenotype.
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12
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Yue-Chun L, Guang-Yi C, Li-Sha G, Chao X, Xinqiao T, Cong L, Xiao-Ya D, Xiangjun Y. The Protective Effects of Ivabradine in Preventing Progression from Viral Myocarditis to Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:408. [PMID: 27847478 PMCID: PMC5088506 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the beneficial effects of ivabradine in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) mice, which evolved from coxsackievirus B3-induced chronic viral myocarditis. Four-to-five-week-old male balb/c mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with coxsackievirus B3 (Strain Nancy) on days 1, 14, and 28. The day of the first virus inoculation was defined as day 1. Thirty-five days later, the surviving chronic viral myocarditis mice were divided randomly into two groups, a treatment group and an untreated group. Ivabradine was administered by gavage for 30 consecutive days in the treatment group, and the untreated group was administered normal saline. Masson’s trichrome stain was used to evaluate the fibrosis degree in myocardial tissue. The expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), collagen I, collagen III and p38-MAPK signaling pathway proteins were detected by Western blot. Electrocardiogram was used to investigate the heart rate and rhythm. The thickness of the ventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall, left ventricular end diastolic dimension, left ventricular end systolic dimension, left ventricular ejection fractions and fractional shortening were studied by echocardiography. Compared with the untreated chronic viral myocarditis mice, ivabradine significantly increased the survival rate, attenuated the myocardial lesions and fibrosis, improved the impairment of the left ventricular function, diminished the heart dimension, decreased the production of collagen I and collagen III, reduced the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and lowered the production of phospho-p38 MAPK. The findings indicate the therapeutic effect of ivabradine in preventing the progression from viral myocarditis to DCM in mice with chronic viral myocarditis induced by coxsackievirus B3, is associated with inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway, downregulated inflammatory responses and decreased collagen expression. Ivabradine appears a promising approach for the treatment of patients with viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yue-Chun
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China; Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Chen Guang-Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Ge Li-Sha
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Xing Chao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Tian Xinqiao
- Department of Ultrasonography, Henan Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University), Zhengzhou China
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Dai Xiao-Ya
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Yang Xiangjun
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou, China
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13
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Pope JE, Nevskaya T, Barra L, Parraga G. Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: Predictors of Plaque Occurrence and Progression Over 24 Weeks. Open Rheumatol J 2016; 10:49-59. [PMID: 27857821 PMCID: PMC5093864 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901610010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This study evaluated the prevalence and progression of subclinical carotid artery atherosclerosis in active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: Carotid arteries of RA patients were scanned using 3D ultrasound at baseline and 24 weeks for total plaque area, vessel wall volume, and intima-media thickness (IMT), as well as arterial stiffness measured using pulse wave velocity. Variables related to inflammation, lipids and cardiovascular (CV) risk were assessed for associations with plaque progression. Of 195 screened patients, 31 met inclusion criteria (66 Swollen joint count (SJC) plus 68 Tender joint count (TJC)≥8 OR SJC plus TJC≥4 with elevated acute phase reactants) and were enrolled (27 female; mean age 59.3±9.8years). Patients using lipid lowering drugs and uncontrolled comorbidities were excluded. Results: Atherosclerotic plaque occurred in 35% and arterial wall hypertrophy (IMT≥0.6mm) in 86% of patients. Most (68%) had an abnormal lipid profile characterized by reduced HDL and/or increased total cholesterol/HDL index, which was adversely affected by disease activity. Stepwise binary logistic regression analysis showed that Framingham risk score (OR=1.155, 95%CI:1.002-1.332, p=0.046) and ESR (OR=1.148, 95%CI:1.015-1.299, p=0.028) predicted plaque burden most strongly. Plaque progression was significantly associated with baseline higher hsCRP, ESR, and heavy smoking, but only hsCRP predicted plaque growth in multivariate regression analysis (p=0.004); and hsCRP was related to higher disease activity (r=0.443, p=0.016), LDL (r=0.544, p=0.007), and smoking (r=0.384, p=0.04). Conclusion: RA-related inflammation contributed to augmented CV burden in RA and might mediate its effect on atherosclerosis through hsCRP and modulation of the traditional CV risk factors, such as dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Pope
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Rheumatology, St. Joseph's Hospital 268 Grosvenor Street London, Ontario, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Tatiana Nevskaya
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Rheumatology, St. Joseph's Hospital 268 Grosvenor Street London, Ontario, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Lillian Barra
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Rheumatology, St. Joseph's Hospital 268 Grosvenor Street London, Ontario, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Grace Parraga
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Robarts Research Institute,1151 Richmond St. N., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
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14
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Lever MJ. The Role of Haemodynamic Forces in the Localization of Atherosclerotic Lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1358863x9400500407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M John Lever
- Physiological Flow Studies Group, Centre for Biological and Medical Systems, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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15
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Messerli FH, Rimoldi SF, Bangalore S, Bavishi C, Laurent S. When an Increase in Central Systolic Pressure Overrides the Benefits of Heart Rate Lowering. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68:754-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Qiao C, Meng F, Jang I, Jo H, Chen YE, Zhang J. Deep transcriptomic profiling reveals the similarity between endothelial cells cultured under static and oscillatory shear stress conditions. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:660-6. [PMID: 27449656 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00025.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease that preferentially develops in specific regions in the arterial tree. This characteristic is mainly attributed to the unique pattern of hemodynamic shear stress in vivo. High laminar shear stress (LS) found in straight lumen exerts athero-protective effects. Low or oscillatory shear stress (OS) present in regions of lesser curvature and arterial bifurcations predisposes arterial intima to atherosclerosis. Shear stress-regulated endothelial function plays an important role in the process of atherosclerosis. Most in vitro research studies focusing on the molecular mechanisms of endothelial function are performed in endothelial cells (ECs) under cultured static (ST) condition. Some findings, however, are not recapitulated in subsequent translational studies, mostly likely due to the missing biomechanical milieu. Here, we profiled the whole transcriptome of primary human coronary arterial endothelial cells (HCAECs) under different shear stress conditions with RNA sequencing. Among 16,313 well-expressed genes, we detected 8,177 that were differentially expressed in OS vs. LS conditions and 9,369 in ST vs. LS conditions. Notably, only 1,618 were differentially expressed in OS vs. ST conditions. Hierarchical clustering of ECs demonstrated a strong similarity between ECs under OS and ST conditions at the transcriptome level. Subsequent pairwise heat mapping and principal component analysis gave further weight to the similarity. At the individual gene level, expressional analysis of representative well-known genes as well as novel genes showed a comparable amount at mRNA and protein levels in ECs under ST and OS conditions. In conclusion, the present work compared the whole transcriptome of HCAECs under different shear stress conditions at the transcriptome level as well as at the individual gene level. We found that cultured ECs are significantly different from those under LS conditions. Thus using cells under ST conditions is unlikely to elucidate endothelial physiology. Given the revealed high similarities of the endothelial transcriptome under OS and ST conditions, it may be helpful to understand the underlying mechanisms of OS-induced endothelial dysfunction from static cultured endothelial studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congzhen Qiao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Fan Meng
- Department of Psychiatry and Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Inhwan Jang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
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17
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Luong L, Duckles H, Schenkel T, Mahmoud M, Tremoleda JL, Wylezinska-Arridge M, Ali M, Bowden NP, Villa-Uriol MC, van der Heiden K, Xing R, Gijsen FJ, Wentzel J, Lawrie A, Feng S, Arnold N, Gsell W, Lungu A, Hose R, Spencer T, Halliday I, Ridger V, Evans PC. Heart rate reduction with ivabradine promotes shear stress-dependent anti-inflammatory mechanisms in arteries. Thromb Haemost 2016; 116:181-90. [PMID: 27075869 DOI: 10.1160/th16-03-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Blood flow generates wall shear stress (WSS) which alters endothelial cell (EC) function. Low WSS promotes vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis whereas high uniform WSS is protective. Ivabradine decreases heart rate leading to altered haemodynamics. Besides its cardio-protective effects, ivabradine protects arteries from inflammation and atherosclerosis via unknown mechanisms. We hypothesised that ivabradine protects arteries by increasing WSS to reduce vascular inflammation. Hypercholesterolaemic mice were treated with ivabradine for seven weeks in drinking water or remained untreated as a control. En face immunostaining demonstrated that treatment with ivabradine reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory VCAM-1 (p<0.01) and enhanced the expression of anti-inflammatory eNOS (p<0.01) at the inner curvature of the aorta. We concluded that ivabradine alters EC physiology indirectly via modulation of flow because treatment with ivabradine had no effect in ligated carotid arteries in vivo, and did not influence the basal or TNFα-induced expression of inflammatory (VCAM-1, MCP-1) or protective (eNOS, HMOX1, KLF2, KLF4) genes in cultured EC. We therefore considered whether ivabradine can alter WSS which is a regulator of EC inflammatory activation. Computational fluid dynamics demonstrated that ivabradine treatment reduced heart rate by 20 % and enhanced WSS in the aorta. In conclusion, ivabradine treatment altered haemodynamics in the murine aorta by increasing the magnitude of shear stress. This was accompanied by induction of eNOS and suppression of VCAM-1, whereas ivabradine did not alter EC that could not respond to flow. Thus ivabradine protects arteries by altering local mechanical conditions to trigger an anti-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul C Evans
- Prof. Paul Evans, Department of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK, Tel.: +44 114 271 2591, Fax: +44 114 271 1863, E-mail:
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18
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Eijsvogels TM, Molossi S, Lee DC, Emery MS, Thompson PD. Exercise at the Extremes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67:316-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Khandelwal K, Pachauri SD, Arya A, Pawar VK, Joshi T, Dwivedi P, Ahmad H, Singh B, Sharma K, Kanojiya S, Chourasia MK, Saxena AK, Dwivedi AK. Improved oral bioavailability of novel antithrombotic S002-333 via chitosan coated liposomes: a pharmacokinetic assessment. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01543j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
S002-333, a novel anti-thrombotic agent, exhibits excellent platelet mediated antithrombotic action and subsequently has no effect on the coagulation cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Khandelwal
- Pharmaceutics Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University
| | | | - Abhishek Arya
- Pharmaceutics Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research
| | - Vivek K. Pawar
- Pharmaceutics Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research
| | - Trapti Joshi
- SAIF Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University
| | - Pankaj Dwivedi
- Pharmaceutics Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
| | - Hafsa Ahmad
- Pharmaceutics Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
| | - Bupendra Singh
- Pharmaceutics Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
| | - Komal Sharma
- Pharmaceutics Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research
| | | | | | - Anil Kumar Saxena
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
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den Hoed M, Eijgelsheim M, Esko T, Brundel BJJM, Peal DS, Evans DM, Nolte IM, Segrè AV, Holm H, Handsaker RE, Westra HJ, Johnson T, Isaacs A, Yang J, Lundby A, Zhao JH, Kim YJ, Go MJ, Almgren P, Bochud M, Boucher G, Cornelis MC, Gudbjartsson D, Hadley D, van der Harst P, Hayward C, den Heijer M, Igl W, Jackson AU, Kutalik Z, Luan J, Kemp JP, Kristiansson K, Ladenvall C, Lorentzon M, Montasser ME, Njajou OT, O'Reilly PF, Padmanabhan S, St Pourcain B, Rankinen T, Salo P, Tanaka T, Timpson NJ, Vitart V, Waite L, Wheeler W, Zhang W, Draisma HHM, Feitosa MF, Kerr KF, Lind PA, Mihailov E, Onland-Moret NC, Song C, Weedon MN, Xie W, Yengo L, Absher D, Albert CM, Alonso A, Arking DE, de Bakker PIW, Balkau B, Barlassina C, Benaglio P, Bis JC, Bouatia-Naji N, Brage S, Chanock SJ, Chines PS, Chung M, Darbar D, Dina C, Dörr M, Elliott P, Felix SB, Fischer K, Fuchsberger C, de Geus EJC, Goyette P, Gudnason V, Harris TB, Hartikainen AL, Havulinna AS, Heckbert SR, Hicks AA, Hofman A, Holewijn S, Hoogstra-Berends F, Hottenga JJ, Jensen MK, Johansson A, Junttila J, Kääb S, Kanon B, Ketkar S, Khaw KT, Knowles JW, Kooner AS, Kors JA, Kumari M, Milani L, Laiho P, Lakatta EG, Langenberg C, Leusink M, Liu Y, Luben RN, Lunetta KL, Lynch SN, Markus MRP, Marques-Vidal P, Mateo Leach I, McArdle WL, McCarroll SA, Medland SE, Miller KA, Montgomery GW, Morrison AC, Müller-Nurasyid M, Navarro P, Nelis M, O'Connell JR, O'Donnell CJ, Ong KK, Newman AB, Peters A, Polasek O, Pouta A, Pramstaller PP, Psaty BM, Rao DC, Ring SM, Rossin EJ, Rudan D, Sanna S, Scott RA, Sehmi JS, Sharp S, Shin JT, Singleton AB, Smith AV, Soranzo N, Spector TD, Stewart C, Stringham HM, Tarasov KV, Uitterlinden AG, Vandenput L, Hwang SJ, Whitfield JB, Wijmenga C, Wild SH, Willemsen G, Wilson JF, Witteman JCM, Wong A, Wong Q, Jamshidi Y, Zitting P, Boer JMA, Boomsma DI, Borecki IB, van Duijn CM, Ekelund U, Forouhi NG, Froguel P, Hingorani A, Ingelsson E, Kivimaki M, Kronmal RA, Kuh D, Lind L, Martin NG, Oostra BA, Pedersen NL, Quertermous T, Rotter JI, van der Schouw YT, Verschuren WMM, Walker M, Albanes D, Arnar DO, Assimes TL, Bandinelli S, Boehnke M, de Boer RA, Bouchard C, Caulfield WLM, Chambers JC, Curhan G, Cusi D, Eriksson J, Ferrucci L, van Gilst WH, Glorioso N, de Graaf J, Groop L, Gyllensten U, Hsueh WC, Hu FB, Huikuri HV, Hunter DJ, Iribarren C, Isomaa B, Jarvelin MR, Jula A, Kähönen M, Kiemeney LA, van der Klauw MM, Kooner JS, Kraft P, Iacoviello L, Lehtimäki T, Lokki MLL, Mitchell BD, Navis G, Nieminen MS, Ohlsson C, Poulter NR, Qi L, Raitakari OT, Rimm EB, Rioux JD, Rizzi F, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Sever PS, Shields DC, Shuldiner AR, Sinisalo J, Stanton AV, Stolk RP, Strachan DP, Tardif JC, Thorsteinsdottir U, Tuomilehto J, van Veldhuisen DJ, Virtamo J, Viikari J, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Widen E, Cho YS, Olsen JV, Visscher PM, Willer C, Franke L, Erdmann J, Thompson JR, Pfeufer A, Sotoodehnia N, Newton-Cheh C, Ellinor PT, Stricker BHC, Metspalu A, Perola M, Beckmann JS, Smith GD, Stefansson K, Wareham NJ, Munroe PB, Sibon OCM, Milan DJ, Snieder H, Samani NJ, Loos RJF. Identification of heart rate-associated loci and their effects on cardiac conduction and rhythm disorders. Nat Genet 2013; 45:621-31. [PMID: 23583979 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated resting heart rate is associated with greater risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. In a 2-stage meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in up to 181,171 individuals, we identified 14 new loci associated with heart rate and confirmed associations with all 7 previously established loci. Experimental downregulation of gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster and Danio rerio identified 20 genes at 11 loci that are relevant for heart rate regulation and highlight a role for genes involved in signal transmission, embryonic cardiac development and the pathophysiology of dilated cardiomyopathy, congenital heart failure and/or sudden cardiac death. In addition, genetic susceptibility to increased heart rate is associated with altered cardiac conduction and reduced risk of sick sinus syndrome, and both heart rate-increasing and heart rate-decreasing variants associate with risk of atrial fibrillation. Our findings provide fresh insights into the mechanisms regulating heart rate and identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel den Hoed
- Medical Research Council MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Fox K, Komajda M, Ford I, Robertson M, Böhm M, Borer JS, Steg PG, Tavazzi L, Tendera M, Ferrari R, Swedberg K. Effect of ivabradine in patients with left-ventricular systolic dysfunction: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from the BEAUTIFUL and SHIFT trials. Eur Heart J 2013; 34:2263-70. [PMID: 23536611 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To test the effect of ivabradine on the outcomes in a broad population with left-ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction with coronary artery disease (CAD) and/or heart failure (HF). METHODS AND RESULTS Individual trial data from BEAUTIFUL and SHIFT were pooled to evaluate the effect of ivabradine on the outcomes in patients with LV dysfunction and heart rate ≥ 70 b.p.m. The pooled population (n = 11 897; baseline age 62.3 ± 10.4 years, heart rate 79.6 ± 9.2 b.p.m., and LV ejection fraction 30.3 ± 5.6%) was well treated according to current recommendations (87% beta-blockers, 90% renin-angiotensin system inhibitors). Median follow-up was 21 months. Treatment with ivabradine was associated with a 13% relative risk reduction for the composite of cardiovascular mortality or HF hospitalization (P < 0.001 vs. placebo); this was driven by HF hospitalizations (19%, P < 0.001). There were also significant relative risk reductions for the composite of cardiovascular mortality, HF hospitalizations, or myocardial infarction (MI) hospitalization (15%, P < 0.001); cardiovascular mortality and non-fatal MI (10%, P = 0.023); and MI hospitalization (23%, P = 0.009). Similar results were found in patients with differing clinical profiles. Ivabradine was well tolerated. CONCLUSION Ivabradine may be important for the improvement of clinical outcomes in patients with LV systolic dysfunction and heart rate ≥ 70 b.p.m., whatever the primary clinical presentation (CAD or HF) or clinical status (NYHA class).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Fox
- NHLI Imperial College and ICMS, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK.
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Johansen CD, Olsen RH, Pedersen LR, Kumarathurai P, Mouridsen MR, Binici Z, Intzilakis T, Køber L, Sajadieh A. Resting, night-time, and 24 h heart rate as markers of cardiovascular risk in middle-aged and elderly men and women with no apparent heart disease. Eur Heart J 2013; 34:1732-9. [PMID: 23306958 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Increased heart rate (HR) is a predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality. We tested which measure of HR had the strongest prognostic value in a population with no apparent heart disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Six hundred and fifty-three men and women between the age of 55 and 75 years were included in the Copenhagen Holter Study and underwent 48 h ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring. Resting HR was measured after at least 10 min of rest. Twenty-four-hour HR was derived from the mean time between normal-to-normal RR intervals (MEANNN). Night-time HR was derived from a 15 min sequence between 2:00 and 2:15 a.m. The median follow-up time was 76 months, and an adverse outcome was defined as all-cause mortality and the combined endpoint of CV death, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and revascularization. All three measures of HR were significantly associated with all-cause mortality, also after adjustment for conventional risk factors. We found an association between all three measures of HR and CV events in analyses adjusted for sex and age. However, when adjusting for CV risk factors, the association with resting HR and 24 h HR disappeared. In a fully adjusted model, only night-time HR remained in the model, hazard ratio = 1.17 (1.05-1.30), P = 0.005. CONCLUSION In middle-aged subjects with no apparent heart disease, all measures of increased HR were associated with increased mortality and CV risk. However, night-time HR was the only parameter with prognostic importance after multivariable adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine D Johansen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital of Bispebjerg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Copenhagen NV 2400, Denmark
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Abstract
The benefit of heart rate (HR) reduction in patients with stable coronary artery disease is well demonstrated for symptom prevention and relief, and benefits on outcomes are being actively investigated. We aimed to quantify the reduction in resting HR induced by 5 antianginal drugs frequently used for symptom prevention (diltiazem, verapamil, atenolol, metoprolol, and ivabradine) in stable angina pectoris. We identified studies published between 1966 and 2007 in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane database and reviewed the bibliographies to locate additional studies. Eligible studies were double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials in patients with stable angina. Trials were combined using weighted mean difference and fixed-effect model meta-analysis. The main outcome measure was resting HR at the study end. For diltiazem, resting HR reduction versus placebo ranged from -0.08 beats per minute (bpm) [95% confidence interval (CI) -1.5 to +1.4] for 120 mg/d to -8.0 bpm (95% CI, -11.1 to -5.0) with 360 mg/d. For sustained-release diltiazem, there was a reduction in resting HR of -4.5 bpm (95% CI, -6.4 to -2.5), with no dose-response relationship (heterogeneity P = 0.62). Resting HR reductions for the other agents were -3.2 bpm (95% CI, -5.1 to -1.3) for verapamil (with no dose-response relationship, heterogeneity P = 0.87); -19.0 bpm (95% CI, -20.4 to -17.6) for atenolol; -13.2 bpm (95% CI, -14.7 to -11.7) for metoprolol (with greater reductions for 150 mg/d and long-acting 190 mg/d); and between -9.3 bpm (95% CI, -13.8 to -4.8) and -19.6 bpm (95% CI, -23.8 to -15.4) for ivabradine. Ivabradine, atenolol, and metoprolol give similar reductions in resting HR (-10 to -20 bpm), whereas verapamil and diltiazem produce only marginal reductions (<10 bpm).
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Axsom K, Bangalore S. Heart Rate in Coronary Artery Disease: Should We Lower It? CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2012; 15:118-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s11936-012-0217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Smolock EM, Ilyushkina IA, Ghazalpour A, Gerloff J, Murashev AN, Lusis AJ, Korshunov VA. Genetic locus on mouse chromosome 7 controls elevated heart rate. Physiol Genomics 2012; 44:689-98. [PMID: 22589454 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00041.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated heart rate (HR) is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The goal of the study was to map HR trait in mice using quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis followed by genome-wide association (GWA) analysis. The first approach provides mapping power and the second increases genome resolution. QTL analyses were performed in a C3HeB×SJL backcross. HR and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were measured by the tail-cuff plethysmography. HR was ∼80 beats/min higher in SJL compared with C3HeB. There was a wide distribution of the HR (536-763 beats/min) in N2 mice. We discovered a highly significant QTL (logarithm of odds = 6.7, P < 0.001) on chromosome 7 (41 cM) for HR in the C3HeB×SJL backcross. In the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel (58 strains, n = 5-6/strain) we found that HR (beats/min) ranged from 546 ± 12 in C58/J to 717 ± 7 in MA/MyJ mice. SBP (mmHg) ranged from 99 ± 6 in strain I/LnJ to 151 ± 4 in strain BXA4/PgnJ. GWA analyses were done using the HMDP, which revealed a locus (64.2-65.1 Mb) on chromosome 7 that colocalized with the QTL for elevated HR found in the C3HeB×SJL backcross. The peak association was observed for 17 SNPs that are localized within three GABA(A) receptor genes. In summary, we used a combined genetic approach to fine map a novel elevated HR locus on mouse chromosome 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Smolock
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Fuster JJ, Castillo AI, Zaragoza C, Ibáñez B, Andrés V. Animal models of atherosclerosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 105:1-23. [PMID: 22137427 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394596-9.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is currently the predominant cause of mortality worldwide and its incidence is expected to increase significantly during the next decades owing to the unhealthy effects of modern lifestyle habits (e.g., obesity and lack of physical exercise). Cardiovascular death is frequently associated with acute myocardial infarction or stroke, which are generally the ultimate consequence of an underlying atherosclerotic process. Small and big animal models are valuable tools to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression, as well as the occurrence of associated ischemic events. Moreover, animal models of atherosclerosis are pivotal for testing mechanistic hypothesis and for translational research, including the assessment of dietary and/or pharmacological interventions and the development of imaging technologies and interventional devices. In this chapter, we will describe the most widely used animal models that have permitted major advances in atherosclerosis research and significant improvements in the treatment and diagnosis of atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Fuster
- Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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The relationship between resting heart rate and incidence and progression of coronary artery calcification: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis 2012; 220:194-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rankinen T, Sung YJ, Sarzynski MA, Rice TK, Rao DC, Bouchard C. Heritability of submaximal exercise heart rate response to exercise training is accounted for by nine SNPs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 112:892-7. [PMID: 22174390 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01287.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Endurance training-induced changes in hemodynamic traits are heritable. However, few genes associated with heart rate training responses have been identified. The purpose of our study was to perform a genome-wide association study to uncover DNA sequence variants associated with submaximal exercise heart rate training responses in the HERITAGE Family Study. Heart rate was measured during steady-state exercise at 50 W (HR50) on 2 separate days before and after a 20-wk endurance training program in 483 white subjects from 99 families. Illumina HumanCNV370-Quad v3.0 BeadChips were genotyped using the Illumina BeadStation 500GX platform. After quality control procedures, 320,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were available for the genome-wide association study analyses, which were performed using the MERLIN software package (single-SNP analyses and conditional heritability tests) and standard regression models (multivariate analyses). The strongest associations for HR50 training response adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and baseline HR50 were detected with SNPs at the YWHAQ locus on chromosome 2p25 (P = 8.1 × 10(-7)), the RBPMS locus on chromosome 8p12 (P = 3.8 × 10(-6)), and the CREB1 locus on chromosome 2q34 (P = 1.6 × 10(-5)). In addition, 37 other SNPs showed P values <9.9 × 10(-5). After removal of redundant SNPs, the 10 most significant SNPs explained 35.9% of the ΔHR50 variance in a multivariate regression model. Conditional heritability tests showed that nine of these SNPs (all intragenic) accounted for 100% of the ΔHR50 heritability. Our results indicate that SNPs in nine genes related to cardiomyocyte and neuronal functions, as well as cardiac memory formation, fully account for the heritability of the submaximal heart rate training response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd., Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124, USA.
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Chiu JJ, Chien S. Effects of disturbed flow on vascular endothelium: pathophysiological basis and clinical perspectives. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:327-87. [PMID: 21248169 PMCID: PMC3844671 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1416] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are exposed to hemodynamic forces, which modulate EC functions and vascular biology/pathobiology in health and disease. The flow patterns and hemodynamic forces are not uniform in the vascular system. In straight parts of the arterial tree, blood flow is generally laminar and wall shear stress is high and directed; in branches and curvatures, blood flow is disturbed with nonuniform and irregular distribution of low wall shear stress. Sustained laminar flow with high shear stress upregulates expressions of EC genes and proteins that are protective against atherosclerosis, whereas disturbed flow with associated reciprocating, low shear stress generally upregulates the EC genes and proteins that promote atherogenesis. These findings have led to the concept that the disturbed flow pattern in branch points and curvatures causes the preferential localization of atherosclerotic lesions. Disturbed flow also results in postsurgical neointimal hyperplasia and contributes to pathophysiology of clinical conditions such as in-stent restenosis, vein bypass graft failure, and transplant vasculopathy, as well as aortic valve calcification. In the venous system, disturbed flow resulting from reflux, outflow obstruction, and/or stasis leads to venous inflammation and thrombosis, and hence the development of chronic venous diseases. Understanding of the effects of disturbed flow on ECs can provide mechanistic insights into the role of complex flow patterns in pathogenesis of vascular diseases and can help to elucidate the phenotypic and functional differences between quiescent (nonatherogenic/nonthrombogenic) and activated (atherogenic/thrombogenic) ECs. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of disturbed flow in EC physiology and pathophysiology, as well as its clinical implications. Such information can contribute to our understanding of the etiology of lesion development in vascular niches with disturbed flow and help to generate new approaches for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Jiann Chiu
- Division of Medical Engineering Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
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Abstract
It is now well recognized that the atherosclerotic plaques responsible for thrombus formation are not necessarily those that impinge most on the lumen of the vessel. Nevertheless, clinical investigations for atherosclerosis still focus on quantifying the degree of stenosis caused by plaques. Many of the features associated with a high-risk plaque, including a thin fibrous cap, large necrotic core, macrophage infiltration, neovascularization, and intraplaque hemorrhage, can now be probed by novel imaging techniques. Each technique has its own strengths and drawbacks. In this article, we review the various imaging modalities used for the evaluation and quantification of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.R.J. Owen
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom;
- Clinical Imaging Center, GlaxoSmithKline, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - A.C. Lindsay
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - R.P. Choudhury
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Z.A. Fayad
- Imaging Science Laboratories, Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029;
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Custodis F, Schirmer SH, Baumhäkel M, Heusch G, Böhm M, Laufs U. Vascular Pathophysiology in Response to Increased Heart Rate. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56:1973-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ambrosi P, Kreitmann B, Habib G. Does heart rate predict allograft vasculopathy in heart transplant recipients? Int J Cardiol 2010; 145:256-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kapoor JR, Heidenreich PA. Heart Rate Predicts Mortality in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Systolic Function. J Card Fail 2010; 16:806-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Reil JC, Custodis F, Swedberg K, Komajda M, Borer JS, Ford I, Tavazzi L, Laufs U, Böhm M. Heart rate reduction in cardiovascular disease and therapy. Clin Res Cardiol 2010; 100:11-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00392-010-0207-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mao Q, Huang JF, Lu X, Wu X, Chen J, Cao J, Li J, Gu D. Heart rate influence on incidence of cardiovascular disease among adults in China. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39:1638-46. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyq119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Al-Attar. Hypolipidemic Effects of Coenzyme Q10 in Experimentally Induced Hypercholesterolemic Model in Female Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3844/ajptsp.2010.14.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
The vascular endothelium starts to age at the first heartbeat. There is no longer a need to demonstrate that an increased resting heart rate--above 70 b.p.m.--is associated with the onset of cardiovascular events and reduces lifespan in humans. Each cardiac cycle imposes a mechanical constraint on the arteries, and we would like to propose that this mechanical stress damages the vascular endothelium, its dysfunction being the prerequisite for atherogenesis. Consequently, reducing heart rate could protect the endothelium and slow the onset of atherosclerosis. The potential mechanisms by which reducing heart rate could be beneficial to the endothelium are likely a combination of a reduction in mechanical stress and tissue fatigue and a prolongation of the period of steady laminar flow, and thus sustained shear stress, between each systole. With age, irreparable damage accumulates in endothelial cells and leads to senescence, which is characterized by a pro-atherogenic phenotype. In the body, the highest mechanical stress occurs in the coronary vessels, where blood only flows during diastole and even reverses during systole; thus, coronary arteries are the prime site of atherosclerosis. All classical risk factors for cardiovascular diseases add up, to accelerate atherogenesis, but hypertension, which further raises mechanical stress, is likely the most damaging. By inducing flow through the arteries, the heart rate determines shear stress and its stability: mechanical stress and the associated damage induced by each systole are efficiently counteracted by the repair capacities of a healthy endothelium. The maintenance of a physiological, low heart rate may be key to prolonging the endothelial healthy lifespan and thus, vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Thorin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Montreal Heart Institute, Research Centre, Université de Montréal, 5000 rue Bélanger, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Kumar N, Lee JJ, Perlmutter JS, Derdeyn CP. Cervical carotid and circle of willis arterial anatomy of macaque monkeys: a comparative anatomy study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:976-84. [PMID: 19434671 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Macaque monkeys are used in many research applications, including cerebrovascular investigations. However, detailed catalogs of the relevant vascular anatomy are scarce. We present our experience with macaque vessel patterns as determined by digital subtraction angiography of 34 different monkeys. We retrospectively analyzed digital subtraction angiograms obtained during experimental internal carotid artery (ICA) catheterization and subsequent injection of 1-methyl 4-phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Results were catalogued according to vascular distribution and variants observed. Macaque monkeys have a bovine aortic arch. The carotid vessels generally bifurcate, but are occasionally observed to divide into three vessels. The external carotid gives rise primarily to two trunks: an occipital branch and a common vessel that subsequently gives off the lingual, facial, and superior thyroid arteries. The internal maxillary artery may be present as a terminal branch of the external carotid or as a branch of the occipital artery. The ICA is similar in course to that of the human. The anterior circle of Willis was intact in all monkeys in our study. Its primary difference from that of the human is the union of the bilateral anterior cerebral arteries as a single (azygous) median vessel. Macaque cervical carotid and circle of Willis arterial anatomy differs from humans in a couple of specific patterns. Knowledge of these differences and similarities between human and macaque anatomy is important in developing endovascular macaque models of human diseases, such as ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Kumar
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Abstract
Heart rate is a precisely regulated variable, which plays a critical role in health and disease. Numerous epidemiologic studies and large post-myocardial infarction trials have provided evidence that elevated resting heart rate is an independent risk factor for cardiac mortality. This body of knowledge has prompted the development and evaluation of negative chronotropic agents, prototypically the I(f) inhibitor Ivabradine. The present review addresses several fundamental questions: (1) How is heart rate regulated at the integrative, cellular, and molecular levels? (2) How are autonomic tone and reflexes measured clinically, and what is the prognostic utility of these parameters? (3) What mechanisms are responsible for the cardiovascular pathology associated with elevated heart rates? (4) Does reducing heart rate independent of effects on other factors protect against cardiovascular events?
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Ratchford EV, Salameh MJ, Morrissey NJ. Underestimation of Carotid Stenosis in Bradycardia. Vascular 2009; 17:51-4. [DOI: 10.2310/6670.2008.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bradycardia may lead to an underestimation of carotid stenosis by duplex ultrasonography. An 83-year-old man with asymptomatic bradycardia was referred to our institution after magnetic resonance angiography revealed greater than 90% stenosis of the proximal left internal carotid artery (ICA). Two separate carotid duplex examinations were subsequently performed at different vascular laboratories within our institution. Both studies showed elevated (but borderline for the highest category of stenosis) peak systolic velocities with relatively low end-diastolic velocities (EDVs). Angiography demonstrated more than 90% stenosis of the left ICA. Carotid endarterectomy was then performed. In conclusion, interpreting physicians and vascular ultrasound technologists should be aware of the spurious decrease in EDV that accompanies bradycardia. Further imaging may be warranted when revascularization is a consideration for bradycardic patients with borderline results on carotid duplex ultrasonography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V. Ratchford
- *Vascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; †Vascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and ‡Division of Vascular Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Maya J. Salameh
- *Vascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; †Vascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and ‡Division of Vascular Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Nicholas J. Morrissey
- *Vascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; †Vascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and ‡Division of Vascular Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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Jouven X, Empana JP, Escolano S, Buyck JF, Tafflet M, Desnos M, Ducimetière P. Relation of heart rate at rest and long-term (>20 years) death rate in initially healthy middle-aged men. Am J Cardiol 2009; 103:279-83. [PMID: 19121452 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 08/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic implications of heart rate (HR) change over years have never been assessed. It was hypothesized that an increase in HR in apparently healthy persons observed over years could be associated with an increase in mortality risk and conversely. A total of 5,139 asymptomatic working men (aged 42 to 53 years) free of clinically detectable cardiovascular disease were recruited from 1967 to 1972 and had their HRs measured at rest in standardized conditions every year for 5 consecutive years. HR change was defined as the difference between HR at examination 5 and HR at inclusion, and subjects were divided into tertiles according to decrease >4 beats/min, unchanged (from -4 to +3 beats/min), and increase >3 beats/min. After >20 years of mortality surveillance, 1,219 deaths were observed. After adjustments were made for confounding factors, including baseline HR at rest, and compared with subjects with unchanged HRs, subjects with decreased HRs during the 5 years had a 14% decreased mortality risk (RR 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.74 to 1.00, p=0.05), whereas subjects with increased HRs during the 5 years had a 19% increased mortality risk (RR 1.19, and 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.37, p<0.012). In conclusion, change in HR at rest over 5 years was an independent predictor of mortality in middle-aged men.
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Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Zamboulis C, Parcharidis GE, Mikhailidis DP, Louridas GE. Elevated heart rate and atherosclerosis: An overview of the pathogenetic mechanisms. Int J Cardiol 2008; 126:302-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Drouin A, Gendron ME, Thorin E, Gillis MA, Mahlberg-Gaudin F, Tardif JC. Chronic heart rate reduction by ivabradine prevents endothelial dysfunction in dyslipidaemic mice. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:749-57. [PMID: 18414390 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE High resting heart rate is a predictor for total and cardiovascular mortality independent of other risk factors in patients with coronary artery disease. We tested the hypothesis that a reduction of resting heart rate with the cardiac pacemaker I(f) current inhibitor ivabradine prevents the endothelial dysfunction associated with dyslipidaemia. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Three-month-old dyslipidaemic (DL) male mice expressing the human ApoB-100 were assigned or not (DL, n=16), to treatment for 3 months with ivabradine (10 mg kg(-1) d(-1), n=17). Wild-type C57Bl/6 mice (WT, n=15) were used as controls. Heart rate was measured at 3, 4.5 and 6 months. Dilatation to acetylcholine (ACh) of isolated cerebral and renal arteries was investigated at 6 months. KEY RESULTS Heart rate remained stable in anaesthetized WT mice, increased (25%, P<0.05) with age in DL mice but was limited (11%, P<0.05) by ivabradine. At 6 months, left ventricular maximal pressure was similar in all groups. The minimal and end-diastolic left ventricular pressures were increased (P<0.05) in DL (10.2+/-1.0 and 18.7+/-1.4 mm Hg) compared to WT (-0.4+/-0.7 and 6.3+/-1.0 mm Hg) and reduced (P<0.05) by ivabradine (4.2+/-1.3 and 11.5+/-1.5 mm Hg). ACh-induced maximal dilatation was impaired (P<0.05) in renal and cerebral arteries isolated from DL compared to WT (56+/-7 versus 83+/-3% in renal arteries; 22+/-2 versus 42+/-2% in cerebral arteries). Ivabradine completely prevented (P<0.05) this dysfunction in renal and cerebral arteries. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Selective heart rate reduction with ivabradine limits cardiac dysfunction and prevents the renovascular and cerebrovascular endothelial dysfunction associated with dyslipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Drouin
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Cardiac autonomic control and the effects of age, race, and sex: the CARDIA study. Auton Neurosci 2008; 139:78-85. [PMID: 18304893 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stratification variables of age, race, and sex figure prominently in the assessment of cardiovascular disease risk. Similarly, cardiac autonomic regulation, measured by RR interval variability (RRV), is associated with risk. The relationship among these variables is unclear. METHODS We examined the cross-sectional relationship between RRV and age, race, and sex in 757 subjects from the NHLBI-funded Coronary Artery Disease in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. RESULTS Age was a significant determinant of RRV, despite the narrow range (33-47): participants aged 33-39 years had had greater levels of HF power, LF power, and standard deviation (SD) of RR intervals than did those aged 40-47 years. There was no age effect for the LF/HF ratio. Compared to whites, blacks had lower levels of LF power, SD, and lower LF/HF. Blacks and whites did not differ in HF power. Finally, compared to men, women had lower levels of LF power, SD, and LF/HF but did not differ in HF power. CONCLUSIONS Data from the CARDIA study suggest that in adults in the 33-47 year age range, indices of RRV were greater in younger compared to older subjects, in men compared to women and in whites compared to blacks. These findings are broadly consistent with those of other large studies examining relationships between RRV and age, sex, and race. However, patterns of associations between RRV and these stratification variables are not entirely consistent with an underlying autonomic physiology linked to cardioprotection.
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Abstract
Vascular remodelling is an important physiological mechanism that occurs as a result of changes in hemodynamics, and is a pathological process that plays a major role in the clinical manifestations of cardiovascular diseases. Using a mouse model, it was recently established that vascular remodelling is partially based on ligation of the carotid. In this model, low flow was associated with intima media thickening (IMT). IMT is a major manifestation of atherosclerosis of the carotid artery, and it is an important predictor of cardiovascular events. Carotid IMT has a strong genetic component. It was hypothesized that there would be genetically determined differences in outward remodelling and IMT induced by carotid flow alterations. Vascular remodelling among five inbred strains of mice were compared. Despite similar changes in flow in the left carotid among the strains, dramatic differences in remodelling of the partially ligated left carotid relative to control were observed. IMT correlated significantly with heart rate, outward remodelling and changes in plasminogen activator expression, cell proliferation and apoptosis. There were significant strain-dependent differences in the remodelling index (measured as the ratio of vessel area to IMT), which suggest fundamental alterations in sensing or transducing hemodynamic signals among strains. This model should be useful to identify and characterize the role of genes that mediate vascular remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford C Berk
- Center for Cardiolovascular Research and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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Fox K, Borer JS, Camm AJ, Danchin N, Ferrari R, Lopez Sendon JL, Steg PG, Tardif JC, Tavazzi L, Tendera M. Resting heart rate in cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50:823-30. [PMID: 17719466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 695] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The importance of resting heart rate (HR) as a prognostic factor and potential therapeutic target is not yet generally accepted. Recent large epidemiologic studies have confirmed earlier studies that showed resting HR to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in men and women with and without diagnosed cardiovascular disease. Clinical trial data suggest that HR reduction itself is an important mechanism of benefit of beta-blockers and other heart-rate lowering drugs used after acute myocardial infarction, in chronic heart failure, and in stable angina pectoris. Pathophysiological studies indicate that a relatively high HR has direct detrimental effects on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis, on the occurrence of myocardial ischemia and ventricular arrhythmias, and on left ventricular function. Studies have found a continuous increase in risk with HR above 60 beats/min. Although it may be difficult to define an optimal HR for a given individual, it seems desirable to maintain resting HR substantially below the traditionally defined tachycardia threshold of 90 or 100 beats/min. These findings suggest that the potential role of HR and its modulation should be considered in future cardiovascular guidance documents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Fox
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, England.
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Wassef M, Upchurch GR, Kuivaniemi H, Thompson RW, Tilson MD. Challenges and opportunities in abdominal aortic aneurysm research. J Vasc Surg 2007; 45:192-8. [PMID: 17210410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAAs) are associated with advanced age, male gender, cigarette smoking, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and genetic predisposition. Basic research studies have led to a better understanding of aneurysm disease over the past two decades. There has also been a growing appreciation that fundamental knowledge regarding the process of aneurysmal degeneration is still somewhat limited. Opportunities in research include: 1) the investigation of potential new mechanism-based pharmacologic interventions; 2) identify the genetic basis for an inherited predisposition; 3) develop and refine noninvasive approaches for the early detection; 4) examine potential novel surgical approaches and design new biomaterials; and 5) initiate and promote awareness programs for diagnosis and treatment of aortic aneurysms. The optimal approach to addressing these issues will require integrative, multidisciplinary research programs that involve basic scientists working in concert with vascular and cardiothoracic surgeons, as well as other clinical specialists with expertise in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momtaz Wassef
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Vilaine JP. [The discovery of the selective If current inhibitor ivabradine (Procoralan): a new therapeutic approach to ischemic heart disease]. Med Sci (Paris) 2006; 22:87-94. [PMID: 16386229 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200622187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the industrialized countries and its prevalence is predicted to grow with the current aging of the population in these countries. In spite of the rapid pace of progress and increasing use of myocardial revascularization procedures, in particular percutaneous coronary interventions, the medical treatment of coronary artery disease has lost none of its relevance in the majority of patients, though conventional drugs have their limitations and the pharmacological approach to ischemic heart disease needs to be improved in terms of efficacy and tolerance to ensure better prevention of mortality and improvement in quality of life. Since increased heart rate plays a major role in coronary artery disease, not only as a trigger of most ischemic episodes, but also as an independent predictor of mortality, inhibition of the pacemaker If current in view of inducing a direct and selective decrease in heart rate represents an ideal conceptual target and an attractive therapeutic approach to coronary artery disease. The screening of original benzocycloalkane compounds at the Servier Research Institute resulted in the selection of ivabradine (Procoralan) for clinical development. Preclinical data showed that ivabradine inhibits the If current originating in the sinus node, induces a selective reduction in heart rate both at rest and during exercise, preserves myocardial contractility, atrioventricular conduction and ventricular repolarization and prevents exercise-induced myocardial ischemia as effectively as a b-blocker while offering better protection of regional myocardial contractility. These data were confirmed in humans, in particular the anti-ischemic efficacy of ivabradine, at least as effective as that of a b-blocker in patients with stable angina. Large ongoing clinical trials are seeking to assess the therapeutic value of ivabradine in ischemic heart failure and its potential for improving the prognosis of coronary artery disease by reducing mortality and the occurrence of major cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Vilaine
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Division Pathologies cardiaques et vasculaires, Suresnes, France.
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