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Blades B, Hung YH, Belaidi AA, Volitakis I, Schultz AG, Cater MA, Cheung NS, Bush AI, Ayton S, La Fontaine S. Impaired cellular copper regulation in the presence of ApoE4. J Neurochem 2024; 168:3284-3307. [PMID: 39135362 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
The strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is allelic variation of the APOE gene, with the following risk structure: ε4 > ε3 > ε2. The biochemical basis for this risk profile is unclear. Here, we reveal a new role for the APOE gene product, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) in regulating cellular copper homeostasis, which is perturbed in the AD brain. Exposure of ApoE target replacement (TR) astrocytes (immortalised astrocytes from APOE knock-in mice) to elevated copper concentrations resulted in exacerbated copper accumulation in ApoE4- compared to ApoE2- and ApoE3-TR astrocytes. This effect was also observed in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells treated with conditioned medium from ApoE4-TR astrocytes. Increased intracellular copper levels in the presence of ApoE4 may be explained by reduced levels and delayed trafficking of the copper transport protein, copper-transporting ATPase 1 (ATP7A/Atp7a), potentially leading to impaired cellular copper export. This new role for ApoE in copper regulation lends further biochemical insight into how APOE genotype confers risk for AD and reveals a potential contribution of ApoE4 to the copper dysregulation that is a characteristic pathological feature of the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Blades
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ya Hui Hung
- The Florey Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abdel A Belaidi
- The Florey Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Irene Volitakis
- The Florey Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron G Schultz
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael A Cater
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nam Sang Cheung
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- The Florey Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott Ayton
- The Florey Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon La Fontaine
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- The Florey Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Fu Y, Zhang J, Liu Q, Yang L, Wu Q, Yang X, Wang L, Ding N, Xiong J, Gao Y, Ma S, Jiang Y. Unveiling the role of ABI3 and hub senescence-related genes in macrophage senescence for atherosclerotic plaque progression. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:65-82. [PMID: 38062164 PMCID: PMC10776483 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01817-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis, characterized by abnormal arterial lipid deposition, is an age-dependent inflammatory disease and contributes to elevated morbidity and mortality. Senescent foamy macrophages are considered to be deleterious at all stages of atherosclerosis, while the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore the senescence-related genes in macrophages diagnosis for atherosclerotic plaque progression. METHODS The atherosclerosis-related datasets were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and cellular senescence-associated genes were acquired from the CellAge database. R package Limma was used to screen out the differentially expressed senescence-related genes (DE-SRGs), and then three machine learning algorithms were applied to determine the hub DE-SRGs. Next, we established a nomogram model to further confirm the clinical significance of hub DE-SRGs. Finally, we validated the expression of hub SRG ABI3 by Sc-RNA seq analysis and explored the underlying mechanism of ABI3 in THP-1-derived macrophages and mouse atherosclerotic lesions. RESULTS A total of 15 DE-SRGs were identified in macrophage-rich plaques, with five hub DE-SRGs (ABI3, CAV1, NINJ1, Nox4 and YAP1) were further screened using three machine learning algorithms. Subsequently, a nomogram predictive model confirmed the high validity of the five hub DE-SRGs for evaluating atherosclerotic plaque progression. Further, the ABI3 expression was upregulated in macrophages of advanced plaques and senescent THP-1-derived macrophages, which was consistent with the bioinformatics analysis. ABI3 knockdown abolished macrophage senescence, and the NF-κB signaling pathway contributed to ABI3-mediated macrophage senescence. CONCLUSION We identified five cellular senescence-associated genes for atherogenesis progression and unveiled that ABI3 might promote macrophage senescence via activation of the NF-κB pathway in atherogenesis progression, which proposes new preventive and therapeutic strategies of senolytic agents for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Fu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Qiujun Liu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lan Yang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Qianqian Wu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaomin Yang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lexin Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ning Ding
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jiantuan Xiong
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yujing Gao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
| | - Shengchao Ma
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
| | - Yideng Jiang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
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Shuwen H, Yinhang W, Jing Z, Qiang Y, Yizhen J, Quan Q, Yin J, Jiang L, Xi Y. Cholesterol induction in CD8 + T cell exhaustion in colorectal cancer via the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contact sites. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:4441-4456. [PMID: 37919522 PMCID: PMC10991466 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercholesterolemia is one of the risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC). Cholesterol can participate in the regulation of human T cell function and affect the occurrence and development of CRC. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the pathogenesis of CRC immune escape mediated by CD8+ T cell exhaustion induced by cholesterol. METHODS CRC samples (n = 217) and healthy individuals (n = 98) were recruited to analyze the relationship between peripheral blood cholesterol levels and the clinical features of CRC. An animal model of CRC with hypercholesterolemia was established. Intraperitoneal intervention with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) inhibitors in hypercholesterolemic CRC mice was performed. CD69, PD1, TIM-3, and CTLA-4 on CD8+ T cells of spleens from C57BL/6 J mice were detected by flow cytometry. CD8+ T cells were cocultured with MC38 cells (mouse colon cancer cell line). The proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasive ability of MC38 cells were detected by CCK-8 assay, Annexin-V APC/7-AAD double staining, scratch assay and transwell assay, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ER structure of CD8+ T cells. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of ERS and mitophagy-related proteins. Mitochondrial function and energy metabolism were measured. Immunoprecipitation was used to detect the interaction of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contact site (ERMC) proteins. Immunofluorescence colocalization was used to detect the expression and intracellular localization of ERMC-related molecules. RESULTS Peripheral blood cholesterol-related indices, including Tc, low density lipoproteins (LDL) and Apo(a), were all increased, and high density lipoprotein (HDL) was decreased in CRCs. The proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of MC38 cells were enhanced, and the proportion of tumor cell apoptosis was decreased in the high cholesterol group. The expression of IL-2 and TNF-α was decreased, while IFN-γ was increased in the high cholesterol group. It indicated high cholesterol could induce exhaustion of CD8+ T cells, leading to CRC immune escape. Hypercholesterolemia damaged the ER structure of CD8+ T cells and increased the expression of ER stress molecules (CHOP and GRP78), lead to CD8+ T cell exhaustion. The expression of mitophagy-related proteins (BNIP3, PINK and Parkin) in exhausted CD8+ T cells increased at high cholesterol levels, causing mitochondrial energy disturbance. High cholesterol enhanced the colocalization of Fis1/Bap31, MFN2/cox4/HSP90B1, VAPB/PTPIP51, VDAC1/IPR3/GRP75 in ERMCs, indicated that high cholesterol promoted the intermolecular interaction between ER and mitochondrial membranes in CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSION High cholesterol regulated the ERS-ERMC-mitophagy axis to induce the exhaustion of CD8+ T cells in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Shuwen
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No. 1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Fifth Affiliated Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Yinhang
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No. 1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Jing
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No. 1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Qiang
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No. 1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Fifth Affiliated Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Yizhen
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No. 1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Quan
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No. 1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Yin
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No. 1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Jiang
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No. 1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Fifth Affiliated Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xi
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No. 1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Fifth Affiliated Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Genome-Wide Transcriptional Profiling Reveals PHACTR1 as a Novel Molecular Target of Resveratrol in Endothelial Homeostasis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214518. [DOI: 10.3390/nu14214518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease in which endothelial cells play an important role in maintaining vascular homeostasis. Endotheliitis caused by endothelial dysfunction (ED) is the key cause for the development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases as well as other vascular system diseases. Resveratrol (RES), a multi-functional polyphenol present in edible plants and fruits, prevents cardiovascular disease by regulating a variety of athero-relevant signaling pathways. By transcriptome profiling of RES-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in-depth bioinformatic analysis, we observed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in KEGG pathways of fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, suggesting that the RES may serve as a good template for a shear stress mimetic drug that hold promise in combating atherosclerosis. A heat map and multiple datasets superimposed screening revealed that RES significantly down-regulated phosphatase and actin modulator 1 (PHACTR1), a pivotal coronary artery disease risk gene associated with endothelial inflammation and polyvascular diseases. We further demonstrate that RES down-regulated the gene and protein expression of PHACTR1 and inhibited TNF-α-induced adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to activated endothelial cells via suppressing the expression of PHACTR1. Taken together, our study reveals that PHACTR1 represents a new molecular target for RES to maintain endothelial cell homeostasis and prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Li W, Jin K, Luo J, Xu W, Wu Y, Zhou J, Wang Y, Xu R, Jiao L, Wang T, Yang G. NF-κB and its crosstalk with endoplasmic reticulum stress in atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:988266. [PMID: 36204587 PMCID: PMC9530249 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.988266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common cardiovascular disease with complex pathogenesis, in which multiple pathways and their interweaving regulatory mechanism remain unclear. The primary transcription factor NF-κB plays a critical role in AS via modulating the expression of a series of inflammatory mediators under various stimuli such as cytokines, microbial antigens, and intracellular stresses. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, caused by the disrupted synthesis and secretion of protein, links inflammation, metabolic signals, and other cellular processes via the unfolded protein response (UPR). Both NF-κB and ER stress share the intersection regarding their molecular regulation and function and are regarded as critical individual contributors to AS. In this review, we summarize the multiple interactions between NF-κB and ER stress activation, including the UPR, NLRP3 inflammasome, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which have been ignored in the pathogenesis of AS. Given the multiple links between NF-κB and ER stress, we speculate that the integrated network contributes to the understanding of molecular mechanisms of AS. This review aims to provide an insight into these interactions and their underlying roles in the progression of AS, highlighting potential pharmacological targets against the atherosclerotic inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kehan Jin
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jichang Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Wu
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Liqun Jiao,
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Tao Wang,
| | - Ge Yang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Tao Wang,
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Wei Q, Ren H, Zhang J, Yao W, Zhao B, Miao J. An Inhibitor of Grp94 Inhibits OxLDL-Induced Autophagy and Apoptosis in VECs and Stabilized Atherosclerotic Plaques. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:757591. [PMID: 34938782 PMCID: PMC8687133 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.757591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) induces vascular endothelial cell (VEC) injury and atherosclerosis through activating endoplasmic reticulum stress. Expression of glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94) is induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress and Grp94 is involved in cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to determine the role of Grp94 in oxLDL-induced vascular endothelial cell injury and atherosclerosis. Methods and Results: An inhibitor of Grp94, HCP1, was used to investigate the role of Grp94 in oxLDL-induced VEC injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E−/− mice. Results showed that HCP1 inhibited autophagy and apoptosis induced by oxLDL in VECs. And we found that Grp94 might interact with adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and activate its activity. HCP1 inhibited AMPK activity and overexpression of Grp94 blocked the effect of HCP1. Besides, HCP1 activated the activity of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), co-treatment with AMPK activator acadesine eliminated the effect of HCP1 on mTORC1 activity as well as autophagy. In apolipoprotein E−/− mice, HCP1 suppressed autophagy and apoptosis of atherosclerotic plaque endothelium. In addition, HCP1 increased the content of collagen, smooth muscle cells, and anti-inflammatory macrophages while reducing the activity of MMP-2/9 and pro-inflammatory macrophages in the atherosclerotic lesion. Conclusion: HCP1 inhibited oxLDL-induced VEC injury and promoted the stabilization of atherosclerotic plaque in apoE−/− mice. Grp94 might be a potential therapeutic target in the clinical treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology (Shandong University), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen Yao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baoxiang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Junying Miao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Molecular Dysfunctions of Mitochondria-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Contacts in Atherosclerosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:2424509. [PMID: 34336087 PMCID: PMC8321742 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2424509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic lipid-driven inflammatory disease that results in the formation of lipid-rich and immune cell-rich plaques in the arterial wall, which has high morbidity and mortality in the world. The mechanism of atherosclerosis is still unclear now. Potential hypotheses involved in atherosclerosis are chronic inflammation theory, lipid percolation theory, mononuclear-macrophage theory, endothelial cell (EC) injury theory, and smooth muscle cell (SMC) mutation theory. Changes of phospholipids, glucose, critical proteins, etc. on mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane (MAM) can cause the progress of atherosclerosis. This review describes the structural and functional interaction between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and explains the role of critical molecules in the structure of MAM during atherosclerosis.
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8
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Kırça M, Yeşilkaya A. Methylglyoxal stimulates endoplasmic reticulum stress in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2021; 42:279-284. [PMID: 33896363 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2021.1918167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MGO) is considered responsible for the detrimental effects of high blood glucose. MGO is produced as a by-product of the glycolysis pathway. While the glyoxalase system removes it, the system fails in people with diabetes. MGO concentration is detected as elevated in these patients. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress may play a role in atherosclerosis progression and vascular diseases. If ER stress persists, it may result in apoptosis of the cell. As a result, stabilized plaque structure by these cells may be ruptured and cause a stroke. This study aimed to investigate whether MGO can induce ER stress and apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Also, the effects of aminoguanidine hydrochloride (AGH), 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) were scrutinized to relieve ER stress. VSMCs were isolated from rat aorta and cultured primary. PERK phosphorylation, IRE1α, ATF6, BiP (Grp78), and CHOP expressions were detected by the western blot technique. A caspase-3 assay kit measured the apoptosis. MGO could stimulate the main three ER stress pathways, PERK phosphorylation, IRE1α, and ATF6 expressions in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, AGH, 4-PBA, and TUDCA alleviated MGO-induced ER stress. However, we detected neither an increase in CHOP expression nor apoptosis in VSMCs. This study shows that MGO induces ER stress even at low concentrations in VSMCs. The impaired glyoxalase system may cause MGO accumulation and result in persisted ER stress. Supposing that ER stress is not mitigated, this table might be finalized in cell apoptosis, plaque rupture, and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kırça
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Akın Yeşilkaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School of Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Haider HF, Hoare DJ, Ribeiro SF, Ribeiro D, Caria H, Trigueiros N, Borrego LM, Szczepek AJ, Papoila AL, Elarbed A, da Luz Martins M, Paço J, Sereda M. Evidence for biological markers of tinnitus: A systematic review. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 262:345-398. [PMID: 33931188 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Subjective tinnitus is a phantom sound heard only by the affected person and may be a symptom of various diseases. Tinnitus diagnosis and monitoring is based on subjective audiometric and psychometric methods. This review aimed to synthesize evidence for tinnitus presence or its severity. We searched several electronic databases, citation searches of the included primary studies through Web of Science, and further hand searches. At least two authors performed all systematic review steps. Sixty-two records were included and were categorized according the biological variable. Evidence for possible tinnitus biomarkers come from oxidative stress, interleukins, steroids and neurotransmitters categories. We found conflicting evidence for full blood count, vitamins, lipid profile, neurotrophic factors, or inorganic ions. There was no evidence for an association between tinnitus and the remaining categories. The current review evidences that larger studies, with stricter exclusion criteria and powerful harmonized methodological design are needed. Protocol published on PROSPERO (CRD42017070998).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haúla F Haider
- ENT Department, Hospital Cuf Tejo-Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; CUF Academic and Research Medical Center, Lisbon, Portugal; Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Derek J Hoare
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Hearing Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sara F Ribeiro
- ENT Department, Hospital Cuf Tejo-Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; CUF Academic and Research Medical Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo Ribeiro
- ENT Department, Hospital Cuf Tejo-Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; CUF Academic and Research Medical Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Caria
- Deafness Research Group, BTR Unit, BioISI, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Portugal; ESS/IPS-Biomedical Sciences Department, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Setubal, Portugal
| | - Nuno Trigueiros
- ENT Department, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Luís Miguel Borrego
- Department of Immunology, Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), Faculty of Medical Sciences, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Immunoallergy, LUZ SAUDE, Hospital da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Agnieszka J Szczepek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Luísa Papoila
- Bioestatistics Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Asma Elarbed
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Hearing Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria da Luz Martins
- ENT Department, Hospital Cuf Tejo-Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; CUF Academic and Research Medical Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Paço
- ENT Department, Hospital Cuf Tejo-Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; CUF Academic and Research Medical Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Magdalena Sereda
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Hearing Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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10
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Chattopadhyay A, Kwartler CS, Kaw K, Li Y, Kaw A, Chen J, LeMaire SA, Shen YH, Milewicz DM. Cholesterol-Induced Phenotypic Modulation of Smooth Muscle Cells to Macrophage/Fibroblast-like Cells Is Driven by an Unfolded Protein Response. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:302-316. [PMID: 33028096 PMCID: PMC7752246 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) dedifferentiate and initiate expression of macrophage markers with cholesterol exposure. This phenotypic switching is dependent on the transcription factor Klf4 (Krüppel-like factor 4). We investigated the molecular pathway by which cholesterol induces SMC phenotypic switching. Approach and Results: With exposure to free cholesterol, SMCs decrease expression of contractile markers, activate Klf4, and upregulate a subset of macrophage and fibroblast markers characteristic of modulated SMCs that appear with atherosclerotic plaque formation. These phenotypic changes are associated with activation of all 3 pathways of the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPR), Perk (protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase), Ire (inositol-requiring enzyme) 1α, and Atf (activating transcription factor) 6. Blocking the movement of cholesterol from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum prevents free cholesterol-induced UPR, Klf4 activation, and upregulation of the majority of macrophage and fibroblast markers. Cholesterol-induced phenotypic switching is also prevented by global UPR inhibition or specific inhibition of Perk signaling. Exposure to chemical UPR inducers, tunicamycin and thapsigargin, is sufficient to induce these same phenotypic transitions. Finally, analysis of published single-cell RNA sequencing data during atherosclerotic plaque formation in hyperlipidemic mice provides preliminary in vivo evidence of a role of UPR activation in modulated SMCs. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that UPR is necessary and sufficient to drive phenotypic switching of SMCs to cells that resemble modulated SMCs found in atherosclerotic plaques. Preventing a UPR in hyperlipidemic mice diminishes atherosclerotic burden, and our data suggest that preventing SMC transition to dedifferentiated cells expressing macrophage and fibroblast markers contributes to this decreased plaque burden.
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MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 4/metabolism
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cell Line
- Cell Transdifferentiation/drug effects
- Cholesterol/toxicity
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects
- Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Kruppel-Like Factor 4
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Unfolded Protein Response/drug effects
- eIF-2 Kinase/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijnan Chattopadhyay
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (A.C., C.S.K., K.K., A.K., J.C., D.M.M.)
| | - Callie S. Kwartler
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (A.C., C.S.K., K.K., A.K., J.C., D.M.M.)
| | - Kaveeta Kaw
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (A.C., C.S.K., K.K., A.K., J.C., D.M.M.)
| | - Yanming Li
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (.L., S.A.L., Y.H.S.)
| | - Anita Kaw
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (A.C., C.S.K., K.K., A.K., J.C., D.M.M.)
| | - Jiyuan Chen
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (A.C., C.S.K., K.K., A.K., J.C., D.M.M.)
| | - Scott A. LeMaire
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (.L., S.A.L., Y.H.S.)
| | - Ying H. Shen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (.L., S.A.L., Y.H.S.)
| | - Dianna M. Milewicz
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (A.C., C.S.K., K.K., A.K., J.C., D.M.M.)
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11
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Perrotta I. The microscopic anatomy of endothelial cells in human atherosclerosis: Focus on ER and mitochondria. J Anat 2020; 237:1015-1025. [PMID: 32735733 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Once regarded merely as a bland lipid storage disease consequence of aging, atherosclerosis is currently considered a slow and continuous inflammatory process (partially controllable by treatment) with complex etiology involving a multitude of genetic and environmental risk factors which ultimately result in the formation of the plaque. The vascular endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells (ECs), is an important regulatory "organ" critical for cardiovascular homeostasis in health which also contributes significantly to the pathomechanisms of several disease states, including atherosclerosis. Over the years, there has been evidence highlighting the central role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the maintenance of endothelial function and perturbations in ER biology have been proposed to adversely affect a diverse range of endothelial functions. Of particular interest is the evidence that under certain pathophysiological circumstances, abnormal ER ultrastructure correlates with altered ER function and signaling and can contribute to cell injury and apoptosis. Therefore, the ultrastructural traits of ER membranes can have important implications not only for their functional bearings but also for the etiology and pathophysiology of diverse human disorders. With regard to atherosclerosis, the focus of ER research has been centered on the molecular signals originated from the ER to manage conditions of stress, leaving the fine structure of this organelle an almost unexplored (but promising) area of studies. There is, also, increasing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in promoting cell apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, thereby contributing to atheroma growth. It is within this context that the present study has been undertaken to investigate the microscopic architecture of ECs in human atherosclerosis and to determine whether the potential structural abnormalities of ER and mitochondria may play a central pathogenic role in atherogenesis or may merely reflect the condition of a tissue whose integrity has already been disturbed or destroyed. For this purpose, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) remains a powerful technique that can not only provide information about the ultrastructural state of cell organelles but also allow the correlation between different subcellular alterations indicative of a certain pathophysiological condition and cellular response. The present study expands the spectrum of ultrastructural defects known to exist in human atherosclerosis and suggests that ER alterations may be of great importance in the pathogenesis of the disease. The architectural changes of ER may be considered early pathological events that precede any overt histologic abnormalities in the vascular endothelium and its subcellular organelles, primarily the mitochondrial pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Perrotta
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Transmission Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (Di.B.E.S.T.), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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12
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Kubra KT, Akhter MS, Uddin MA, Barabutis N. Unfolded protein response in cardiovascular disease. Cell Signal 2020; 73:109699. [PMID: 32592779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a highly conserved molecular machinery, which protects the cells against a diverse variety of stimuli. Activation of this element has been associated with both human health and disease. The purpose of the current manuscript is to provide the most updated information on the involvement of UPR towards the improvement; or deterioration of cardiovascular functions. Since UPR is consisted of three distinct elements, namely the activating transcription factor 6, the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; and the inositol-requiring enzyme-1α, a highly orchestrated manipulation of those molecular branches may provide new therapeutic possibilities against the severe outcomes of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadeja-Tul Kubra
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Mohammad S Akhter
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Mohammad A Uddin
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Nektarios Barabutis
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA.
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13
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Ren JL, Hou YL, Ni XQ, Zhu Q, Chen Y, Zhang LS, Liu X, Xue CD, Wu N, Yu YR, Tang CS, Ning ZP, Chai SB, Qi YF. Intermedin1-53 Ameliorates Homocysteine-Promoted Atherosclerotic Calcification by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2019; 25:251-264. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248419885633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Vascular calcification (VC) is thought to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Intermedin1-53 (IMD) is a cardiovascular protective peptide and can inhibit vascular medial calcification in rats. In this study, we investigated the effect of IMD on atherosclerotic calcification induced by a high-fat diet plus homocysteine (Hcy) and the potential mechanisms. Methods: ApoE−/− mice were fed a high-fat diet with Hcy in drinking water to induce atherosclerotic calcification. Results: As compared to the high-fat diet alone, Hcy treatment significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion areas and the number of calcified nodules in aortic roots and was reduced by IMD infusion or 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA) treatment. In vitro, as compared to calcifying medium alone, Hcy treatment further increased alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium content, and calcium nodule number in human aorta vascular smooth muscle cells (HA-VSMCs), all blocked by IMD or PBA pretreatment. Mechanistically, IMD or PBA significantly alleviated endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) activation compared with Hcy treatment. In parallel, IMD or PBA attenuated the messenger RNA levels of osteogenic markers and inflammatory cytokines in aortas and their protein levels in lesions of aortic roots. In vitro, Hcy treatment significantly increased the protein levels of osteoblast-like cell markers in primary rat VSMCs and inflammation markers in mouse peritoneal macrophages, all decreased with IMD or PBA pretreatment. Intermedin1-53 pretreatment also markedly reduced the protein levels of ERS markers in rat VSMCs and mouse peritoneal macrophages. Conclusions: Intermedin1-53 protects against Hcy-promoted atherosclerotic calcification in ApoE−/− mice by inhibiting ERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ling Ren
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Long Hou
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xian-Qiang Ni
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Shuang Zhang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Ding Xue
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Rong Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao-Shu Tang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Ning
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - San-Bao Chai
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Fen Qi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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14
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Carpinus turczaninowii Extract May Alleviate High Glucose-Induced Arterial Damage and Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8060172. [PMID: 31212679 PMCID: PMC6616550 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress triggers severe vascular damage and induces an inflammatory vascular state, and is, therefore, one of the main causes of atherosclerosis. Recently, interest in the natural compound Carpinus turczaninowii has increased because of its reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We investigated whether a C. turczaninowii extract was capable of attenuating high glucose-induced inflammation and arterial damage using human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (hASMCs). mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory response [interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)], endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress [CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP)], and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-protein activated kinase α2 (AMPK α2)], and DNA damage [phosphorylated H2.AX (p-H2.AX)] were measured in hASMCs treated with the C. turczaninowii extracts (1 and 10 μg/mL) after being stimulated by high glucose (25 mM) or not. The C. turczaninowii extract attenuated the increased mRNA expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and CHOP in hASMCs under high glucose conditions. The expression levels of p-H2.AX and AMPK α2 induced by high glucose were also significantly decreased in response to treatment with the C. turczaninowii extract. In addition, 15 types of phenolic compounds including quercetin, myricitrin, and ellagic acid, which exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, were identified in the C. turczaninowii extract through ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight (UPLC-Q-TOF) mass spectrometry. In conclusion, C. turczaninowii may alleviate high glucose-induced inflammation and arterial damage in hASMCs, and may have potential in the treatment of hyperglycemia-induced atherosclerosis.
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15
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Catalpol Inhibits Homocysteine-induced Oxidation and Inflammation via Inhibiting Nox4/NF-κB and GRP78/PERK Pathways in Human Aorta Endothelial Cells. Inflammation 2019; 42:64-80. [PMID: 30315526 PMCID: PMC6394570 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0873-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCY) has been recognized as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and plays a vital role in the development of atherosclerosis. Catalpol, an iridoid glucoside extracted from the root of Rehmannia glutinosa, can produce anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, and dopaminergic neurons protecting effects. This study aimed to determine the protecting effects of catalpol against homocysteine (HCY)-induced injuries in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and uncover the underlying mechanisms: 1. HAECs were cultured with different concentrations of HCY (3 mM) and catalpol (7.5 μΜ, 15 μΜ, 30 μΜ) for 24 h. (1) The level of MDA and GSH as well as LDH release was measured with colorimetric assay. (2) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by flow cytometry analysis. (3) Western blotting analysis was performed to detect the expression of Nox4, p22phox, ICAM-1, MCP-1, VCAM-1, IκB, nucleus p65, p65 phosphorylation, caspase-3, −9, bax, bcl-2, and ER stress-related proteins. (4) The expressions of CHOP, ATF4 were measured by qRT-PCR. (5) Mitochondrial membrane potential in HCY-treated HAECs was measured by rhodamine 123 staining, and the samples were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. 2. DPI, PDTC, and TUDCA were used to determine the interaction among Nox4/ROS, NF-κB, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. 3. TUDCA or Nox4 siRNA were used to investigate whether the effect of catalpol inhibiting the over-production of ROS were associated with inhibiting ER stress and Nox4 expression. Catalpol significantly suppressed LDH release, MDA level, and the reduction of GSH. Catalpol reduced HCY-stimulated ROS over-generation, inhibited the NF-κB transcriptional activation as well as the protein over-expressions of Nox4, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MCP-1. Catalpol elevated bcl-2 protein expression and reduced bax, caspase-3, −9 protein expressions in the HCY-treated HAECs. Simultaneously, catalpol could also inhibit the activation of ER stress-associated sensors GRP78, IRE1α, ATF6, P-PERK, P-eIF2α, CHOP, and ATF4 induced by HCY. In addition, the extent of catalpol inhibiting ROS over-generation and NF-κB signaling pathway was reduced after inhibiting Nox4 or ER stress with DPI or TUDCA. The inhibitor of NF-κB PDTC also reduced the effects of catalpol inhibiting the expressions of Nox4 and GRP78. Furthermore, the effect of catalpol inhibiting the over-generation of ROS was reduced by Nox4 siRNA. Catalpol could ameliorate HCY-induced oxidation, cells apoptosis and inflammation in HAECs possibly by inhibiting Nox4/NF-κB and ER stress.
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16
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Crane ED, Al-Hashimi AA, Chen J, Lynn EG, Won KD, Lhoták Š, Naeim M, Platko K, Lebeau P, Byun JH, Shayegan B, Krepinsky JC, Rayner KJ, Marchiò S, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Austin RC. Anti-GRP78 autoantibodies induce endothelial cell activation and accelerate the development of atherosclerotic lesions. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99363. [PMID: 30568038 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is an ER molecular chaperone that aids in protein folding and secretion. However, pathological conditions that cause ER stress can promote the relocalization of GRP78 to the cell surface (csGRP78), where it acts as a signaling receptor to promote cancer progression. csGRP78 also possesses antigenic properties, leading to the production of anti-GRP78 autoantibodies, which contribute to tumor growth. In contrast, the presence and role of anti-GRP78 autoantibodies in atherosclerosis is unknown. Here, we show that atherosclerotic-prone ApoE-/- mice develop circulating anti-GRP78 autoantibodies that bind to csGRP78 on lesion-resident endothelial cells. Moreover, GRP78-immunized ApoE-/- mice exhibit a marked increase in circulating anti-GRP78 autoantibody titers that correlated with accelerated lesion growth. Mechanistically, engagement of anti-GRP78 autoantibodies with csGRP78 on human endothelial cells activated NF-κB, thereby inducing the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, a process blocked by NF-κB inhibitors. Disrupting the autoantibody/csGRP78 complex with enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, reduced the expression of adhesion molecules and attenuated lesion growth. In conclusion, anti-GRP78 autoantibodies play a crucial role in atherosclerosis development, and disruption of the interaction between anti-GRP78 autoantibodies and csGRP78 represents a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali A Al-Hashimi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and.,Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jack Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
| | | | | | - Šárka Lhoták
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
| | - Magda Naeim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
| | | | - Paul Lebeau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
| | | | - Bobby Shayegan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Katey J Rayner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Serena Marchiò
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA.,Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, and
| | - Wadih Arap
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Richard C Austin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences.,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and
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17
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Wu X, Zhang L, Miao Y, Yang J, Wang X, Wang CC, Feng J, Wang L. Homocysteine causes vascular endothelial dysfunction by disrupting endoplasmic reticulum redox homeostasis. Redox Biol 2018; 20:46-59. [PMID: 30292945 PMCID: PMC6174864 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction induced by hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) plays a critical role in vascular pathology. However, little is known about the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) redox homeostasis in HHcy-induced endothelial dysfunction. Here, we show that Hcy induces ER oxidoreductin-1α (Ero1α) expression with ER stress and inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and in the arteries of HHcy mice. Hcy upregulates Ero1α expression by promoting binding of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α to the ERO1A promoter. Notably, Hcy rather than other thiol agents markedly increases the GSH/GSSG ratio in the ER, therefore allosterically activating Ero1α to produce H2O2 and trigger ER oxidative stress. By contrast, the antioxidant pathway mediated by ER glutathione peroxidase 7 (GPx7) is downregulated in HHcy mice. Ero1α knockdown and GPx7 overexpression protect the endothelium from HHcy-induced ER oxidative stress and inflammation. Our work suggests that targeting ER redox homeostasis could be used as an intervention for HHcy-related vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yütong Miao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chih-Chen Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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18
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Metabolic Disorders. Cells 2018; 7:cells7060063. [PMID: 29921793 PMCID: PMC6025008 DOI: 10.3390/cells7060063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders have become among the most serious threats to human health, leading to severe chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as cardiovascular diseases. Interestingly, despite the fact that each of these diseases has different physiological and clinical symptoms, they appear to share certain pathological traits such as intracellular stress and inflammation induced by metabolic disturbance stemmed from over nutrition frequently aggravated by a modern, sedentary life style. These modern ways of living inundate cells and organs with saturating levels of sugar and fat, leading to glycotoxicity and lipotoxicity that induce intracellular stress signaling ranging from oxidative to ER stress response to cope with the metabolic insults (Mukherjee, et al., 2015). In this review, we discuss the roles played by cellular stress and its responses in shaping metabolic disorders. We have summarized here current mechanistic insights explaining the pathogenesis of these disorders. These are followed by a discussion of the latest therapies targeting the stress response pathways.
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Yang J, Xu J, Danniel M, Wang X, Wang W, Zeng L, Shen L. The interaction between XBP1 and eNOS contributes to endothelial cell migration. Exp Cell Res 2018; 363:262-270. [PMID: 29352987 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a pivotal transcription factor in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Our previous studies have proven that XBP1 is involved in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and angiogenesis. In this study, we used EC monolayer wound healing, tube formation and transwell migration models to explore the role of XBP1splicing in EC migration. We found that scratching on EC monolayer triggered XBP1splicing, which was attenuated by the presence of SU5416and LY294002, suggesting that VEGF signalling pathways may be involved. Over-expression of the spliced XBP1 (XBP1s) via Ad-XBP1s gene transfer increased while knockdown of IRE1αor XBP1 by ShRNA lentivirus suppressed EC migration. Over-expression of XBP1s up-regulated the nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3)mRNA through the 3'UTR-mediated stabilisation and increased eNOS protein translation. Further experiments demonstrated that miR-24 participated in the XBP1s-induced eNOSup-regulation and EC migration. Further co-IP and immunofluorescence staining assays revealed that protein kinase B (Akt), eNOS andXBP1s form a complex, resulting in Akt and eNOS nucleus relocation. These results suggest that XBP1 splicing can regulate eNOS expression and cellular location, leading to EC migration and therefore contributing to wound healing and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, SE5 9NU London, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Danniel
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, SE5 9NU London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaocong Wang
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, SE5 9NU London, United Kingdom
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom
| | - Lingfang Zeng
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, SE5 9NU London, United Kingdom.
| | - Lisong Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
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20
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Gonzalez L, Qian AS, Tahir U, Yu P, Trigatti BL. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 1, Expressed in Myeloid Cells, Slows Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis and Protects against Macrophage Apoptosis in Ldlr KO Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122721. [PMID: 29244772 PMCID: PMC5751322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated myeloid specific sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1pr1) deficient mice by crossing mice that had myeloid specific expression of Cre recombinase (lyzMCre) with mice having the S1pr1 gene flanked by loxP recombination sites. We transplanted bone marrow from these mice and control lyzMCre mice with intact macrophage S1pr1 gene expression into low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene (Ldlr) deficient mice. The resulting chimeras were fed a high fat atherogenic diet for nine or twelve weeks and evaluated for atherosclerosis development in the aortic sinus. Selective S1pr1 deficiency in bone marrow-derived myeloid cells resulted in accelerated development of atherosclerosis, necrotic core formation and the appearance of apoptotic cells within atherosclerotic plaques of Ldlr knockout mice in response to a high fat diet. Examination of macrophages in culture revealed that the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 selective agonist, SEW2871 or high density lipoprotein (HDL), protected macrophages against apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress or oxidized LDL, through activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt signaling. Targeted S1pr1-deletion prevented Akt activation and protection against apoptosis by either SEW2871 or HDL. Our data suggests that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 in macrophages plays an important role in protecting them against apoptosis in vitro and in atherosclerotic plaques in vivo, and delays diet induced atherosclerosis development in Ldlr deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada.
| | - Alexander S Qian
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada.
| | - Usama Tahir
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada.
| | - Pei Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada.
| | - Bernardo L Trigatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada.
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21
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Xuezhikang, an extract from red yeast rice, attenuates vulnerable plaque progression by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis and inflammation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188841. [PMID: 29190732 PMCID: PMC5708751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xuezhikang (XZK), an extract of red yeast rice, is a traditional Chinese medicine widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in China and other countries. However, whether XZK treatment can improve atherosclerotic plaque stability is not fully understood. Based on our previously developed mouse model of spontaneous vulnerable plaque formation and rupture in carotid arteries in ApoE-/- mice. We showed that low-dose (600 mg/kg/d) XZK improved plaque stability without decreasing plaque area, whereas high-dose (1200 mg/kg/d) XZK dramatically inhibited vulnerable plaque progression accompanied by decreased plaque area. Mechanistically, XZK significantly suppressed lesional endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in mouse carotid arteries. In vitro, XZK inhibited 7-KC-induced activation of ER stress in RAW264.7 macrophages, as assessed by the reduced levels of p-PERK, p-IRE1α, p-eIF2α, c-ATF6, s-XBP1, and CHOP. Compared to controls, the XZK-treated group displayed dramatically decreased apoptotic cell numbers (shown by decreased TUNEL- and cleaved caspase3-positive cells), lower necrotic core area and ratio, and reduced expression of NF-κB target gene. In RAW264.7 cells, XZK inhibited 7-KC-induced upregulation of apoptosis, protein expression of apoptotic markers (cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP), and NF-κB activation (shown by target gene transcription and IκBα reduction). Collectively, our results suggest that XZK effectively suppresses vulnerable plaque progression and rupture by mitigating macrophage ER stress and consequently inhibiting apoptosis and the NF-κB pro-inflammatory pathway, thereby providing an alternative therapeutic strategy for stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques.
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22
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Tammaro A, Derive M, Gibot S, Leemans JC, Florquin S, Dessing MC. TREM-1 and its potential ligands in non-infectious diseases: from biology to clinical perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 177:81-95. [PMID: 28245991 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is expressed on the majority of innate immune cells and to a lesser extent on parenchymal cells. Upon activation, TREM-1 can directly amplify an inflammatory response. Although it was initially demonstrated that TREM-1 was predominantly associated with infectious diseases, recent evidences shed new light into its role in sterile inflammatory diseases. Indeed, TREM-1 receptor and its signaling pathways contribute to the pathology of several non-infectious acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis, ischemia reperfusion-induced tissue injury, colitis, fibrosis and cancer. This review, aims to give an extensive overview of TREM-1 in non-infectious diseases, with the focus on the therapeutic potential of TREM-1 intervention strategies herein. In addition, we provide the reader with a functional enrichment analysis of TREM-1 signaling pathway and potential TREM-1 ligands in these diseases, obtained via in silico approach. We discuss pre-clinical studies which show that TREM-1 inhibition, via synthetic soluble TREM-1 protein mimickers, is effective in treating (preventing) specific inflammatory disorders, without significant effects on antibacterial response. Further research aimed at identifying specific TREM-1 ligands, in different inflammatory disorders, is required to further unravel the role of this receptor, and explore new avenues to modulate its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tammaro
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Sebastien Gibot
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Central, CHU Nancy, Nancy, France; Inserm UMR_S1116, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Jaklien C Leemans
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark C Dessing
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Cheng J, Ukwatta E, Shavakh S, Chow TWS, Parraga G, Spence JD, Chiu B. Sensitive three-dimensional ultrasound assessment of carotid atherosclerosis by weighted average of local vessel wall and plaque thickness change. Med Phys 2017; 44:5280-5292. [PMID: 28782187 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitamin B deficiency has been identified as a risk factor for vascular events. However, the reduction of vascular events was not shown in large randomized controlled trials evaluating B-Vitamin therapy. There is an important requirement to develop sensitive biomarkers to be used as efficacy targets for B-Vitamin therapy as well as other dietary treatments and lifestyle regimes that are being developed. Carotid vessel-wall-plus-plaque thickness change (VWT-Change) measured from 3D ultrasound has been shown to be sensitive to atorvastatin therapies in previous studies. However, B-Vitamin treatment is expected to confer a smaller beneficial effect in carotid atherosclerosis than the strong dose of atorvastatin. This paper introduces a sensitive atherosclerosis biomarker based on the weighted mean VWT-Change measurement from 3D ultrasound with a purpose to detect statistically significant effect of B-Vitamin therapy. METHODS Of the 56 subjects analyzed in this study, 27 were randomized to receive a B-Vitamin tablet daily and 29 received a placebo tablet daily. Participants were scanned at baseline and 1.9 ± 0.8 yr later. The 3D VWT map at each scanning session was computed by matching the outer wall and lumen surfaces on a point-by-point basis. The 3D annual VWT-Change maps were obtained by first registering the 3D VWT maps obtained at the baseline and follow-up scanning sessions, and then taking the point-wise difference in VWT and dividing the result by the years elapsed from the baseline to the follow-up scanning session. The 3D VWT-Change maps constructed for all patients were mapped to a 2D carotid template to adjust for the anatomic variability of the arteries. A weight at each point of the carotid template was assigned based on the degree of correlation between the VWT-Change measurements exhibited at that point and the treatment received (i.e., B-Vitamin or placebo) quantified by mutual information. The weighted mean of VWT-Change for each patient, denoted by ΔVWT¯Weighted, was computed according to this weight. T-tests were performed to compare the sensitivity of ΔVWT¯Weighted with existing biomarkers in detecting treatment effects. These biomarkers included changes in intima-media thickness (IMT), total plaque area (TPA), vessel wall volume (VWV), unweighted average of VWT-Change (ΔVWT¯) and a previously described biomarker, denoted by ΔVWT¯S, that quantifies the mean VWT-Change specific to regions of interest identified by a feature selection algorithm. RESULTS Among the six biomarkers evaluated, the effect of B Vitamins was detected only by ΔVWT¯Weighted in this cohort (P=4.4×10-3). The sample sizes per treatment group required to detect an effect as large as exhibited in this study were 139, 178, 41 for ΔVWV, ΔVWT¯ and ΔVWT¯Weighted respectively. CONCLUSION The proposed weighted mean of VWT-Change is more sensitive than existing biomarkers in detecting treatment effects. This measurement tool will allow for many proof-of-principal studies to be performed for various novel treatments before a more costly study involving a larger population is held to validate the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Cheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Eranga Ukwatta
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shadi Shavakh
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tommy W S Chow
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Grace Parraga
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J David Spence
- Stroke Prevention and Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernard Chiu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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24
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Li Y, Lu G, Sun D, Zuo H, Wang DW, Yan J. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway: A new mechanism of statins to suppress the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174821. [PMID: 28369137 PMCID: PMC5378361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a potentially lethal disease with extremely poor survival rates once the aneurysm ruptures. Statins may exert beneficial effects on the progression of AAA. However, the underlying mechanism is still not known. The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether statin could inhibit AAA formation by inhibiting the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signal pathway. Methods A clinically relevant AAA model was induced in Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice, which were infused with angiotensin II (Ang II) for 28 days. These mice were randomly divided into following 4 groups: saline infusion alone; Ang II infusion alone; Ang II infusion plus Atorvastatin (20mg/kg/d); and Ang II infusion plus Atorvastatin (30mg/kg/d). Besides, another AAA model was induced in C57 mice with extraluminal CaCl2, which were divided into 3 groups: sham group, CaCl2-induced AAA group, and CaCl2-induced AAA plus atorvastatin (20mg/kg/d) group. Then, aortic tissue was excised for further examinations, respectively. In vitro studies, Ang II with or without simvastatin treatment were applied to the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCS) and Raw 264.7 cells. The ER stress signal pathway, apoptosis and inflammatory response were evaluated by in vivo and in vitro assays. Results We found that higher dose of atorvastatin can effectively suppress the development and progression of AAA induced by Ang II or CaCl2. Mechanistically, the activation of ER stress and inflammatory response were found involved in Ang II-induced AAA formation. The atorvastatin infusion significantly reduced ER stress signaling proteins, the number of apoptotic cells, and the activation of Caspase12 and Bax in the Ang II-induced ApoE−/− mice, compared with mice treated by Ang II alone. Furthermore, proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β were all remarkably inhibited after atorvastatin treatment. In vitro, the inhibitory effect of simvastatin on the ER stress signal pathway could be observed in both vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages, and these inhibitory effects of statin were in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, apoptosis was induced with Ang II treatment. The maximal inhibitory effect of simvastatin on apoptosis was observed at 10 μmol/l. Conclusions We conclude that higher dose of statin can effectively suppress the development of AAA, and reduce ER stress, ER stress-associated apoptosis signaling pathways, and inflammatory response. These findings reveal a new mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of statin on AAA formation/progression.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/prevention & control
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Atorvastatin/pharmacology
- Calcium Chloride
- Cell Line
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/physiology
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Random Allocation
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gangsheng Lu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dating Sun
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Houjuan Zuo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (DWW); (JY)
| | - Jiangtao Yan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (DWW); (JY)
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25
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Sozen E, Ozer NK. Impact of high cholesterol and endoplasmic reticulum stress on metabolic diseases: An updated mini-review. Redox Biol 2017; 12:456-461. [PMID: 28319895 PMCID: PMC5357672 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major site of protein folding and calcium storage. Beside the role of ER in protein homeostasis, it controls the cholesterol production and lipid-membrane biosynthesis as well as surviving and cell death signaling mechanisms in the cell. It is well-documented that elevated plasma cholesterol induces adverse effects in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), liver disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatosis hepatitis (NASH), and metabolic diseases which are associated with oxidative and ER stress. Recent animal model and human studies have showed high cholesterol and ER stress as an emerging factors involved in the development of many metabolic diseases. In this review, we will summarize the crucial effects of hypercholesterolemia and ER stress response in the pathogenesis of CVDs, NAFLD/NASH, diabetes and obesity which are major health problems in western countries. Endoplasmic reticulum stress involves in various metabolic disease development. Altered cholesterol metabolism is a well-documented inducer of ER stress. ER stress mediated apoptosis leads many cardiovascular disorders. UPR might lead NAFLD/NASH progression by enhancing inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdi Sozen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, 34854, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Kartal Ozer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, 34854, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey.
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26
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Shanahan CM, Furmanik M. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells: A Novel Regulator of Vascular Disease. Curr Cardiol Rev 2017; 13:94-105. [PMID: 27758694 PMCID: PMC5440785 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666161014094738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of death in industrialised societies. The idea that the arterial smooth muscle cell (ASMC) plays a key role in regulating many vascular pathologies has been gaining importance, as has the realisation that not enough is known about the pathological cellular mechanisms regulating ASMC function in vascular remodelling. In the past decade endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been recognised as a stress response underlying many physiological and pathological processes in various vascular cell types. Here we summarise what is known about how ER stress signalling regulates phenotypic switching, trans/dedifferentiation and apoptosis of ASMCs and contributes to atherosclerosis, hypertension, aneurysms and vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Shanahan
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Malgorzata Furmanik
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
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27
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Lee YT, Lin HY, Chan YWF, Li KHC, To OTL, Yan BP, Liu T, Li G, Wong WT, Keung W, Tse G. Mouse models of atherosclerosis: a historical perspective and recent advances. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:12. [PMID: 28095860 PMCID: PMC5240327 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both the developed and developing countries. Animal models of atherosclerosis have served as valuable tools for providing insights on its aetiology, pathophysiology and complications. They can be used for invasive interrogation of physiological function and provide a platform for testing the efficacy and safety of different pharmacological therapies. Compared to studies using human subjects, animal models have the advantages of being easier to manage, with controllable diet and environmental risk factors. Moreover, pathophysiological changes can be induced either genetically or pharmacologically to study the harmful effects of these interventions. There is no single ideal animal model, as different systems are suitable for different research objectives. A good understanding of the similarities and differences to humans enables effective extrapolation of data for translational application. In this article, we will examine the different mouse models for the study and elucidation of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis. We also review recent advances in the field, such as the role of oxidative stress in promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA damage, which can result in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Finally, novel therapeutic approaches to reduce vascular damage caused by chronic inflammation using microRNA and nano-medicine technology, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Ting Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | - Hiu Yu Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | | | | | - Olivia Tsz Ling To
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | - Bryan P Yan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wing Tak Wong
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | - Wendy Keung
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | - Gary Tse
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
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28
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Plasma and Aorta Biochemistry and MMPs Activities in Female Rabbit Fed Methionine Enriched Diet and Their Offspring. J Nutr Metab 2017; 2017:2785142. [PMID: 28133545 PMCID: PMC5241488 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2785142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether a high Met diet influences biochemical parameters, MMPs activities in plasma, and biochemical and histological remodeling in aorta, in both pregnant female rabbits and their offspring. Four female rabbit groups are constituted (each n = 8), nonpregnant control (NPC), pregnant control (PC) that received normal commercial chow, nonpregnant Met (NPMet), and pregnant Met (PMet) that received the same diet supplemented with 0,35% L-methionine (w/w) for 3 months (500 mg/d). All pregnant females realize 3 successive pregnancies. Plasma results showed that Met excess increased Hcy, raised CRP in NPMet and decreased it in PMet, enhanced significantly proMMP-2 and proMMP-9 activities in NPMet, and reduced them in PMet. Aorta showed a rise in collagen level, essentially in PMet, a reduction of elastin content in both PMet and NPMet, and a significant decrease in lipid content in PMet, with histological changes that are more pronounced in NPMet than PMet. Met excess enhanced proMMP-9 activities in NPMet while it decreased them in PMet. PMet newborn presented increase in uremia and CRP and significant rise of active MMP-2 and MMP-9 forms. In aorta, media and adventitia thickness increased, total lipids content decreased, proMMP-9 activity decreased, and proMMP-2 activity increased.
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Gonzalez L, Trigatti BL. Macrophage Apoptosis and Necrotic Core Development in Atherosclerosis: A Rapidly Advancing Field with Clinical Relevance to Imaging and Therapy. Can J Cardiol 2016; 33:303-312. [PMID: 28232016 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent 1 of the main causes of death worldwide, and atherosclerosis is 1 of the major contributors leading to ischemic heart disease. Macrophages actively participate in all stages of atherosclerosis development, from plaque initiation to the transition to vulnerable plaques. Macrophage apoptosis, in particular, has been recognized as a critical step in the formation of the necrotic core, a key characteristic of unstable lesions. In this review, we discuss the role of macrophage apoptosis and clearance of apoptotic cells by efferocytosis in the development of atherosclerosis, with particular emphasis on their contribution to the development of the necrotic core and the clinical implications of this process for plaque stabilization. We consider the molecular triggers of macrophage apoptosis during atherogenesis, the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the roles of key cellular mediators of apoptosis and efferocytosis, and mechanisms of defective efferocytosis in the progression of atherosclerotic plaques. Finally, we discuss the important clinical implications of rapidly evolving macrophage science, such as novel approaches to imaging vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques with macrophage-sensitive positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, the role of macrophages in mediating beneficial pleiotropic actions of lipid-lowering therapies, and novel therapeutic modalities targeting ER stress, autophagy, and deficient efferocytosis. Advances in understanding the critical role of macrophages in the progression and destabilization of atherosclerosis have the potential to greatly improve the prevention and management of atherosclerotic diseases over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernardo Louis Trigatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Lu XL, Zhao CH, Yao XL, Zhang H. Quercetin attenuates high fructose feeding-induced atherosclerosis by suppressing inflammation and apoptosis via ROS-regulated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 85:658-671. [PMID: 27919735 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a dietary flavonoid compound extracted from various plants, such as apple and onions. Previous studies have revealed its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activities. This study investigated the ability of quercetin to inhibit high fructose feeding- or LPS-induced atherosclerosis through regulating oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation response in vivo and in vitro experiments. 50 and 100mg/kg quercetin were used in our study, showing significant inhibitory role in high fructose-induced atherosclerosis via reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, Caspase-3 activation, inflammatory cytokines releasing, the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells and collagen contents as well as modulating apoptosis- and inflammation-related proteins expression. We also explored the protective effects of quercetin on atherosclerosis by phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/Protein kinase B (AKT)-associated Bcl-2/Caspase-3 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signal pathways activation, promoting AKT and Bcl-2 expression and reducing Caspase-3 and NF-κB activation. Quercetin reduced the atherosclerotic plaque size in vivo in high fructose feeding-induced mice assessed by oil red O. Also, in vitro experiments, quercetin displayed inhibitory role in LPS-induced ROS production, inflammatory response and apoptosis, which were linked with PI3K/AKT-regulated Caspase-3 and NF-κB activation. In conclusion, our results showed that quercetin inhibited atherosclerotic plaque development in high fructose feeding mice via PI3K/AKT activation regulated by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Li Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China.
| | - Cui-Hua Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Xin-Liang Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
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Zeeshan HMA, Lee GH, Kim HR, Chae HJ. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Associated ROS. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:327. [PMID: 26950115 PMCID: PMC4813189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 596] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a fascinating network of tubules through which secretory and transmembrane proteins enter unfolded and exit as either folded or misfolded proteins, after which they are directed either toward other organelles or to degradation, respectively. The ER redox environment dictates the fate of entering proteins, and the level of redox signaling mediators modulates the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accumulating evidence suggests the interrelation of ER stress and ROS with redox signaling mediators such as protein disulfide isomerase (PDI)-endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin (ERO)-1, glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disuphide (GSSG), NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4), NADPH-P450 reductase (NPR), and calcium. Here, we reviewed persistent ER stress and protein misfolding-initiated ROS cascades and their significant roles in the pathogenesis of multiple human disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, inflammation, ischemia, and kidney and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Maher Ali Zeeshan
- Department of Pharmacology and New Drug Development Institute, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-180, Korea.
| | - Geum Hwa Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and New Drug Development Institute, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-180, Korea.
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- Department of Dental Pharmacology and Wonkwang Biomaterial Implant Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, Korea.
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- Department of Pharmacology and New Drug Development Institute, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-180, Korea.
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The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17020193. [PMID: 26840309 PMCID: PMC4783927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is a complex process involving several metabolic and signalling pathways. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that endoplasmic reticulum stress and associated apoptosis can be induced in the pathological conditions of atherosclerotic lesions and contribute to the disease progression. Notably, they may play a role in the development of vulnerable plaques that induce thrombosis and are therefore especially dangerous. Endoplasmic reticulum stress response is regulated by several signaling mechanisms that involve protein kinases and transcription factors. Some of these molecules can be regarded as potential therapeutic targets to improve treatment of atherosclerosis. In this review we will discuss the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in atherosclerosis development in different cell types and summarize the current knowledge on potential therapeutic agents targeting molecules regulating these pathways and their possible use for anti-atherosclerotic therapy.
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Kruzliak P, Hare DL, Zvonicek V, Klimas J, Zulli A. Simvastatin impairs the induction of pulmonary fibrosis caused by a western style diet: a preliminary study. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2647-54. [PMID: 26304628 PMCID: PMC4627569 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of an atherogenic diet in causing pulmonary fibrosis has received little attention and simvastatin has been shown to reduce pulmonary fibrosis in animal models. To determine if an atherogenic diet can induce pulmonary fibrosis and whether simvastatin treatment is beneficial by up-regulating heat shock protein 70 and 90. New Zealand white rabbits (n = 15) were divided: Group 1 (control); Group 2 (MC) received a normal rabbit diet with 1% methionine plus 0.5% cholesterol (atherogenic diet). Group 3 received the same diet as the MC group plus 5 mg/kg/day simvastatin orally (MCS). After 4 weeks, the lungs were collected and analysed. Picrosirus red staining of lung interstitial collagen content showed that the atherogenic diet increased fibrosis 2.9-fold (P < 0.05), bronchiole adventitial collagen was increased 2.3-fold (P < 0.05) and bronchiole epithelium was increased 34-fold (P < 0.05), and simvastatin treatment severely reduced this effect (P < 0.05). Western blot analysis showed that the atherogenic diet significantly reduced lung Hsp70 protein by 22% (P < 0.05) and Hsp90 protein by 18% (P < 0.05) and simvastatin treatment did not affect this result. However, aortic hyper-responsiveness to vasoconstrictors (angiotensin II and phenylephrine) were markedly reduced by simvastatin treatment. We report that an atherogenic diet stimulates pulmonary fibrosis and reduces lung Hsp70/Hsp90 protein concentration. Simvastatin impairs this by mechanisms unrelated to Hsp70/Hsp90, but possibly a reduction in angiotensin II receptor or alpha adrenergic receptor pathways. These results could have implications in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kruzliak
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David L Hare
- Departments of Cardiology and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vaclav Zvonicek
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Klimas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention & Management (CCDPM), Western CHRE, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans, VIC, Australia
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Zanin RF, Bergamin LS, Morrone FB, Coutinho-Silva R, de Souza Wyse AT, Battastini AMO. Pathological concentrations of homocysteine increases IL-1β production in macrophages in a P2X7, NF-ĸB, and erk-dependent manner. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:463-70. [PMID: 26265456 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9464-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma levels of homocysteine (Hcy) are associated with the development of coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral vascular disease, and atherosclerosis. Hyperhomocysteinemia is likely related to the enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of Hcy in immune cells are not completely understood. Recent studies have established a link between macrophage accumulation, cytokine IL-1β, and the advance of vascular diseases. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of Hcy on IL-1β secretion by murine macrophages. Hcy (100 μM) increases IL-1β synthesis via enhancement of P2X7 expression and NF-ĸB and ERK activation in murine macrophages. In addition, the antioxidant agent N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reduces NF-κB activation, ERK phosphorylation, and IL-1β production in Hcy-exposed macrophages, indicating the importance of ROS in this pro-inflammatory process. In summary, our results show that Hcy may be involved in the synthesis and secretion of IL-1β via NF-ĸB, ERK, and P2X7 stimulation in murine macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Fernandes Zanin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, 2600-anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Faculdades de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular e Instituto de Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Mestrado em Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano do Unilasalle, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Scussel Bergamin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, 2600-anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bueno Morrone
- Faculdades de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular e Instituto de Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Angela Terezinha de Souza Wyse
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, 2600-anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Oliveira Battastini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, 2600-anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Xiao Y, Su X, Huang W, Zhang J, Peng C, Huang H, Wu X, Huang H, Xia M, Ling W. Role of S-adenosylhomocysteine in cardiovascular disease and its potential epigenetic mechanism. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 67:158-66. [PMID: 26117455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transmethylation reactions utilize S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a methyl donor and are central to the regulation of many biological processes: more than fifty SAM-dependent methyltransferases methylate a broad spectrum of cellular compounds including DNA, histones, phospholipids and other small molecules. Common to all SAM-dependent transmethylation reactions is the release of the potent inhibitor S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) as a by-product. SAH is reversibly hydrolyzed to adenosine and homocysteine by SAH hydrolase. Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, a major unanswered question is if homocysteine is causally involved in disease pathogenesis or simply a passive and indirect indicator of a more complex mechanism. A chronic elevation in homocysteine levels results in a parallel increase in intracellular or plasma SAH, which is a more sensitive biomarker of cardiovascular disease than homocysteine and suggests that SAH is a critical pathological factor in homocysteine-associated disorders. Previous reports indicate that supplementation with folate and B vitamins efficiently lowers homocysteine levels but not plasma SAH levels, which possibly explains the failure of homocysteine-lowering vitamins to reduce vascular events in several recent clinical intervention studies. Furthermore, more studies are focusing on the role and mechanisms of SAH in different chronic diseases related to hyperhomocysteinemia, such as cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, diabetes, and obesity. This review summarizes the current role of SAH in cardiovascular disease and its effect on several related risk factors. It also explores possible the mechanisms, such as epigenetics and oxidative stress, of SAH. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Epigenetic dynamics in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Xiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xuefen Su
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Public Health, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinzhou Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chaoqiong Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haixiong Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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36
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Pushpakumar S, Kundu S, Sen U. Endothelial dysfunction: the link between homocysteine and hydrogen sulfide. Curr Med Chem 2015; 21:3662-72. [PMID: 25005183 DOI: 10.2174/0929867321666140706142335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High level of homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinemia, HHcy) is associated with increased risk for vascular disease. Evidence for this emerges from epidemiological studies which show that HHcy is associated with premature peripheral, coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease independent of other risk factors. Possible mechanisms by which homocysteine causes vascular injury include endothelial injury, DNA dysfunction, proliferation of smooth muscle cells, increased oxidative stress, reduced activity of glutathione peroxidase and promoting inflammation. HHcy has been shown to cause direct damage to endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. Clinically, this manifests as impaired flow-mediated vasodilation and is mainly due to a reduction in nitric oxide synthesis and bioavailability. The effect of impaired nitric oxide release can in turn trigger and potentiate atherothrombogenesis and oxidative stress. Endothelial damage is a crucial aspect of atherosclerosis and precedes overt manifestation of disease. In addition, endothelial dysfunction is also associated with hypertension, diabetes, ischemia reperfusion injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Homocysteine is a precursor of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) which is formed by transulfuration process catalyzed by the enzymes, cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase. H2S is a gasotransmitter that has emerged recently as a novel mediator in cardiovascular homeostasis. As a potent vasodilator, it plays several roles which include regulation of vessel diameter, protection of endothelium from redox stress, ischemia reperfusion injury and chronic inflammation. However, the precise mechanism by which it mediates these beneficial effects is complex and still remains unclear. Current evidence indicates H2S modulates cellular functions by a variety of intracellular signaling processes. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of HHcy-induced endothelial dysfunction and the metabolism and physiological functions of H2S as a protective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 500 South Preston Street, A-1115; Louisville, KY-40292, USA.
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Xiao Y, Huang W, Zhang J, Peng C, Xia M, Ling W. Increased Plasma S-Adenosylhomocysteine–Accelerated Atherosclerosis Is Associated With Epigenetic Regulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in apoE
−/−
Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:60-70. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Xiao
- From the Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China (Y.X., W.H., J.Z., C.P.); and Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.X., M.X., W.L.)
| | - Wei Huang
- From the Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China (Y.X., W.H., J.Z., C.P.); and Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.X., M.X., W.L.)
| | - Jinzhou Zhang
- From the Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China (Y.X., W.H., J.Z., C.P.); and Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.X., M.X., W.L.)
| | - Chaoqiong Peng
- From the Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China (Y.X., W.H., J.Z., C.P.); and Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.X., M.X., W.L.)
| | - Min Xia
- From the Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China (Y.X., W.H., J.Z., C.P.); and Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.X., M.X., W.L.)
| | - Wenhua Ling
- From the Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China (Y.X., W.H., J.Z., C.P.); and Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.X., M.X., W.L.)
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Sozen E, Karademir B, Ozer NK. Basic mechanisms in endoplasmic reticulum stress and relation to cardiovascular diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 78:30-41. [PMID: 25452144 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The folding process is an important step in protein synthesis for the functional shape or conformation of the protein. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main organelle for the correct folding procedure, which maintains the homeostasis of the organism. This process is normally well organized under unstressed conditions, whereas it may fail under oxidative and ER stress. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a defense mechanism that removes the unfolded/misfolded proteins to prevent their accumulation, and two main degradation systems are involved in this defense, including the proteasome and autophagy. Cells decide which mechanism to use according to the type, severity, and duration of the stress. If the stress is too severe and in excess, the capacity of these degradation mechanisms, proteasomal degradation and autophagy, is not sufficient and the cell switches to apoptotic death. Because the accumulation of the improperly folded proteins leads to several diseases, it is important for the body to maintain this balance. Cardiovascular diseases are one of the important disorders related to failure of the UPR. Especially, protection mechanisms and the transition to apoptotic pathways have crucial roles in cardiac failure and should be highlighted in detailed studies to understand the mechanisms involved. This review is focused on the involvement of the proteasome, autophagy, and apoptosis in the UPR and the roles of these pathways in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdi Sozen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center, Marmara University, 34854 Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Karademir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center, Marmara University, 34854 Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Kartal Ozer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center, Marmara University, 34854 Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Li Y, Guo Y, Tang J, Jiang J, Chen Z. New insights into the roles of CHOP-induced apoptosis in ER stress. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:629-40. [PMID: 25016584 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) is triggered due to a loss of homeostasis in the ER, resulting in accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. ER stress activates a series of adaptive mechanisms known as the unfolded protein response. Perturbation of the ER is a powerful inducer of the transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Although it has been proved that excessive or adverse stress to the ER triggers apoptosis, the specific mechanisms underlying these processes induced by CHOP remain unclear. By now, CHOP-induced apoptosis in ER stress has been implicated in numerous human diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, ischemic diseases, tumor, and so on. In this review, we summarized the current understanding of the roles of CHOP in the development of several diseases from the laboratory to the clinic.
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40
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Currò M, Trovato-Salinaro A, Gugliandolo A, Koverech G, Lodato F, Caccamo D, Calabrese V, Ientile R. Resveratrol protects against homocysteine-induced cell damage via cell stress response in neuroblastoma cells. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:149-56. [PMID: 25042273 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings underscore that some natural compounds are responsible for specific biochemical effects, i.e., the activation of redox-sensitive intracellular pathways and modulation of different stress proteins, such as heat shock proteins and sirtuins. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol widely present in plants, has been shown to display various beneficial effects, including neuroprotection, in several pathological conditions. In the present study, by using differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, we investigated the potential protective effects of resveratrol against homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity. We observed that homocysteine (100 µM) decreased cell viability while at the same time significantly increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species and DNA fragmentation. Cell pretreatment with resveratrol concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 µM elicited protective effects through the reduction of oxidative stress and genotoxic damage. In addition, we observed that resveratrol produced significant changes in the expression of both Hsp70 and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). After homocysteine treatment in the presence of resveratrol, SIRT1 protein was found abundantly not only in the cytosol but also in the nucleus, as demonstrated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results of this study suggest that resveratrol is a potential protective agent against homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity and that beneficial effects are accompanied by changes in cell stress response. Taken together, these features contribute to our knowledge of underlying mechanisms involved in resveratrol-induced cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Currò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Chistiakov DA, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in atherosclerosis and diabetic macrovascular complications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:610140. [PMID: 25061609 PMCID: PMC4100367 DOI: 10.1155/2014/610140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Age-related changes in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are associated with stress of this cell organelle. Unfolded protein response (UPR) is a normal physiological reaction of a cell in order to prevent accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the ER and improve the normal ER function. However, in pathologic conditions such as atherosclerosis, obesity, and diabetes, ER function becomes impaired, leading to the development of ER stress. In chronic ER stress, defective posttranslational protein folding results in deposits of aberrantly folded proteins in the ER and the induction of cell apoptosis mediated by UPR sensors C/EBPα-homologous protein (CHOP) and inositol requiring protein-1 (IRE1). Since ER stress and ER-induced cell death play a nonredundant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and diabetic macrovascular complications, pharmaceutical targeting of ER stress components and pathways may be beneficial in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor A. Sobenin
- Institute for Atherosclerosis, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V. Bobryshev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Medicine and St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
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Homocysteine-Induced Caspase-3 Activation by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Endothelial Progenitor Cells from Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and Healthy Donors. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:1300-5. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Steinberg GR, Schertzer JD. AMPK promotes macrophage fatty acid oxidative metabolism to mitigate inflammation: implications for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:340-5. [PMID: 24638063 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic inflammation, a low-grade chronic pro-inflammatory environment in metabolic or vascular tissues during nutrient excess, has emerged as an important factor underpinning the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Macrophages are a primary source of inflammatory effectors that contribute to insulin resistance and atherosclerosis, the precursors of T2D and CVD, respectively. Oxidative metabolism dictates the inflammatory status of macrophages, effects that may be upstream of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the NLRP3 inflammasome. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) lies at the crossroads of metabolically driven macrophage inflammation and exerts control over mitochondrial metabolism, and therefore is vital for dictating the inflammatory status of macrophages. Understanding how AMPK regulates oxidative metabolism and substrate selection to control both ER stress and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation holds promise for identifying new therapies and the tailoring of current therapies for the treatment of T2D and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Steinberg
- 1] Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada [2] Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Schertzer
- 1] Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada [2] Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Grek C, Townsend D. Protein Disulfide Isomerase Superfamily in Disease and the Regulation of Apoptosis. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS IN DISEASES 2014; 1:4-17. [PMID: 25309899 PMCID: PMC4192724 DOI: 10.2478/ersc-2013-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis requires the balance of a multitude of signaling cascades that are contingent upon the essential proteins being properly synthesized, folded and delivered to appropriate subcellular locations. In eukaryotic cells the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a specialized organelle that is the central site of synthesis and folding of secretory, membrane and a number of organelletargeted proteins. The integrity of protein folding is enabled by the presence of ATP, Ca++, molecular chaperones, as well as an oxidizing redox environment. The imbalance between the load and capacity of protein folding results in a cellular condition known as ER stress. Failure of these pathways to restore ER homeostasis results in the activation of apoptotic pathways. Protein disulfide isomerases (PDI) compose a superfamily of oxidoreductases that have diverse sequences and are localized in the ER, nucleus, cytosol, mitochondria and cell membrane. The PDI superfamily has multiple functions including, acting as molecular chaperones, protein-binding partners, and hormone reservoirs. Recently, PDI family members have been implicated in the regulation of apoptotic signaling events. The complexities underlying the molecular mechanisms that define the switch from pro-survival to pro-death response are evidenced by recent studies that reveal the roles of specific chaperone proteins as integration points in signaling pathways that determine cell fate. The following review discusses the dual role of PDI in cell death and survival during ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Grek
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
| | - D.M. Townsend
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
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Shinozaki S, Chiba T, Kokame K, Miyata T, Kaneko E, Shimokado K. A deficiency of Herp, an endoplasmic reticulum stress protein, suppresses atherosclerosis in ApoE knockout mice by attenuating inflammatory responses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75249. [PMID: 24204574 PMCID: PMC3810372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Herp was originally identified as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress protein in vascular endothelial cells. ER stress is induced in atherosclerotic lesions, but it is not known whether Herp plays any role in the development of atherosclerosis. To address this question, we generated Herp- and apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient mice (Herp(-/-); apoE(-/-) mice) by crossbreeding Herp(-/-) mice and apoE(-/-) mice. Herp was expressed in the endothelial cells and medial smooth muscle cells of the aorta, as well as in a subset of macrophages in the atherosclerotic lesions in apoE(-/-) mice, while there was no expression of Herp in the Herp(-/-); apoE(-/-) mice. The doubly deficient mice developed significantly fewer atherosclerotic lesions than the apoE(-/-) mice at 36 and 72 weeks of age, whereas the plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were not significantly different between the strains. The plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids were significantly lower in the Herp(-/-); apoE(-/-) mice when they were eight and 16 weeks old. The gene expression levels of ER stress response proteins (GRP78 and CHOP) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1) in the aorta were significantly lower in Herp(-/-); apoE(-/-) mice than in apoE(-/-) mice, suggesting that Herp mediated ER stress-induced inflammation. In fact, peritoneal macrophages isolated from Herp-deficient mice and RAW264.7 macrophages in which Herp was eliminated with a siRNA expressed lower levels of mRNA for inflammatory cytokines when they were treated with tunicamycin. Herp deficiency affected the major mediators of the unfolded protein response, including IRE1 and PERK, but not ATF6. These findings suggest that a deficiency of Herp suppressed the development of atherosclerosis by attenuating the ER stress-induced inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Shinozaki
- Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Chiba
- Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
- Information Center, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Kokame
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Miyata
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Kaneko
- Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shimokado
- Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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ZHOU JIE, ABID MORADDIRHEMNAJI, XIONG YUFANG, CHEN QING, CHEN JUAN. ox-LDL downregulates eNOS activity via LOX-1-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:1442-50. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Luo Y, Li SJ, Yang J, Qiu YZ, Chen FP. HMGB1 induces an inflammatory response in endothelial cells via the RAGE-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:732-8. [PMID: 23911608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The high mobility group 1B protein (HMGB1) mediates chronic inflammatory responses in endothelial cells, which play a critical role in atherosclerosis. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown. The goal of our study was to identify the effects of HMGB1 on the RAGE-induced inflammatory response in endothelial cells and test the possible involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Our results showed that incubation of endothelial cells with HMGB1 (0.01-1 μg/ml) for 24h induced a dose-dependent activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress transducers, as assessed by PERK and IRE1 protein expression. Moreover, HMGB1 also promoted nuclear translocation of ATF6. HMGB1-mediated ICAM-1 and P-selectin production was dramatically suppressed by PERK siRNA or IRE1 siRNA. However, non-targeting siRNA had no such effects. HMGB1-induced increases in ICAM-1 and P-selectin expression were also inhibited by a specific eIF2α inhibitor (salubrinal) and a specific JNK inhibitor (SP600125). Importantly, a blocking antibody specifically targeted against RAGE (anti-RAGE antibody) decreased ICAM-1, P-selectin and endoplasmic reticulum stress molecule (PERK, eIF2α, IRE1 and JNK) protein expression levels. Collectively, these novel findings suggest that HMGB1 promotes an inflammatory response by inducing the expression of ICAM-1 and P-selectin via RAGE-mediated stimulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
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48
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Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress and atherosclerosis by 2-aminopurine in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice. ISRN PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 2013:847310. [PMID: 23984090 PMCID: PMC3747385 DOI: 10.1155/2013/847310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that the apolipoprotein (apo) B48-carrying lipoproteins obtained from apoE knockout (apoE−/−) mice, so called E−/B48 lipoproteins, transformed mouse macrophages into foam cells and enhanced the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF-2α). Furthermore, the eIF-2α phosphorylation inhibitor, 2-aminopurine (2-AP), attenuated E−/B48 lipoprotein-induced foam cell formation. The present report studied the effect of 2-AP on atherosclerosis in apoE−/− mice. Our results showed that the level of food intake, bodyweight, plasma cholesterol, and triglycerides was comparable in apoE−/− mice treated with or without 2-AP. However, the mean size of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta sinus as well as the surface area of the entire aorta of 2-AP-treated apoE−/− mice were reduced by about 55% and 39%, respectively, compared to samples from untreated control apoE−/− mice. In addition, the 2-AP-treated apoE−/− mice showed a significant decrease in glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and phosphorylated eIF-2α in their aortic samples as compared to levels in untreated control apoE−/− mice. These observations suggest that endoplasmic reticulum stress is a causal mechanism for the development of atherosclerosis in apoE−/− mice and that therapeutic strategies can be developed for using eIF-2α phosphorylation inhibitors, such as 2-AP, to prevent or treat atherosclerosis.
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Hossain GS, Lynn EG, Maclean KN, Zhou J, Dickhout JG, Lhoták S, Trigatti B, Capone J, Rho J, Tang D, McCulloch CA, Al-Bondokji I, Malloy MJ, Pullinger CR, Kane JP, Li Y, Shiffman D, Austin RC. Deficiency of TDAG51 protects against atherosclerosis by modulating apoptosis, cholesterol efflux, and peroxiredoxin-1 expression. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000134. [PMID: 23686369 PMCID: PMC3698773 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis caused by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to atherothrombosis, the underlying cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). T-cell death-associated gene 51 (TDAG51), a member of the pleckstrin homology-like domain gene family, is induced by ER stress, causes apoptosis when overexpressed, and is present in lesion-resident macrophages and endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS To study the role of TDAG51 in atherosclerosis, male mice deficient in TDAG51 and apolipoprotein E (TDAG51(-/-)/ApoE(-/-)) were generated and showed reduced atherosclerotic lesion growth (56 ± 5% reduction at 40 weeks, relative to ApoE(-/-) controls, P<0.005) and necrosis (41 ± 4% versus 63 ± 8% lesion area in TDAG51(-/-)/ApoE(-/-) and ApoE(-/-), respectively; P<0.05) without changes in plasma levels of lipids, glucose, and inflammatory cytokines. TDAG51 deficiency caused several phenotypic changes in macrophages and endothelial cells that increase cytoprotection against oxidative and ER stress, enhance PPARγ-dependent reverse cholesterol transport, and upregulate peroxiredoxin-1 (Prdx-1), an antioxidant enzyme with antiatherogenic properties (1.8 ± 0.1-fold increase in Prdx-1 protein expression, relative to control macrophages; P<0.005). Two independent case-control studies found that a genetic variant in the human TDAG51 gene region (rs2367446) is associated with CVD (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.24; P=0.0003). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that TDAG51 affects specific cellular pathways known to reduce atherogenesis, suggesting that modulation of TDAG51 expression or its activity may have therapeutic benefit for the treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazi S Hossain
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Multiple systemic factors and local stressors in the arterial wall can disturb the functions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), causing ER stress in endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and macrophages during the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. As a protective response to restore ER homeostasis, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is initiated by three major ER sensors: protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring protein 1α (IRE1α), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). The activation of the various UPR signaling pathways displays a temporal pattern of activation at different stages of the disease. The ATF6 and IRE1α pathways that promote the expression of protein chaperones in ER are activated in ECs in athero-susceptible regions of pre-lesional arteries and before the appearance of foam cells. The PERK pathway that reduces ER protein client load by blocking protein translation is activated in SMCs and macrophages in early lesions. The activation of these UPR signaling pathways aims to cope with the ER stress and plays a pro-survival role in the early stage of atherosclerosis. However, with the progression of atherosclerosis, the extended duration and increased intensity of ER stress in lesions lead to prolonged and enhanced UPR signaling. Under this circumstance, the PERK pathway induces expression of death effectors, and possibly IRE1α activates apoptosis signaling pathways, leading to apoptosis of macrophages and SMCs in advanced lesions. Importantly, UPR-mediated cell death is associated with plaque instability and the clinical progression of atherosclerosis. Moreover, UPR signaling is linked to inflammation and possibly to macrophage differentiation in lesions. Therapeutic approaches targeting the UPR may have promise in the prevention and/or regression of atherosclerosis. However, more progress is needed to fully understand all of the roles of the UPR in atherosclerosis and to harness this information for therapeutic advances.
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