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Bai R, Pei J, Pei S, Cong X, Chun J, Wang F, Chen X. LPA 2 Alleviates Septic Acute Lung Injury via Protective Endothelial Barrier Function Through Activation of PLC-PKC-FAK. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:5095-5109. [PMID: 38026263 PMCID: PMC10640838 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s419578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased endothelial permeability of pulmonary vessels is a primary pathological characteristic of septic acute lung injury (ALI). Previously, elevated lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) levels and LPA2 (an LPA receptor) expression have been found in the peripheral blood and lungs of septic mice, respectively. However, the specific role of LPA2 in septic ALI remains unclear. Methods A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced model of sepsis was established in wild-type (WT) and global LPA2 knockout (Lpar2-/-) mice. We examined mortality, lung injury, assessed endothelial permeability through Evans blue dye (EBD) assay in vivo, and transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of mouse lung microvascular endothelial cells (MLMECs) in vitro. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), histopathological, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot were employed to investigate the role of LPA2 in septic ALI. Results Lpar2 deficiency increased vascular endothelial permeability, impaired lung injury, and increased mortality. Histological examination revealed aggravated inflammation, edema, hemorrhage and alveolar septal thickening in the lungs of septic Lpar2-/- mice. In vitro, loss of Lpar2 resulted in increased permeability of MLMECs. Pharmacological activation of LPA2 by the agonist DBIBB led to significantly reduced inflammation, edema and hemorrhage, as well as increased expression of the vascular endothelial tight junction (TJ) protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-5, as well as the adheren junction (AJ) protein VE-cadherin. Moreover, DBIBB treatment was found to alleviate mortality by protecting against vascular endothelial permeability. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that vascular endothelial permeability was alleviated through LPA-LPA2 signaling via the PLC-PKC-FAK pathway. Conclusion These data provide a novel mechanism of endothelial barrier protection via PLC-PKC-FAK pathway and suggest that LPA2 may contribute to the therapeutic effects of septic ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianqiu Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengqiang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangfeng Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jerold Chun
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Diagnostic Laboratory Service, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fuwai Yunnan Cardiovascular Hospital, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Diagnostic Laboratory Service, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Pei J, Cai L, Wang F, Xu C, Pei S, Guo H, Sun X, Chun J, Cong X, Zhu W, Zheng Z, Chen X. LPA 2 Contributes to Vascular Endothelium Homeostasis and Cardiac Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction. Circ Res 2022; 131:388-403. [PMID: 35920162 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most dangerous adverse cardiovascular events. Our previous study found that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is increased in human peripheral blood after MI, and LPA has a protective effect on the survival and proliferation of various cell types. However, the role of LPA and its receptors in MI is less understood. OBJECTIVES To study the unknown role of LPA and its receptors in heart during MI. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we found that mice also had elevated LPA level in peripheral blood, as well as increased cardiac expression of its receptor LPA2 in the early stages after MI. With adult and neonate MI models in global Lpar2 knockout (Lpar2-KO) mice, we found Lpar2 deficiency increased vascular leak leading to disruption of its homeostasis, so as to impaired heart function and increased early mortality. Histological examination revealed larger scar size, increased fibrosis, and reduced vascular density in the heart of Lpar2-KO mice. Furthermore, Lpar2-KO also attenuated blood flow recovery after femoral artery ligation with decreased vascular density in gastrocnemius. Our study revealed that Lpar2 was mainly expressed and altered in cardiac endothelial cells during MI, and use of endothelial-specific Lpar2 knockout mice phenocopied the global knockout mice. Additionally, adenovirus-Lpar2 and pharmacologically activated LPA2 significantly improved heart function, reduced scar size, increased vascular formation, and alleviated early mortality by maintaining vascular homeostasis owing to protecting vessels from leakage. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that LPA-LPA2 signaling could promote endothelial cell proliferation through PI3K-Akt/PLC-Raf1-Erk pathway and enhanced endothelial cell tube formation via PKD1-CD36 signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that endothelial LPA-LPA2 signaling promotes angiogenesis and maintains vascular homeostasis, which is vital for restoring blood flow and repairing tissue function in ischemic injuries. Targeting LPA-LPA2 signal might have clinical therapeutic potential to protect the heart from ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiu Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (J.P., L.C., C.X., S.P., X.C., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Fuwai Central-China Hospital, Central-China Branch of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China (J.P., Z.Z.)
| | - Lin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (J.P., L.C., C.X., S.P., X.C., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, China (L.C.)
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Center of Laboratory Medicine (F.W., X. Cong, X. Chen), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chuansheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (J.P., L.C., C.X., S.P., X.C., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shengqiang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (J.P., L.C., C.X., S.P., X.C., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (H.G., X.S., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaogang Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (H.G., X.S., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.C.)
| | - Xiangfeng Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Center of Laboratory Medicine (F.W., X. Cong, X. Chen), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weiquan Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (W.Z.)
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (H.G., X.S., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Fuwai Central-China Hospital, Central-China Branch of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China (J.P., Z.Z.)
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (J.P., L.C., C.X., S.P., X.C., Z.Z.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Center of Laboratory Medicine (F.W., X. Cong, X. Chen), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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3
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The ATX-LPA Axis Regulates Vascular Permeability during Cerebral Ischemic-Reperfusion. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084138. [PMID: 35456953 PMCID: PMC9024554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial permeability is a major complication that must be addressed during stroke treatment. Study of the mechanisms underlying blood−brain barrier (BBB) disruption and management of the hypoxic stress-induced permeability of the endothelium following reperfusion are both urgently needed for stroke management. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive lipid essential for basic cellular functions, causes unfavorable outcomes during stroke progression. LPA-producing enzyme autotaxin (ATX) is regulated in ischemic stroke. We used an electrical cell-substrate impedance sensor (ECIS) to measure endothelial permeability. Mitochondrial bioenergetics were obtained using a Seahorse analyzer. AR-2 probe fluorescence assay was used to measure ATX activity. LPA increased endothelial permeability and reduced junctional protein expression in mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (MBMEC). LPA receptor inhibitors Ki16425 and AM095 attenuated the LPA-induced changes in the endothelial permeability and junctional proteins. LPA significantly diminished mitochondrial function in MBMEC. ATX was upregulated (p < 0.05) in brain microvascular endothelial cells under hypoxic reperfusion. ATX activity and permeability were attenuated with the use of an ATX inhibitor in a mouse stroke model. The upregulation of ATX with hypoxic reperfusion leads to LPA production in brain endothelial cells favoring permeability. Inhibition of the ATX−LPA−LPAR axis could be therapeutically targeted in stroke to achieve better outcomes.
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Kobayashi H, Amrein K, Lasky-Su JA, Christopher KB. Procalcitonin metabolomics in the critically ill reveal relationships between inflammation intensity and energy utilization pathways. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23194. [PMID: 34853395 PMCID: PMC8636627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Procalcitonin is a biomarker of systemic inflammation and may have importance in the immune response. The metabolic response to elevated procalcitonin in critical illness is not known. The response to inflammation is vitally important to understanding metabolism alterations during extreme stress. Our aim was to determine if patients with elevated procalcitonin have differences in the metabolomic response to early critical illness. We performed a metabolomics study of the VITdAL-ICU trial where subjects received high dose vitamin D3 or placebo. Mixed-effects modeling was used to study changes in metabolites over time relative to procalcitonin levels adjusted for age, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, admission diagnosis, day 0 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, and the 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to intervention. With elevated procalcitonin, multiple members of the short and medium chain acylcarnitine, dicarboxylate fatty acid, branched-chain amino acid, and pentose phosphate pathway metabolite classes had significantly positive false discovery rate corrected associations. Further, multiple long chain acylcarnitines and lysophosphatidylcholines had significantly negative false discovery rate corrected associations with elevated procalcitonin. Gaussian graphical model analysis revealed functional modules specific to elevated procalcitonin. Our findings show that metabolite differences exist with increased procalcitonin indicating activation of branched chain amino acid dehydrogenase and a metabolic shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotada Kobayashi
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Karin Amrein
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jessica A Lasky-Su
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Kenneth B Christopher
- Division of Renal Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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5
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Tran KC, Zhao J. Lysophosphatidic Acid Regulates Rho Family of GTPases in Lungs. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:493-496. [PMID: 34110567 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-00993-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The bio-active lipid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) interacts with various lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPARs) to affect a variety of cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration, morphogenesis and others. The Rho family of small GTPases, is well-known downstream signaling pathways activated by LPA. Among the Rho GTPases, RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 are best characterized and LPA-induced activation of the GTPases RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 influences a wide range of cellular processes and functions such as cell differentiation, contractile movements, cellular migration, or infiltration. In this review, we will briefly discuss the interplay between LPA and each of these three Rho family proteins, summarizing the main interactions between them. Our discussion will focus mainly on their interplay within lung endothelial and epithelial cells, drawing attention to how these interactions may contribute to pro-inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Tran
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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6
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Control of Intestinal Epithelial Permeability by Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 5. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1073-1092. [PMID: 33975030 PMCID: PMC8350072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Epithelial cells form a monolayer at mucosal surface that functions as a highly selective barrier. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid that elicits a broad range of biological effects via cognate G protein-coupled receptors. LPA receptor 5 (LPA5) is highly expressed in intestinal epithelial cells, but its role in the intestine is not well-known. Here we determined the role of LPA5 in regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier. METHODS Epithelial barrier integrity was determined in mice with intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific LPA5 deletion, Lpar5ΔIEC. LPA was orally administered to mice, and intestinal permeability was measured. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was used to induce colitis. Human colonic epithelial cell lines were used to determine the LPA5-mediated signaling pathways that regulate epithelial barrier. RESULTS We observed increased epithelial permeability in Lpar5ΔIEC mice with reduced claudin-4 expression. Oral administration of LPA decreased intestinal permeability in wild-type mice, but the effect was greatly mitigated in Lpar5ΔIEC mice. Serum lipopolysaccharide level and bacterial loads in the intestine and liver were elevated in Lpar5ΔIEC mice. Lpar5ΔIEC mice developed more severe colitis induced with DSS. LPA5 transcriptionally regulated claudin-4, and this regulation was dependent on transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, which induced localization of Rac1 at the cell membrane. LPA induced the translocation of Stat3 to the cell membrane and promoted the interaction between Rac1 and Stat3. Inhibition of Stat3 ablated LPA-mediated regulation of claudin-4. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies LPA5 as a regulator of the intestinal barrier. LPA5 promotes claudin-4 expression in IECs through activation of Rac1 and Stat3.
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7
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Wu D, Harrison DL, Szasz T, Yeh CF, Shentu TP, Meliton A, Huang RT, Zhou Z, Mutlu GM, Huang J, Fang Y. Single-cell metabolic imaging reveals a SLC2A3-dependent glycolytic burst in motile endothelial cells. Nat Metab 2021; 3:714-727. [PMID: 34031595 PMCID: PMC8362837 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell motility is spatially heterogeneous and driven by metabolic energy. Directly linking cell motility to cell metabolism is technically challenging but biologically important. Here, we use single-cell metabolic imaging to measure glycolysis in individual endothelial cells with genetically encoded biosensors capable of deciphering metabolic heterogeneity at subcellular resolution. We show that cellular glycolysis fuels endothelial activation, migration and contraction and that sites of high lactate production colocalize with active cytoskeletal remodelling within an endothelial cell. Mechanistically, RhoA induces endothelial glycolysis for the phosphorylation of cofilin and myosin light chain in order to reorganize the cytoskeleton and thus control cell motility; RhoA activation triggers a glycolytic burst through the translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A3/GLUT3 to fuel the cellular contractile machinery, as demonstrated across multiple endothelial cell types. Our data indicate that Rho-GTPase signalling coordinates energy metabolism with cytoskeleton remodelling to regulate endothelial cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wu
- Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Devin L Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Teodora Szasz
- Research Computing Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chih-Fan Yeh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Pin Shentu
- Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angelo Meliton
- Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ru-Ting Huang
- Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhengjie Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gökhan M Mutlu
- Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jun Huang
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Yun Fang
- Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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8
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Lysophospholipids in Lung Inflammatory Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1303:373-391. [PMID: 33788203 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63046-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The lysophospholipids (LPLs) belong to a group of bioactive lipids that play pivotal roles in several physiological and pathological processes. LPLs are derivatives of phospholipids and consist of a single hydrophobic fatty acid chain, a hydrophilic head, and a phosphate group with or without a large molecule attached. Among the LPLs, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are the simplest, and have been shown to be involved in lung inflammatory symptoms and diseases such as acute lung injury, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate LPA and S1P signaling. In this chapter, we will discuss on the role of LPA, S1P, their metabolizing enzymes, inhibitors or agonists of their receptors, and their GPCR-mediated signaling in lung inflammatory symptoms and diseases, focusing specially on acute respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Engelbrecht E, MacRae CA, Hla T. Lysolipids in Vascular Development, Biology, and Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:564-584. [PMID: 33327749 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.305565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Membrane phospholipid metabolism forms lysophospholipids, which possess unique biochemical and biophysical properties that influence membrane structure and dynamics. However, lysophospholipids also function as ligands for G-protein-coupled receptors that influence embryonic development, postnatal physiology, and disease. The 2 most well-studied species-lysophosphatidic acid and S1P (sphingosine 1-phosphate)-are particularly relevant to vascular development, physiology, and cardiovascular diseases. This review summarizes the role of lysophosphatidic acid and S1P in vascular developmental processes, endothelial cell biology, and their roles in cardiovascular disease processes. In addition, we also point out the apparent connections between lysophospholipid biology and the Wnt (int/wingless family) pathway, an evolutionarily conserved fundamental developmental signaling system. The discovery that components of the lysophospholipid signaling system are key genetic determinants of cardiovascular disease has warranted current and future research in this field. As pharmacological approaches to modulate lysophospholipid signaling have entered the clinical sphere, new findings in this field promise to influence novel therapeutic strategies in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Engelbrecht
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery (E.E., T.H.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine (C.A.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery (E.E., T.H.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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10
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Probst CK, Montesi SB, Medoff BD, Shea BS, Knipe RS. Vascular permeability in the fibrotic lung. Eur Respir J 2020; 56:13993003.00100-2019. [PMID: 32265308 PMCID: PMC9977144 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00100-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is thought to result from aberrant tissue repair processes in response to chronic or repetitive lung injury. The origin and nature of the injury, as well as its cellular and molecular targets, are likely heterogeneous, which complicates accurate pre-clinical modelling of the disease and makes therapeutic targeting a challenge. Efforts are underway to identify central pathways in fibrogenesis which may allow targeting of aberrant repair processes regardless of the initial injury stimulus. Dysregulated endothelial permeability and vascular leak have long been studied for their role in acute lung injury and repair. Evidence that these processes are of importance to the pathogenesis of fibrotic lung disease is growing. Endothelial permeability is increased in non-fibrosing lung diseases, but it resolves in a self-limited fashion in conditions such as bacterial pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. In progressive fibrosing diseases such as IPF, permeability appears to persist, however, and may also predict mortality. In this hypothesis-generating review, we summarise available data on the role of endothelial permeability in IPF and focus on the deleterious consequences of sustained endothelial hyperpermeability in response to and during pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. We propose that persistent permeability and vascular leak in the lung have the potential to establish and amplify the pro-fibrotic environment. Therapeutic interventions aimed at recognising and "plugging" the leak may therefore be of significant benefit for preventing the transition from lung injury to fibrosis and should be areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens K. Probst
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sydney B. Montesi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Medoff
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barry S. Shea
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Rachel S. Knipe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Chabowski DS, Cohen KE, Abu-Hatoum O, Gutterman DD, Freed JK. Crossing signals: bioactive lipids in the microvasculature. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H1185-H1197. [PMID: 32243770 PMCID: PMC7541955 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00706.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The primary function of the arterial microvasculature is to ensure that regional perfusion of blood flow is matched to the needs of the tissue bed. This critical physiological mechanism is tightly controlled and regulated by a variety of vasoactive compounds that are generated and released from the vascular endothelium. Although these substances are required for modulating vascular tone, they also influence the surrounding tissue and have an overall effect on vascular, as well as parenchymal, homeostasis. Bioactive lipids, fatty acid derivatives that exert their effects through signaling pathways, are included in the list of vasoactive compounds that modulate the microvasculature. Although lipids were identified as important vascular messengers over three decades ago, their specific role within the microvascular system is not well defined. Thorough understanding of these pathways and their regulation is not only essential to gain insight into their role in cardiovascular disease but is also important for preventing vascular dysfunction following cancer treatment, a rapidly growing problem in medical oncology. The purpose of this review is to discuss how biologically active lipids, specifically prostanoids, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, sphingolipids, and lysophospholipids, contribute to vascular function and signaling within the endothelium. Methods for quantifying lipids will be briefly discussed, followed by an overview of the various lipid families. The cross talk in signaling between classes of lipids will be discussed in the context of vascular disease. Finally, the potential clinical implications of these lipid families will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid S. Chabowski
- 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin,2Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Katie E. Cohen
- 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin,2Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ossama Abu-Hatoum
- 4Department of Surgery, HaEmek Medical Center, Technion Medical School, Haifa, Israel
| | - David D. Gutterman
- 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin,2Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Julie K. Freed
- 2Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin,3Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Mir SS, Bhat HF, Bhat ZF. Dynamic actin remodeling in response to lysophosphatidic acid. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 38:5253-5265. [PMID: 31920158 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1696230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a multifunctional regulator of actin cytoskeleton that exerts a dramatic impact on the actin cytoskeleton to build a platform for diverse cellular processes including growth cone guidance, neurite retraction and cell motility. It has been implicated in the formation and dissociation of complexes between actin and actin binding proteins, supporting its role in actin remodeling. Several studies point towards its ability to facilitate formation of special cellular structures including focal adhesions and actin stress fibres by phosphoregulation of several actin associated proteins and their multiple regulatory kinases and phosphatases. In addition, multiple levels of crosstalk among the signaling cascades activated by LPA, affect actin cytoskeleton-mediated cell migration and chemotaxis which in turn play a crucial role in cancer metastasis. In the current review, we have attempted to highlight the role of LPA as an actin modulator which functions by controlling activities of specific cellular proteins that underlie mechanisms employed in cytoskeletal and pathophysiological events within the cell. Further studies on the actin affecting/remodeling activity of LPA in different cell types will no doubt throw up many surprises essential to gain a full understanding of its contribution in physiological processes as well as in diseases.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima S Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu And Kashmir, India.,Division of Animal Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, Jammu And Kashmir, India
| | - Hina F Bhat
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, Jammu And Kashmir, India
| | - Zuhaib F Bhat
- Department of Wine, Food & Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand.,Division of Livestock Products and Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (SKUAST-J), R.S. Pora, Jammu And Kashmir, India
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13
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Zhou Y, Little PJ, Ta HT, Xu S, Kamato D. Lysophosphatidic acid and its receptors: pharmacology and therapeutic potential in atherosclerosis and vascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 204:107404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Karki P, Birukov KG. Rho and Reactive Oxygen Species at Crossroads of Endothelial Permeability and Inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1009-1022. [PMID: 31126187 PMCID: PMC6765062 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Increased endothelial permeability and inflammation are two major hallmarks of the life-threatening conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis. There is a growing consensus in the field that the Rho family of small guanosine triphosphates are critical regulators of endothelial function at both physiological and pathological states. A basal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis, vascular tone, and angiogenesis; however, excessive ROS generation impairs endothelial function and promotes lung inflammation. In this review, we will focus on the role of Rho in control of endothelial function and also briefly discuss a nexus between ROS generation and Rho activation during endothelial dysfunction. Recent Advances: Extensive studies in the past decades have established that a wide range of barrier-disruptive and proinflammatory agonists activate the Rho pathway that, ultimately, leads to endothelial dysfunction via disruption of endothelial barrier and further escalation of inflammation. An increasing body of evidence suggests that a bidirectional interplay exists between the Rho pathway and ROS generation during endothelial dysfunction. Rac, a member of the Rho family, is directly involved in ROS production and ROS, in turn, activate RhoA, Rac, and Cdc42. Critical Issues: A precise mechanism of interaction between ROS generation and Rho activation and its impact on endothelial function needs to be elucidated. Future Directions: By employing advanced molecular techniques, the sequential cascades in the Rho-ROS crosstalk signaling axis need to be explored. The therapeutic potential of the Rho pathway inhibitors in endothelial-dysfunction associated cardiopulmonary disorders needs to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Karki
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Konstantin G Birukov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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15
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Cohan C, Beattie G, Brigode W, Yeung L, Miraflor E, Victorino GP. Protective Effect of Phosphatidylserine Blockade in Hemorrhagic Shock. J Surg Res 2019; 245:604-609. [PMID: 31499368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a key cell membrane phospholipid normally maintained on the inner cell surface but externalizes to the outer surface in response to cellular stress. We hypothesized that PS exposure mediates organ dysfunction in hemorrhagic shock. Our aims were to evaluate PS blockade on (1) pulmonary, (2) renal, and (3) gut function, as well as (4) serum lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), an inflammatory mediator generated by PS externalization, as a possible mechanism mediating organ dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were either (1) monitored for 130 min (controls, n = 3), (2) hemorrhaged then resuscitated (hemorrhage only group, n = 3), or (3) treated with Diannexin (DA), a PS blocking agent, followed by hemorrhage and resuscitation (DA + hemorrhage group, n = 4). Pulmonary dysfunction was assessed by arterial partial pressure of oxygen, renal dysfunction by serum creatinine, and gut dysfunction by mesenteric endothelial permeability (LP). LPA levels were measured in all groups. RESULTS Pulmonary: there was no difference in arterial partial pressure of oxygen between groups. Renal: after resuscitation, creatinine levels were lower after PS blockade with DA versus hemorrhage only group (P = 0.01). Gut: LP was decreased after PS blockade with DA versus hemorrhage only group (P < 0.01). Finally, LPA levels were also lower after PS blockade with DA versus the hemorrhage only group but higher than the control group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS PS blockade with DA decreased renal and gut dysfunction associated with hemorrhagic shock and attenuated the magnitude of LPA generation. Our findings suggest potential for therapeutic targets in the future that could prevent organ dysfunction associated with hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Cohan
- East Bay Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, California.
| | - Genna Beattie
- East Bay Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, California
| | - William Brigode
- East Bay Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, California
| | - Louise Yeung
- East Bay Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, California
| | - Emily Miraflor
- East Bay Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, California
| | - Gregory P Victorino
- East Bay Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, California
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16
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Knipe RS, Probst CK, Lagares D, Franklin A, Spinney JJ, Brazee PL, Grasberger P, Zhang L, Black KE, Sakai N, Shea BS, Liao JK, Medoff BD, Tager AM. The Rho Kinase Isoforms ROCK1 and ROCK2 Each Contribute to the Development of Experimental Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 58:471-481. [PMID: 29211497 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0075oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is thought to result from dysregulated wound repair after repetitive lung injury. Many cellular responses to injury involve rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton mediated by the two isoforms of the Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming protein kinase (ROCK), ROCK1 and ROCK2. In addition, profibrotic mediators such as transforming growth factor-β, thrombin, and lysophosphatidic acid act through receptors that activate ROCK. Inhibition of ROCK activation may be a potent therapeutic strategy for human pulmonary fibrosis. Pharmacological inhibition of ROCK using nonselective ROCK inhibitors has been shown to prevent fibrosis in animal models; however, the specific roles of each ROCK isoform are poorly understood. Furthermore, the pleiotropic effects of this kinase have raised concerns about on-target adverse effects of ROCK inhibition such as hypotension. Selective inhibition of one isoform might be a better-tolerated strategy. In the present study, we used a genetic approach to determine the roles of ROCK1 and ROCK2 in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Using ROCK1- or ROCK2-haploinsufficient mice, we found that reduced expression of either ROCK1 or ROCK2 was sufficient to protect them from bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. In addition, we found that both isoforms contribute to the profibrotic responses of epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Interestingly, ROCK1- and ROCK2-haploinsufficient mice exhibited similar protection from bleomycin-induced vascular leak, myofibroblast differentiation, and fibrosis; however, ROCK1-haploinsufficient mice demonstrated greater attenuation of epithelial cell apoptosis. These findings suggest that selective inhibition of either ROCK isoform has the potential to be an effective therapeutic strategy for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Knipe
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,2 The Andrew M. Tager Fibrosis Research Center, and.,3 Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Clemens K Probst
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,2 The Andrew M. Tager Fibrosis Research Center, and.,3 Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Lagares
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,2 The Andrew M. Tager Fibrosis Research Center, and.,3 Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alicia Franklin
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,2 The Andrew M. Tager Fibrosis Research Center, and.,3 Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jillian J Spinney
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,2 The Andrew M. Tager Fibrosis Research Center, and.,3 Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patricia L Brazee
- 4 Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Paula Grasberger
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,2 The Andrew M. Tager Fibrosis Research Center, and.,3 Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Linlin Zhang
- 5 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Katharine E Black
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,2 The Andrew M. Tager Fibrosis Research Center, and.,3 Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Norihiko Sakai
- 6 Division of Nephrology and.,7 Division of Blood Purification, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan; and
| | - Barry S Shea
- 8 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - James K Liao
- 5 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Benjamin D Medoff
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,2 The Andrew M. Tager Fibrosis Research Center, and.,3 Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew M Tager
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,2 The Andrew M. Tager Fibrosis Research Center, and.,3 Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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17
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Chabowski DS, Kadlec AO, Ait‐Aissa K, Hockenberry JC, Pearson PJ, Beyer AM, Gutterman DD. Lysophosphatidic acid acts on LPA 1 receptor to increase H 2 O 2 during flow-induced dilation in human adipose arterioles. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4266-4280. [PMID: 30153326 PMCID: PMC6193883 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE NO produces arteriolar flow-induced dilation (FID) in healthy subjects but is replaced by mitochondria-derived hydrogen peroxide (mtH2 O2 ) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is elevated in patients with risk factors for CAD, but its functional effect in arterioles is unknown. We tested whether elevated LPA changes the mediator of FID from NO to mtH2 O2 in human visceral and subcutaneous adipose arterioles. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Arterioles were cannulated on glass micropipettes and pressurized to 60 mmHg. We recorded lumen diameter after graded increases in flow in the presence of either NOS inhibition (L-NAME) or H2 O2 scavenging (Peg-Cat) ± LPA (10 μM, 30 min), ±LPA1 /LPA3 receptor antagonist (Ki16425) or LPA2 receptor antagonist (H2L5186303). We analysed LPA receptor RNA and protein levels in human arterioles and human cultured endothelial cells. KEY RESULTS FID was inhibited by L-NAME but not Peg-Cat in untreated vessels. In vessels treated with LPA, FID was of similar magnitude but inhibited by Peg-Cat while L-NAME had no effect. Rotenone attenuated FID in vessels treated with LPA indicating mitochondria as a source of ROS. RNA transcripts from LPA1 and LPA2 but not LPA3 receptors were detected in arterioles. LPA1 but not LPA3 receptor protein was detected by Western blot. Pretreatment of vessels with an LPA1 /LPA3 , but not LPA2 , receptor antagonist prior to LPA preserved NO-mediated dilation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest an LPA1 receptor-dependent pathway by which LPA increases arteriolar release of mtH2 O2 as a mediator of FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid S Chabowski
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Andrew O Kadlec
- Department of PhysiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Karima Ait‐Aissa
- Department of Medicine – Cardiovascular CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Joseph C Hockenberry
- Department of Medicine – Cardiovascular CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Paul J Pearson
- Department of Surgery – Cardiothoracic SurgeryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Andreas M Beyer
- Department of PhysiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Department of Medicine – Cardiovascular CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - David D Gutterman
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Department of PhysiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Department of Medicine – Cardiovascular CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- VA Medical CenterMilwaukeeWIUSA
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18
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Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 1 Is Important for Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function and Susceptibility to Colitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:353-366. [PMID: 29128569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells form a barrier that is critical in protecting the host from the hostile luminal environment. Previously, we showed that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor 1 regulates proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells, such that the absence of LPA1 mitigates the epithelial wound healing process. This study provides evidence that LPA1 is important for the maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity. The epithelial permeability, determined by fluorescently labeled dextran flux and transepithelial resistance, is increased in the intestine of mice with global deletion of Lpar1, Lpar1-/- (Lpa1-/-). Serum liposaccharide level and bacteria loads in the intestinal mucosa and peripheral organs were elevated in Lpa1-/- mice. Decreased claudin-4, caudin-7, and E-cadherin expression in Lpa1-/- mice further suggested defective apical junction integrity in these mice. Regulation of LPA1 expression in Caco-2 cells modulated epithelial permeability and the expression levels of junctional proteins. The increased epithelial permeability in Lpa1-/- mice correlated with increased susceptibility to an experimental model of colitis. This resulted in more severe inflammation and increased mortality compared with control mice. Treatment of Caco-2 cells with tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ significantly increased paracellular permeability, which was blocked by cotreatment with LPA, but not LPA1 knockdown cells. Similarly, orally given LPA blocked tumor necrosis factor-mediated intestinal barrier defect in mice. LPA1 plays a significant role in maintenance of epithelial barrier in the intestine via regulation of apical junction integrity.
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19
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Cai J, Culley MK, Zhao Y, Zhao J. The role of ubiquitination and deubiquitination in the regulation of cell junctions. Protein Cell 2017; 9:754-769. [PMID: 29080116 PMCID: PMC6107491 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of cell junctions plays a crucial role in the regulation of cellular functions including cell proliferation, permeability, and cell death. Disruption of cell junctions is implicated in a variety of human disorders, such as inflammatory diseases and cancers. Understanding molecular regulation of cell junctions is important for development of therapeutic strategies for intervention of human diseases. Ubiquitination is an important type of post-translational modification that primarily regulates endogenous protein stability, receptor internalization, enzyme activity, and protein-protein interactions. Ubiquitination is tightly regulated by ubiquitin E3 ligases and can be reversed by deubiquitinating enzymes. Recent studies have been focusing on investigating the effect of protein stability in the regulation of cell-cell junctions. Ubiquitination and degradation of cadherins, claudins, and their interacting proteins are implicated in epithelial and endothelial barrier disruption. Recent studies have revealed that ubiquitination is involved in regulation of Rho GTPases’ biological activities. Taken together these studies, ubiquitination plays a critical role in modulating cell junctions and motility. In this review, we will discuss the effects of ubiquitination and deubiquitination on protein stability and expression of key proteins in the cell-cell junctions, including junction proteins, their interacting proteins, and small Rho GTPases. We provide an overview of protein stability in modulation of epithelial and endothelial barrier integrity and introduce potential future search directions to better understand the effects of ubiquitination on human disorders caused by dysfunction of cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Cai
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Miranda K Culley
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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20
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Yan J, Lai CH, Lung SCC, Wang WC, Huang CC, Chen GW, Suo G, Choug CT, Lin CH. Carbon black aggregates cause endothelial dysfunction by activating ROCK. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 338:66-75. [PMID: 28531660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon black nanoparticles (CBNs) have been associated with the progression of atherosclerosis. CBNs normally enter the bloodstream and crosslink together to form agglomerates. However, most studies have used nano-sized CB particles to clarify the involvement of CBN exposure in CBN-induced endothelial dysfunction. Herein, we studied endothelial toxicity of CBN aggregates (CBA) to human EA.hy926 vascular cells. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase leakage, and oxidative stress were affected by the highest concentration of CBA. Moreover, transmission electron microscopic results showed that CBA entered cells through membrane enclosed vesicles. Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) is involved in regulating vascular diseases. Thus, we co-treated with the of ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 to study whether other adverse effects caused by CBA are related to activating ROCK. As expected, co-treatment with Y-27632 attenuated CBA-induced cytoskeletal damage, dysfunction of the endothelial barrier, and expression of inflammatory factors. Taken together, these results demonstrate that aggregated CBNs can cause endothelial dysfunction possibly by activating ROCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Chia-Hsiang Lai
- Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, 40601, Taiwan
| | | | - Wen-Cheng Wang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Huang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Wen Chen
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Guangli Suo
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Cheng-Tai Choug
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 63208, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 63208, Taiwan.
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21
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Dong HM, Le YQ, Wang YH, Zhao HJ, Huang CW, Hu YH, Luo LS, Wan X, Wei YL, Chu ZQ, Li W, Cai SX. Extracellular heat shock protein 90α mediates HDM-induced bronchial epithelial barrier dysfunction by activating RhoA/MLC signaling. Respir Res 2017; 18:111. [PMID: 28558721 PMCID: PMC5450201 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The disruption and hyperpermeability of bronchial epithelial barrier are closely related to the pathogenesis of asthma. House dust mite (HDM), one of the most important allergens, could increase the airway epithelial permeability. Heat shock protein (Hsp) 90α is also implicated in the lung endothelial barrier dysfunction by disrupting RhoA signaling. However, the effect of extracellular Hsp90α (eHsp90α) on the bronchial epithelial barrier disruption induced by HDM has never been reported. Methods To investigate the involvement of eHsp90α in the bronchial epithelial barrier disruption induced by HDM, normal human bronchial epithelial cell line 16HBE14o- (16HBE) cells were treated by HDM, human recombinant (hr) Hsp90α and hrHsp90β respectively and pretreated by1G6-D7, a specific anti-secreted Hsp90α monoclonal antibody (mAb). Hsp90α-silencing cells were also constructed. To further evaluate the role of RhoA signaling in this process, cells were pretreated by inhibitors of Rho kinase, GSK429286A and Y27632 2HCl. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and FITC-dextran flux (FITC-DX) were examined as the epithelial barrier function. Expression and localization of adherens junctional proteins E-cadherin and β-catenin were evaluated by western blotting and immunofluorescence respectively. The level of eHsp90α was investigated by concentration and purification of condition media. RhoA activity was determined by using a Rho G-LISA® RhoA activation assay kitTM biochem kit, and the phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC), the downstream signal molecule of RhoA, was assessed by western blotting. Results The epithelial barrier disruption and the loss of adherens junctional proteins E-cadherin and β-catenin in cytomembrane were observed in HDM-treated 16HBE cells, paralleled with the increase of eHsp90α secretion. All of which were rescued in Hsp90α-silencing cells or by pretreating 16HBE cells with 1G6-D7. Also, 1G6-D7 suppressed RhoA activity and MLC phosphorylation induced by HDM. Furthermore, inhibitors of Rho kinase prevented and restored the airway barrier disruption. Consistently, it was hrHsp90α instead of hrHsp90β that promoted barrier dysfunction and activated RhoA/MLC signaling in 16HBE cells. Conclusions The eHsp90α mediates HDM-induced human bronchial epithelial barrier dysfunction by activating RhoA/MLC signaling, suggesting that eHsp90α is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Ming Dong
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yan-Qing Le
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hai-Jin Zhao
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chao-Wen Huang
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ya-Hui Hu
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Li-Shan Luo
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xuan Wan
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yi-Lan Wei
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zi-Qiang Chu
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology and the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of Southern California Keck, Medical Centre, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Shao-Xi Cai
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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22
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Tay CY, Setyawati MI, Leong DT. Nanoparticle Density: A Critical Biophysical Regulator of Endothelial Permeability. ACS NANO 2017; 11:2764-2772. [PMID: 28287706 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of the vasculature system is intrinsically sensitive to a short list of biophysical cues spanning from nano to micro scales. We have earlier found that certain nanomaterials could induce endothelial leakiness (nanoparticle induced endothelial leakiness, nanoEL). In this study, we report that the density of the nanomaterial, a basic intrinsic material property not implicated in many nanoparticle-mediated biological effects, predominantly dictates the nanoEL effect. We demonstrated that the impinging force exerted by a library of increasing effective densities but consistently sized silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) could directly increase endothelial permeability. The crossover effective particle density that induced nanoEL was determined to be between 1.57 g/cm3 to 1.72 g/cm3. It was also found that a cumulative gravitational-mediated force of around 1.8 nN/μm along the boundaries of the vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cad) adherens junctions appeared to be a critical threshold force required to perturb endothelial cell-cell adhesion. The net result is the "snapping" of the mechanically pretensed VE-cad (Nanosnap), leading to the formation of micron-sized gaps that would dramatically increase endothelial leakiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chor Yong Tay
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , N4.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Magdiel Inggrid Setyawati
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - David Tai Leong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
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AM966, an Antagonist of Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 1, Increases Lung Microvascular Endothelial Permeability through Activation of Rho Signaling Pathway and Phosphorylation of VE-Cadherin. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:6893560. [PMID: 28348461 PMCID: PMC5350330 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6893560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of pulmonary endothelial barrier integrity is important for reducing severity of lung injury. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) regulates cell motility, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and cell growth. Knockdown of LPA receptor 1 (LPA1) has been shown to mitigate lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis. AM966, an LPA1 antagonist exhibiting an antifibrotic property, has been considered to be a future antifibrotic medicine. Here, we report an unexpected effect of AM966, which increases lung endothelial barrier permeability. An electric cell-substrate sensing (ECIS) system was used to measure permeability in human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVECs). AM966 decreased the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) value immediately in a dose-dependent manner. VE-cadherin and f-actin double immunostaining reveals that AM966 increases stress fibers and gap formation between endothelial cells. AM966 induced phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) through activation of RhoA/Rho kinase pathway. Unlike LPA treatment, AM966 had no effect on phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (Erk). Further, in LPA1 silencing cells, we observed that AM966-increased lung endothelial permeability as well as phosphorylation of VE-cadherin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) were attenuated. This study reveals that AM966 induces lung endothelial barrier dysfunction, which is regulated by LPA1-mediated activation of RhoA/MLC and phosphorylation of VE-cadherin.
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Senger DR, Hoang MV, Kim KH, Li C, Cao S. Anti-inflammatory activity of Barleria lupulina: Identification of active compounds that activate the Nrf2 cell defense pathway, organize cortical actin, reduce stress fibers, and improve cell junctions in microvascular endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 193:397-407. [PMID: 27660013 PMCID: PMC5436582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hot aqueous extracts of the plant Barleria lupulina (BL) are used for treating inflammatory conditions and diabetic vascular complications. AIM OF THE STUDY The goal was to identify active compounds in hot aqueous extracts of BL (HAE-BL) that are consistent with a role in reducing inflammation and reducing the vascular pathology associated with diabetes. In particular, we examined activation of the Nrf2 cell defense pathway because our initial findings indicated that HAE-BL activates Nrf2, and because Nrf2 is known to suppress inflammation. Activation of Nrf2 by HAE-BL has not been described previously. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human endothelial cells, real-time PCR, western blotting, cytoskeletal analyses, and assay-guided fractionation with HPLC were used to identify specific compounds in HAE-BL that activate the Nrf2 cell defense pathway and reduce markers of inflammation in vitro. RESULTS HAE-BL potently activated the Nrf2 cell defense pathway in endothelial cells consistent with its traditional use and reported success in reducing inflammation. Assay guided fractionation with HPLC identified three alkyl catechols: 4-ethylcatechol, 4-vinylcatechol, and 4-methylcatechol, that are each potent Nrf2 activators. In addition to activating Nrf2, HAE-BL and akyl catechols each profoundly improved organization of the endothelial cell actin cytoskeleton, reduced actin stress fibers, organized cell-cell junctions, and induced expression of mRNA encoding claudin-5 that is important for formation of endothelial tight junctions and reducing vascular leak. CONCLUSIONS HAE-BL contains important alkyl catechols that potently activate the Nrf2 cell defense pathway, improve organization of the endothelial cell cytoskeleton, and organize tight cell junctions. All of these properties are consistent with a role in reducing inflammation and reducing vascular leak. Because activation of the Nrf2 cell defense pathway also prevents cancers, neuro-degeneration, age-related macular degeneration, and also reduces the severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder and multiple sclerosis, HAE-BL warrants additional consideration for these other serious disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Senger
- Department of Pathology and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mien V Hoang
- Department of Pathology and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunshun Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili Street, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Shugeng Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili Street, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
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Saccà SC, Gandolfi S, Bagnis A, Manni G, Damonte G, Traverso CE, Izzotti A. From DNA damage to functional changes of the trabecular meshwork in aging and glaucoma. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 29:26-41. [PMID: 27242026 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a degenerative disease of the eye. Both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye are affected, extensive damage being detectable in the trabecular meshwork and the inner retina-central visual pathway complex. Oxidative stress is claimed to be mainly responsible for molecular damage in the anterior chamber. Indeed, oxidation harms the trabecular meshwork, leading eventually to endothelial cell decay, tissue malfunction, subclinical inflammation, changes in the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton, altered motility, reduced outflow facility and (ultimately) increased IOP. Moreover, free radicals are involved in aging and can be produced in the brain (as well as in the eye) as a result of ischemia, leading to oxidation of the surrounding neurons. Glaucoma-related cell death occurs by means of apoptosis, and apoptosis is triggered by oxidative stress via (a) mitochondrial damage, (b) inflammation, (c) endothelial dysregulation and dysfunction, and (d) hypoxia. The proteomics of the aqueous humor is significantly altered in glaucoma as a result of oxidation-induced trabecular damage. Those proteins whose aqueous humor levels are increased in glaucoma are biomarkers of trabecular meshwork impairment. Their diffusion from the anterior to the posterior segment of the eye may be relevant in the cascade of events triggering apoptosis in the inner retinal layers, including the ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Claudio Saccà
- IRCCS San Martino University Hospital, Department of Neuroscience and Sense Organs, San Martino Hospital, Ophthalmology Unit, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Stefano Gandolfi
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Biological, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bagnis
- University of Genoa, Eye Clinic, Department of Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Viale Benedetto XV, 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Manni
- Dept. of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Damonte
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Enrico Traverso
- University of Genoa, Eye Clinic, Department of Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Viale Benedetto XV, 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Mutagenesis Unit, IRCCS San Martino University Hospital, IST National Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, Genoa I-16132, Italy
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Li YF, Li RS, Samuel SB, Cueto R, Li XY, Wang H, Yang XF. Lysophospholipids and their G protein-coupled receptors in atherosclerosis. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2016; 21:70-88. [PMID: 26594106 DOI: 10.2741/4377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lysophospholipids (LPLs) are bioactive lipid-derived signaling molecules generated by the enzymatic and chemical processes of regiospecific phospholipases on substrates such as membrane phospholipids (PLs) and sphingolipids (SLs). They play a major role as extracellular mediators by activating G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and stimulating diverse cellular responses from their signaling pathways. LPLs are involved in various pathologies of the vasculature system including coronary heart disease and hypertension. Many studies suggest the importance of LPLs in their association with the development of atherosclerosis, a chronic and severe vascular disease. This paper focuses on the pathophysiological effects of different lysophospholipids on atherosclerosis, which may promote the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction and strokes. Their atherogenic biological activities take place in vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, monocytes and macrophages, dendritic cells, T-lymphocytes, platelets, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Feng Li
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA ; Department of Nephrology and Hemodialysis Center, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Rong-Shan Li
- Department of Nephrology and Hemodialysis Center, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, China
| | - Sonia B Samuel
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ramon Cueto
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xin-Yuan Li
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Kargl J, Andersen L, Hasenöhrl C, Feuersinger D, Stančić A, Fauland A, Magnes C, El-Heliebi A, Lax S, Uranitsch S, Haybaeck J, Heinemann A, Schicho R. GPR55 promotes migration and adhesion of colon cancer cells indicating a role in metastasis. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:142-54. [PMID: 26436760 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tumour cell migration and adhesion constitute essential features of metastasis. G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), a lysophospholipid receptor, has been shown to play an important role in carcinogenesis. Here, we investigated the involvement of GPR55 in migration and metastasis of colon cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Adhesion and migration assays using the highly metastatic colon cancer cell line HCT116 and an in vivo assay of liver metastasis were performed. The GPR55 antagonist CID16020046, cannabidiol, a putative GPR55 antagonist and GPR55 siRNA were used to block GPR55 activity in HCT116 colon cancer cells. KEY RESULTS HCT116 cells showed a significant decrease in adhesion to endothelial cells and in migration after blockade with CID16020046 or cannabidiol. The inhibitory effects of CID16020046 or cannabidiol were averted by GPR55 siRNA knock down in cancer cells. The integrity of endothelial cell monolayers was increased after pretreatment of HCT116 cells with the antagonists or after GPR55 siRNA knockdown while pretreatment with lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), the endogenous ligand of GPR55, decreased integrity of the monolayers. LPI also induced migration in GPR55 overexpressing HCT116 cells that was blocked by GPR55 antagonists. In a mouse model of metastasis, the arrest of HCT116 cancer cells in the liver was reduced after treatment with CID16020046 or cannabidiol. Increased levels of LPI (18:0) were found in colon cancer patients when compared with healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS GPR55 is involved in the migratory behaviour of colon carcinoma cells and may serve as a pharmacological target for the prevention of metastasis. © 2015 The British Pharmacological Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kargl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - L Andersen
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - C Hasenöhrl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - D Feuersinger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Stančić
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Fauland
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
| | - C Magnes
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
| | - A El-Heliebi
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Biobank Graz, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - S Lax
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital Graz West, Graz, Austria
| | - S Uranitsch
- Department of Surgery, St John of God Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - J Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - R Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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28
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Cell permeable peptide conjugated nanoerythrosomes of fasudil prolong pulmonary arterial vasodilation in PAH rats. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 88:1046-55. [PMID: 25460151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a cell permeable peptide, CARSKNKDC (CAR), conjugated nanoerythrosomes (NERs) containing fasudil, a rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, produces prolonged pulmonary preferential vasodilation. CAR conjugated NERs containing fasudil were prepared by hypotonic lysis and extrusion method, and optimized for various physicochemical properties in-vitro. The formulations were then used to study the hemodynamic efficacy in a monocrotaline-induced rodent model of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). CAR-NERs-Fasudil was spherical in shape with an average vesicle size and entrapment efficiency of 161.3 ± 1.37 nm and 48.81 ± 1.96%, respectively. Formulations were stable for ~3 weeks when stored at 4 °C and the drug was released in a controlled fashion for >48 h. The uptake of CAR-NERs-Fasudil by TGF-b activated pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell was ~1.5-fold greater than the uptake of NERs-Fasudil. CAR-NERs-Fasudil inhibited ROCK activity and 5-hydroxytryptamine induced cell proliferation. In terms of reduction of pulmonary arterial pressure, intratracheal administration of CAR-NERs-Fasudil was ~2-fold more specific to the lungs compared with plain fasudil. Overall,CAR peptide grafted nanoerythrosomes offers a new platform for improving the therapeutic efficacy ofa rho-kinase inhibitor, fasudil, without affecting peripheral vasodilation.
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29
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Beckers CML, Knezevic N, Valent ET, Tauseef M, Krishnan R, Rajendran K, Hardin CC, Aman J, van Bezu J, Sweetnam P, van Hinsbergh VWM, Mehta D, van Nieuw Amerongen GP. ROCK2 primes the endothelium for vascular hyperpermeability responses by raising baseline junctional tension. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 70:45-54. [PMID: 25869521 PMCID: PMC4606924 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rho kinase mediates the effects of inflammatory permeability factors by increasing actomyosin-generated traction forces on endothelial adherens junctions, resulting in disassembly of intercellular junctions and increased vascular leakage. In vitro, this is accompanied by the Rho kinase-driven formation of prominent radial F-actin fibers, but the in vivo relevance of those F-actin fibers has been debated, suggesting other Rho kinase-mediated events to occur in vascular leak. Here, we delineated the contributions of the highly homologous isoforms of Rho kinase (ROCK1 and ROCK2) to vascular hyperpermeability responses. We show that ROCK2, rather than ROCK1 is the critical Rho kinase for regulation of thrombin receptor-mediated vascular permeability. Novel traction force mapping in endothelial monolayers, however, shows that ROCK2 is not required for the thrombin-induced force enhancements. Rather, ROCK2 is pivotal to baseline junctional tension as a novel mechanism by which Rho kinase primes the endothelium for hyperpermeability responses, independent from subsequent ROCK1-mediated contractile stress-fiber formation during the late phase of the permeability response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora M L Beckers
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nebojsa Knezevic
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Erik T Valent
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Tauseef
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ramaswamy Krishnan
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kavitha Rajendran
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Corey Hardin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jurjan Aman
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Bezu
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Sweetnam
- Surface Logix-737, Concord Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Victor W M van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Geerten P van Nieuw Amerongen
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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30
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Knipe RS, Tager AM, Liao JK. The Rho kinases: critical mediators of multiple profibrotic processes and rational targets for new therapies for pulmonary fibrosis. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:103-17. [PMID: 25395505 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by progressive lung scarring, short median survival, and limited therapeutic options, creating great need for new pharmacologic therapies. IPF is thought to result from repetitive environmental injury to the lung epithelium, in the context of aberrant host wound healing responses. Tissue responses to injury fundamentally involve reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton of participating cells, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages. Actin filament assembly and actomyosin contraction are directed by the Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase (ROCK) family of serine/threonine kinases (ROCK1 and ROCK2). As would therefore be expected, lung ROCK activation has been demonstrated in humans with IPF and in animal models of this disease. ROCK inhibitors can prevent fibrosis in these models, and more importantly, induce the regression of already established fibrosis. Here we review ROCK structure and function, upstream activators and downstream targets of ROCKs in pulmonary fibrosis, contributions of ROCKs to profibrotic cellular responses to lung injury, ROCK inhibitors and their efficacy in animal models of pulmonary fibrosis, and potential toxicities of ROCK inhibitors in humans, as well as involvement of ROCKs in fibrosis in other organs. As we discuss, ROCK activation is required for multiple profibrotic responses, in the lung and multiple other organs, suggesting ROCK participation in fundamental pathways that contribute to the pathogenesis of a broad array of fibrotic diseases. Multiple lines of evidence therefore indicate that ROCK inhibition has great potential to be a powerful therapeutic tool in the treatment of fibrosis, both in the lung and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Knipe
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.K., A.M.T.); and Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (J.K.L.)
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.K., A.M.T.); and Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (J.K.L.)
| | - James K Liao
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (R.S.K., A.M.T.); and Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (J.K.L.)
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31
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Lee SC, Fujiwara Y, Tigyi GJ. Uncovering unique roles of LPA receptors in the tumor microenvironment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2. [PMID: 26005700 DOI: 10.14800/rci.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of the lysophospholipase D autotaxin (ATX) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in cancer is emerging and represents two key players in regulating cancer progression. In this brief review, we will discuss some of our recent findings, which highlight a central role that LPA and its receptor plays in orchestrating melanoma-stroma interactions in the establishment of lung metastases. In particular, we evaluated not only the function of LPA receptors on tumor cells but also their role on host tissues and how they can influence melanoma growth and metastasis. Using the syngeneic B16F10 murine melanoma model, we made three key observations. First, our in vitro findings demonstrate that LPA receptors, specifically LPA2 and LPA5 expressed in B16F10 cells appear to have opposing roles in cell invasion; the former seems to be responsible for the high basal invasion rate of B16F10 cells while the latter is anti-invasive upon exogenous LPA stimulation. Second, we observed a profound reduction in the incidence of pulmonary melanoma metastasis in LPA1- and LPA5-knockout (KO) mice, respectively, when compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Third, no differences in terms of subcutaneous tumor growth between LPA1KO, LPA5KO and WT mice were observed. These findings suggest that LPA receptors exert different functions in melanoma cells versus host tissues in terms of invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Gabor J Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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32
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Shlyonsky V, Naeije R, Mies F. Possible role of lysophosphatidic acid in rat model of hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling. Pulm Circ 2015; 4:471-81. [PMID: 25621161 DOI: 10.1086/677362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by cellular and structural changes in the vascular wall of pulmonary arteries. We hypothesized that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive lipid, is implicated in this vascular remodeling in a rat model of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Exposure of Wistar rats to 10% O2 for 3 weeks induced an increase in the mean serum levels of LPA, to 40.9 (log-detransformed standard deviations: 23.4-71.7) μM versus 21.6 (11.0-42.3) μM in a matched control animal group (P = 0.037). We also observed perivascular LPA immunohistochemical staining in lungs of hypoxic rats colocalized with the secreted lysophospholipase D autotaxin (ATX). Moreover, ATX colocalized with mast cell tryptase, suggesting implication of these cells in perivascular LPA production. Hypoxic rat lungs expressed more ATX transcripts (2.4-fold) and more transcripts of proteins implicated in cell migration: β2 integrin (1.74-fold), intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1; 1.84-fold), and αM integrin (2.70-fold). Serum from the hypoxic group of animals had significantly higher chemoattractant properties toward rat primary lung fibroblasts, and this increase in cell migration could be prevented by the LPA receptor 1 and 3 antagonists. LPA also increased adhesive properties of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells as well as those of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, via the activation of LPA receptor 1 or 3 followed by the stimulation of gene expression of ICAM-1, β-1, E-selectin, and vascular cell adhesion molecule integrins. In conclusion, chronic hypoxia increases circulating and tissue levels of LPA, which might induce fibroblast migration and recruitment of mononuclear cells in pulmonary vasculature, both of which contribute to pulmonary vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Shlyonsky
- Department of Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robert Naeije
- Department of Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédérique Mies
- Department of Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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33
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Zhao XY, Wang XF, Li L, Zhang L, Shen DL, Li DH, Jin QS, Zhang JY. Effects of high glucose on human umbilical vein endothelial cell permeability and myosin light chain phosphorylation. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2015; 7:98. [PMID: 26583048 PMCID: PMC4650340 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-015-0098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is one of the most important risk factors for atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms underlying high-glucose-induced atherosclerosis remain unclear. This study was designed to observe the effects of high-glucose stimulation on the permeability of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and to explore the effects of RhoA-Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) signal transduction pathway activation and myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. METHODS HUVECs were cultured in conventional M199 medium to produce endothelial cell monolayers, and stimulated with high-glucose-M199 medium. The transmembrane transport of dextran and THP-1 cells and levels of MLC phosphorylation were measured. The effects of blocking the RhoA-ROCK pathway using dnRhoA or the ROCK inhibitor Y27632 on dextran and THP-1 transport and MLC phosphorylation were observed. RESULTS Transendothelial migration of dextran and THP-1 cells were significantly increased by stimulation of HUVEC monolayers with high glucose (P < 0.05). This effect was attenuated by treatment with dnRhoA or Y27632. CONCLUSION High-glucose stimulation upregulated MLC phosphorylation and increased endothelial permeability by activating the RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway in HUVECs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - De-Liang Shen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan-Hua Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiang-Song Jin
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jin-Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
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Zhang RL, Zhang JP, Wang QQ. Recombinant Treponema pallidum protein Tp0965 activates endothelial cells and increases the permeability of endothelial cell monolayer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115134. [PMID: 25514584 PMCID: PMC4267829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recombinant Treponema pallidum protein Tp0965 (rTp0965), one of the many proteins derived from the genome of T. pallidum subsp. pallidum, shows strong immunogenicity and immunoreactivity. In this study, we investigated the effects of rTp0965 on the endothelial barrier. Treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with rTp0965 resulted in increased levels of ICAM-1, E-selectin, and MCP-1 mRNA and protein expression. These increases contributed to the adhesion and chemataxis of monocytes (THP-1 cells) to HUVECs preincubated with rTp0965. In addition, rTp0965 induced reorganization of F-actin and decreased expression of claudin-1 in HUVECs. Interestingly, inhibition of the RhoA/ROCK signal pathway protected against rTp0965-induced higher endothelial permeability as well as transendothelial migration of monocytes. These data indicate that Tp0965 protein may play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of syphilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Li Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Wuxi Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing-Ping Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, & National Center for STD Control, China Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian-Qiu Wang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, & National Center for STD Control, China Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Saccà SC, Pulliero A, Izzotti A. The Dysfunction of the Trabecular Meshwork During Glaucoma Course. J Cell Physiol 2014; 230:510-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Claudio Saccà
- Department of Head/Neck Pathologies; St Martino Hospital; Ophthalmology Unit; Genoa Italy
| | - Alessandra Pulliero
- Department of Health Sciences; Section of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Health Sciences; Section of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
- Mutagenesis Unit; IST National Institute for Cancer Research; IRCCS Hospital-University San Martino Company; Genoa Italy
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Pebworth MP, Cismas SA, Asuri P. A novel 2.5D culture platform to investigate the role of stiffness gradients on adhesion-independent cell migration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110453. [PMID: 25310593 PMCID: PMC4195729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current studies investigating the role of biophysical cues on cell migration focus on the use of culture platforms with static material parameters. However, migrating cells invivo often encounter spatial variations in extracellular matrix stiffness. To better understand the effects of stiffness gradients on cell migration, we developed a 2.5D cell culture platform where cells are sandwiched between stiff tissue culture plastic and soft alginate hydrogel. Under these conditions, we observed migration of cells from the underlying stiff substrate into the alginate matrix. Observation of migration into alginate in the presence of integrin inhibition as well as qualitative microscopic analyses suggested an adhesion-independent cell migration mode. Observed migration was dependent on alginate matrix stiffness and the RhoA-ROCK-myosin-II pathway; inhibitors specifically targeting ROCK and myosin-II arrested cell migration. Collectively, these results demonstrate the utility of the 2.5D culture platform to advance our understanding of the effects of stiffness gradients and mechanotransductive signaling on adhesion-independent cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark-Phillip Pebworth
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
| | - Sabrina A. Cismas
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
| | - Prashanth Asuri
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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D'hondt C, Iyyathurai J, Himpens B, Leybaert L, Bultynck G. Cx43-hemichannel function and regulation in physiology and pathophysiology: insights from the bovine corneal endothelial cell system and beyond. Front Physiol 2014; 5:348. [PMID: 25309448 PMCID: PMC4162354 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication in primary bovine corneal endothelial cells (BCECs) is mainly driven by the release of extracellular ATP through Cx43 hemichannels. Studying the characteristics of Ca2+-wave propagation in BCECs, an important form of intercellular communication, in response to physiological signaling events has led to the discovery of important insights in the functional properties and regulation of native Cx43 hemichannels. Together with ectopic expression models for Cx43 hemichannels and truncated/mutated Cx43 versions, it became very clear that loop/tail interactions play a key role in controlling the activity of Cx43 hemichannels. Interestingly, the negative regulation of Cx43 hemichannels by enhanced actin/myosin contractility seems to impinge upon loss of these loop/tail interactions essential for opening Cx43 hemichannels. Finally, these molecular insights have spurred the development of novel peptide tools that can selectively inhibit Cx43 hemichannels, but neither Cx43 gap junctions nor hemichannels formed by other Cx isoforms. These tools now set the stage to hunt for novel physiological functions for Cx43 hemichannels in primary cells and tissues and to tackle disease conditions associated with excessive, pathological Cx43-hemichannel openings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catheleyne D'hondt
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jegan Iyyathurai
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard Himpens
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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Alieva IB. Role of microtubule cytoskeleton in regulation of endothelial barrier function. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 79:964-75. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914090119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Lee SC, Fujiwara Y, Liu J, Yue J, Shimizu Y, Norman DD, Wang Y, Tsukahara R, Szabo E, Patil R, Banerjee S, Miller DD, Balazs L, Ghosh MC, Waters CM, Oravecz T, Tigyi GJ. Autotaxin and LPA1 and LPA5 receptors exert disparate functions in tumor cells versus the host tissue microenvironment in melanoma invasion and metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:174-85. [PMID: 25158955 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Autotaxin (ENPP2/ATX) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors represent two key players in regulating cancer progression. The present study sought to understand the mechanistic role of LPA G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), not only in the tumor cells but also in stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment. B16F10 melanoma cells predominantly express LPA5 and LPA2 receptors but lack LPA1. LPA dose dependently inhibited invasion of cells across a Matrigel layer. RNAi-mediated knockdown of LPA5 relieved the inhibitory effect of LPA on invasion without affecting basal invasion. This suggests that LPA5 exerts an anti-invasive action in melanoma cells in response to LPA. In addition, both siRNA-mediated knockdown and pharmacologic inhibition of LPA2 reduced the basal rate invasion. Unexpectedly, when probing the role of this GPCR in host tissues, it was found that the incidence of melanoma-derived lung metastasis was greatly reduced in LPA5 knockout (KO) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. LPA1-KO but not LPA2-KO mice also showed diminished melanoma-derived lung metastasis, suggesting that host LPA1 and LPA5 receptors play critical roles in the seeding of metastasis. The decrease in tumor cell residence in the lungs of LPA1-KO and LPA5-KO animals was apparent 24 hours after injection. However, KO of LPA1, LPA2, or LPA5 did not affect the subcutaneous growth of melanoma tumors. IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that tumor and stromal LPA receptors, in particular LPA1 and LPA5, play different roles in invasion and the seeding of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jianxiong Liu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Junming Yue
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yoshibumi Shimizu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yaohong Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ryoko Tsukahara
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Erzsebet Szabo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Renukadevi Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Souvik Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Louisa Balazs
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Manik C Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Christopher M Waters
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Tamas Oravecz
- Immunology and Oncology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas
| | - Gabor J Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
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Yuan D, Xu S, He P. Enhanced permeability responses to inflammation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat venules: Rho-mediated alterations of actin cytoskeleton and VE-cadherin. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H44-53. [PMID: 24778164 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00929.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a progressive disease that often leads to microvascular complications. This study investigates the impact of diabetes on microvessel permeability under basal and inflammatory conditions. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were used to mimic type 1 diabetes. Parallel experiments were conducted in intact mesenteric venules in normal rats and diabetic rats experiencing hyperglycemia for 2-3 wk. Microvessel permeability was determined by measuring hydraulic conductivity (Lp). The correlated changes in endothelial intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i), adherens junctions, and cytoskeleton F-actin were examined with fluorescence imaging. Diabetic vessels showed moderately increased basal Lp, but upon platelet-activating factor (PAF) exposure, these vessels showed an ~10-fold higher Lp increase than the normal vessels. Concomitantly, we observed higher increases in endothelial [Ca(2+)]i, enhanced stress fiber formation, vascular endothelial-cadherin separation, and larger gap formation between endothelial cells than those occurring in normal vessels. PAF receptor staining showed no significant difference between normal and diabetic vessels. The application of Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632 did not affect PAF-induced increases in endothelial [Ca(2+)]i but significantly reduced PAF-induced Lp increases by 90% in diabetic vessels. The application of both Y27632 and nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor attenuated PAF-induced Lp increases more than using one inhibitor alone. Our studies indicate that diabetic conditions prime endothelial cells into a phenotype with increased susceptibility to inflammation without altering receptor expression and that the increased Rho activation and NO production play important roles in exaggerated permeability increases when diabetic vessels were exposed to inflammatory mediators, which may account for the exacerbated vascular dysfunction when diabetic patients are exposed to additional inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yuan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Sulei Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Pingnian He
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Shakhov AS, Verin AD, Alieva IB. Reorganization of endothelial cells cytoskeleton during formation of functional monolayer in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x14020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Itoh M. ARHGEF11, a regulator of junction-associated actomyosin in epithelial cells. Tissue Barriers 2014; 1:e24221. [PMID: 24665387 PMCID: PMC3879125 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.24221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells form organized sheets to protect underlying tissues and maintain the physiological environment by the assembly of tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs), which mainly regulate paracellular molecular passage and selective cell-cell adhesion, respectively. At the cytoplasmic surface, TJs and AJs associate with a specific actomyosin cytoskeletal structure called the perijunctional actomyosin ring (PJAR), which encircles cells in a belt-like manner. ZO family proteins play important roles in regulating TJ and PJAR organization. We recently found that ARHGEF11, a member of the RGS-RhoGEF family of proteins, associates with TJs by binding to ZO-1. ARHGEF11 mediates ZO-1-dependent junction assembly and barrier formation in mammary epithelial cells. Another recent study demonstrated that ARHGEF11-dependent apical actomyosin contraction is coupled to planar cell polarity signaling in neuroepithelial cells for the control of neural tube formation. These findings suggest that ARHGEF11 generally regulates apical junctions and junction-associated actomyosin in various epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Itoh
- Department of Biochemistry; Dokkyo Medical University; Tochigi, Japan
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Yung YC, Stoddard NC, Chun J. LPA receptor signaling: pharmacology, physiology, and pathophysiology. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1192-214. [PMID: 24643338 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r046458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a small ubiquitous lipid found in vertebrate and nonvertebrate organisms that mediates diverse biological actions and demonstrates medicinal relevance. LPA's functional roles are driven by extracellular signaling through at least six 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are named LPA1-6 and signal through numerous effector pathways activated by heterotrimeric G proteins, including Gi/o, G12/13, Gq, and Gs LPA receptor-mediated effects have been described in numerous cell types and model systems, both in vitro and in vivo, through gain- and loss-of-function studies. These studies have revealed physiological and pathophysiological influences on virtually every organ system and developmental stage of an organism. These include the nervous, cardiovascular, reproductive, and pulmonary systems. Disturbances in normal LPA signaling may contribute to a range of diseases, including neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, pain, cardiovascular disease, bone disorders, fibrosis, cancer, infertility, and obesity. These studies underscore the potential of LPA receptor subtypes and related signaling mechanisms to provide novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun C Yung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Nicole C Stoddard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Sawada N, Liao JK. Rho/Rho-associated coiled-coil forming kinase pathway as therapeutic targets for statins in atherosclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1251-67. [PMID: 23919640 PMCID: PMC3934442 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors or statins are important therapeutic agents for lowering serum cholesterol levels. However, recent studies suggest that statins may exert atheroprotective effects beyond cholesterol lowering. These so-called "pleiotropic effects" include effects of statins on vascular and inflammatory cells. Thus, it is important to understand whether other signaling pathways that are involved in atherosclerosis could be targets of statins, and if so, whether individuals with "overactivity" of these pathways could benefit from statin therapy, regardless of serum cholesterol level. RECENT ADVANCES Statins inhibit the synthesis of isoprenoids, which are important for the function of the Rho/Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinase (ROCK) pathway. Indeed, recent studies suggest that inhibition of the Rho/ROCK pathway by statins could lead to improved endothelial function and decreased vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Thus, the Rho/ROCK pathway has emerged as an important target of statin therapy for reducing atherosclerosis and possibly cardiovascular disease. CRITICAL ISSUES Because atherosclerosis is both a lipid and an inflammatory disease, it is important to understand how inhibition of Rho/ROCK pathway could contribute to statins' antiatherosclerotic effects. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The role of ROCKs (ROCK1 and ROCK2) in endothelial, smooth muscle, and inflammatory cells needs to be determined in the context of atherogenesis. This could lead to the development of specific ROCK1 or ROCK2 inhibitors, which could have greater therapeutic benefits with less toxicity. Also, clinical trials will need to be performed to determine whether inhibition of ROCKs, with and without statins, could lead to further reduction in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sawada
- 1 GCOE Program and Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo, Japan
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Shimizu Y, Murao K, Tanaka T, Kubo Y, Tokumura A. Increased lysophospholipase D activity of autotaxin in sera of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 74:162-5. [PMID: 24582488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshibumi Shimizu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Murao
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubo
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akira Tokumura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
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Panchatcharam M, Salous AK, Brandon J, Miriyala S, Wheeler J, Patil P, Sunkara M, Morris AJ, Escalante-Alcalde D, Smyth SS. Mice with targeted inactivation of ppap2b in endothelial and hematopoietic cells display enhanced vascular inflammation and permeability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:837-45. [PMID: 24504738 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipid phosphate phosphatase 3 (LPP3), encoded by the PPAP2B gene, is an integral membrane enzyme that dephosphorylates, and thereby terminates, the G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated signaling actions of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate. LPP3 is essential for normal vascular development in mice, and a common PPAP2B polymorphism is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease in humans. Herein, we investigate the function of endothelial LPP3 to understand its role in the development and human disease. APPROACH AND RESULTS We developed mouse models with selective LPP3 deficiency in endothelial and hematopoietic cells. Tyrosine kinase Tek promoter-mediated inactivation of Ppap2b resulted in embryonic lethality because of vascular defects. LPP3 deficiency in adult mice, achieved using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre transgene under the control of the Tyrosine kinase Tek promoter, enhanced local and systemic inflammatory responses. Endothelial, but not hematopoietic, cell LPP3 deficiency led to significant increases in vascular permeability at baseline and enhanced sensitivity to inflammation-induced vascular leak. Endothelial barrier function was restored by pharmacological or genetic inhibition of either LPA production by the circulating lysophospholipase D autotaxin or of G-protein-coupled receptor-dependent LPA signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify a role for the autotaxin/LPA-signaling nexus as a mediator of endothelial permeability in inflammation and demonstrate that LPP3 limits these effects. These findings have implications for therapeutic targets to maintain vascular barrier function in inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Panchatcharam
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (M.P., A.K.S., J.B., S.M., J.W., P.P., M.S., A.J.M., S.S.S.); División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, Mexico (E.-A.); and Medical Service, Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington, KY (A.J.M., S.S.S.)
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Huang LS, Fu P, Patel P, Harijith A, Sun T, Zhao Y, Garcia JGN, Chun J, Natarajan V. Lysophosphatidic acid receptor-2 deficiency confers protection against bleomycin-induced lung injury and fibrosis in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:912-22. [PMID: 23808384 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0070oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating disease characterized by alveolar epithelial cell injury, the accumulation of fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, and the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling through its G protein-coupled receptors is critical for its various biological functions. Recently, LPA and LPA receptor 1 were implicated in lung fibrogenesis. However, the role of other LPA receptors in fibrosis remains unclear. Here, we use a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model to investigate the roles of LPA2 in pulmonary fibrogenesis. In the present study, we found that LPA2 knockout (Lpar2(-/-)) mice were protected against bleomycin-induced lung injury, fibrosis, and mortality, compared with wild-type control mice. Furthermore, LPA2 deficiency attenuated the bleomycin-induced expression of fibronectin (FN), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and collagen in lung tissue, as well as levels of IL-6, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In human lung fibroblasts, the knockdown of LPA2 attenuated the LPA-induced expression of TGF-β1 and the differentiation of lung fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, resulting in the decreased expression of FN, α-SMA, and collagen, as well as decreased activation of extracellular regulated kinase 1/2, Akt, Smad3, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Moreover, the knockdown of LPA2 with small interfering RNA also mitigated the TGF-β1-induced differentiation of lung fibroblasts. In addition, LPA2 deficiency significantly attenuated the bleomycin-induced apoptosis of alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells in the mouse lung. Together, our data indicate that the knockdown of LPA2 attenuated bleomycin-induced lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis, and this may be related to an inhibition of the LPA-induced expression of TGF-β and the activation and differentiation of fibroblasts.
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Gupta N, Patel B, Ahsan F. Nano-engineered erythrocyte ghosts as inhalational carriers for delivery of fasudil: preparation and characterization. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1553-65. [PMID: 24449438 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nanoerythrosomes (NERs), an engineered derivative of erythrocytes, have long been used as drug delivery carriers. These cell based carriers are biocompatible and biodegradable, and they exhibit efficient drug loading, targeting specificity and prolonged biological half-life. In this study, we have evaluated the feasibility of NERs as inhalable carriers for delivery of fasudil, an investigational drug for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. METHODS We prepared NERs by hypotonic lysis of erythrocytes derived from rat blood followed by extrusion through polycarbonate membranes. The formulations were optimized and characterized for size, morphology, entrapment efficiency, stability, cellular uptake and in-vitro release profiles followed by monitoring of drug absorption and safety evaluation after intratracheal administration of fasudil-loaded NERs into rats. RESULTS NERs were spherical in shape with an average size of 154.1 ± 1.31 nm and the drug loading efficiency was 48.76 ± 2.18%. Formulations were stable when stored at 4°C for 3 weeks. When incubated with rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASM), a significant amount of NERs was taken up by PASM cells. The drug encapsulated in NERs inhibited the rho-kinase activity upto 50%, which was comparable with the plain fasudil. A ~6-8 fold increase in the half-life of fasudil was observed when encapsulated in NERs. CONCLUSION This study suggests that nanoerythrosomes can be used as cell derived carriers for inhalational delivery of fasudil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, Texas, 79106, USA
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Magkrioti C, Aidinis V. Autotaxin and lysophosphatidic acid signalling in lung pathophysiology. World J Respirol 2013; 3:77-103. [DOI: 10.5320/wjr.v3.i3.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX or ENPP2) is a secreted glycoprotein widely present in biological fluids. ATX primarily functions as a plasma lysophospholipase D and is largely responsible for the bulk of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) production in the plasma and at inflamed and/or malignant sites. LPA is a phospholipid mediator produced in various conditions both in cells and in biological fluids, and it evokes growth-factor-like responses, including cell growth, survival, differentiation and motility, in almost all cell types. The large variety of LPA effector functions is attributed to at least six G-protein coupled LPA receptors (LPARs) with overlapping specificities and widespread distribution. Increased ATX/LPA/LPAR levels have been detected in a large variety of cancers and transformed cell lines, as well as in non-malignant inflamed tissues, suggesting a possible involvement of ATX in chronic inflammatory disorders and cancer. In this review, we focus exclusively on the role of the ATX/LPA axis in pulmonary pathophysiology, analysing the effects of ATX/LPA on pulmonary cells and leukocytes in vitro and in the context of pulmonary pathophysiological situations in vivo and in human diseases.
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Ruisanchez É, Dancs P, Kerék M, Németh T, Faragó B, Balogh A, Patil R, Jennings BL, Liliom K, Malik KU, Smrcka AV, Tigyi G, Benyó Z. Lysophosphatidic acid induces vasodilation mediated by LPA1 receptors, phospholipase C, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. FASEB J 2013; 28:880-90. [PMID: 24249637 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-234997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has been implicated as a mediator of several cardiovascular functions, but its potential involvement in the control of vascular tone is obscure. Here, we show that both LPA (18:1) and VPC31143 (a synthetic agonist of LPA1-3 receptors) relax intact mouse thoracic aorta with similar Emax values (53.9 and 51.9% of phenylephrine-induced precontraction), although the EC50 of LPA- and VPC31143-induced vasorelaxations were different (400 vs. 15 nM, respectively). Mechanical removal of the endothelium or genetic deletion of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) not only diminished vasorelaxation by LPA or VPC31143 but converted it to vasoconstriction. Freshly isolated mouse aortic endothelial cells expressed LPA1, LPA2, LPA4 and LPA5 transcripts. The LPA1,3 antagonist Ki16425, the LPA1 antagonist AM095, and the genetic deletion of LPA1, but not that of LPA2, abolished LPA-induced vasorelaxation. Inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3 kinase-protein kinase B/Akt pathway by wortmannin or MK-2206 failed to influence the effect of LPA. However, pharmacological inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) by U73122 or edelfosine, but not genetic deletion of PLCε, abolished LPA-induced vasorelaxation and indicated that a PLC enzyme, other than PLCε, mediates the response. In summary, the present study identifies LPA as an endothelium-dependent vasodilator substance acting via LPA1, PLC, and eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Ruisanchez
- 1Z.B., Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, POB 448, H-1446 Budapest, Hungary.
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