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Sotomi Y, Hikoso S, Nakatani D, Okada K, Dohi T, Sunaga A, Kida H, Sato T, Matsuoka Y, Kitamura T, Komukai S, Seo M, Yano M, Hayashi T, Nakagawa A, Nakagawa Y, Tamaki S, Ohtani T, Yasumura Y, Yamada T, Sakata Y. Medications for specific phenotypes of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction classified by a machine learning-based clustering model. Heart 2023; 109:1231-1240. [PMID: 36822821 PMCID: PMC10423528 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2022-322181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our previously established machine learning-based clustering model classified heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) into four distinct phenotypes. Given the heterogeneous pathophysiology of HFpEF, specific medications may have favourable effects in specific phenotypes of HFpEF. We aimed to assess effectiveness of medications on clinical outcomes of the four phenotypes using a real-world HFpEF registry dataset. METHODS This study is a posthoc analysis of the PURSUIT-HFpEF registry, a prospective, multicentre, observational study. We evaluated the clinical effectiveness of the following four types of postdischarge medication in the four different phenotypes: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARB), beta blockers, mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonists (MRA) and statins. The primary endpoint of this study was a composite of all-cause death and heart failure hospitalisation. RESULTS Of 1231 patients, 1100 (83 (IQR 77, 87) years, 604 females) were eligible for analysis. Median follow-up duration was 734 (398, 1108) days. The primary endpoint occurred in 528 patients (48.0%). Cox proportional hazard models with inverse-probability-of-treatment weighting showed the following significant effectiveness of medication on the primary endpoint: MRA for phenotype 2 (weighted HR (wHR) 0.40, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.75, p=0.005); ACEi or ARB for phenotype 3 (wHR 0.66 0.48 to 0.92, p=0.014) and statin therapy for phenotype 3 (wHR 0.43 (0.21 to 0.88), p=0.020). No other medications had significant treatment effects in the four phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Machine learning-based clustering may have the potential to identify populations in which specific medications may be effective. This study suggests the effectiveness of MRA, ACEi or ARB and statin for specific phenotypes of HFpEF. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER UMIN000021831.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Sotomi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shungo Hikoso
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Daisaku Nakatani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Katsuki Okada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Medical Informatics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Dohi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sunaga
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hirota Kida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Taiki Sato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsuoka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tetsuhisa Kitamura
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Sho Komukai
- Division of Biomedical Statistics, Department of Integrated Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Masahiro Seo
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masamichi Yano
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Sakai, Japan
| | | | - Akito Nakagawa
- Division of Cardiology, Amagasaki Chuo Hospital, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakagawa
- Division of Cardiology, Kawanishi City Medical Center, Kawanishi, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tamaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Rinku General Medical Center, Izumisano, Japan
| | - Tomohito Ohtani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yasumura
- Division of Cardiology, Amagasaki Chuo Hospital, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamada
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Di Costanzo A, Indolfi C, Sorrentino S, Esposito G, Spaccarotella CAM. The Effects of Statins, Ezetimibe, PCSK9-Inhibitors, Inclisiran, and Icosapent Ethyl on Platelet Function. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11739. [PMID: 37511498 PMCID: PMC10380733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to examine the complex interaction between dyslipidemia, platelet function, and related drug treatments. In particular, the manuscript provides an overview of the effects of major hypolipidemic drugs on platelet function. Indeed, growing evidence supports the view that statins, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, inclisiran, and icosapent ethyl also act as antithrombotics. It is known that platelets play a key role not only in the acute phase of coronary syndromes but also in the early phase of atherosclerotic plaque formation. The goal of cholesterol-lowering therapy is to reduce cardiovascular events. The direct effects of cholesterol-lowering drugs are widely described in the literature. Lowering LDL-c (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) by 1 mmol/L results in a 22-23% reduction in cardiovascular risk. Numerous studies have examined the direct antithrombotic effects of these drugs on platelets, endothelium, monocytes, and smooth muscle cells, and thus, potentially independent of blood LDL-cholesterol reduction. We reviewed in vitro and in vivo studies evaluating the complex interaction between hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, platelet function, and related drug treatments. First, we discussed the role of statins in modulating platelet activation. Discontinuation of statin therapy was associated with increased cardiovascular events with increased ox-LDL, P-selectin, and platelet aggregation. The effect of PCSK9-I (inhibitors of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, PCSK9 involved in the degradation of LDL receptors in the liver) was associated with a statistically significant reduction in platelet reactivity, calculated in P2Y12 reaction units (PRU), in the first 14 days and no difference at 30 days compared to placebo. Finally, in patients with hypertriglyceridemia, the REDUCE-IT study showed that icosapent ethyl (an ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid that reduces triglyceride synthesis and improves triglyceride clearance) resulted in a 25% reduction in ischemic events and cardiovascular death. However, to date, there is not yet clear clinical evidence that the direct antithrombotic effects of the drugs may have a beneficial impact on outcomes independently from the reduction in LDL-C or triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Di Costanzo
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Magna Graecia Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ciro Indolfi
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Magna Graecia Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sabato Sorrentino
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Magna Graecia Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80134 Naples, Italy
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Atorvastatin ameliorates lipid overload-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and myocardial hypertrophy by decreasing fatty acid oxidation through inactivation of the p-STAT3/CPT1 pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114024. [PMID: 36402030 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although statins are shown to have cardiac pleiotropic effects independent of lowering cholesterol, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by increased fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is the culprit in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction. This study was to explore whether the cardiac pleiotropic effects of atorvastatin were associated with FAO regulation, with a specific focus on carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1). High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and palmitic acid (PA)-stimulated neonatal rat primary cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) were treated with atorvastatin, with or without FAO modulators, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) agonist, and inhibitor. Atorvastatin (3 mg/kg) did not reduce serum cholesterol levels in HFD-fed mice but ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac hypertrophy. In vitro, atorvastatin and the FAO inhibitor alleviated PA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. However, the FAO enhancer eliminated atorvastatin's protective effects. Furthermore, atorvastatin decreased CPT1 and FAO levels and prevented STAT3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. STAT3 inhibitor had the same inhibitory effects as atorvastatin on CPT1, FAO levels, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, whereas STAT3 agonist disrupted these effects of atorvastatin. Our results demonstrate that atorvastatin decreases myocardial FAO by inactivating the p-STAT3/CPT1 signaling pathway, which improves lipid overload-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac hypertrophy in a cholesterol-independent manner. This is the first study to explore the cardiac pleiotropic effects of atorvastatin with respect to FAO. However, whether atorvastatin regulates FAO in the cardiac hypertrophy model induced by other variables has not been investigated in this work, and this is expected to be performed in the future.
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Ramos-Kuri M, Meka SH, Salamanca-Buentello F, Hajjar RJ, Lipskaia L, Chemaly ER. Molecules linked to Ras signaling as therapeutic targets in cardiac pathologies. Biol Res 2021; 54:23. [PMID: 34344467 PMCID: PMC8330049 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-021-00342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The Ras family of small Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins (G proteins) represents one of the main components of intracellular signal transduction required for normal cardiac growth, but is also critically involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. The present review provides an update on the role of the H-, K- and N-Ras genes and their related pathways in cardiac diseases. We focus on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, where Ras has been studied the most. We also review other cardiac diseases, like genetic disorders related to Ras. The scope of the review extends from fundamental concepts to therapeutic applications. Although the three Ras genes have a nearly identical primary structure, there are important functional differences between them: H-Ras mainly regulates cardiomyocyte size, whereas K-Ras regulates cardiomyocyte proliferation. N-Ras is the least studied in cardiac cells and is less associated to cardiac defects. Clinically, oncogenic H-Ras causes Costello syndrome and facio-cutaneous-skeletal syndromes with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias. On the other hand, oncogenic K-Ras and alterations of other genes of the Ras-Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway, like Raf, cause Noonan syndrome and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes characterized by cardiac hypertrophy and septal defects. We further review the modulation by Ras of key signaling pathways in the cardiomyocyte, including: (i) the classical Ras-Raf-MAPK pathway, which leads to a more physiological form of cardiac hypertrophy; as well as other pathways associated with pathological cardiac hypertrophy, like (ii) The SAPK (stress activated protein kinase) pathways p38 and JNK; and (iii) The alternative pathway Raf-Calcineurin-Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells (NFAT). Genetic alterations of Ras isoforms or of genes in the Ras-MAPK pathway result in Ras-opathies, conditions frequently associated with cardiac hypertrophy or septal defects among other cardiac diseases. Several studies underline the potential role of H- and K-Ras as a hinge between physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy, and as potential therapeutic targets in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Graphic abstract ![]()
The Ras (Rat Sarcoma) gene family is a group of small G proteins Ras is regulated by growth factors and neurohormones affecting cardiomyocyte growth and hypertrophy Ras directly affects cardiomyocyte physiological and pathological hypertrophy Genetic alterations of Ras and its pathways result in various cardiac phenotypes Ras and its pathway are differentially regulated in acquired heart disease Ras modulation is a promising therapeutic target in various cardiac conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ramos-Kuri
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Secretarìa de Salud/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México.,Researcher of the Facultad de Bioética, Cátedra de Infertilidad, Universidad Anáhuac, Mexico City, México.,Centro de Investigación en Bioética y Genética, Querétaro, México
| | - Sri Harika Meka
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott Street, Suite 8030B, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Fabio Salamanca-Buentello
- University of Toronto Institute of Medical Science, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Larissa Lipskaia
- INSERM U955 and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, FHU SENEC, AP-HP, and Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Elie R Chemaly
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott Street, Suite 8030B, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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Key Enzymes for the Mevalonate Pathway in the Cardiovascular System. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 77:142-152. [PMID: 33538531 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Isoprenylation is an important post-transcriptional modification of small GTPases required for their activation and function. Isoprenoids, including farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, are indispensable for isoprenylation by serving as donors of a prenyl moiety to small G proteins. In the human body, isoprenoids are mainly generated by the mevalonate pathway (also known as the cholesterol-synthesis pathway). The hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase catalyzes the first rate-limiting steps of the mevalonate pathway, and its inhibitor (statins) are widely used as lipid-lowering agents. In addition, the FPP synthase is also of critical importance for the regulation of the isoprenoids production, for which the inhibitor is mainly used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Synthetic FPP can be further used to generate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and cholesterol. Recent studies suggest a role for isoprenoids in the genesis and development of cardiovascular disorders, such as pathological cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, endothelial dysfunction, and fibrotic responses of smooth-muscle cells. Furthermore, statins and FPP synthase inhibitors have also been applied for the management of heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases rather than their clinical use for hyperlipidemia or bone diseases. In this review, we focus on the function of several critical enzymes, including hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, FPP synthase, farnesyltransferase, and geranylgeranyltransferase in the mevalonate pathway which are involved in regulating the generation of isoprenoids and isoprenylation of small GTPases, and their pathophysiological role in the cardiovascular system. Moreover, we summarize recent research into applications of statins and the FPP synthase inhibitors to treat cardiovascular diseases, rather than for their traditional indications respectively.
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Li H, Wang Y, Liu J, Chen X, Duan Y, Wang X, Shen Y, Kuang Y, Zhuang T, Tomlinson B, Chan P, Yu Z, Cheng Y, Zhang L, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Zhang Q, Liu J. Endothelial Klf2-Foxp1-TGFβ signal mediates the inhibitory effects of simvastatin on maladaptive cardiac remodeling. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1609-1625. [PMID: 33408770 PMCID: PMC7778601 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Pathological cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy are common features of left ventricular remodeling that often progress to heart failure (HF). Endothelial cells (ECs) are the most abundant non-myocyte cells in adult mouse heart. Simvastatin, a strong inducer of Krüppel-like Factor 2 (Klf2) in ECs, ameliorates pressure overload induced maladaptive cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. This study aims to explore the detailed molecular mechanisms of the anti-remodeling effects of simvastatin. Methods and Results: RGD-magnetic-nanoparticles were used to endothelial specific delivery of siRNA and we found absence of simvastatin's protective effect on pressure overload induced maladaptive cardiac remodeling and dysfunction after in vivo inhibition of EC-Klf2. Mechanism studies showed that EC-Klf2 inhibition reversed the simvastatin-mediated reduction of fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast formation, as well as cardiomyocyte size and cardiac hypertrophic genes, which suggested that EC-Klf2 might mediate the anti-fibrotic and anti-hypertrophy effects of simvastatin. Similar effects were observed after Klf2 inhibition in cultured ECs. Moreover, Klf2 regulated its direct target gene TGFβ1 in ECs and mediated the protective effects of simvastatin, and inhibition of EC-Klf2 increased the expression of EC-TGFβ1 leading to simvastatin losing its protective effects. Also, EC-Klf2 was found to regulate EC-Foxp1 and loss of EC-Foxp1 attenuated the protective effects of simvastatin similar to EC-Klf2 inhibition. Conclusions: We conclude that cardiac microvasculature ECs are important in the modulation of pressure overload induced maladaptive cardiac remodeling and dysfunction, and the endothelial Klf2-TGFβ1 or Klf2-Foxp1-TGFβ1 pathway mediates the preventive effects of simvastatin. This study demonstrates a novel mechanism of the non-cholesterol lowering effects of simvastatin for HF prevention.
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Soga F, Tanaka H, Tatsumi K, Mochizuki Y, Sano H, Toki H, Matsumoto K, Shite J, Takaoka H, Doi T, Hirata KI. Impact of Dapagliflozin on the Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Diabetic Patients with Heart Failure Complicating Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Intern Med 2021; 60:2367-2374. [PMID: 34334588 PMCID: PMC8381170 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.6127-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Our aim was to investigate the impact of the sodium glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor on the left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with chronic heart failure (HF) complicating cardiovascular risk factors. Methods We analyzed data from our previous prospective multicenter study, in which we investigated the effect of dapagliflozin on the LV diastolic function of T2DM patients with stable HF at five institutions in Japan. Patients who had been taking at least 1 antidiabetic drug other than SGLT2 inhibitors started treatment with dapagliflozin. Echocardiography was performed at baseline and six months after the administration of dapagliflozin. Cardiovascular risk factors other than T2DM were age, gender, hypertension, dyslipidemia, history of cardiovascular events and overweight. Results The LV diastolic function, defined as the ratio of the mitral inflow E to the mitral e' annular velocities (E/e'), significantly decreased from 9.3 to 8.5 by six months after the administration of dapagliflozin (p=0.020) as previously reported. A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that dyslipidemia was the only independent determinant of improvement in the E/e' after the administration of dapagliflozin among cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, the relative change in the E/e' from baseline to six months after the administration of dapagliflozin for HF patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and dyslipidemia was significantly larger than that for HFpEF patients without dyslipidemia (-15.2% vs. 29.6%, p=0.014), but no such finding was observed in non-HFpEF patients. Conclusion SGLT2 inhibitors may exert a more beneficial effect on the LV diastolic function for T2DM patients with stable HF, especially those with complicating dyslipidemia, than existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Soga
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tanaka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tatsumi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
- Tatsumi Clinic, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Mochizuki
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka Saiseikai Nakatsu Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sano
- Division of Cardiology, Aijinkai Takatsuki Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiromi Toki
- Division of Cardiology, Kobe Red Cross Hospital, Japan
| | - Kensuke Matsumoto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Junya Shite
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka Saiseikai Nakatsu Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Tomofumi Doi
- Division of Cardiology, Kobe Red Cross Hospital, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Cianflone E, Cappetta D, Mancuso T, Sabatino J, Marino F, Scalise M, Albanese M, Salatino A, Parrotta EI, Cuda G, De Angelis A, Berrino L, Rossi F, Nadal-Ginard B, Torella D, Urbanek K. Statins Stimulate New Myocyte Formation After Myocardial Infarction by Activating Growth and Differentiation of the Endogenous Cardiac Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217927. [PMID: 33114544 PMCID: PMC7663580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) exert pleiotropic effects on cardiac cell biology which are not yet fully understood. Here we tested whether statin treatment affects resident endogenous cardiac stem/progenitor cell (CSC) activation in vitro and in vivo after myocardial infarction (MI). Statins (Rosuvastatin, Simvastatin and Pravastatin) significantly increased CSC expansion in vitro as measured by both BrdU incorporation and cell growth curve. Additionally, statins increased CSC clonal expansion and cardiosphere formation. The effects of statins on CSC growth and differentiation depended on Akt phosphorylation. Twenty-eight days after myocardial infarction by permanent coronary ligation in rats, the number of endogenous CSCs in the infarct border zone was significantly increased by Rosuvastatin-treatment as compared to untreated controls. Additionally, commitment of the activated CSCs into the myogenic lineage (c-kitpos/Gata4pos CSCs) was increased by Rosuvastatin administration. Accordingly, Rosuvastatin fostered new cardiomyocyte formation after MI. Finally, Rosuvastatin treatment reversed the cardiomyogenic defects of CSCs in c-kit haploinsufficient mice, increasing new cardiomyocyte formation by endogenous CSCs in these mice after myocardial infarction. In summary, statins, by sustaining Akt activation, foster CSC growth and differentiation in vitro and in vivo. The activation and differentiation of the endogenous CSC pool and consequent new myocyte formation by statins improve myocardial remodeling after coronary occlusion in rodents. Similar effects might contribute to the beneficial effects of statins on human cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cianflone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (E.I.P.); (B.N.-G.)
| | - Donato Cappetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (A.D.A.); (L.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Teresa Mancuso
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Jolanda Sabatino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (E.I.P.); (B.N.-G.)
| | - Fabiola Marino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Mariangela Scalise
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Michele Albanese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (E.I.P.); (B.N.-G.)
| | - Alessandro Salatino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Elvira Immacolata Parrotta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (E.I.P.); (B.N.-G.)
| | - Giovanni Cuda
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Antonella De Angelis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (A.D.A.); (L.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Liberato Berrino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (A.D.A.); (L.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Francesco Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (A.D.A.); (L.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Bernardo Nadal-Ginard
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (E.I.P.); (B.N.-G.)
| | - Daniele Torella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (K.U.)
| | - Konrad Urbanek
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (K.U.)
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Shi P, Cao Y, Gao J, Fu B, Ren J, Ba L, Song C, Qi H, Huang W, Guan X, Sun H. Allicin improves the function of cardiac microvascular endothelial cells by increasing PECAM-1 in rats with cardiac hypertrophy. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 51:241-254. [PMID: 30466623 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiac microvascular damage is significantly associated with the development of cardiac hypertrophy (CH). Researchers found that allicin could inhibit CH, but the relationship between cardiac microvessel and the inhibition of allicin on CH has not been reported. We aimed to investigate the effect of allicin on the function of cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) in CH rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hemodynamic parameters were measured by BL-420F biological function experimental system and the indicators of the ventricular structure and function were measured by echocardiographic system. MTT assay was performed to assess the cell viability. Nitrite detection was performed to detect nitric oxide content. The morphology and molecular characteristics were detected by electron micrographs, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot. Wound healing experiment, analysis of tube formation and shear adaptation were performed to assess CMECs migration ability, angiogenesis and shear-responsiveness respectively. RESULT Our findings have identified that microvascular density was decreased by observing the expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) in CH rats. Interestingly, allicin improved the distribution and expression of PECAM-1. Meanwhile, allicin enhanced the migration and angiogenesis ability of CMECs, activated PECAM-1-PI3K-AKT-eNOS signaling pathway, however, the role of allicin was disappear after PECAM-1 was silenced. Allicin decreased the expression of caspase-3 and receptor interacting protein 3 (RIP3), inhibited necroptosis, and increased the levels of Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β). Under 10 dyn/cm2 condition, allicin advanced the modification ability of CMECs's shear-adaptation by activating PECAM-1. CONCLUSION Allicin provided cardioprotection for CH rats by improving the function of CMECs through increasing the expression of PECAM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilong Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Yonggang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110847, China
| | - Jingquan Gao
- Department of Nursing, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Bowen Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Jing Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Lina Ba
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Chao Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Hanping Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Xueying Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Hongli Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China.
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Marume K, Takashio S, Nagai T, Tsujita K, Saito Y, Yoshikawa T, Anzai T. Effect of Statins on Mortality in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Without Coronary Artery Disease - Report From the JASPER Study. Circ J 2018; 83:357-367. [PMID: 30416189 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-18-0639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins might be associated with improved survival in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The effect of statins in HFpEF without coronary artery disease (CAD), however, remains unclear. Methods and Results: From the JASPER registry, a multicenter, observational, prospective cohort with Japanese patients aged ≥20 years requiring hospitalization with acute HF and LVEF ≥50%, 414 patients without CAD were selected for outcome analysis. Based on prescription of statins at admission, we divided patients into the statin group (n=81) or no statin group (n=333). We followed them for 25 months. The association between statin use and primary (all-cause mortality) and secondary (non-cardiac death, cardiac death, or rehospitalization for HF) endpoints was assessed in the entire cohort and in a propensity score-matched cohort. In the propensity score-matched cohort, 3-year mortality was lower in the statin group (HR, 0.21; 95% CI: 0.06-0.72; P=0.014). The statin group had a significantly lower incidence of non-cardiac death (P=0.028) and rehospitalization for HF (P<0.001), but not cardiac death (P=0.593). The beneficial effect of statins on mortality did not have any significant interaction with cholesterol level or HF severity. CONCLUSIONS Statin use has a beneficial effect on mortality in HFpEF without CAD. The present findings should be tested in an adequately powered randomized clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Marume
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Seiji Takashio
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Toshiyuki Nagai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Kenichi Tsujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Yoshihiko Saito
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University
| | | | - Toshihisa Anzai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
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11
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Lee MS, Duan L, Clare R, Hekimian A, Spencer H, Chen W. Comparison of Effects of Statin Use on Mortality in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Versus Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. Am J Cardiol 2018; 122:405-412. [PMID: 30201108 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Randomized trials showed no survival benefit with statin therapy in heart failure (HF) patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Whether these results are generalizable to HF patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) or with mid-range ejection fraction is unclear. In a cohort of 13,440 patients with HF, 9,903 (73.7%) were treated with statins. The association between statin use and all-cause mortality was assessed with Cox proportional hazard regression models and survival time inverse probability weighting propensity scores analyses. Multivariable Poisson regression models with robust error variance were applied to estimate the rate ratios (RR) for hospitalization. The association between statin treatment and clinical outcomes differed by ejection fraction group. In patients with HFpEF, statin use was associated with reduced mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.66 to 0.81, p <0.001; average treatment effect [ATE] 0.48, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.84, p = 0.007) and reduced all-cause hospitalization (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.89, p <0.001). In contrast, in patients with HFrEF, no significant association was observed between statin use and mortality (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.0, p = 0.054; ATE 0.41, 95% CI -0.09 to 0.93, p = 0.11) or hospitalization (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.04, p = 0.17). Similarly, in patients with mid-range ejection fraction, there was no significant association with reduced mortality (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.95, p = 0.02, ATE 0.3, 95% CI -0.84 to 1.43, p = 0.61) or hospitalization (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.9 to 1.27, p = 0.44). In conclusion, statin use was associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with HFpEF but not in patients with HFrEF or mid-range ejection fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Sum Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Lewei Duan
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California
| | - Ryan Clare
- Division of Cardiology, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Avetis Hekimian
- Division of Cardiology, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hillard Spencer
- Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wansu Chen
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California
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12
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Fukuta H, Goto T, Wakami K, Ohte N. The effect of statins on mortality in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a meta-analysis of propensity score analyses. Int J Cardiol 2016; 214:301-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Liu X, Zou C, Yu C, Xie R, Sui M, Mu S, Li L, Zhao S. Original Research: Atorvastatin prevents rat cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by parathyroid hormone 1-34 associated with the Ras-ERK signaling. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1745-50. [PMID: 27190264 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216649259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of atorvastatin (Ator) on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (CMH) induced by rat parathyroid hormone 1-34 (PTH1-34) and Ras-extracellular signal regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling. Rat cardiomyocytes were randomly divided into seven groups: normal controls (NC), PTH1-34 (10(-7) mol/L), Ator (10(-5) mol/L), farnesyl transferase inhibitors-276 (FTI-276, 4 × 10(-5) mol/L), PTH1-34 + Ator, PTH1-34 + FTI-276 and PTH1-34 + Ator + mevalonic acid (MVA, 10(-4) mol/L). After treatment, the hypertrophic responses of cardiomyocytes were assessed by measuring cell diameter, detecting protein synthesis, and single-cell protein content. The concentrations of hypertrophic markers such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured by ELISA. Protein expressions of ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2 and Ras were detected by western blotting. The results showed that compared with the PTH1-34 group, cellular diameter, 3H-leucine incorporation, single-cell protein content, ANP and BNP concentration decreased by 12.07 µm, 1622 cpm/well, 84.34 pg, 7.13 ng/L and 20.04 µg/L, respectively, and the expressions of Ras and p-ERK1/2 were downregulated in PTH1-34 + Ator group (P < 0.05). Compared to the PTH1-34 + Ator group, the corresponding hypertrophic responses and hypertrophic markers increased by 4.95 µm, 750 cpm/well, 49.08 pg, 3.12 ng/L and 9.35 µg/L, respectively, and the expressions of Ras and p-ERK1/2 were upregulated in the PTH1-34 + Ator + MVA group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Ator prevents neonatal rat CMH induced by PTH1-34 and Ras-ERK signaling may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chunbo Zou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chengyuan Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Rujuan Xie
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Manshu Sui
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Suhong Mu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shilei Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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14
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Ahmad A, Sattar MA, Rathore HA, Abdulla MH, Khan SA, Azam M, Abdullah NA, Johns EJ. Up Regulation of cystathione γ lyase and Hydrogen Sulphide in the Myocardium Inhibits the Progression of Isoproterenol-Caffeine Induced Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Wistar Kyoto Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150137. [PMID: 26963622 PMCID: PMC4786159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is an emerging molecule in many cardiovascular complications but its role in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is unknown. The present study explored the effect of exogenous H2S administration in the regression of LVH by modulating oxidative stress, arterial stiffness and expression of cystathione γ lyase (CSE) in the myocardium. Animals were divided into four groups: Control, LVH, Control-H2S and LVH-H2S. LVH was induced by administering isoprenaline (5mg/kg, every 72 hours, S/C) and caffeine in drinking water (62mg/L) for 2 weeks. Intraperitoneal NaHS, 56μM/kg/day for 5 weeks, was given as an H2S donor. Myocardial expression of Cystathione γ lyase (CSE) mRNA was quantified using real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).There was a 3 fold reduction in the expression of myocardial CSE mRNA in LVH but it was up regulated by 7 and 4 fold in the Control-H2S and LVH-H2S myocardium, respectively. Systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, pulse wave velocity were reduced (all P<0.05) in LVH-H2S when compared to the LVH group. Heart, LV weight, myocardial thickness were reduced while LV internal diameter was increased (all P<0.05) in the LVH-H2S when compared to the LVH group. Exogenous administration of H2S in LVH increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione and total antioxidant capacity but significantly reduced (all P<0.05) plasma malanodialdehyde in the LVH-H2S compared to the LVH group. The renal cortical blood perfusion increased by 40% in LVH-H2S as compared to the LVH group. Exogenous administration of H2S suppressed the progression of LVH which was associated with an up regulation of myocardial CSE mRNA/ H2S and a reduction in pulse wave velocity with a blunting of systemic hemodynamic. This CSE/H2S pathway exhibits an antihypertrophic role by antagonizing the hypertrophic actions of angiotensin II(Ang II) and noradrenaline (NA) but attenuates oxidative stress and improves pulse wave velocity which helps to suppress LVH. Exogenous administration of H2S augmented the reduced renal cortical blood perfusion in the LVH state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashfaq Ahmad
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UniversitiSains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Munavvar A. Sattar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UniversitiSains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hassaan A. Rathore
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UniversitiSains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Safia A. Khan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UniversitiSains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Maleeha Azam
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nor A. Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Edward J. Johns
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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15
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Kim G, Kim JH, Moon KW, Yoo KD, Kim CM, Moon D, Lee SN. The Relationships Between the Arterial Stiffness Index Measured at the Radial Artery and Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Asymptomatic High Risk Patients Without Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Int Heart J 2016; 57:73-9. [PMID: 26742882 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.15-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Arterial stiffness is associated with atherosclerosis and left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in general or hypertensive patients. However, the relationships between the arterial stiffness index measured at the radial artery and LV diastolic dysfunction in asymptomatic high-risk patients without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) have not been fully established.A total 532 statin-naïve patients (male:female ratio, 230:302, mean age, 56.0 ± 9.2 years) without ASCVD were enrolled from among subjects who simultaneously underwent transthoracic echocardiography and noninvasive semiautomated radial artery applanation tonometry from July 2011 to May 2014. Of these patients, 213 were categorized as the statin benefit group (Benefit) according to guidelines for blood cholesterol treatment, and the rest were placed in the nonbenefit control group (NoBenefit). Each group was subdivided into two groups (Y or N) according to antihypertensive medication administration. Thus, there were 4 groups: BenefitN (n = 80), BenefitY (n = 133), NoBenefitN (n = 251), and NoBenefitY (n = 68). There were significant differences in echocardiographic parameters of LV function and indices of arterial stiffness between the Benefit and NoBenefit groups. After adjusting for several risk factors, independent significant associations between echocardiographic parameters of LV diastolic function and arterial indices were identified with multivariate linear regression analysis in the Benefit patients.Parameters of arterial stiffness measured at the radial artery are associated with echocardiographic indices of LV diastolic function in asymptomatic high-risk patients without ASCVD. Therapies that prevent progression of arterial stiffness and reduce late-systolic pressure overload may help to reduce the prevalence of LV diastolic dysfunction in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- GeeHee Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, St.Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea
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17
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Atorvastatin ameliorates cardiac fibrosis and improves left ventricular diastolic function in hypertensive diastolic heart failure model rats. J Hypertens 2015; 32:1534-41; discussion 1541. [PMID: 24759122 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical studies have suggested the beneficial effects of statin therapy on diastolic heart failure. However, the mechanism of the beneficial effects of statin on diastolic heart failure remains unknown. We examined the effect of atorvastatin on the cardiac function of Dahl salt-sensitive rat, a model of hypertensive diastolic heart failure. METHODS Dahl salt-sensitive rats were divided into three groups: the low-salt group (given standard diet), the high-salt group (given 8% NaCl diet from 7 weeks of age), and the high-salt + atorvastatin (HS + Ato) group (given 8% NaCl diet from 7 weeks of age and atorvastatin from 17 weeks of age). We evaluated left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), fibrosis, and function by using echocardiography and histology. We also examined the expression of molecules related to fibrosis in the hearts of Dahl salt-sensitive rats and cultured rat cardiac fibroblasts. RESULTS Left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, and cardiac fibrosis were observed in the high-salt group. Atorvastatin ameliorated cardiac fibrosis and normalized left ventricular diastolic function without altering blood pressure. Atorvastatin also decreased the expression of heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), an essential chaperone for type 1 collagen processing, without changing in expression of transforming growth factor beta. In rat cardiac fibroblast cells, atorvastatin also reduced HSP47 level induced by transforming growth factor beta. The effect of atorvastatin was reversed by mevalonate and geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate and mimicked by Rho kinase inhibitor. CONCLUSION Atorvastatin administration ameliorates cardiac fibrosis and improves left ventricular diastolic function in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Lowering HSP47 by atorvastatin via inhibition of Rho-Rho kinase pathway is suggested as a mechanism.
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18
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The Cardioprotective Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide in Heart Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Potential. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:925167. [PMID: 26078822 PMCID: PMC4442295 DOI: 10.1155/2015/925167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is now recognized as a third gaseous mediator along with nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), though it was originally considered as a malodorous and toxic gas. H2S is produced endogenously from cysteine by three enzymes in mammalian tissues. An increasing body of evidence suggests the involvement of H2S in different physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies have shown that H2S has the potential to protect the heart against myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, hypertrophy, fibrosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and heart failure. Some mechanisms, such as antioxidative action, preservation of mitochondrial function, reduction of apoptosis, anti-inflammatory responses, angiogenic actions, regulation of ion channel, and interaction with NO, could be responsible for the cardioprotective effect of H2S. Although several mechanisms have been identified, there is a need for further research to identify the specific molecular mechanism of cardioprotection in different cardiac diseases. Therefore, insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying H2S action in the heart may promote the understanding of pathophysiology of cardiac diseases and lead to new therapeutic targets based on modulation of H2S production.
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Morimoto T, Katanasaka Y, Sunagawa Y, Hirano S, Miyazaki Y, Funamoto M, Hojo Y, Suzuki H, Morimoto E, Ueno M, Shimatsu A, Satoh-Asahara N, Yamakage H, Wada H, Hasegawa K. Effects of Statins on Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Patients with Dyslipidemia and Diastolic Dysfunction (Stat-LVDF Study). Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:1404-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Morimoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Shizuoka General Hospital
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Yasufumi Katanasaka
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Shizuoka General Hospital
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Yoichi Sunagawa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Shizuoka General Hospital
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Sae Hirano
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Shizuoka Saiseikai General Hospital
| | - Yusuke Miyazaki
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Masafumi Funamoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yuya Hojo
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Hidetoshi Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | | | - Morio Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Akira Shimatsu
- Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Noriko Satoh-Asahara
- Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Hajime Yamakage
- Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Hiromichi Wada
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Koji Hasegawa
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
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Indolfi C, Curcio A. Stargazing microRNA maps a new miR-21 star for cardiac hypertrophy. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1896-8. [PMID: 24743143 DOI: 10.1172/jci75801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy is an initial compensatory mechanism in response to cardiac stress that can degenerate into heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Recent studies have shown that microRNAs (miRs) regulate several aspects of cardiovascular diseases. In this issue of the JCI, Bang and colleagues identified an exosome-mediated communication mechanism between cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes. Specifically, cardiac fibroblasts secrete miR-enriched exosomes, which are subsequently taken up by cardiomyocytes, in which they alter gene expression. In particular, a passenger strand miR, miR-21*, was identified as a potent paracrine factor that induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy when shuttled through exosomes. These advanced comprehensive analyses represent a major step forward in our understanding of cardiovascular physiopathology, providing a promising adjunctive target for possible therapeutic approaches, namely the miR-mediated paracrine signaling network.
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Stoyanova V, Zhelev N. Alterations in Protein P53 Expression During the Development of Pressure Overload-Induced Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Rats. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2008.10817592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Meta-analysis of the effect of statins on mortality in patients with preserved ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol 2014; 113:1198-204. [PMID: 24513478 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
No therapy has been shown to improve survival rate in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF). Recent observational studies of the association between statin use and the risk of mortality in HFPEF have shown mixed results. The goal of the present study was to systematically review all published observational studies evaluating the effect of statins on the risk of mortality in HFPEF. A literature search in the PubMed and EMBASE databases was undertaken through December of 2013. Combined relative risk (RR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random-effects model. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analysis, and cumulative meta-analysis were also performed. A total of 11 eligible studies with 17,985 patients with HFPEF were included in the analysis. Statin use was associated with a 40% lower risk of mortality (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.74, p<0.001). Stratification of studies by controlled or uncontrolled confounding factors affected the final estimate (confounder-controlled RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.77, p<0.001 and confounder-uncontrolled RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.01, p=0.053). Furthermore, sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability of the results. Cumulative meta-analysis showed an obvious trend of reduction in mortality rates in statin users from 2005 to 2013. In conclusion, our meta-analysis supports the hypothesis that statin therapy may be associated with improved survival rates in patients with HFPEF. Nevertheless, randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the efficacy of statins in HFPEF.
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Sakai S, Shimojo N, Kimura T, Tajiri K, Maruyama H, Homma S, Kuga K, Mizutani T, Aonuma K, Miyauchi T. Involvement of peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 in the inhibitory effect of fluvastatin on endothelin-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Life Sci 2014; 102:98-104. [PMID: 24657892 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cardiac hypertrophy is elicited by endothelin (ET)-1 as well as other neurohumoral factors, hemodynamic overload, and oxidative stress; HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) were shown to inhibit cardiac hypertrophy partly via the anti-oxidative stress. One of their common intracellular pathways is the phosphorylation cascade of MEK signaling. Pin1 specifically isomerizes the phosphorylated protein with Ser/Thr-Pro bonds and regulates their activity through conformational changes. There is no report whether the Pin1 activation contributes to ET-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and whether the Pin1 inactivation contributes to the inhibitory effect of statins. The aim of this study was to reveal these questions. MAIN METHODS We assessed neonatal rat cardiomyocyte hypertrophy using ET-1 and fluvastatin by the cell surface area, ANP mRNA expression, JNK and c-Jun phosphorylation, and [(3)H]-leucine incorporation. KEY FINDINGS Fluvastatin inhibited ET-1-induced increase in the cell surface area, ANP expression, and [(3)H]-leucine incorporation; and it suppressed the signaling cascade from JNK to c-Jun. The phosphorylated Pin1 level, an inactive form, was decreased by ET-1; however, it reached basal level by fluvastatin. Furthermore, Pin1 overexpression clearly elicited cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, which was inhibited by fluvastatin. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first report that ET-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is mediated through the Pin1 activation and that the inhibitory effect of fluvastatin on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy would partly be attributed to the suppression of the Pin1 function. This study firstly suggests that Pin1 determines the size of hypertrophied cardiomyocyte by regulating the activity of phosphorylated molecules and that statins exert their pleiotropic effects partly via Pin1 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Sakai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Nobutake Shimojo
- Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Taizo Kimura
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuko Tajiri
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Maruyama
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoshi Homma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kuga
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Taro Mizutani
- Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Aonuma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyauchi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Division of Life Science Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Hermida N, Balligand JL. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol-induced endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress: the role of statins. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1216-37. [PMID: 23924077 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent a major public health burden. High low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol is a recognized pathogenic factor for atherosclerosis, and its complications and statins represent the most potent and widely used therapeutic approach to prevent and control these disorders. RECENT ADVANCES A number of clinical and experimental studies concur to identify endothelial dysfunction as a primary step in the development of atherosclerosis, as well as a risk factor for subsequent clinical events. Oxidant stress resulting from chronic elevation of plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-chol) is a major contributor to both endothelial dysfunction and its complications, for example, through alterations of endothelial nitric oxide signaling. CRITICAL ISSUES Statin treatment reduces morbidity and mortality of CVD, but increasing evidence questions that this is exclusively through reduction of plasma LDL-chol. The identification of ancillary effects on (cardio)vascular biology, for example, through their modulation of oxidative stress, will not only increase our understanding of their mechanisms of action, with a potential broadening of their indication(s), but also lead to the identification of new molecular targets for future therapeutic developments in CVD. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further characterization of molecular pathways targeted by statins, for example, not directly mediated by changes in plasma lipid concentrations, should enable a more comprehensive approach to the pathogenesis of (cardio)vascular disease, including, for example, epigenetic regulation and fine tuning of cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Hermida
- 1 Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
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Segatto M, Manduca A, Lecis C, Rosso P, Jozwiak A, Swiezewska E, Moreno S, Trezza V, Pallottini V. Simvastatin treatment highlights a new role for the isoprenoid/cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in the modulation of emotional reactivity and cognitive performance in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:841-54. [PMID: 24108067 PMCID: PMC3924519 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to shed light on the role played by the isoprenoid/cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in the modulation of emotional reactivity and memory consolidation in rodents through the inhibition of the key and rate-limiting enzyme 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) both in vivo and in vitro with simvastatin. Three-month-old male Wistar rats treated for 21 days with simvastatin or vehicle were tested in the social interaction, elevated plus-maze, and inhibitory avoidance tasks; after behavioral testing, the amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, dorsal, and ventral striatum were dissected out for biochemical assays. In order to delve deeper into the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed effects, primary rat hippocampal neurons were used. Our results show that HMGR inhibition by simvastatin induces anxiogenic-like effects in the social interaction but not in the elevated plus-maze test, and improves memory consolidation in the inhibitory avoidance task. These effects are accompanied by imbalances in the activity of specific prenylated proteins, Rab3 and RhoA, involved in neurotransmitter release, and synaptic plasticity, respectively. Taken together, the present findings indicate that the isoprenoid/cholesterol biosynthetic pathway is critically involved in the physiological modulation of both emotional and cognitive processes in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Segatto
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonia Manduca
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Lecis
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi, Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Rosso
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi, Rome, Italy
| | - Adam Jozwiak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Trezza
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi, Rome, Italy
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Lee H, Yoo YS, Lee D, Song EJ. Cholesterol induces cardiac hypertrophy by activating the AKT pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:307-13. [PMID: 23907017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy leads to decompensated heart function, predisposition to heart failure, and sudden death due to physiological and pathological stimuli. Although high cholesterol is considered a principal risk factor for atherosclerosis and heart disease, it has not been shown whether cholesterol itself is sufficient to cause cardiac hypertrophy. In this study, we investigated whether cholesterol induces cardiac hypertrophy, and identified cellular mechanisms underlying hypertrophic responses using H9c2 cells as a model system. Here we show that cholesterol loading significantly increased the cellular surface area and upregulated hypertrophy marker gene, β-myosin-heavy chain (β-MHC). Cholesterol loading alone activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways. Conversely, cholesterol induced hypertrophic characteristic features such as increase in cellular surface area, and the expression of β-MHC mRNA is markedly inhibited by LY294002, a PI3K kinase inhibitor. These results suggest that cholesterol may play a key role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy through the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Department of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences Ewha Womans University, Daehyun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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Curcio A, Torella D, Iaconetti C, Pasceri E, Sabatino J, Sorrentino S, Giampà S, Micieli M, Polimeni A, Henning BJ, Leone A, Catalucci D, Ellison GM, Condorelli G, Indolfi C. MicroRNA-1 downregulation increases connexin 43 displacement and induces ventricular tachyarrhythmias in rodent hypertrophic hearts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70158. [PMID: 23922949 PMCID: PMC3724819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of the muscle-specific microRNA-1 (miR-1) mediates the induction of pathologic cardiac hypertrophy. Dysfunction of the gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43), an established miR-1 target, during cardiac hypertrophy leads to ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT). However, it is still unknown whether miR-1 and Cx43 are interconnected in the pro-arrhythmic context of hypertrophy. Thus, in this study we investigated whether a reduction in the extent of cardiac hypertrophy could limit the pathological electrical remodeling of Cx43 and the onset of VT by modulating miR-1 levels. Wistar male rats underwent mechanical constriction of the ascending aorta to induce pathologic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and afterwards were randomly assigned to receive 10mg/kg valsartan, VAL (LVH+VAL) delivered in the drinking water or placebo (LVH) for 12 weeks. Sham surgery was performed for control groups. Programmed ventricular stimulation reproducibly induced VT in LVH compared to LVH+VAL group. When compared to sham controls, rats from LVH group showed a significant decrease of miR-1 and an increase of Cx43 expression and its ERK1/2-dependent phosphorylation, which displaces Cx43 from the gap junction. Interestingly, VAL administration to rats with aortic banding significantly reduced cardiac hypertrophy and prevented miR-1 down-regulation and Cx43 up-regulation and phosphorylation. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments in neonatal cardiomyocytes (NCMs) in vitro confirmed that Cx43 is a direct target of miR-1. Accordingly, in vitro angiotensin II stimulation reduced miR-1 levels and increased Cx43 expression and phosphorylation compared to un-stimulated NCMs. Finally, in vivo miR-1 cardiac overexpression by an adenoviral vector intra-myocardial injection reduced Cx43 expression and phosphorylation in mice with isoproterenol-induced LVH. In conclusion, miR-1 regulates Cx43 expression and activity in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of pressure overload-induced myocyte hypertrophy reduces the risk of life-threatening VT by normalizing miR-1 expression levels with the consequent stabilization of Cx43 expression and activity within the gap junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Curcio
- Division of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Daniele Torella
- Division of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- Biostem Unit, RISES, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Iaconetti
- Division of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Eugenia Pasceri
- Division of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Jolanda Sabatino
- Division of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sabato Sorrentino
- Division of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Salvatore Giampà
- Division of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariella Micieli
- Division of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alberto Polimeni
- Division of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Beverley J. Henning
- Biostem Unit, RISES, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Angelo Leone
- Division of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Daniele Catalucci
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, and National Research Council, Italy
| | - Georgina M. Ellison
- Division of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- Biostem Unit, RISES, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluigi Condorelli
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, and National Research Council, Italy
| | - Ciro Indolfi
- Division of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- URT - National Research Council, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
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Hermida N, Markl A, Hamelet J, Van Assche T, Vanderper A, Herijgers P, van Bilsen M, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Noppe G, Beauloye C, Horman S, Balligand JL. HMGCoA reductase inhibition reverses myocardial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction through AMP-activated protein kinase activation in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:44-54. [PMID: 23542580 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The metabolic syndrome (MS) leads to myocardial fibrosis (MF) and diastolic dysfunction. Statins have proven beneficial effects in MS, but their impact on cardiac remodelling is uncertain. We examined the effects and mechanisms of chronic statin treatment on cardiac remodelling, e.g. fibrosis and diastolic properties. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a mouse model deficient in leptin and the LDL-receptor (DKO) that reproduces this MS phenotype. DKO mice (12 weeks) were treated with rosuvastatin (R) for 6 months vs. placebo. Morphometric and echocardiographic measurements showed that R reduced cardiac mass and increased left-ventricular end-diastolic diameter despite unchanged cardiomyocyte dimensions. Similarly, R had no effect on the hypertrophic response to neurohormones in isolated cardiomyocytes. Conversely, R reversed the age-dependent development of MF as well as mRNA expression of TGF-β1 and several pro-fibrotic markers (procollagen type I, its carboxy-terminal proteinase, Lysyl oxidase). R similarly inhibited the pro-fibrotic effects of TGF-β1 on procollagen type I, alpha Smooth Muscle Actin expression and migratory properties of cardiac fibroblasts in vitro. In parallel, R increased the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a known inhibitor of fibrosis, in vivo and in vitro, and the anti-fibrotic effects of R were abrogated in fibroblasts transfected with AMPKα1/α2 siRNA. The reversal of MF by R in DKO mice was accompanied with improved diastolic properties assessed by P-V loop analysis (slope of EDPVR, dP/dt min and cardiac output). CONCLUSION In this model of MS, statin treatment reverses myocardial remodelling and improves ventricular relaxation through AMPK-mediated anti-fibrotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Hermida
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique , Avenue Mounier 53 bte B1.53.09 à 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
Background Lower extremity artery disease (LE-PAD) is one of the most common manifestations of atherosclerosis, particularly in elderly patients, and it is related to a high cardiovascular risk. Description It is well established that statin therapy is characterized by crucial benefits on cardiovascular system by limiting atherosclerotic progression and reducing cardiovascular events and mortality. A growing body of evidence support efficacy of statins in LE-PAD due to the ability of both reducing cardiovascular risk and improving walking distance and, hence, quality of life. Consequently, statin therapy should be considered in all LE-PAD patients and new LDL-cholesterol targets should be reached. Conclusions Our opinion is that statin therapy remains still underutilized or with inadequate dosage, so therapy of LE-PAD patients should be improved to obtain all the demonstrated benefits of statins.
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HUANG JINGLONG, WANG DONGMING, ZHENG JINBIN, HUANG XIANSHENG, JIN HONG. Hydrogen sulfide attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis induced by abdominal aortic coarctation in rats. Mol Med Rep 2012; 5:923-8. [PMID: 22245911 PMCID: PMC3493037 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recently found to be an endogenous signaling gasotransmitter. Cardiac hypertrophy often develops in the course of heart failure. It is unknown whether or not endogenous H2S protects cardiac hypertrophy. This study was conducted to examine the effects of H2S on cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis induced by abdominal aortic coarctation and to explore its mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal, sham, abdominal aortic coarctation (AAC), AAC treated with enalapril and AAC treated with H2S. One week after surgery, enalapril and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS)-treated rats were fed for 28 consecutive days and sacrificed. After that, the left ventricle mass index (LVMI), cardiomyocyte size and areas, collagen volume fraction (CVF) of the rats were measured. In the AAC rats, the LVMI, the cardiomyocyte size and areas, and the CVF were all markedly increased while in the H2S groups they were significantly reduced. H2S decreased the levels of Ang-II in the heart, but not in plasma. In addition, H2S also improved the expression of connexin 43 (Cx43). Our results suggest that H2S can significantly suppress cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis induced by overloaded pressure, possibly by inhibiting the activity of intracardiac Ang-II and by modifying expression of Cx43.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - JINBIN ZHENG
- Department of Cardiology, Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - XIANSHENG HUANG
- Department of Cardiology, Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - HONG JIN
- Department of Cardiology, Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
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Su F, Shi M, Yan Z, Ou D, Li J, Lu Z, Zheng Q. Simvastatin modulates remodeling of Kv4.3 expression in rat hypertrophied cardiomyocytes. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:236-48. [PMID: 22253567 PMCID: PMC3258563 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Hypertrophy has been shown to be associated with arrhythmias which can be caused by abnormal remodeling of the Kv4-family of transient potassium channels. Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (statins) have recently been shown to exert pleiotropic protective effects in cardiovascular diseases, including anti-arrhythmias. It is hypothesized that remodeling of Kv4.3 occurs in rat hypertrophied cardiomyocytes and is regulated by simvastatin. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats and neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) underwent abdominal aortic banding (AAB) for 7 weeks and angiotensin II (AngII) treatment, respectively, to induce cardiac hypertrophy. Kv4.3 expression by NRVMs and myocardium (subepicardial and subendocardial) in the left ventricle was measured. The transient outward potassium current (Ito) of NRVMs was recorded using a whole-cell patch-clamp method. Results: Expression of the Kv4.3 transcript and protein was significantly reduced in myocardium (subepicardial and subendocardial) in the left ventricle and in NRVMs. Simvastatin partially prevented the reduction of Kv4.3 expression in NRVMs and subepicardial myocardium but not in the subendocardial myocardium. Hypertrophied NRVMs exhibited a significant reduction in the Ito current and this effect was partially reversed by simvastatin. Conclusions: Simvastatin alleviated the reduction of Kv4.3 expression, Ito currents in hypertrophied NRVMs and alleviated the reduced Kv4.3 expression in subepicardial myocardium from the hypertrophied left ventricle. It can be speculated that among the pleiotropic effects of simvastatin, the anti-arrhythmia effect is partly mediated by its effect on Kv4.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Su
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Statins do not significantly affect muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans with nonischemic heart failure: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Card Fail 2011; 17:879-86. [PMID: 22041323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) have been shown to reduce sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation in experimental heart failure (HF). However, this potential mechanism of action of statins in HF has not been well studied in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-six patients with nonischemic systolic HF (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] ≤35%) were randomized to atorvastatin (10 mg) or placebo for 3 months. Pre- and posttreatment testing included echocardiography, laboratory assays, quality of life (QOL) questionnaires, and peroneal nerve muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) via microneurography. Eighteen subjects had technically adequate MSNA tracings before and after treatment. The cohort was 65% male, 81% New York Heart Association functional class II, LVEF 26 ± 6%, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) 108 ± 26 mg/dL. Baseline MSNA was 41 ± 2 bursts/min. LDL-C significantly decreased in the atorvastatin (-36.8%) versus the placebo (-0.1%) group (P < .0001). However, there was no significant change in MSNA (-16.2% vs -2.5%), LVEF, B-type natriuretic peptide, or QOL score in the atorvastatin compared with the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS Short-term statin therapy in patients with nonischemic HF does not result in a significant decrease in SNS activation as measured by MSNA. These findings are consistent with the neutral outcomes of large clinical trials of statins in HF.
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Garjani A, Andalib S, Biabani S, Soraya H, Doustar Y, Garjani A, Maleki-Dizaji N. Combined atorvastatin and coenzyme Q10 improve the left ventricular function in isoproterenol-induced heart failure in rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 666:135-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Reed RM, Iacono A, DeFilippis A, Jones S, Eberlein M, Lechtzin N, Girgis RE. Statin therapy is associated with decreased pulmonary vascular pressures in severe COPD. COPD 2011; 8:96-102. [PMID: 21495837 DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2011.558545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in COPD carries a poor prognosis. Statin therapy has been associated with numerous beneficial clinical effects in COPD, including a possible improvement in PH. We examined the association between statin use and pulmonary hemodynamics in a well-characterized cohort of patients undergoing evaluation for lung transplantation. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 112 subjects evaluated for lung transplant with a diagnosis of COPD. Clinical characteristics, pulmonary function, cardiac catheterization findings and medical comorbidities were compared between statins users and non-users. RESULTS Thirty-four (30%) subjects were receiving statin therapy. Statin users were older and had an increased prevalence of systemic hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD). Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) in the statin group was lower [26 ± 7 vs 29 ± 7 mmHg, p = 0.02], as was pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) [12 ± 5 vs. 15 ± 6 mmHg, p = 0.02]. Pulmonary vascular resistance did not differ between the groups. In multiple regression analysis, statin use was associated with a 4.2 mmHg (95% CI: 2 to 6.4, p = <0.001) lower PAWP and a 2.6 mmHg (95% CI: 0.3 to 4.9, p = 0.03) reduction in mPAP independent of PAWP. CONCLUSIONS In patients with severe COPD, statin use is associated with significantly lower PAWP and mPAP. These finding should be evaluated prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Reed
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Katholi RE, Couri DM. Left ventricular hypertrophy: major risk factor in patients with hypertension: update and practical clinical applications. Int J Hypertens 2011; 2011:495349. [PMID: 21755036 PMCID: PMC3132610 DOI: 10.4061/2011/495349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy is a maladaptive response to chronic pressure overload and an important risk factor for atrial fibrillation, diastolic heart failure, systolic heart failure, and sudden death in patients with hypertension. Since not all patients with hypertension develop left ventricular hypertrophy, there are clinical findings that should be kept in mind that may alert the physician to the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy so a more definitive evaluation can be performed using an echocardiogram or cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Controlling arterial pressure, sodium restriction, and weight loss independently facilitate the regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. Choice of antihypertensive agents may be important when treating a patient with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers followed by calcium channel antagonists most rapidly facilitate the regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. With the regression of left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic function and coronary flow reserve usually improve, and cardiovascular risk decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Katholi
- Prairie Cardiovascular Consultants, Ltd., 619 E. Mason Street, Ste. 4P57, Springfield, IL 62701, USA
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Sankaranarayanan R, Maini S, James MA, Burtchaell S, Chatterjee AK. Do statins improve heart failure outcome in post-myocardial infarction patients with moderate to severe left ventricular dysfunction? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:181-6. [PMID: 20662872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2010.00165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The authors conducted this retrospective cohort study to assess the influence of statins on heart failure (HF) outcome by enrolling 500 consecutive acute myocardial infarction patients, majority (339 of 500) with moderate to severe left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction <40%) between March 2000 and March 2002 with 5.5-year mean follow-up. They were retrospectively analyzed according to whether they were discharged on a statin, and their HF outcome was evaluated independent of overt clinical ischemic events. Mortality in the statin group was 71 of 249 (28.5%; median survival 252 days) vs 48 of 90 (53%; median survival, 141.5 days; P<.001) in the no-statin group. Univariate analysis showed fewer HF readmissions (statin group, 7% vs no-statin group, 32%; P<.001) and HF deaths (statin group, 4% vs no-statin group, 13%; P=.002). Multivariate analysis by logistic regression showed that these effects due to statins are independent of cholesterol levels, age, sex, drugs, revascularization, and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or cardiac resynchronization therapy. Statins have an important role in independently improving HF outcome in post-myocardial infarction patients with left ventricular ejection fraction < 40%.
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Primary prevention of diastolic dysfunction in the normal heart: The “Eyes Wide Shut” on a statin pleiotropic effect? Atherosclerosis 2011; 216:272-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Han J, Jiang DM, Du CQ, Hu SJ. Alteration of enzyme expressions in mevalonate pathway: possible role for cardiovascular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circ J 2011; 75:1409-17. [PMID: 21467659 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-10-1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mevalonate pathway is an important metabolic pathway that plays a key role in multiple cellular processes. The aim of this study was to define whether the enzyme expression in mevalonate pathway changes during cardiovascular remodelling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). METHODS AND RESULTS Hearts and thoracic aortas were removed for the study of cardiovascular remodeling in SHR and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The protein expression of the enzymes in hearts, aortas and livers was analyzed by western blot. The histological measurements showed that the mass and the size of cardiomyocytes, the media thickness and the media cross-sectional area (MCSA) of the thoracic aorta were all increased in SHR since 3 weeks of age. In the heart, there was overexpression of some enzymes, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS), and geranylgeranyltransferase type I (GGTase-I), and downregulation of squalene synthetase (SQS) in SHR since 3 weeks of age. In the aorta, besides similar expressions of HMGR, SQS, FDPS and GGTase-I as in the heart, there was upregulation of farnesyltransferase α at 16 and 25 weeks of age and of farnesyltransferase β in 25-weeks-old SHR. Western blot demonstrated overexpression of HMGR and downregulation of SQS in SHR livers at all ages tested. CONCLUSIONS The cardiovascular remodeling of SHR preceded the development of hypertension, and altered expression of several key enzymes in the mevalonate pathway may play a potential pathophysiological role in cardiovascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- Institute of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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EGFR trans-activation by urotensin II receptor is mediated by β-arrestin recruitment and confers cardioprotection in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 106:577-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Impact of statin use on heart failure mortality. Int J Cardiol 2011; 147:438-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jassal DS, Bhagirath KM, Karlstedt E, Zeglinski M, Dumesnil JG, Teo KK, Tam JW, Chan KL. Evaluating the effectiveness of rosuvastatin in preventing the progression of diastolic dysfunction in aortic stenosis: A substudy of the aortic stenosis progression observation measuring effects of rosuvastatin (ASTRONOMER) study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2011; 9:5. [PMID: 21299902 PMCID: PMC3041733 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7120-9-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is a noninvasive echocardiographic method for the diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction in patients with varying degrees of aortic stenosis (AS). Little is known however, on the utility of TDI in the serial assessment of diastolic abnormalities in AS. Objective The aim of the current proposal was to examine whether treatment with rosuvastatin was successful in improving diastolic abnormalities in patients enrolled in the Aortic Stenosis Progression Observation Measuring Effects of Rosuvastatin (ASTRONOMER) study. Methods Conventional Doppler indices including peak early (E) and late (A) transmitral velocities, and E/A ratio were measured from spectral Doppler. Tissue Doppler measurements including early (E') and late (A') velocities of the lateral annulus were determined, and E/E' was calculated. Results The study population included 168 patients (56 ± 13 years), whose AS severity was categorized based on peak velocity at baseline (Group I: 2.5-3.0 m/s; Group II: 3.1-3.5 m/s; Group III: 3.6-4.0 m/s). Baseline and follow-up hemodynamics, LV dimensions and diastolic functional parameters were evaluated in all three groups. There was increased diastolic dysfunction from baseline to follow-up in each of the placebo and rosuvastatin groups. In patients with increasing severity of AS in Groups I and II, the lateral E' was lower and the E/E' (as an estimate of increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure) was higher at baseline (p < 0.05). However, treatment with rosuvastatin did not affect the progression of diastolic dysfunction from baseline to 3.5 year follow-up between patients in any of the three predefined groups. Conclusion In patients with mild to moderate asymptomatic AS, rosuvastatin did not attenuate the progression of diastolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinder S Jassal
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Boniface General Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Folkeringa RJ, Tieleman RG, Maessen JG, Prins MH, Nieuwlaat R, Crijns HJGM. Statins Do Not Reduce Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Valvular Surgery: A Single Centre Observational Study. Neth Heart J 2010; 19:17-23. [PMID: 21350586 PMCID: PMC3021194 DOI: 10.1007/s12471-010-0055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Statins may theoretically reduce postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients after cardiac valvular surgery due to preservation of endothelial function and anti-ischaemic, anti-inflammatory and anti-remodelling effects. METHODS: Two hundred seventy-two patients who underwent cardiac workup and subsequently cardiac valvular surgery without AF and concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) at our hospital were selected. Preoperative drug use and postoperative AF were recorded. AF was defined as any episode of AF longer than 10 s. In addition, results from echocardiography and blood samples were retrieved. RESULTS: BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS WERE AS FOLLOWS: mean age was 65 ± 11 years, 142 (52%) patients were male, 189 (70%) had undergone aortic valve surgery and the mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 57 ± 12%. Statins were used by 79 patients (29%). Statin users, more often, had a prior percutaneous coronary intervention (25% vs 9%, p < 0.001) or CABG (24% vs 4%, p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (22% vs 5%, p < 0.001) and more often used β-blockers (51% vs 24%, p < 0.001). Patients in the non-statin group more often had surgery on more than one valve (10% vs 3%, p = 0.043) and had a higher cholesterol level (222 ± 48 vs 190 ± 43 mg/dl, p < 0.001). Postoperative AF occurred in 54% (43/79) of the patients with and in 55% (106/193) of the patients without statins (p = 0.941). There was also no difference in the timing of onset of AF or duration of hospital stay. CONCLUSION: In this observational study, statin use was not associated with a reduced incidence of AF in patients after cardiac valvular surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Folkeringa
- Department of Cardiology, Medisch Centrum Leeuwarden, Henry Dunantweg 2, 8934 AD Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - R. G. Tieleman
- Department of Cardiology, Martini Hospital, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - J. G. Maessen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M. H. Prins
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - R. Nieuwlaat
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - H. J. G. M. Crijns
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Simvastatin prevents large blood pressure variability induced aggravation of cardiac hypertrophy in hypertensive rats by inhibiting RhoA/Ras–ERK pathways. Hypertens Res 2010; 34:341-7. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Huang C, Liu Z, Wang Z, Shen Z, Zhu J. Simvastatin prevents ERK activation in myocardial hypertrophy of spontaneously hypertensive rats. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2010; 44:346-51. [PMID: 21080865 DOI: 10.3109/14017431.2010.521185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins exert regression of left ventricular hypertrophy independent of their plasma cholesterol-lowering actions. However, the underlying mechanism is not clear. METHODS We tested the hypothesis that the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) signaling pathway could be a target of simvastatin (SIM) and involved in SIM-induced LVH regression in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Fourteen 14-week old-SHR males were randomly divided into a SHR SIM group (n = 7) or a SHR control group (n = 7). The SHR SIM group was given SIM 40 mg/kg · d via injection ig, while the SHR control group was routinely given only vehicle (0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose ig). Seven Wistar Kyoto rats served as normal controls. RESULTS Ten weeks of treatment with SIM in SHR had no influence on blood pressure. The ratio of left ventricle weight to body weight in the SHR SIM group was decreased significantly compared to that in the SHR control group (p < 0.05). Among the three groups there was no significant difference in total ERK expression (p > 0.05). SIM treatment caused a significant reduction in the expression of phosphorylated-ERK, the kinase activity of ERK, the levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 protein and its mRNA (p <0.01 for all). CONCLUSIONS The Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor SIM prevents the activation of ERK in SHR to mediate regression of myocardial hypertrophy in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Huang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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No effect of rosuvastatin on left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with hypertension. Int J Cardiol 2010; 145:156-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ahmad T, Mabalirajan U, Sharma A, Aich J, Makhija L, Ghosh B, Agrawal A. Simvastatin improves epithelial dysfunction and airway hyperresponsiveness: from asymmetric dimethyl-arginine to asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:531-9. [PMID: 20558777 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0041oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered arginine metabolism, the uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) by asymmetric dimethyl-arginine (ADMA), increased oxo-nitrosative stress, and cellular injury were reported in airway epithelial cells in asthma. Statins improve vascular endothelial dysfunction by reducing ADMA and increasing endothelial NOS (eNOS), thereby reducing oxo-nitrosative stress in cardiovascular diseases. Whether statin therapy leads to similar beneficial effects in lung epithelium in asthma is unknown. The effects of simvastatin therapy after sensitization (40 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) on markers of arginine and NO metabolism and features of asthma were ascertained in a murine model of allergic asthma. The effects of simvastatin on the expression of NOS in A549 lung epithelial cells were studied in vitro. Simvastatin induced eNOS in lung epithelial cells in vitro. In acute and chronic models of asthma, simvastatin therapy was associated with significantly reduced airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling. ADMA and inducible nitric oxide synthase were reduced by simvastatin, but eNOS was increased. A marked reduction of nitrotyrosine, a marker of oxo-nitrosative stress, was evident in airway epithelium. Cell injury markers such as cytosolic cytochrome c, caspases 3 and 9 and apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (Apaf-1) were also reduced. Simvastatin improves dysfunctional nitric oxide metabolism in allergically inflamed lungs. Important pleiotropic mechanisms may be responsible for the statin-induced reduction of airway inflammation, epithelial injury, and airway hyperresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Ahmad
- Molecular Immunogenetics Laboratory and Centre of Excellence for Translational Research in Asthma and Lung Disease, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India
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Perrino C, Feliciello A, Schiattarella GG, Esposito G, Guerriero R, Zaccaro L, Del Gatto A, Saviano M, Garbi C, Carangi R, Di Lorenzo E, Donato G, Indolfi C, Avvedimento VE, Chiariello M. AKAP121 downregulation impairs protective cAMP signals, promotes mitochondrial dysfunction, and increases oxidative stress. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 88:101-10. [PMID: 20511238 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study was to determine the function and the role of the scaffold protein AKAP121, tethering cAMP dependent protein kinase A to the outer wall of mitochondria, in neonatal ventricular myocytes and the heart. METHODS AND RESULTS Competitive peptides displacing AKAP121 from mitochondria in the tissue and in the cells were used to investigate the role of AKAP121 in mitochondrial function, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cell survival. Displacement of AKAP121 from mitochondria by synthetic peptides triggers the death program in cardiomyocytes. Under pathological conditions in vivo, in a rat model of cardiac hypertrophy induced by ascending aorta banding, the levels of AKAP121 are significantly down-regulated. Disappearance of AKAP121 is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, high oxidative stress, and apoptosis. In vivo delocalization of AKAP121 by competitive peptides replicates some of the molecular signatures induced by pressure overload: mitochondrial dysfunction, increased mitochondrial ROS, and apoptosis. CONCLUSION These data suggest that AKAP121 regulates the response to stress in cardiomyocytes, and therefore AKAP121 downregulation might represent an important event contributing to the development of cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Perrino
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular and Immunological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples 80131, Italy.
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Gong C, Huang SL, Huang JF, Zhang ZF, Luo M, Zhao Y, Jiang XJ. Effects of combined therapy of Xuezhikang Capsule and Valsartan on hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy and heart rate turbulence. Chin J Integr Med 2010; 16:114-8. [PMID: 20473735 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-010-0114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of combined therapy with Xuezhikang Capsule (XZK) and Valsartan on left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and heart rate turbulence (HRT) in hypertensive patients. METHODS Ninety primary hypertensive patients with LVH were randomly assigned to three groups. Basic treatment, including aspirin, beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, etc. were administered to all patients. Additionally, Valsartan (VS, 80 mg once a day) was given to the 30 patients in the VS group. Valsartan (in the same dosage) and XZK (600 mg, twice a day) were given to the 32 patients in the Chinese medicine (CM) group, while none was given to the 28 patients in the control group. The therapeutic course lasted for 24 months. Changes in left ventricular mass index (LVMI) measured by cardiac ultrasonic indices, HRT parameters, including the original heart rate (TO) and slope coeffificient (TS), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP), as well as blood cholesterol level (TC) were measured before and after treatment. RESULTS After treatment, TO and LVMI were lowered, while TS increased in both the VS group and the CM group (P<0.01), but changed insignificantly in the control group. Significant differences between the CM group and the control group were shown in terms of TO, LVMI, SBP, DBP and TS (P<0.01); and between the CM group and the VS group in terms of TO, LVMI and TS (P<0.01). Moreover, HRT parameters showed an evident correlation with LVMI (r=0.519-0.635, P<0.01). CONCLUSION Combined therapy with XZK and Valsartan can improve hypertensive LVH and HRT parameters, and lessen the damage on the autonomous nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Gong
- The Cardiovascular Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang (330006), China
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