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Satish M, Saxena SK, Agrawal DK. Adipokine Dysregulation and Insulin Resistance with Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: Metabolic Syndrome or Independent Sequelae? J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2019; 12:415-424. [PMID: 30835048 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-019-09879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipokine dysregulation and insulin resistance are two hallmark sequelae attributed to the current clinical definition of metabolic syndrome (MetS) that are also linked to atherosclerotic vascular disease. Here, we critically discuss the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and the interplay between the two sequelae. Adipokine dysregulation is involved with decreased nitric oxide, vascular inflammation, and insulin resistance in itself to promote atherosclerosis. Insulin resistance is involved with endothelial dysfunction by direct and indirect mechanisms that also promote vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. These mechanisms are discussed in atherosclerosis irrespective of MetS, and to evaluate the possibility of synergism in MetS. High retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP-4) and low cholesterol efflux in MetS may provide evidence of possible synergism and elevated atherosclerotic risk. An adverse adipokine panel that includes fetuin-A and adiponectin can potentially assess atherosclerotic risk in even those without MetS. Genetic possibilities may exist in atherosclerotic vascular diseases secondary to insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Satish
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, The Peekie Nash Carpenter Endowed Chair in Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, CRISS II Room 510, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Shailendra K Saxena
- Department of Family Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, The Peekie Nash Carpenter Endowed Chair in Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, CRISS II Room 510, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA.
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Rocca A, Tafuri D, Paccone M, Giuliani A, Zamboli AGI, Surfaro G, Paccone A, Compagna R, Amato M, Serra R, Amato B. Cell Based Therapeutic Approach in Vascular Surgery: Application and Review. Open Med (Wars) 2017; 12:308-322. [PMID: 29071303 PMCID: PMC5651406 DOI: 10.1515/med-2017-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent stem cells - such as mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and stem cells derived from different sources like vascular wall are intensely studied to try to rapidly translate their discovered features from bench to bedside. Vascular wall resident stem cells recruitment, differentiation, survival, proliferation, growth factor production, and signaling pathways transduced were analyzed. We studied biological properties of vascular resident stem cells and explored the relationship from several factors as Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and regulations of biological, translational and clinical features of these cells. In this review we described a translational and clinical approach to Adult Vascular Wall Resident Multipotent Vascular Stem Cells (VW-SCs) and reported their involvement in alternative clinical approach as cells based therapy in vascular disease like arterial aneurysms or peripheral arterial obstructive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Rocca
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, ItalyVia Sergio Pansini, 80131Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Tafuri
- Department of Sport Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples “Parthenope”, Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Paccone
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences Vincenzo Tiberio, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio Giuliani
- A.O.R.N. A. Cardarelli Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplatation Center, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Surfaro
- Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, General Surgery Unit, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Andrea Paccone
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences Vincenzo Tiberio, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Rita Compagna
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizo Amato
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Serra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Bruno Amato
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
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Skaper SD. Nerve growth factor: a neuroimmune crosstalk mediator for all seasons. Immunology 2017; 151:1-15. [PMID: 28112808 PMCID: PMC5382350 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors comprise a broad family of biomolecules - most of which are peptides or small proteins - that support the growth, survival and differentiation of both developing and mature neurons. The prototypical example and best-characterized neurotrophic factor is nerve growth factor (NGF), which is widely recognized as a target-derived factor responsible for the survival and maintenance of the phenotype of specific subsets of peripheral neurons and basal forebrain cholinergic nuclei during development and maturation. In addition to being active in a wide array of non-nervous system cells, NGF is also synthesized by a range of cell types not considered as classical targets for innervation by NGF-dependent neurons; these include cells of the immune-haematopoietic lineage and populations in the brain involved in neuroendocrine functions. NGF concentrations are elevated in numerous inflammatory and autoimmune states such as multiple sclerosis, chronic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and mastocytosis, in conjunction with increased accumulation of mast cells. Intriguingly, NGF seems to be linked also with diabetic pathology and insulin homeostasis. Mast cells and NGF appear involved in neuroimmune interactions and tissue inflammation. As mast cells are capable of producing and responding to NGF, this suggests that alterations in mast cell behaviour could provoke maladaptive neuroimmune tissue responses, including those of an autoimmune nature. Moreover, NGF exerts a modulatory role on sensory nociceptive nerve physiology in the adult, which appears to correlate with hyperalgesic phenomena occurring in tissue inflammation. NGF can therefore be viewed as a multifactorial modulator of neuro-immune-endocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Skaper
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
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Ferguson MJ, Rhodes SD, Jiang L, Li X, Yuan J, Yang X, Zhang S, Vakili ST, Territo P, Hutchins G, Yang FC, Ingram DA, Clapp DW, Chen S. Preclinical Evidence for the Use of Sunitinib Malate in the Treatment of Plexiform Neurofibromas. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:206-13. [PMID: 26375012 PMCID: PMC4862309 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Plexiform neurofibromas (pNF) are pathognomonic nerve and soft tissue tumors of neurofibromatosis type I (NF1), which are highly resistant to conventional chemotherapy and associated with significant morbidity/mortality. Disruption of aberrant SCF/c-Kit signaling emanating from the pNF microenvironment induced the first ever objective therapeutic responses in a recent phase 2 trial. Sunitinib malate is a potent, highly selective RTK inhibitor with activity against c-Kit, PDGFR, and VEGFR, which have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of these lesions. Here, we evaluate the efficacy of sunitinib malate in a preclinical Krox20;Nf1(flox/-) pNF murine model. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Proliferation, β-hexosaminidase release (degranulation), and Erk1/2 phosphorylation were assessed in sunitinib treated Nf1(+/-) mast cells and fibroblasts, respectively. Krox20;Nf1(flox/-) mice with established pNF were treated sunitinib or PBS-vehicle control for a duration of 12 weeks. pNF metabolic activity was monitored by serial [(18)F]DG-PET/CT imaging. RESULTS Sunitinib suppressed multiple in vitro gain-in-functions of Nf1(+/-) mast cells and fibroblasts and attenuated Erk1/2 phosphorylation. Sunitinib treated Krox20;Nf1(flox/-) mice exhibited significant reductions in pNF size, tumor number, and FDG uptake compared to control mice. Histopathology revealed reduced tumor cellularity and infiltrating mast cells, markedly diminished collagen deposition, and increased cellular apoptosis in sunitinib treated pNF. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results demonstrate the efficacy of sunitinib in reducing tumor burden in Krox20;Nf1(flox/-) mice. These preclinical findings demonstrate the utility of inhibiting multiple RTKs in pNF and provide insights into the design of future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Correspondence should be addressed to: Michael J. Ferguson, M.D., M.S., Assistant Professor, Indiana University School of Medicine, Children’s Clinical Research Center, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, RI 2630, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Phone: (317) 278-3153, Fax: (317) 948-0616,
| | - Steven D. Rhodes
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Jin Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Xianlin Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Saeed T. Vakili
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Paul Territo
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Gary Hutchins
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Feng-Chun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - David A. Ingram
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - D. Wade Clapp
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Shi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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Amato B, Compagna R, Amato M, Grande R, Butrico L, Rossi A, Naso A, Ruggiero M, de Franciscis S, Serra R. Adult vascular wall resident multipotent vascular stem cells, matrix metalloproteinases, and arterial aneurysms. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:434962. [PMID: 25866513 PMCID: PMC4381852 DOI: 10.1155/2015/434962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidences have shown the presence of multipotent stem cells (SCs) at sites of arterial aneurysms: they can differentiate into smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and are activated after residing in a quiescent state in the vascular wall. Recent studies have implicated the role of matrix metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of arterial aneurysms: in fact the increased synthesis of MMPs by arterial SMCs is thought to be a pivotal mechanism in aneurysm formation. The factors and signaling pathways involved in regulating wall resident SC recruitment, survival, proliferation, growth factor production, and differentiation may be also related to selective expression of different MMPs. This review explores the relationship between adult vascular wall resident multipotent vascular SCs, MMPs, and arterial aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Amato
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy ; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Compagna
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy ; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Amato
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Grande
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lucia Butrico
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 88100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Agostino Naso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Ruggiero
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano de Franciscis
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy ; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Raffaele Serra
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy ; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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NAIF1 inhibits gastric cancer cells migration and invasion via the MAPK pathways. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:1037-47. [PMID: 25432142 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nuclear apoptosis-inducing factor 1 (NAIF1) could induce apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Previously, we have reported that the expression of NAIF1 protein is down-regulated in gastric cancer tissues compared with the adjacent normal tissues. However, the role of NAIF1 in gastric cancer cells is not fully understood. METHODS The effects of NAIF1 on cell viability were evaluated by MTT and colony formation assays. The ability of cellular migration and invasion were analyzed by transwell assays. The expression levels of targeted proteins were determined by western blot. The relative RNA expression levels were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. Xenograft experiment was employed to determine the anti-tumor ability of NAIF1 in vivo. RESULTS The study demonstrates that transient transfection of NAIF1 in gastric cancer cells BGC823 and MKN45 could inhibit the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of the two gastric cancer cell lines. The tumor size is smaller in NAIF1-overexpressed MKN45 cell xenograft mice than in unexpressed group. Further in-depth analysis reveals that NAIF1 reduces the expression of MMP2 as well as MMP9, and inhibits the activation of FAK, all of which are key molecules involved in regulating cell migration and invasion. In addition, NAIF1 inhibits the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) by accelerating its degradation through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Meanwhile, NAIF1 reduces the mRNA and protein expression of ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that NAIF1 plays a role in regulating cellular migration and invasion through the MAPK pathways. It could be a therapeutic target for gastric cancer.
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Ly KH, Régent A, Molina E, Saada S, Sindou P, Le-Jeunne C, Brézin A, Witko-Sarsat V, Labrousse F, Robert PY, Bertin P, Bourges JL, Fauchais AL, Vidal E, Mouthon L, Jauberteau MO. Neurotrophins are expressed in giant cell arteritis lesions and may contribute to vascular remodeling. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:487. [PMID: 25418464 PMCID: PMC4274683 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-014-0487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is characterized by intimal hyperplasia leading to ischaemic manifestations that involve large vessels. Neurotrophins (NTs) and their receptors (NTRs) are protein factors for growth, differentiation and survival of neurons. They are also involved in the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Our aim was to investigate whether NTs and NTRs are involved in vascular remodelling of GCA. Methods We included consecutive patients who underwent a temporal artery biopsy for suspected GCA. We developed an enzymatic digestion method to obtain VSMCs from smooth muscle cells in GCA patients and controls. Neurotrophin protein and gene expression and functional assays were studied from these VSMCs. Neurotrophin expression was also analysed by immunohistochemistry in GCA patients and controls. Results Whereas temporal arteries of both GCA patients (n = 22) and controls (n = 21) expressed nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) and sortilin, immunostaining was more intense in GCA patients, especially in the media and intima, while neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and P75 receptor (P75NTR) were only detected in TA from GCA patients. Expression of TrkB, a BDNF receptor, was higher in GCA patients with ischaemic complications. Serum NGF was significantly higher in GCA patients (n = 28) vs. controls (n = 48), whereas no significant difference was found for BDNF and NT-3. NGF and BDNF enhanced GCA-derived temporal artery VSMC proliferation and BDNF facilitated migration of temporal artery VSMCs in patients with GCA compared to controls. Conclusions Our results suggest that NTs and NTRs are involved in vascular remodelling of GCA. In GCA-derived temporal artery VSMC, NGF promoted proliferation and BDNF enhanced migration by binding to TrkB and p75NTR receptors. Further experiments are needed on a larger number of VSMC samples to confirm these results. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-014-0487-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Emanueli C, Meloni M, Hasan W, Habecker BA. The biology of neurotrophins: cardiovascular function. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2014; 220:309-28. [PMID: 24668478 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-45106-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This chapter addresses the role of neurotrophins in the development of the heart, blood vessels, and neural circuits that control cardiovascular function, as well as the role of neurotrophins in the mature cardiovascular system. The cardiovascular system includes the heart and vasculature whose functions are tightly controlled by the nervous system. Neurons, cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and pericytes are all targets for neurotrophin action during development. Neurotrophin expression continues throughout life, and several common pathologies that impact cardiovascular function involve changes in the expression or activity of neurotrophins. These include atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, acute myocardial infarction, and heart failure. In many of these conditions, altered expression of neurotrophins and/or neurotrophin receptors has direct effects on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells in addition to effects on nerves that modulate vascular resistance and cardiac function. This chapter summarizes the effects of neurotrophins in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Emanueli
- Regenerative Medicine Section, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,
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Prakash YS, Martin RJ. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the airways. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:74-86. [PMID: 24560686 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their well-known roles in the nervous system, there is increasing recognition that neurotrophins such as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as their receptors are expressed in peripheral tissues including the lung, and can thus potentially contribute to both normal physiology and pathophysiology of several diseases. The relevance of this family of growth factors lies in emerging clinical data indicating altered neurotrophin levels and function in a range of diseases including neonatal and adult asthma, sinusitis, influenza, and lung cancer. The current review focuses on 1) the importance of BDNF expression and signaling mechanisms in early airway and lung development, critical to both normal neonatal lung function and also its disruption in prematurity and insults such as inflammation and infection; 2) how BDNF, potentially derived from airway nerves modulate neurogenic control of airway tone, a key aspect of airway reflexes as well as dysfunctional responses to allergic inflammation; 3) the emerging idea that local BDNF production by resident airway cells such as epithelium and airway smooth muscle can contribute to normal airway structure and function, and to airway hyperreactivity and remodeling in diseases such as asthma. Furthermore, given its pleiotropic effects in the airway, BDNF may be a novel and appealing therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, United States; Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
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Sortilin expression is essential for pro-nerve growth factor-induced apoptosis of rat vascular smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84969. [PMID: 24404198 PMCID: PMC3880332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sortilin, a member of the Vps10p-domain receptor family, has been demonstrated a key regulator in mediating cellular response to pro-neurotrophins. In the present study, we investigated the role of sortilin in the apoptotic pathway of vascular smooth muscle cells. Methods and Principal Findings Immunohistochemistry revealed that sortilin was barely detectable in human and rat normal young vessels, while its expression was increased in human fibroatheromatous plaques. Sortilin immunodetection was also marked in the neointima of the rat aorta fifteen days after ballooning.In vitro, rat aortic intimal cells expressed higher sortilin levels than normal media SMCs; sortilin was distributed in the cytoplasm and in correspondence of the cell membrane. After 48 h, pro-nerve growth factor (proNGF) induced the strong dose-dependent increase of intimal cell apoptosis and the accumulation of sortilin protein. ProNGF was a more potent apoptotic inducer than equimolar or even higher concentration of NGF, whereas brain derived neutrotrophic factor was ineffective. Targeted interfering RNA-mediated sortilin reduction counteracted proNGF-induced apoptosis without affecting p75NTR expression. ProNGF-induced apoptosis was associated to NF-κB down-regulation and bax increase. Inhibition of NF-κB activity increased intimal cell apoptosis that did not further increase with the addition of proNGF. Conclusions Our results indicate that sortilin expression characterizes human atheromatous lesions and rat aortic post-injury neointima, and suggest that sortilin represents an important regulator of proNGF-induced SMC apoptosis and arterial remodeling.
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Oncogene- and oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence shows distinct expression patterns of proinflammatory cytokines in vascular endothelial cells. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:754735. [PMID: 24198727 PMCID: PMC3806413 DOI: 10.1155/2013/754735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescent cells are metabolically active and produce a variety of proinflammatory cytokines. It was previously reported that atherosclerotic plaques contain senescent cells, suggesting that senescence may contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis. In this study, we induced cellular senescence in vascular endothelial cells (VECs) using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or an adenovirus that expresses a constitutively active mutant of Ras (AdRas12V) and studied the expression of cytokines. Both H2O2 treatment and AdRas12V infection induced senescence in VECs, as assessed by senescence-associated β-Gal activity and the expression of proteins such as p53 and p21CIP1. In addition, both treatments induced the expression of a variety of cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and nerve growth factor (NGF). AdRas12V infection induced IL-1β expression more significantly than H2O2 treatment, whereas both treatments induced comparable mRNA and protein expression levels of NGF. These results suggest that senescent cells express different patterns of proinflammatory cytokines, depending on the trigger that induced senescence. It is therefore possible that senescent cells can differentially induce inflammation in the surrounding tissues, depending on the cause of senescence.
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Shen L, Zeng W, Wu YX, Hou CL, Chen W, Yang MC, Li L, Zhang YF, Zhu CH. Neurotrophin-3 Accelerates Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice by Promoting a Paracrine Response in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:1011-21. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a major obstacle for wound healing in patients with diabetic foot wounds. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have an important function in wound repair, and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) can promote nerve regeneration and angiogenesis. We investigated the effect of NT-3 on accelerating wound healing in the diabetic foot by improving human bone marrow MSC (hMSC) activation. In vitro, NT-3 significantly promoted VEGF, NGF, and BDNF secretion in hMSCs. NT-3 improved activation of the hMSC conditioned medium, promoted human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation and migration, and significantly improved the closure rate of HUVEC scratches. In addition, we produced nanofiber mesh biological tissue materials through the electrospinning technique using polylactic acid, mixed silk, and collagen. The hMSCs stimulated by NT-3 were implanted into the material. Compared with the control group, the NT-3-stimulated hMSCs in the biological tissue material significantly promoted angiogenesis in the feet of diabetic C57BL/6J mice and accelerated diabetic foot wound healing. These results suggest that NT-3 significantly promotes hMSC secretion of VEGF, NGF, and other vasoactive factors and that it accelerates wound healing by inducing angiogenesis through improved activation of vascular endothelial cells. The hMSCs stimulated by NT-3 can produce materials that accelerate wound healing in the diabetic foot and other ischemic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shen
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Anatomy, Key Lab for Biomechanics of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang-Xiao Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Key Lab for Biomechanics of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Li Hou
- Department of Anatomy, Key Lab for Biomechanics of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Key Lab for Biomechanics of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming-Can Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Key Lab for Biomechanics of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anatomy, Key Lab for Biomechanics of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya-Fang Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chu-Hong Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Key Lab for Biomechanics of Chongqing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Kwapiszewska G, Chwalek K, Marsh LM, Wygrecka M, Wilhelm J, Best J, Egemnazarov B, Weisel FC, Osswald SL, Schermuly RT, Olschewski A, Seeger W, Weissmann N, Eickelberg O, Fink L. BDNF/TrkB Signaling Augments Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation in Pulmonary Hypertension. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:2018-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Urban D, Lorenz J, Meyborg H, Ghosh S, Kintscher U, Kaufmann J, Fleck E, Kappert K, Stawowy P. Proprotein convertase furin enhances survival and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells via processing of pro-nerve growth factor. J Biochem 2012; 153:197-207. [PMID: 23172302 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maturation of nerve growth factor (NGF) in neuronal cells requires endoproteolytic processing of the precursor protein proNGF to β-NGF by the proprotein convertase furin. Pro- and β-NGF elicit opposite biological functions by differential neurotrophin-receptor binding, leading to apoptosis via sortilin or survival via neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type-1 (TrkA), respectively. The present study was done to investigate the impact of furin-dependent proNGF processing on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) function. We found that β-NGF mRNA and protein expression was upregulated in platelet-derived growth factor-BB/transforming growth factor-β1-stimulated, proliferating rat aortic VSMCs. Although β-NGF itself did not affect VSMC proliferation, it promoted VSMC motility in an autocrine fashion via TrkA/Akt-dependent integrin inside-out signalling. The β-NGF-induced migration of VSMCs required proNGF processing by furin, which was co-regulated with NGF. Furin-inhibition increased proNGF and reduced β-NGF secretion, leading to apoptosis rather than migration. In line with our in vitro demonstration, we found co- and upregulation of NGF, its convertase furin and its high-affinity receptor TrkA in the neointima of balloon-injured rodent arteries. These results indicate that furin determines the balance between proNGF and β-NGF in proliferating VSMCs, thus impacting on VSMC survival and migration and is also important in neointima formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Urban
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany
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15
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Jadhao CS, Bhatwadekar AD, Jiang Y, Boulton ME, Steinle JJ, Grant MB. Nerve growth factor promotes endothelial progenitor cell-mediated angiogenic responses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:2030-7. [PMID: 22410557 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In response to ischemia, retinal neuronal cells express nerve growth factor (NGF), which can be proangiogenic. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) can participate with the resident vasculature to promote angiogenesis. We postulated that NGF may stimulate CD34⁺ EPCs to convert to an angiogenic phenotype. METHODS Human CD34⁺ cells and human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) were used to examine the effect of NGF on key steps associated with neovascularization. CD34⁺ cells and HRECs were stimulated with NGF (1 to 4 pM) for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Cell migration was measured using a modified Boyden chamber assay. Expression of the receptor for the cytokine stromal derived growth factor 1 (SDF-1), CXCR-4, was assessed by flow cytometry. In vitro angiogenesis was tested using a three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix with HRECs/CD34⁺ cell cocultures. NGF receptor activation was assessed by western analysis. RESULTS NGF promoted proliferation of CD34⁺ cells but not HRECs. Pretreatment of CD34⁺ cells with NGF increased CXCR-4 expression in CD34⁺ cells, resulting in enhanced migration to SDF-1 (P < 0.0001). The enhanced tubule-forming effect of NGF in HRECs was further potentiated by coculture with NGF-pretreated CD34⁺ cells (P < 0.01). The beneficial effect of NGF was blocked (P < 0.0001) by the ERK inhibitor PD98059. In both CD34⁺ and HRECs, NGF increased phosphorylation of neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 (TrkA) receptor by ERK1 activation (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our in vitro results suggest that NGF released from ischemic nerves in vivo may contribute to the "angiogenic switch" by stimulating the angiogenic behavior of CD34⁺ cells while minimally affecting resident retinal endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakala S Jadhao
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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16
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17
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Prakash Y, Thompson MA, Meuchel L, Pabelick CM, Mantilla CB, Zaidi S, Martin RJ. Neurotrophins in lung health and disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 2010; 4:395-411. [PMID: 20524922 DOI: 10.1586/ers.10.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) are a family of growth factors that are well-known in the nervous system. There is increasing recognition that NTs (nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and NT3) and their receptors (high-affinity TrkA, TrkB and TrkC, and low-affinity p75NTR) are expressed in lung components including the nasal and bronchial epithelium, smooth muscle, nerves and immune cells. NT signaling may be important in normal lung development, developmental lung disease, allergy and inflammation (e.g., rhinitis, asthma), lung fibrosis and even lung cancer. In this review, we describe the current status of our understanding of NT signaling in the lung, with hopes of using aspects of the NT signaling pathway in the diagnosis and therapy of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ys Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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18
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Goda M, Atagi S, Amitani K, Hobara N, Kitamura Y, Kawasaki H. Nerve growth factor suppresses prostate tumor growth. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 112:463-6. [PMID: 20308799 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09354sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) facilitates reinnervation of perivascular nerves that regulate vascular tone and blood flow. This study investigated whether NGF prevents tumor growth by promoting neuronal regulation of tumor blood flow. The growth rate of DU145 prostate carcinoma cells subcutaneously implanted into nude mice was significantly inhibited by subcutaneous NGF administration. Significant suppression of tumor growth continued after withdrawing NGF. NGF increased vascular smooth muscle cells in tumor tissues, but had no cytotoxic action on tumor cells in vitro. These results suggest that NGF prevents tumor growth via an indirect effect, probably innervation or maturation of the tumor neovasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Goda
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan
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19
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Abstract
Neurotrophins were christened in consideration of their actions on the nervous system and, for a long time, they were the exclusive interest of neuroscientists. However, more recently, this family of proteins has been shown to possess essential cardiovascular functions. During cardiovascular development, neurotrophins and their receptors are essential factors in the formation of the heart and critical regulator of vascular development. Postnatally, neurotrophins control the survival of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and cardiomyocytes and regulate angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, by autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. Recent studies suggest the capacity of neurotrophins, via their tropomyosin-kinase receptors, to promote therapeutic neovascularization in animal models of hindlimb ischemia. Conversely, the neurotrophin low-affinity p75(NTR) receptor induces apoptosis of endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells and impairs angiogenesis. Finally, nerve growth factor looks particularly promising in treating microvascular complications of diabetes or reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the infarcted heart. These seminal discoveries have fuelled basic and translational research and thus opened a new field of investigation in cardiovascular medicine and therapeutics. Here, we review recent progress on the molecular signaling and roles played by neurotrophins in cardiovascular development, function, and pathology, and we discuss therapeutic potential of strategies based on neurotrophin manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Caporali
- Division of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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20
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Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on the proliferation, migration and phenotypic modulation of airway smooth muscle cells. Chin Med J (Engl) 2008. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200803010-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Dagnell C, Kemi C, Klominek J, Eriksson P, Sköld CM, Eklund A, Grunewald J, Olgart Höglund C. Effects of neurotrophins on human bronchial smooth muscle cell migration and matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion. Transl Res 2007; 150:303-10. [PMID: 17964519 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophins nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) have been found to be upregulated in inflammatory pulmonary diseases, including asthma. The functional role for the neurotrophins in the airways is still not known, but it has been proposed that neurotrophins induce airway hyperreactivity and tissue remodeling. Bronchial smooth muscle cells have been suggested to be involved in the remodeling process through their capacity to proliferate, migrate, and secrete inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Therefore, we studied the effect of NGF, BDNF, and NT-3 on human bronchial smooth muscle cell (HBSMC) migration and MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion. Immunocytochemistry studies showed that HBSMCs expressed the neurotrophin receptors TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC. BDNF, NT-3, and NGF increased MMP-9, but not MMP-2, secretion as shown by zymography. BDNF and NT-3, but not NGF, stimulated HBSMC migration as evaluated by Boyden chamber. Taken together, our data indicate that the neurotrophins may stimulate events important for airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Dagnell
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Freund-Michel V, Frossard N. The nerve growth factor and its receptors in airway inflammatory diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 117:52-76. [PMID: 17915332 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The nerve growth factor (NGF) belongs to the neurotrophin family and induces its effects through activation of 2 distinct receptor types: the tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) receptor, carrying an intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity in its intracellular domain, and the receptor p75 for neurotrophins (p75NTR), belonging to the death receptor family. Through activation of its TrkA receptor, NGF activates signalling pathways, including phospholipase Cgamma (PLCgamma), phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase (PI3K), the small G protein Ras, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Through its p75NTR receptor, NGF activates proapoptotic signalling pathways including the MAPK c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), ceramides, and the small G protein Rac, but also activates pathways promoting cell survival through the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). NGF was first described by Rita Levi-Montalcini and collaborators as an important factor involved in nerve differentiation and survival. Another role for NGF has since been established in inflammation, in particular of the airways, with increased NGF levels in chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will first describe NGF structure and synthesis and NGF receptors and their signalling pathways. We will then provide information about NGF in the airways, describing its expression and regulation, as well as pointing out its potential role in inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and remodelling process observed in airway inflammatory diseases, in particular in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Freund-Michel
- EA 3771 Inflammation and Environment in Asthma, University Louis Pasteur-Strasbourg I, Faculty of Pharmacy, Illkirch, France.
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Nico B, Mangieri D, Benagiano V, Crivellato E, Ribatti D. Nerve growth factor as an angiogenic factor. Microvasc Res 2007; 75:135-41. [PMID: 17764704 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophin that plays a crucial role in promoting neurotrophic and neurotropic effects in sympathetic neurons, has recently been identified as a novel angiogenic molecule, which exerts a variety of effects in the cardiovascular system and on endothelial cells. In fact, NGF may contribute to maintenance, survival, and function of endothelial cells by autocrine and/or paracrine mechanisms. This review summarizes the involvement of NGF in the regulation of angiogenesis in both normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Nico
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Kawaguchi-Manabe H, Ieda M, Kimura K, Manabe T, Miyatake S, Kanazawa H, Kawakami T, Ogawa S, Suematsu M, Fukuda K. A novel cardiac hypertrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, is paradoxically downregulated in cardiac hypertrophy. Life Sci 2007; 81:385-92. [PMID: 17628607 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The neurotrophin family plays pivotal roles in the development of the nervous system. Recently, the role of the neurotrophin in non-neural tissue has been extensively investigated. Among them, neurotrophin-3 and its receptor TrkC are critical for embryonic heart development, though little is known about neurotrophin-3/TrkC function in adult heart. Moreover, the expressions of other neurotrophin and Trk families in the cardiovascular system have not been fully determined. In adult and neonatal rats, only TrkC mRNA was expressed more abundantly in heart than aorta among the neurotrophin receptors, while all neurotrophins were equally expressed in the cardiovascular system. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the protein expressions of neurotrophin-3/TrkC in rat ventricles. In primary-cultured rat cardiomyocytes, neurotrophin-3 strongly activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and Jun N-terminal kinase pathways in Western blot analysis. In Northern blot analysis, neurotrophin-3 strongly increased mRNA expressions of cardiac hypertrophic markers (skeletal alpha-actin and atrial natriuretic peptide) in cardiomocytes. [(3)H]-phenylalanine uptake into cardiomyocytes, myofilament reorganization, and cardiomyocyte size were also augmented with neurotrophin-3 stimulation, indicating that neurotrophin-3 is a novel cardiac hypertrophic factor. Unexpectedly, neurotrophin-3 was downregulated in cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload (in vivo), and in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy evoked by endothelin-1 stimulation (in vitro). Interestingly, the cell size and BNP mRNA expression level (markers of hypertrophy) were greater in cardiomyocytes treated with both neurotrophin-3 and endothelin-1 than in those stimulated with endothelin-1 alone. These findings demonstrate that neurotrophin-3 is a unique hypertrophic factor, which is paradoxically downregulated in cardiac hypertrophy and might counteract hypertrophic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Kawaguchi-Manabe
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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25
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Cellini M, Bendo E, Bravetti GO, Campos EC. The Use of Nerve Growth Factor in Surgical Wound Healing of the Cornea. Ophthalmic Res 2006; 38:177-81. [PMID: 16679804 DOI: 10.1159/000092626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown how the topical application of nerve growth factor (NGF) has led to the repair of neurotrophic corneal ulcers with recovery of corneal surface sensitivity. The biological effect of NGF, at a corneal level, is mediated by the presence of specific receptors localized on the surfaces of the corneal and conjunctival cells. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of NGF to promote corneal wound healing after cataract surgery. METHODS Thirty patients were divided into two groups (groups A and B) and underwent cataract surgery. After surgery patients in group A received 1 drop of NGF solution (10 microg of NGF dissolved in 50 microl of saline solution, 0.9% of sodium chloride) in the conjunctival fornix every 2 h (from 6 a.m. to 12 p.m.) for 2 weeks and then 4 times a day for another week. The patients in group B received 1 drop of hyaluronic acid 0.2% eye drops in the conjunctival fornix every 2 h for 2 weeks and then 4 times a day for another week. With optical coherence tomography (OCT) we evaluated the corneal thickness at the side of the surgical wound, the endothelial cell count and the incision line in the stroma 1, 7 and 21 days after surgery. RESULTS Before surgery in group A and in group B, the endothelial cell count was 2,607.4 +/- 261.0 versus 2,602.0 +/- 266.6 (p < 0.991), and the temporal cornea edge thickness was 639.2 +/- 24.7 versus 644.4 +/- 31.9 microm (p < 0.605), respectively. At 24 h after surgery, the results were: 2,523.2 +/- 280.5 versus 2,528.2 +/- 235.7 (p < 0.988) and 804.4 +/- 29.5 versus 802.6 +/- 35.0 microm (p < 0.953). After 7 days the cell count values were: 2,511.4 +/- 229.8 versus 2,490.0 +/- 230.4 (p < 0.361) and corneal thickness 713.6 +/- 16.5 versus 771.4 +/- 36.5 microm (p < 0.047). Finally, 21 days after surgery, the number of endothelial cells was 2,540.2 +/- 237.3 versus 2,503.4 +/- 224.5 (p < 0.382) and corneal thickness 645.2 +/- 22.6 versus 704.2 +/- 11.8 microm (p < 0.002). In the patients treated with NGF, on day 21, we found with OCT a complete wound healing, and the stromal incision was not visible. CONCLUSIONS This clinical experience shows that the topical administration of NGF is effective in accelerating the healing of surgical corneal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cellini
- Ophthalmology Service, Department of Surgery and Transplantation A. Valsalva, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, IT-40138 Bologna, Italy.
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Li F, Munchhof AM, White HA, Mead LE, Krier TR, Fenoglio A, Chen S, Wu X, Cai S, Yang FC, Ingram DA. Neurofibromin is a novel regulator of RAS-induced signals in primary vascular smooth muscle cells. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:1921-30. [PMID: 16644864 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene. Neurofibromin is encoded by NF1 and functions as a negative regulator of Ras activity. NF1 patients develop renal artery stenosis and arterial occlusions resulting in cerebral and visceral infarcts. Further, NF1 patients develop vascular neurofibromas where tumor vessels are invested in a dense pericyte sheath. Although it is well established that aberrations in Ras signaling lead to human malignancies, emerging data generated in genetically engineered mouse models now implicate perturbations in the Ras signaling axis in vascular smooth muscular cells (VSMCs) as central to the initiation and progression of neointimal hyperplasia and arterial stenosis. Despite these observations, the function of neurofibromin in regulating VSMC function and how Ras signals are terminated in VSMCs is virtually unknown. Utilizing VSMCs harvested from Nf1+/- mice and primary human neurofibromin-deficient VSMCs, we identify a discrete Ras effector pathway, which is tightly regulated by neurofibromin to limit VSMC proliferation and migration. Thus, these studies identify neurofibromin as a novel regulator of Ras activity in VSMCs and provide a framework for understanding cardiovascular disease in NF1 patients and a mechanism by which Ras signals are attenuated for maintaining VSMC homeostasis in blood vessel walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Wagner N, Wagner KD, Theres H, Englert C, Schedl A, Scholz H. Coronary vessel development requires activation of the TrkB neurotrophin receptor by the Wilms' tumor transcription factor Wt1. Genes Dev 2006; 19:2631-42. [PMID: 16264195 PMCID: PMC1276736 DOI: 10.1101/gad.346405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The formation of intramyocardial blood vessels is critical for normal heart development and tissue repair after infarction. We report here expression of the Wilms' tumor gene-1, Wt1, in coronary vessels, which could contribute to the defective cardiac vascularization in Wt1-/- mice. Furthermore, the high-affinity neurotrophin receptor TrkB, which is expressed in the epicardium and subepicardial blood vessels, was nearly absent from Wt1-deficient hearts. Activation of Wt1 in an inducible cell line significantly enhanced TrkB expression. The promoter of NTRK2, the gene encoding TrkB, was stimulated approximately 10-fold by transient cotransfection of a Wt1 expression construct. The critical DNA-binding site for activation of the NTRK2 promoter by Wt1 was delineated by DNase I footprint analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Transgenic experiments revealed that the identified Wt1 consensus motif in the NTRK2 promoter was necessary to direct expression of a reporter gene to the epicardium and the developing vasculature of embryonic mouse hearts. Finally, mice with a disrupted Ntrk2 gene lacked a significant proportion of their intramyocardial blood vessels. These findings demonstrate that transcriptional activation of the TrkB neurotrophin receptor gene by the Wilms' tumor suppressor Wt1 is a crucial mechanism for normal vascularization of the developing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wagner
- INSERM U636, Centre de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences, 06108 Nice, France
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Frossard N, Freund V, Advenier C. Nerve growth factor and its receptors in asthma and inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 500:453-65. [PMID: 15464052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a high molecular weight peptide that belongs to the neurotrophin family. It is synthesized by various structural and inflammatory cells and activates two types of receptors, the TrkA (tropomyosin-receptor kinase A) receptor and the p75(NTR) receptor, in the death receptor family. NGF was first studied for its essential role in neuronal growth and survival. Recent reports indicate that it may also help mediate inflammation, especially in the airways. Several studies in animals have reported that NGF may induce bronchial hyperresponsiveness, an important feature of asthma, by increasing sensory innervation. It may also induce migration and activation of inflammatory cells, which infiltrate the bronchial mucosa, and of structural cells, including epithelial, smooth muscle cells and pulmonary fibroblasts. Increased NGF expression and release is observed in asthma patients after bronchial provocation with allergen. Taken together, the data from the literature suggest that NGF may play a role in inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway remodelling in asthma and may help us to understand the neuro-immune cross-talk involved in chronic inflammatory airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Frossard
- EA 3771 "Inflammation and Environment in Asthma" Université Louis Pasteur-Strasbourg-I, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France.
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Kermani P, Rafii D, Jin DK, Whitlock P, Schaffer W, Chiang A, Vincent L, Friedrich M, Shido K, Hackett NR, Crystal RG, Rafii S, Hempstead BL. Neurotrophins promote revascularization by local recruitment of TrkB+ endothelial cells and systemic mobilization of hematopoietic progenitors. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:653-63. [PMID: 15765148 PMCID: PMC1051987 DOI: 10.1172/jci22655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/29/2004] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is required for the maintenance of cardiac vessel wall stability during embryonic development through direct angiogenic actions on endothelial cells expressing the tropomysin receptor kinase B (TrkB). However, the role of BDNF and a related neurotrophin ligand, neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), in the regulation of revascularization of the adult tissues is unknown. To study the potential angiogenic capacity of BDNF in mediating the neovascularization of ischemic and non-ischemic adult mouse tissues, we utilized a hindlimb ischemia and a subcutaneous Matrigel model. Recruitment of endothelial cells and promotion of channel formation within the Matrigel plug by BDNF and NT-4 was comparable to that induced by VEGF-A. The introduction of BDNF into non-ischemic ears or ischemic limbs induced neoangiogenesis, with a 2-fold increase in the capillary density. Remarkably, treatment with BDNF progressively increased blood flow in the ischemic limb over 21 days, similar to treatment with VEGF-A. The mechanism by which BDNF enhances capillary formation is mediated in part through local activation of the TrkB receptor and also by recruitment of Sca-1+CD11b+ pro-angiogenic hematopoietic cells. BDNF induces a potent direct chemokinetic action on subsets of marrow-derived Sca-1+ hematopoietic cells co-expressing TrkB. These studies suggest that local regional delivery of BDNF may provide a novel mechanism for inducing neoangiogenesis through both direct actions on local TrkB-expressing endothelial cells in skeletal muscle and recruitment of specific subsets of TrkB+ bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells to provide peri-endothelial support for the newly formed vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouneh Kermani
- Division of Hematology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Kermani P, Rafii D, Jin DK, Whitlock P, Schaffer W, Chiang A, Vincent L, Friedrich M, Shido K, Hackett NR, Crystal RG, Rafii S, Hempstead BL. Neurotrophins promote revascularization by local recruitment of TrkB+ endothelial cells and systemic mobilization of hematopoietic progenitors. J Clin Invest 2005. [PMID: 15765148 DOI: 10.1172/jci200522655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is required for the maintenance of cardiac vessel wall stability during embryonic development through direct angiogenic actions on endothelial cells expressing the tropomysin receptor kinase B (TrkB). However, the role of BDNF and a related neurotrophin ligand, neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), in the regulation of revascularization of the adult tissues is unknown. To study the potential angiogenic capacity of BDNF in mediating the neovascularization of ischemic and non-ischemic adult mouse tissues, we utilized a hindlimb ischemia and a subcutaneous Matrigel model. Recruitment of endothelial cells and promotion of channel formation within the Matrigel plug by BDNF and NT-4 was comparable to that induced by VEGF-A. The introduction of BDNF into non-ischemic ears or ischemic limbs induced neoangiogenesis, with a 2-fold increase in the capillary density. Remarkably, treatment with BDNF progressively increased blood flow in the ischemic limb over 21 days, similar to treatment with VEGF-A. The mechanism by which BDNF enhances capillary formation is mediated in part through local activation of the TrkB receptor and also by recruitment of Sca-1+CD11b+ pro-angiogenic hematopoietic cells. BDNF induces a potent direct chemokinetic action on subsets of marrow-derived Sca-1+ hematopoietic cells co-expressing TrkB. These studies suggest that local regional delivery of BDNF may provide a novel mechanism for inducing neoangiogenesis through both direct actions on local TrkB-expressing endothelial cells in skeletal muscle and recruitment of specific subsets of TrkB+ bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells to provide peri-endothelial support for the newly formed vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouneh Kermani
- Division of Hematology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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31
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Chen ZY, Patel PD, Sant G, Meng CX, Teng KK, Hempstead BL, Lee FS. Variant brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Met66) alters the intracellular trafficking and activity-dependent secretion of wild-type BDNF in neurosecretory cells and cortical neurons. J Neurosci 2004; 24:4401-11. [PMID: 15128854 PMCID: PMC6729450 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0348-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 697] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a critical role in nervous system and cardiovascular development and function. Recently, a common single nucleotide polymorphism in the bdnf gene, resulting in a valine to methionine substitution in the prodomain (BDNF(Met)), has been shown to lead to memory impairment and susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disorders in humans heterozygous for the variant BDNF. When expressed by itself in hippocampal neurons, less BDNF(Met) is secreted in an activity-dependent manner. The nature of the cellular defect when both BDNF(Met) and wild-type BDNF (BDNF(Val)) are present in the same cell is not known. Given that this is the predominant expression profile in humans, we examined the effect of coexpressed BDNF(Met) on BDNF(Val) intracellular trafficking and processing. Our data indicate that abnormal trafficking of BDNF(Met) occurred only in neuronal and neurosecretory cells and that BDNF(Met) could alter the intracellular distribution and activity-dependent secretion of BDNF(Val). We determined that, when coexpressed in the same cell, approximately 70% of the variant BDNF forms BDNF(Val).BDNF(Met) heterodimers, which are inefficiently sorted into secretory granules resulting in a quantitative decreased secretion. Finally, we determined the form of BDNF secreted in an activity-dependent manner and observed no differences in the forms of BDNF(Met) or the BDNF(Val).BDNF(Met) heterodimer compared with BDNF(Val). Together, these findings indicate that components of the regulated secretory machinery interacts specifically with a signal in the BDNF prodomain and that perturbations in BDNF trafficking may lead to selective impairment in CNS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Yu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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32
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The nerve growth factor (NGF) is known as a factor involved in neuronal growth and survival. From recent studies it may also be considered as a mediator of inflammation, in particular in the airways. STATE OF ART Several animal studies have shown that NGF may increase the sensory innervation, and participate in the bronchial hyperresponsiveness and inflammation observed in the airways of asthmatic patients. Different cell types are capable of secreting NGF: inflammatory cells that infiltrate the bronchial mucosa, and structural cells such as epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells and pulmonary fibroblasts. Furthermore, increased NGF levels have been detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asthmatic patients. PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSION Altogether, these results suggest that NGF may play a role in inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway remodelling in asthma, and may lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms occurring in chronic inflammatory diseases, in particular asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Freund
- EA 3771 Inflammation et environnement dans l'asthme, Université Louis Pasteur-Strasbourg-I, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
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33
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Freund V, Frossard N. Expression of nerve growth factor in the airways and its possible role in asthma. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 146:335-46. [PMID: 14712791 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(03)46021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF), in addition to its essential role in neuronal growth and survival, may also act as an inflammatory mediator. As several animal studies have shown, NGF appears to play a part in the development of airway hyperresponsiveness and in the increased sympathetic and sensory innervation of the lung. It also has a profound effect on airway inflammation and asthma-related symptoms. Sources of NGF in the airways are numerous: inflammatory cells infiltrated into the bronchial mucosa, and structural cells including lung fibroblasts, airway epithelial and smooth muscle cells. These cells, by releasing more NGF in inflammatory conditions, may contribute to the increased NGF levels observed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum from patients with asthma. Taken together, these results suggest that NGF is an important mediator in both inflammation and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vèronique Freund
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 425, Neuroimmunopharmacologie pulmonaire, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasburg I, Faculté de Pharmacie, France.
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34
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Emanueli C, Schratzberger P, Kirchmair R, Madeddu P. Paracrine control of vascularization and neurogenesis by neurotrophins. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140:614-9. [PMID: 12970083 PMCID: PMC1574063 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuronal system plays a fundamental role in the maturation of primitive embryonic vascular network by providing a paracrine template for blood vessel branching and arterial differentiation. Furthermore, postnatal vascular and neural regeneration cooperate in the healing of damaged tissue. Neurogenesis continues in adulthood although confined to specific brain regions. Following ischaemic insult, neural staminal cells contribute towards the healing process through the stimulation of neurogenesis and vasculogenesis. Evidence indicates that nerves and blood vessels exert a reciprocal control of their own growth by paracrine mechanisms. For instance, guidance factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and semaphorins, which share the ability of binding neuropilin receptors, play a pivotal role in the tridimensional growth pattern of arterial vessels and nerves. Animal models and clinical studies have demonstrated a role of VEGF-A in the pathogenesis of ischaemic and diabetic neuropathies. Further, supplementation with VEGF-A ameliorates neuronal recovery by exerting protective effects on nerves and stimulating reparative neovascularization. Human tissue kallikrein, a recently discovered angiogenic and arteriogenic factor, accelerates neuronal recovery by stimulating the growth of vasa nervorum. Conversely, the neurotrophin nerve growth factor, known to regulate neuronal survival and differentiation, is now regarded as a stimulator of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. These results indicate that angiogenesis and neurogenesis are paracrinally regulated by growth factors released by endothelial cells and neurons. Supplementation of these growth factors, alone or in combination, could benefit the treatment of ischaemic diseases and neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Emanueli
- INBB Experimental Medicine and Gene Therapy (EMGT) Unit, Osilo and Alghero, Italy
- INBB Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (BMM) Unit, Technological Park of Sardinia, Pula, Italy
- AngioProgen, Porto Conte Technological Park, Alghero, Italy
| | - Peter Schratzberger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rudolf Kirchmair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- INBB Experimental Medicine and Gene Therapy (EMGT) Unit, Osilo and Alghero, Italy
- AngioProgen, Porto Conte Technological Park, Alghero, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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35
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Goncharova EA, Billington CK, Irani C, Vorotnikov AV, Tkachuk VA, Penn RB, Krymskaya VP, Panettieri RA. Cyclic AMP-mobilizing agents and glucocorticoids modulate human smooth muscle cell migration. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 29:19-27. [PMID: 12600820 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0254oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperplasia and cell migration of smooth muscle are features of both airway and pulmonary vascular diseases. The precise cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate smooth muscle migration in the lungs remain unknown. In this study, we examined the effect of cAMP-mobilizing agents and steroids on smooth muscle cell migration. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor significantly stimulated cell migration in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle (PVSM) cells. Airway smooth muscle (ASM) migration was also stimulated by PDGF, transforming growth factor-alpha, and basic fibroblast growth factor, but vascular endothelial growth factor was without effect. Interestingly, the smooth muscle mitogen thrombin did not stimulate migration of either cell type. Agents capable of elevating intracellular cAMP inhibited basal (unstimulated) cell migration in both cell types, whereas their effects on PDGF-stimulated migration were more variable. Prostaglandin E2, salmeterol, and the phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor cilomolast inhibited basal ASM and PVSM migration by 30-60%. Prostaglandin E2 and cilomolast also inhibited PDGF-stimulated migration of ASM and PVSM cells, but salmeterol was without effect. Preincubation of ASM cells with dexamethasone or fluticasone inhibited basal and PDGF-stimulated migration, and enabled an inhibitory effect of salmeterol on PDGF-induced cell migration. Steroids alone did not stimulate cAMP production or cAMP/PKA-dependent gene transcription (CRE-Luc activity), but slightly augmented salmeterol-stimulated CRE-Luc activity. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that cAMP-mobilizing agents and steroids modulate human smooth muscle cell migration, likely by distinct mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Albuterol/analogs & derivatives
- Albuterol/pharmacology
- Androstadienes/pharmacology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/drug effects
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology
- Fluticasone
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Humans
- Mitogens/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Response Elements/drug effects
- Response Elements/genetics
- Salmeterol Xinafoate
- Transforming Growth Factor alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Goncharova
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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36
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Takeo C, Nakamura S, Tanaka T, Uchida D, Noguchi Y, Nagao T, Saito Y, Tatsuno I. Rat cerebral endothelial cells express trk C and are regulated by neurotrophin-3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 305:400-6. [PMID: 12745089 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral endothelial cells (CEC) are critical for formation of the vascular system in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). We focused on the neurotrophin (NT) for its possible involvement in signaling for the regulation of CEC to control formation and maintenance of the vascular system in CNS in comparison of rat cerebral endothelial cells (RCEC) with rat aortic endothelial cells (RAEC). We found that (1) trk C, a receptor for neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), is dominantly expressed in RCEC, but trk B, a receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor, is dominantly expressed in RAEC; (2) NT-3 inhibited the proliferation of RCEC; and (3) NT-3 stimulated the production of nitric oxide (NO) with increases in protein expression of endothelial NO synthase. These data indicated that NT may regulate and/or maintain the functions of the brain microvasculature through the regulation of CEC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Cortex/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Male
- Nerve Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Neurotrophin 3/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, trkC/biosynthesis
- Receptor, trkC/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikari Takeo
- The Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba-city, 260-8655, Chiba, Japan
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37
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Uzumcu M, Westfall SD, Dirks KA, Skinner MK. Embryonic testis cord formation and mesonephric cell migration requires the phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway. Biol Reprod 2002; 67:1927-35. [PMID: 12444071 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.006254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesonephric cell migration and seminiferous cord formation are critical processes in embryonic testis development at the time of male sex determination. Extracellular growth factors shown to influence seminiferous cord formation such as neurotropin-3 utilize in part the phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signal transduction pathway. The current study investigates the hypothesis that the PI3K pathway is critical in seminiferous cord formation and testis development. The role of the PI3K signaling pathway in testicular cord formation was examined using an Embryonic Day 13 organ culture system and a PI3K-specific inhibitor LY294002. The actions of a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-specific inhibitor PD98059 was also examined. The PI3K inhibitor blocked cord formation or reduced the number of cords in a concentration-dependent manner. The actions of LY294002 were found to have a developmental stage specificity in that cord inhibition was observed in organs from embryos with 16-17 tail somites, while organs from embryos with 19 or more tail somites had no block in cord formation and only a small reduction in cord number. In contrast, the MAP kinase inhibitor PD98059 did not block cord formation and only caused a slight reduction in cord number. Neither PI3K or MAP kinase inhibitor altered apoptotic cell number, suggesting apoptosis was not the reason for the inhibition of cord formation. Embryonic testis cell migration assays showed that the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 blocked mesonephros cell migration into the testis, while the MAP kinase inhibitor had no effect. Observations suggest the interference of cell migration is the cause for the inhibition of cord formation. Western blot analysis confirmed that LY294002 and PD98509 inhibited phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/ERK2, respectively. Combined observations demonstrate that the PI3K signaling pathway is involved in embryonic testis cord formation and mesonephros cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Uzumcu
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-4231, USA
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38
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Kohyama T, Liu X, Wen FQ, Kobayashi T, Abe S, Ertl R, Rennard SI. Nerve growth factor stimulates fibronectin-induced fibroblast migration. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 2002; 140:329-35. [PMID: 12434134 DOI: 10.1067/mlc.2002.128347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF), a polypeptide with well-known actions on neurons, is believed to play a role in the process of tissue repair. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of NGF on human fetal lung fibroblast (HFL-1)-mediated type I collagen gel contraction and on chemotaxis of the cells with the use of the blind-well chamber technique. Neither collagen gel contraction nor the chemotaxis of HFL-1 cells was affected by NGF (100 ng/mL) alone. However, NGF significantly increased HFL-1 chemotaxis to human fibronectin (20 microg/mL) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB, 10 ng/mL), by 41.8% +/- 11.4% and 47.7% +/- 6.6%, respectively. Checkerboard analysis showed stimulation of both chemotaxis and chemokinesis. NGF appeared to affect the rate of migration. After 12 hours, control cells had migrated as much as NGF-treated cells. The effect of NGF was blocked by the tyrosine kinase receptor A inhibitor K-252a, suggesting that the biological action of NGF on fibroblast chemotaxis is mediated through this tyrosine kinase receptor. Our findings suggest that by increasing the rate at which fibroblasts migrate in response to chemoattractants, NGF can modulate the speed and intensity of a repair response and may therefore represent a valid therapeutic target for a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Kohyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Taher TEI, Derksen PWB, de Boer OJ, Spaargaren M, Teeling P, van der Wal AC, Pals ST. Hepatocyte growth factor triggers signaling cascades mediating vascular smooth muscle cell migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 298:80-6. [PMID: 12379223 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A key event in neointima formation and atherogenesis is the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into the intima. This is controlled by cytokines and extracellular matix (ECM) components within the microenvironment of the diseased vessel wall. At present, these signals have only been partially identified. In this study, we demonstrate that Met, the receptor tyrosine kinase for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), is expressed on VSMCs isolated from the intima of atherosclerotic plaques of carotid arteries. Stimulation with HGF led to activation of Met as well as to activation of PI3-K, PKB/Akt, MEK, and the MAP kinases Erk1 and -2. Moreover, HGF induced lamellipodia formation, a characteristic feature of motile cells, and promoted VSMC migration across fibronectin-coated filters. The HGF-induced cell migration was mediated by beta1 integrins and required PI3-K activation. Our results suggest a role for the HGF-Met signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher E I Taher
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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40
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Khan KMF, Falcone DJ, Kraemer R. Nerve growth factor activation of Erk-1 and Erk-2 induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:2353-9. [PMID: 11698409 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108989200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to vascular injury, smooth muscle cells migrate from the media into the intima, where they contribute to the development of neointimal lesions. Increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression contributes to the migratory response of smooth muscle cells by releasing them from their surrounding extracellular matrix. MMPs may also participate in the remodeling of extracellular matrix in vascular lesions that could lead to plaque weakening and subsequent rupture. Neurotrophins and their receptors, the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases, are expressed in neointimal lesions, where they induce smooth muscle cell migration. We now report that nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced activation of the TrkA receptor tyrosine kinase induces MMP-9 expression in both primary cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells and in a smooth muscle cell line genetically manipulated to express TrkA. The response to NGF was specific for MMP-9 expression, as the expression of MMP-2, MMP-3, or the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 was not changed. Activation of the Shc/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mediates the induction of MMP-9 in response to NGF, as this response is abrogated in cells expressing a mutant TrkA receptor that does not bind Shc and by pretreatment of cells with the MEK-1 inhibitor, U0126. Thus, these results indicate that the neurotrophin/Trk receptor system, by virtue of its potent chemotactic activity for smooth muscle cells and its ability to induce MMP-9 expression, is a critical mediator in the remodeling that occurs in the vascular wall in response to injury.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Enzyme Activation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/biosynthesis
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Signal Transduction
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Faisal Khan
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology and the Center of Vascular Biology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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41
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Rieck PW, Cholidis S, Hartmann C. Intracellular signaling pathway of FGF-2-modulated corneal endothelial cell migration during wound healing in vitro. Exp Eye Res 2001; 73:639-50. [PMID: 11747364 DOI: 10.1006/exer.2001.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
After wounding, the corneal endothelium heals primarily by migration of adjacent cells into the denuded wound area. In this study, it has been attempted to identify elements of the intracellular signaling pathway activated through basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF-2)- and Protein Kinase C (PKC)-modulated migration, using specific inhibitors and stimulators of second messengers in a cell culture model. Bovine corneal endothelial cells (BCEC) were grown to confluency and experiments performed with first passage cells under serum-free conditions. A central circular 'wound' was made with a specially designed trephine. In different experiments, cells were incubated with either FGF-2 (10 ng ml(-1)), pertussis toxin (PTX; 1-50 ng ml(-1)), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 50 ng ml(-1)), 2,4'-di-bromoacetophenone (DAP; 5 microM), 1-(5-iosquinolinesulphonyl)-2-methyl-piperazine dihydrochloride (H7; 10 microM), indomethacin (5 ng ml(-1)), nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA; 10 ng ml(-1)), 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-pheny-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (LY294002; 10 microM) or different combinations of these agents. Unsupplemented cultures served as controls. Migration was quantitated by counting the cells inside the denuded area in one randomly chosen section from the wound edge 72 hr after wounding. Cell toxicity was determined with the trypan blue exclusion test. Results were statistically analysed by Student's t-test. FGF-2 and PMA (a protein kinase C activator) both stimulated migration of endothelial cells at 2.2- and 3.1-fold, respectively. The PLA(2) inhibitor DAP and the PKC inhibitor H7 both significantly reduced PMA-stimulated migration to control levels but had no effect (DAP) or even stimulated (H7) FGF-2-modulated migration. PTX did not affect FGF-2-stimulated migration. The phosphoinositol (3)-kinase inhibitor LY294002 significantly reduced FGF-2-mediated stimulation of endothelial migration similar to the rate of control cultures. LY294002 had no effect when applied together with PMA. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin did not influence migration rates of the cells added either alone or in combination with PMA and FGF-2, respectively. The lipoxygenase inhibitor NDGA significantly reduced the number of migrating cells in cultures with no other supplements, or of those supplemented with either PMA or FGF-2. FGF-2-induced endothelial migration in vitro is not dependent on PKC/PLA(2) or pertussis-toxin sensitive G-protein pathways but rather requires activation of a phosphoinositol (3)-kinase-like enzyme and/or arachidonic acid release with subsequent liberation of lipoxygenase products. Independent of FGF-2, PKC is a major intracellular effector of corneal endothelial migration activity after wounding and stimulates migration via the PLA(2)-dependent generation of lipoxygenase metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Rieck
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité Medical Faculty, Campus Virchow Hospital, Humboldt University Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
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42
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Lum T, Huynh G, Heinrich G. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and TrkB tyrosine kinase receptor gene expression in zebrafish embryo and larva. Int J Dev Neurosci 2001; 19:569-87. [PMID: 11600319 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(01)00041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The genes that encode the neurotrophin family of secreted polypeptides and the Trk family of high affinity neurotrophin transmembrane protein tyrosine kinase receptors are induced at the time of neurogenesis in mammals and are known to play critical roles in nervous system development. We show here that in contrast to mammals, the genes encoding the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the neurotrophin receptor TrkB are expressed throughout embryonic development in the zebrafish. At the embryonic stages preceding transcription of endogenous genes all cells contain BDNF transcripts and immunoreactive BDNF and the trkB transcripts lack the region that encodes a kinase domain. As development proceeds, progressively fewer cells contain BDNF transcripts and by the time of neurogenesis the trkB transcripts encode a kinase-domain. In the 4-day-old larva, a small subset of specialized sensory cells on the surface and cells in deeper structures including the gill arches, fin, and cloaca express the BDNF gene at high levels in a promoter-specific fashion. This progressive restriction of BDNF gene expression must involve an extinction of BDNF gene transcription in some and induction of high levels of transcription in a promoter-specific fashion in other cells.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/genetics
- Animals
- Blastocyst/cytology
- Blastocyst/metabolism
- Blastomeres/cytology
- Blastomeres/metabolism
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Mammalian/embryology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Larva/cytology
- Larva/genetics
- Larva/metabolism
- Mammals/immunology
- Nervous System/cytology
- Nervous System/embryology
- Nervous System/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, trkB/genetics
- Receptor, trkB/metabolism
- Receptor, trkC/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Somites/cytology
- Somites/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
- Zebrafish/embryology
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lum
- Medical Service, Northern California Health Care System, 150 Muir Road, Martinez, CA 94553, USA
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43
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Moses S, Dreja K, Lindqvist A, Lövdahl C, Hellstrand P, Hultgårdh-Nilsson A. Smooth muscle cell response to mechanical injury involves intracellular calcium release and ERK1/ERK2 phosphorylation. Exp Cell Res 2001; 269:88-96. [PMID: 11525642 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated possible signaling pathways coupled to injury-induced ERK1/2 activation and the subsequent initiation of vascular rat smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. Aortic smooth muscle cells were cultured to confluency and subjected to in vitro injury under serum-free conditions. In fluo-4-loaded cells, injury induced a rapid wave of intracellular Ca(2+) release that propagated about 200 microm in radius from the injured zone, reached a peak in about 20 s, and subsided to the baseline within 2 min. The wave was abolished by prior treatment with the sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin, but not by omission of extracellular Ca(2+). ERK1/2 activation reached a peak at 10 min after injury and was inhibited by the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059, as well as by thapsigargin, fluphenazine, genistein, and the Src inhibitor PP2. These inhibitors also reduced [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and migration of cells into the injured area determined at 48 h after injury. These results show that mechanical injury to vascular smooth muscle cells induces a Ca(2+) wave which is dependent on intracellular Ca(2+) release. Furthermore, the injury activates ERK1/2 phosphorylation as well as cell migration and replication.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arteries/injuries
- Arteries/metabolism
- Arteries/physiopathology
- Calcimycin/pharmacology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Calmodulin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Calmodulin/metabolism
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- DNA/biosynthesis
- DNA/drug effects
- Egtazic Acid/pharmacology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Fluphenazine/pharmacology
- Genistein/pharmacology
- Intracellular Fluid/drug effects
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Ionomycin/pharmacology
- Ionophores/pharmacology
- Male
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/drug effects
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Octanols/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Stress, Mechanical
- Thapsigargin/pharmacology
- Verapamil/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moses
- Section for Connective Tissue Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lund University, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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44
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Wang S, Bray P, McCaffrey T, March K, Hempstead BL, Kraemer R. p75(NTR) mediates neurotrophin-induced apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 157:1247-58. [PMID: 11021829 PMCID: PMC1850174 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of atherosclerotic lesions results from aberrant cell migration, proliferation, and extracellular matrix production. In advanced lesions, however, cellular apoptosis, leading to lesion remodeling, predominates. During lesion formation, the neurotrophins and the neurotrophin receptor tyrosine kinases, trks B and C, are induced and mediate smooth muscle cell migration. Here we demonstrate that a second neurotrophin receptor, p75(NTR), is expressed by established human atherosclerotic lesions and late lesions that develop after balloon injury of the rat thoracic aorta. The p75(NTR), a member of the tumor necrosis factor/FAS receptor family, can modulate trk receptor function as well as initiate cell death when expressed in cells of the nervous system that lack kinase-active trk receptors. p75(NTR) expression colocalizes to neointimal cells, which express smooth muscle cell alpha-actin and are expressed by cultured human endarterectomy-derived cells (HEDC). Areas of the plaque expressing p75(NTR) demonstrate increased TUNEL positivity, and HEDC undergo apoptosis in response to the neurotrophins. Finally, neurotrophins also induced apoptosis of a smooth muscle cell line genetically manipulated to express p75(NTR), but lacking trk receptor expression. These studies identify the regulated expression of neurotrophins and p75(NTR) as an inducer of smooth muscle cell apoptosis in atherosclerotic lesions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Arteriosclerosis/physiopathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Humans
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Male
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Nerve Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Polysaccharides/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Temperature
- Tissue Distribution
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wang
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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45
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Abstract
In response to vascular injury, monocytes and smooth muscle cells migrate to the intimal space, resulting in the formation of atherosclerotic and restenotic lesions. Several different growth factors and cytokines have been identified as mediators of cellular migration in the development of neointimal lesions. The principle mediator of monocyte adhesion and recruitment to the injured vascular wall is monocyte chemotactic protein-1. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that the atherogenic properties of angiotensin II are due to its ability to induce monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and promote monocyte migration to the vascular wall. Ligand-induced activation of receptor tyrosine kinases are the principle mechanism for smooth muscle cell migration following vascular injury. The signaling pathways mediating receptor-tyrosine kinase-induced migration of smooth muscle cells are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kraemer
- Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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