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Statin therapy in cardiac allograft vasculopathy progression in heart transplant patients: Does potency matter? Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2016; 30:178-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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2
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Yilmaz S. Chronic Allograft Nephropathy (Chronic Allograft Damage): Can It Be Avoided? CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-014-0009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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3
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Shah M, Critchley W, Yonan N, Williams S, Shaw S. Second Line Options for Hyperlipidemia Management after Cardiac Transplantation. Cardiovasc Ther 2013; 31:138-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2012.00315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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4
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LAI MINNAN, KO HUEYJIUN, NG LEANTEIK. HYPOLIPIDEMIC EFFECTS OF ANTRODIA CINNAMOMEA EXTRACTS IN HIGH-FAT DIET-FED HAMSTERS. J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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5
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6
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Margreiter R, Pohanka E, Sparacino V, Sperschneider H, Kunzendorf U, Huber W, Lameire N, Andreucci VE, Donati D, Heemann U. Open prospective multicenter study of conversion to tacrolimus therapy in renal transplant patients experiencing ciclosporin-related side-effects. Transpl Int 2005; 18:816-23. [PMID: 15948861 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2005.00154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hyperlipidemic and hypertensive effects of ciclosporin constitute a cardiovascular risk. Cosmetic side-effects are known to reduce patients' quality of life. This was a 6-month, open, prospective, multicentre study in 296 adult kidney transplant patients to evaluate the conversion from ciclosporin to a tacrolimus-based regimen. Primary indications for conversion were hyperlipidemia (n =77), hypertension (n = 72), hypertrichosis (n = 32) and gingival hyperplasia (n = 115). At month 6, hyperlipidemia and hypertension were at least moderately improved in 59.1% and 63.5% of patients, and strongly or completely resolved in 29% and 25%. Gingival hyperplasia and hypertrichosis were strongly or completely resolved in 73% and 72% of patients. Mean total cholesterol was reduced from 255 to 218 mg/dl. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was reduced from 152.9 to 137.5 mmHg and mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) from 90.7 to 85.8 mmHg. Ciclosporin-related side-effects resolved or improved after conversion to tacrolimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Margreiter
- Landeskrankenhaus Innsbruck, Transplantation, Anichstr, Innsbruck, Austria.
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7
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Minhajuddin M, Beg ZH, Iqbal J. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties of tocotrienol rich fraction isolated from rice bran oil in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:747-53. [PMID: 15778015 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Revised: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated a dose-dependent hypolipidemic and antioxidant effect of tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) isolated from rice bran oil on experimentally induced hyperlipidemic rats. Feeding of atherogenic diet (5% hydrogenated fat, 0.5% cholic acid and 1% cholesterol) for three weeks resulted in a significant increase in plasma triglyceride (3.3-fold) and total cholesterol (2.4-fold) levels. There was a 5-fold increase in the level of LDL cholesterol with only a small increase in HDL cholesterol. On the other hand, HMG-CoA reductase activity was significantly reduced in these animals. The formation of TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, (86%) and conjugated dienes (78%) were also significantly higher in these rats compared to normals. After the induction of hyperlipidemia for three weeks, rats were supplemented with different doses of TRF for one week. TRF supplementation decreased the lipid parameters in a dose-dependent manner with an optimum effect at a dose of 8 mg TRF/kg/day. HMG-CoA reductase activity, which was increased after the withdrawal of atherogenic diet, remained significantly decreased during the TRF treatment. Feeding of TRF also decreased TBARS and conjugated dienes significantly. These results suggest that TRF supplementation has significant health benefits through the modulation of physiological functions that include various atherogenic lipid profiles and antioxidants in hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Minhajuddin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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8
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Kobayashi T, Kaneda A, Kamata K. Possible involvement of IGF-1 receptor and IGF-binding protein in insulin-induced enhancement of noradrenaline response in diabetic rat aorta. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140:285-94. [PMID: 12970107 PMCID: PMC1574034 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. We investigated the mechanisms underlying the changes in vascular contractile responsiveness induced by chronic treatment with insulin in controls and established streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. 2. The aortic contractile response to noradrenaline (NA) showed no significant difference between controls and diabetics, but it was significantly greater in insulin-treated diabetic rats than in the other groups. To investigate the mechanism, we examined the changes in NA-induced contractility following treatment with insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in organ-cultured control and diabetic aortas. 3. The contractile response to NA in organ-cultured diabetic rat aortas treated with insulin (500 ng ml-1, 16 h) or IGF-1 (20 ng ml-1, 16 h) was significantly greater than the corresponding values for (a) diabetic rat aortas cultured in serum-free medium, and (b) control aortas incubated with insulin or IGF-1. Incubating control aortas with insulin or IGF-1 had no significant effect on the contraction induced by NA. 4. The expressions of the IGF-1 receptor mRNA and protein were increased in STZ-induced diabetic aortas and further increased in insulin-treated diabetics. The mRNA expressions of IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2 and IGFBP-3 were normal in diabetic aortas. In contrast, those of IGFBP-4 and IGFBP-5 were significantly decreased in diabetic aortas, and not restored by insulin treatment. 5. These results suggest that the insulin deficiency and chronic hyperinsulinemia in diabetes upregulate the IGF-1 receptor and downregulate IGFBP-4 and IGFBP-5 in the aorta. This may be a major cause of the increased vascular contractility induced by insulin administration and by hyperinsulinemia in established diabetes, resulting in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneo Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Akihito Kaneda
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Katsuo Kamata
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
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Womer KL, Lee RS, Madsen JC, Sayegh MH. Tolerance and chronic rejection. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2001; 356:727-38. [PMID: 11375075 PMCID: PMC1088459 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2001.0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common cause of chronic allograft loss is an incompletely understood clinicopathological entity called chronic rejection (CR). Recent reports suggest an improvement in long-term renal allograft survival, although it is not clear from these data whether a true reduction of biopsy-proven CR has occurred. Although newer immunosuppressive medications have greatly reduced the incidence of acute rejection (AR) in the early post-transplantation period, the ideal therapy for both AR and CR would be to achieve a state of tolerance. By definition, such a state should allow for indefinite allograft survival, with no histopathological evidence of CR, despite immunocompetence in the host (i.e. without the need for chronic immunosuppression). Although several experimental studies are able to achieve tolerance, with clear improvement in allograft survival, detailed studies on graft function and morphology are often not included. This review will discuss possible ways that tolerance induction could lead to a CR-free state. General mechanisms of CR and transplantation tolerance induction are discussed as well as the difficulties in translating small animals studies into large animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Womer
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Transplantation, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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Kasiske BL. Role of circulating lipid abnormalities in chronic renal allograft rejection. KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL. SUPPLEMENT 1999; 71:S28-30. [PMID: 10412732 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.07108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The evidence that circulating lipid abnormalities may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic renal allograft rejection is tantalizing but circumstantial. In animal models of cardiac and aorta allograft rejection, lipogenic diets accelerate vascular injury, and treatment with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors reduce vascular injury. Histological studies have demonstrated foam cells and apolipoprotein deposits in the intima of arteries from chronically rejecting human kidneys. Observational studies have found correlations between plasma lipid levels and both acute and chronic rejection. The association between lipid levels and acute rejection in cyclosporine A (CsA)-treated renal transplant recipients suggests the possibility that plasma lipids may influence the immunosuppressive effects of CsA by modulating the lipoprotein-free levels of CsA. If true, such an effect could also explain the result of recent controlled trials showing that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduced graft coronary artery disease and that they prolonged survival in heart transplant recipients. In any case, the hypothesis that circulating lipid abnormalities contribute to chronic renal allograft rejection deserves further testing in well-designed, clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Kasiske
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Tilney
- Department of Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Abstract
More than 30 years have passed since the first human heart transplantation was performed. Since then, short-term survival after heart transplantation has been markedly improved, but this development has not been paralleled with a similar improvement in long-term survival. One of the major reasons for this is the subsequent development of heart allograft vascular disease, an obliterative disease in the coronary arteries of the transplanted heart. The dubious effect of re-vascularization in this disease, the less favorable outcome after repeat heart transplantation, and the low donor supply have called for intensified research for new and efficient prophylactic therapies against heart allograft vascular disease. This research has lead to improved knowledge about diagnosis, etiology, pathogenesis, prophylaxis, and treatment possibilities. The most important among these seem to be: (i) the introduction of intravascular ultrasound for early detection of the disease; (ii) evidence to suggest that hyperlipidemia, insufficient immunosuppressive therapy, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatch, and infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) all may promote allografts vascular disease; and (iii) the introduction of at least two promising prophylactic therapies in humans namely 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors and calcium entry blockers, and others potentially promising e.g. angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitors, angiopeptin, mycophenolate mofetil and rapamycin. This review summarizes present knowledge on the possibilities of inhibiting or treating heart allograft vascular disease incorporating evidence from both human and experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Orbaek Andersen
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, R. Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
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Abstract
1. The aetiology of chronic rejection is clearly multifactorial and relates to both immunological and non-immunological factors. 2. Our studies suggest that the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I ligand and receptor genes are rate limiting in smooth muscle proliferation in the development of transplant arteriosclerosis. 3. Suppressing growth factor ligand or receptor expression could be effective strategies for the prevention or treatment of transplant arteriosclerosis. 4. We consistently find chronic oestradiol treatment of transplant recipients inhibits arteriosclerosis by attenuating both IGF-I expression and the immune response, particularly major histocompatibility complex class II expression. 5. Thus, a cell- or tissue-specific oestrogen with minimal feminizing properties may be an ideal drug for prevention of one of the major causes of loss of transplant function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saito
- Department of Surgery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Halloran PF, Melk A, Barth C. Rethinking chronic allograft nephropathy: the concept of accelerated senescence. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10:167-81. [PMID: 9890324 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v101167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P F Halloran
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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15
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Paul L. Immunosuppressive drug-induced toxicities compromising the half-life of renal allografts. Transplant Proc 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Paul
- Division of Nephrology, University of Toronto, St Michael's Hospital, Ontario, Canada.
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Motomura N, Lou H, Orskov H, Ramwell PW, Foegh ML. Exposure of vascular allografts to insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) increases vascular expression of IGF-I ligand and receptor protein and accelerates arteriosclerosis in rats. Transplantation 1998; 65:1024-30. [PMID: 9583860 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199804270-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accelerated arteriosclerosis limits the survival of transplanted hearts. We hypothesized that insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is crucial in accelerating transplant arteriosclerosis. Recently, we reported that exposure to IGF-I prior to transplantation accelerates transplant arteriosclerosis in the rat aorta allograft model. Here, we studied the mechanism whereby IGF-I exposure accelerates transplant arteriosclerosis. METHODS The abdominal aorta was harvested from male Brown Norway rats and exposed to 0, 200, or 500 ng/ml of IGF-I at 37 degrees C for 30 min prior to transplantation to the abdominal position of male Lewis rats. The allografts were harvested 14 days later and processed for immunohistochemical staining for alpha-actin, growth factors (IGF-I, IGF-I receptor, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, and basic fibroblast growth factor), and immunological markers (major histocompatibility complex class II antigen, macrophage, and CD4- and CD8-positive T cells). RESULTS By 14 days, the ex vivo IGF-I donor aorta treatment with IGF-I increased in a concentration-dependent manner the expression of IGF-I and IGF-I receptor in both the intima and the adventitia. In contrast, the expression of platelet-derived growth factor-BB was decreased in a concentration-dependent manner in the intima while basic fibroblast growth factor remained unchanged. The cell-mediated immune response was not affected by IGF-I at 14 days after transplantation, which suggests that the immune events associated with acceleration of transplant arteriosclerosis may occur at an earlier time. CONCLUSION Acceleration of transplant arteriosclerosis by exposure to IGF-I is associated with increased IGF-I ligand and receptor expression in the allograft vascular wall. These data further suggest that IGF-I may be a major factor in mediating graft arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Motomura
- Department of Surgery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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18
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Saito S, Lou H, Ramwell PW, Foegh ML. Growth factors and transplant vascular disease. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0955-470x(98)80034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Munilla MA, Herrera E. A cholesterol-rich diet causes a greater hypercholesterolemic response in pregnant than in nonpregnant rats and does not modify fetal lipoprotein profile. J Nutr 1997; 127:2239-45. [PMID: 9349853 DOI: 10.1093/jn/127.11.2239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine whether pregnancy modifies the hyperlipidemic response to a cholesterol-rich diet, pregnant and virgin rats were fed a semisynthetic diet supplemented (CRD) or not (CD) with 2% cholesterol and 1% cholic acid and studied at d 20 of treatment and/or gestation. Plasma triglycerides, free fatty acids and glycerol and liver triglycerides were greater in pregnant than in virgin rats fed CRD. The increase in both plasma and liver cholesterol caused by CRD did not differ in the two groups. In rats fed CD, hepatic lipase activity in liver was lower in pregnant than in virgin rats, while in those fed CRD, virgin rats had lower activity than those fed CD. Plasma VLDL-triglycerides were higher and LDL-triglycerides lower in pregnant than in virgin rats fed CD. Among those fed CRD, pregnant rats had a higher triglyceride concentration in VLDL and HDL than virgin rats. Cholesterol concentration was higher in VLDL and IDL and lower in HDL in both groups fed CRD than in those fed CD, while cholesterol level in LDL was higher only in pregnant rats fed CRD than in those fed CD. Whereas placental cholesterol concentration was higher in pregnant rats fed CRD than CD, maternal CRD intake did not modify fetal plasma lipoprotein concentrations, fetal body weight or litter size, indicating a lack of cholesterol transfer by the rat placenta. Results therefore show a greater responsiveness to CRD in pregnant than in virgin rats, and we propose that CRD promotes greater liver VLDL-production and lower LDL removal in pregnant than in virgin rats.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Body Weight/physiology
- Cholesterol/analysis
- Cholesterol/blood
- Cholesterol, Dietary/administration & dosage
- Cholesterol, Dietary/pharmacology
- Cholesterol, HDL/analysis
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, VLDL/analysis
- Cholesterol, VLDL/blood
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Embryonic and Fetal Development/physiology
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood
- Female
- Fetal Blood/chemistry
- Fetus/metabolism
- Glycerol/blood
- Hypercholesterolemia/blood
- Hypercholesterolemia/etiology
- Hypercholesterolemia/physiopathology
- Lipase/analysis
- Lipoproteins/blood
- Liver/anatomy & histology
- Liver/chemistry
- Liver/enzymology
- Organ Size/physiology
- Placenta/anatomy & histology
- Placenta/chemistry
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy, Animal/blood
- Pregnancy, Animal/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Triglycerides/analysis
- Triglycerides/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Munilla
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of San Pablo-CEU, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
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Orosz CG, Bergese SD, Wakely E, Xia D, Gordillo GM, VanBuskirk AM. Acute versus chronic graft rejection: Related manifestations of allosensitization in graft recipients. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0955-470x(97)80036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Räisänen-Sokolowski A, Häyry P. Chronic allograft arteriosclerosis: contributing factors and molecular mechanisms in the light of experimental studies. Transpl Immunol 1996; 4:91-8. [PMID: 8843584 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-3274(96)80001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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22
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Abstract
Renal transplantation is currently standard therapy for end-stage kidney disease for children. Despite the considerable improvement in short-term results, the expected allograft half-life has remained the same. This is due to chronic rejection/late graft dysfunction which has proved resistant to therapeutic attempts. During the last few years the multifactorial pathogenesis of chronic renal allograft rejection has been clarified to some extent. Early injury by immunological and non-immunological mechanisms is followed by vascular remodelling due to repetitive cycles of cytokine release, upregulation of growth factors, and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. This leads to typical concentric arteriosclerosis and ischemia. Secondary kidney-specific mechanisms are initiated by the reduction in functioning renal mass and lead to gradual progression of chronic rejection. There is no single optimal therapy. Several attempts to influence the pathophysiological cascade have been promising. Attention should be focused on minimizing early immunological/non-immunological injury in order to attenuate future progression of chronic rejection. A significant prolongation of allograft half-life may be achieved during the next decade with the introduction of new therapeutic agents and comprehensive approach to treatment. This would be especially beneficial for pediatric recipients, reducing the need for retransplantation in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Laine
- Children's Hospital, University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Knudsen P, Antikainen M, Ehnholm S, Uusi-Oukari M, Tenkanen H, Lahdenperä S, Kahri J, Tilly-Kiesi M, Bensadoun A, Taskinen MR, Ehnholm C. A compound heterozygote for hepatic lipase gene mutations Leu334–>Phe and Thr383–>Met: correlation between hepatic lipase activity and phenotypic expression. J Lipid Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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