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Anti-Platelet Aggregation and Anti-Cyclooxygenase Activities for a Range of Coffee Extracts ( Coffea arabica). Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010010. [PMID: 33375091 PMCID: PMC7792775 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coffee is rich in caffeine (CF), chlorogenic acid (CGA) and phenolics. Differing types of coffee beverages and brewing procedures may result in differences in total phenolic contents (TPC) and biological activities. Inflammation and increases of platelet activation and aggregation can lead to thrombosis. We focused on determining the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects on agonist-induced platelet aggregation and cyclooxygenase (COX) of coffee beverages in relation to their preparation method. We prepared instant coffee and brewed coffee beverages using drip, espresso, and boiling techniques. Coffee extracts were assayed for their CF and CGA contents using HPLC, TPC using colorimetry, platelet aggregation with an aggregometer, and COX activity using ELISA. The findings have shown all coffee extracts, except the decaffeinated types, contained nearly equal amounts of CF, CGA, and TPC. Inhibitory effects of coffee extracts on platelet aggregation differed depending on the activation pathways induced by different agonists. All espresso, drip and boiled coffee extracts caused dose dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen, epinephrine, and arachidonic acid (ARA). The most marked inhibition was seen at low doses of collagen or ARA. Espresso and drip extracts inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation more than purified caffeine or CGA. Espresso, boiled and drip coffee extracts were also a more potent inhibitors of COX-1 and COX-2 than purified caffeine or CGA. We conclude that inhibition of platelet aggregation and COX-1 and COX-2 may contribute to anti-platelet and anti-inflammatory effects of espresso and drip coffee extracts.
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Intravital Assessment of Blood Platelet Function. A Review of the Methodological Approaches with Examples of Studies of Selected Aspects of Blood Platelet Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218334. [PMID: 33172065 PMCID: PMC7664321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet biology owes to intravital studies not only a better understanding of platelets’ role in primary hemostasis but also findings that platelets are important factors in inflammation and atherosclerosis. Researchers who enter the field of intravital platelet studies may be confused by the heterogeneity of experimental protocols utilized. On the one hand, there are a variety of stimuli used to activate platelet response, and on the other hand there are several approaches to measure the outcome of the activation. A number of possible combinations of activation factors with measurement approaches result in the aforementioned heterogeneity. The aim of this review is to present the most often used protocols in a systematic way depending on the stimulus used to activate platelets. By providing examples of studies performed with each of the protocols, we attempt to explain why a particular combination of stimuli and measurement method was applied to study a given aspect of platelet biology.
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Jo HA, Kim DK, Park S, Kim Y, Han SS, Yang BR, Choi SH, Kim MS, Lee J, Lee H, Lee JP, Lim CS, Kim YS, Joo KW. Cardiovascular risk of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in dialysis patients: a nationwide population-based study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 36:909-917. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Given the cardiovascular risk of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), it is essential to identify the relationship between NSAIDs and cardiovascular outcomes in dialysis patients who have elevated cardiovascular risk.
Methods
A case-crossover study was conducted to assess the association of NSAIDs with major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) and mortality using the Korean Health Insurance dataset. The case period was defined as 1–30 days prior to the event date and the control periods were defined as 61–90 days and 91–120 days prior to the event date.
Results
There were 3433 and 8524 incident dialysis patients who experienced MACCEs and mortality, respectively, after exposure to NSAIDs within 120 days before each event. NSAIDs significantly increased the risk of MACCEs {adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.37 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26–1.50]} and mortality [aOR 1.29 (95% CI 1.22–1.36)]. Nonselective NSAIDs, but not selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, significantly increased the risk of MACCEs and mortality. However, the MACCE and mortality risk did not increase in a dose-dependent manner in the analysis according to the cumulative defined daily dosage of NSAIDs. The incidence of MACCEs in the case period tended to be more common in patients who had recent exposure to NSAIDs than in patients who did not have recent exposure to NSAIDs.
Conclusions
Clinicians should be particularly cautious when prescribing NSAIDs to dialysis patients considering the associations of NSAIDs with cardiovascular outcomes and mortality, which might occur independent of the dose and duration of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Ah Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Ilsan, Korea
| | - Dong Ki Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seokwoo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yaerim Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung Seok Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Ram Yang
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - So-Hyun Choi
- Department of Statistics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Kim
- Department of Statistics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Joongyub Lee
- Department of Prevention and Management, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hajeong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Pyo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chun Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yon Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwon Wook Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Lai ZZ, Yang HL, Ha SY, Chang KK, Mei J, Zhou WJ, Qiu XM, Wang XQ, Zhu R, Li DJ, Li MQ. Cyclooxygenase-2 in Endometriosis. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2783-2797. [PMID: 31853218 PMCID: PMC6909960 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.35128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis (EMS) is the most common gynecological disease in women of reproductive age, and it is associated with chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia and infertility. As a consequence of genetic, immune and environmental factors, endometriotic lesions have high cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and COX-2-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) biosynthesis compared with the normal endometrium. The transcription of the PTGS2 gene for COX-2 is associated with multiple intracellular signals, which converge to cause the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). COX-2 expression can be regulated by several factors, such as estrogen, hypoxia, proinflammatory cytokines, environmental pollutants, metabolites and metabolic enzymes, and platelets. High concentrations of COX-2 lead to high cell proliferation, a low level of apoptosis, high invasion, angiogenesis, EMS-related pain and infertility. COX-2-derived PGE2 performs a crucial function in EMS development by binding to EP2 and EP4 receptors. These basic findings have contributed to COX-2-targeted treatment in EMS, including COX-2 inhibitors, hormone drugs and glycyrrhizin. In this review, we summarize the most recent basic research in detail and provide a short summary of COX-2-targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Lai
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Li Yang
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yao Ha
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Kai Chang
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Mei
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - We-Jie Zhou
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Min Qiu
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Wang
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou 215008, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Jin Li
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
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Porshneva K, Papiernik D, Psurski M, Łupicka-Słowik A, Matkowski R, Ekiert M, Nowak M, Jarosz J, Banach J, Milczarek M, Goszczyński TM, Sieńczyk M, Wietrzyk J. Temporal inhibition of mouse mammary gland cancer metastasis by CORM-A1 and DETA/NO combination therapy. Theranostics 2019; 9:3918-3939. [PMID: 31281522 PMCID: PMC6587338 DOI: 10.7150/thno.31461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide are two of the most important vasoprotective mediators. Their downregulation observed during vascular dysfunction, which is associated with cancer progression, leads to uncontrolled platelet activation. Therefore, the aim of our studies was to improve vasoprotection and to decrease platelet activation during progression of mouse mammary gland cancer by concurrent use of CO and NO donors (CORM-A1 and DETA/NO, respectively). Methods: Mice injected intravenously with 4T1-luc2-tdTomato or orthotopically with 4T1 mouse mammary gland cancer cells were treated with CORM-A1 and DETA/NO. Ex vivo aggregation and activation of platelets were assessed in the blood of healthy donors and breast cancer patients. Moreover, we analyzed the compounds' direct effect on 4T1 mouse and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells proliferation, adhesion and migration in vitro. Results: We have observed antimetastatic effect of combination therapy, which was only transient in orthotopic model. During early stages of tumor progression concurrent use of CORM-A1 and DETA/NO demonstrated vasoprotective ability (decreased endothelin-1, sICAM and sE-selectin plasma level) and downregulated platelets activation (decreased bound of fibrinogen and vWf to platelets) as well as inhibited EMT process. Combined treatment with CO and NO donors diminished adhesion and migration of breast cancer cells in vitro and inhibited aggregation as well as TGF-β release from breast cancer patients' platelets ex vivo. However, antimetastatic effect was not observed at a later stage of tumor progression which was accompanied by increased platelets activation and endothelial dysfunction related to a decrease of VASP level. Conclusion: The therapy was shown to have antimetastatic action and resulted in normalization of endothelial metabolism, diminution of platelet activation and inhibition of EMT process. The effect was more prominent during early stages of tumor dissemination. Such treatment could be applied to inhibit metastasis during the first stages of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Porshneva
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Diana Papiernik
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Psurski
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łupicka-Słowik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Matkowski
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Clinical Oncology; Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Lower Silesian Oncology Center, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Ekiert
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Clinical Oncology; Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Lower Silesian Oncology Center, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Nowak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Jarosz
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Banach
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Milczarek
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz M. Goszczyński
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Sieńczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Wietrzyk
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Ketorolac use may increase risk of postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy. J Surg Res 2017; 221:43-48. [PMID: 29229151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketorolac (Toradol), a commonly used nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in the postoperative period, has been associated with increased risk of anastomotic leak after colon resection. The effect of postoperative NSAID and ketorolac use on postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is unknown. METHODS Retrospective review of consecutive PDs at a high-volume pancreas center from 2012 to 2015. POPF was identified and graded using International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula criteria. Demographics, operative variables and 30-d postoperative NSAID use, dosage, and timing (early = postoperative day [POD] 0-5, late > POD 5) were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify predictors of POPF. RESULTS Four hundred twenty-three PDs were analyzed (mean age 66 y, 47% female), and 60% received NSAIDs postoperatively. Ketorolac (median POD 0-5 cumulative dose = 90 mg, interquartile range 60-165) was used in 35.7% (n = 151). POPF occurred in 90 patients (21.3%). Early (POD 0-5) ketorolac use was associated with increased POPF, especially grade A (odds ratio [OR] 2.16, P = 0.036). Each 25 mg incremental increase in ketorolac use was associated with a 10% increase in the incidence of POPF (OR 1.10, P = 0.021), whereas a cumulative dose of >150 mg was associated with a 44% increased risk of POPF (OR 1.44, 95% confidence interval 1.03-2.01, P = 0.035). A multivariate regression model identified estimated blood loss, soft gland, pancreatic duct diameter, body mass index, and cumulative ketorolac dose >150 mg as independent predictors of POPF (P < 0.0001, pseudo R2 = 0.149). CONCLUSIONS Increasing doses of ketorolac in the early postoperative period are associated with increased risk of POPF, whereas a cumulative dose of >150 mg is an independent predictor of POPF after PD.
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Przygodzki T, Talar M, Kassassir H, Mateuszuk L, Musial J, Watala C. Enhanced adhesion of blood platelets to intact endothelium of mesenteric vascular bed in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes is mediated by an up-regulated endothelial surface deposition of VWF - In vivo study. Platelets 2017; 29:476-485. [PMID: 28745543 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1332365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Numerous in vitro experiments have confirmed that a dysfunctional endothelium is characterized by, inter alia, a higher affinity for binding of platelets and leukocytes. However, there is still no direct evidence for greater interaction between platelets and intact endothelium in in vivo animal models of diabetes. Therefore, the present study examines the pro-adhesive properties of endothelium change in vivo as an effect of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and the role of two key platelet receptors: GPIb-IX-V and GPIIb/IIIa. Mice of C57BL strain with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were used in the study. Flow cytometry was used to assess basal activation and reactivity of platelets. Adhesion of platelets to the vascular wall was visualized with the use of intravital microscopy in mesentery. The contribution of GPIIb/IIIa and GPIb-IX-V was evaluated by the injection of Fab fragments of respective antibodies. The integrity of the endothelium and vWf expression were evaluated histochemically. Basal activation and reactivity of platelets in streptozotocin-diabetic mice were elevated. Blood platelets adhered more often to the vascular wall of diabetic mice than nondiabetic animals: 11.9 (6.4; 32.8) plt/min/mm2 (median [IQR]) vs 2.7 (1.3; 6.4) plt/min/mm2. The injection of anti-GPIbα antibodies decreased the number of adhering platelets from 89.5 (34.0; 113.1) plt/min/mm2 (median [IQR]) in mice treated with isotype antibodies to 3.1 (1.7; 5.6) plt/min/mm2 in mice treated with blocking antibodies. The effect of GPIIb/IIIa blockage was not significant. Immunohistochemistry revealed a higher expression of vWF in the endothelium of STZ mice, but no substantial changes in endothelial morphology were detected. To conclude, the study shows that the platelets interact more frequently with the mesenteric vascular bed in mice with 1-month STZ-induced diabetes than in healthy mice. These interactions are mediated via platelet GPIb-IX-V and are driven by increased expression of vWF in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Przygodzki
- a Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Marcin Talar
- a Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Hassan Kassassir
- a Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Lukasz Mateuszuk
- b Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) , Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland
| | - Jacek Musial
- c Synevo Central Laboratory , Department of Pathology , Lodz , Poland
| | - Cezary Watala
- a Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
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Cruz JM, Hauck M, Cardoso Pereira AP, Moraes MB, Martins CN, da Silva Paulitsch F, Plentz RDM, Peres W, Vargas da Silva AM, Signori LU. Effects of Different Therapeutic Ultrasound Waveforms on Endothelial Function in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized Clinical Trial. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 42:471-480. [PMID: 26578361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different therapeutic 1-MHz ultrasound waveforms on endothelial function before and after cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition. Forty-two healthy volunteers aged 27.2 ± 3.8 y underwent interventions and an evaluation for endothelial function (n = 15; with COX inhibition, n = 15; duration of the vasodilator effect, n = 12) by technique flow-mediated dilation. Continuous ultrasound therapy (0.4 W/cm(2 SATA)), pulsed ultrasound therapy (20% duty cycle, 0.08 W/cm(2 SATA)) or placebo (equipment power off) was randomly applied over the brachial artery for 5 min. COX inhibition (aspirin) was carried out 30 min before treatments. In relation to the placebo, flow-mediated dilation increased by 4.8% using continuous ultrasound and by 3.4% using pulsed ultrasound. After COX, flow-mediated dilation was enhanced by 2.1% by continuous ultrasound and 2.6% by pulsed ultrasound. This vasodilation persisted for 20 min. Continuous and pulsed therapeutic 1-MHz ultrasound waveforms improved endothelial function in humans, which provided them with anti-inflammatory vascular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeferson Mendes Cruz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Melina Hauck
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Cardoso Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maicon Borges Moraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cassio Noronha Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Felipe da Silva Paulitsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Della Méa Plentz
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - William Peres
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Ulisses Signori
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Departamento de Fisioterapia e Reabilitação, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Ghosh R, Alajbegovic A, Gomes AV. NSAIDs and Cardiovascular Diseases: Role of Reactive Oxygen Species. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:536962. [PMID: 26457127 PMCID: PMC4592725 DOI: 10.1155/2015/536962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly used drugs worldwide. NSAIDs are used for a variety of conditions including pain, rheumatoid arthritis, and musculoskeletal disorders. The beneficial effects of NSAIDs in reducing or relieving pain are well established, and other benefits such as reducing inflammation and anticancer effects are also documented. The undesirable side effects of NSAIDs include ulcers, internal bleeding, kidney failure, and increased risk of heart attack and stroke. Some of these side effects may be due to the oxidative stress induced by NSAIDs in different tissues. NSAIDs have been shown to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in different cell types including cardiac and cardiovascular related cells. Increases in ROS result in increased levels of oxidized proteins which alters key intracellular signaling pathways. One of these key pathways is apoptosis which causes cell death when significantly activated. This review discusses the relationship between NSAIDs and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and the role of NSAID-induced ROS in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwary Ghosh
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Azra Alajbegovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Aldrin V. Gomes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Lee Y, Kim J, Kim W, Nam J, Jeong S, Lee S, Yoo JW, Kim MS, Jung Y. Celecoxib coupled to dextran via a glutamic acid linker yields a polymeric prodrug suitable for colonic delivery. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:4105-13. [PMID: 26251576 PMCID: PMC4524528 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s89077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, is potentially useful for the treatment of colonic diseases such as colorectal cancer and colitis. However, the cardiovascular toxicity of celecoxib limits its routine use in the clinic. Generally, colon-specific delivery of a drug both increases the therapeutic availability in the large intestine and decreases the systemic absorption of the drug, most likely resulting in enhanced therapeutic effects against colonic diseases such as colitis and reduced systemic side effects. To develop a colon-specific prodrug of celecoxib that could reduce its cardiovascular toxicity and improve its therapeutic activity, dextran–glutamic acid–celecoxib conjugate (glutam-1-yl celecoxib-dextran ester [G1CD]) was prepared and evaluated. While stable in pH 1.2 and 6.8 buffer solutions and small-intestinal contents, G1CD efficiently released celecoxib in cecal contents. Oral administration of G1CD to rats delivered a larger amount of celecoxib to the large intestine than free celecoxib. G1CD prevented the systemic absorption of celecoxib and did not decrease the serum level of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1α, an inverse indicator of cardiovascular toxicity of celecoxib. Collectively, G1CD may be a polymeric colon-specific celecoxib prodrug with therapeutic and toxicological advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea ; Bio-Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooseong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongkeun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Claes J, Liesenborghs L, Lox M, Verhamme P, Vanassche T, Peetermans M. In Vitro and In Vivo Model to Study Bacterial Adhesion to the Vessel Wall Under Flow Conditions. J Vis Exp 2015:e52862. [PMID: 26131651 PMCID: PMC4545207 DOI: 10.3791/52862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to cause endovascular infections and infective endocarditis, bacteria need to be able to adhere to the vessel wall while being exposed to the shear stress of flowing blood. To identify the bacterial and host factors that contribute to vascular adhesion of microorganisms, appropriate models that study these interactions under physiological shear conditions are needed. Here, we describe an in vitro flow chamber model that allows to investigate bacterial adhesion to different components of the extracellular matrix or to endothelial cells, and an intravital microscopy model that was developed to directly visualize the initial adhesion of bacteria to the splanchnic circulation in vivo. These methods can be used to identify the bacterial and host factors required for the adhesion of bacteria under flow. We illustrate the relevance of shear stress and the role of von Willebrand factor for the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus using both the in vitro and in vivo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien Claes
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven;
| | - Laurens Liesenborghs
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven
| | - Marleen Lox
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven
| | - Peter Verhamme
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven
| | - Thomas Vanassche
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven
| | - Marijke Peetermans
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven
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Lee Y, Kim W, Hong S, Park H, Yum S, Yoon JH, Jung Y. Colon-targeted celecoxib ameliorates TNBS-induced rat colitis: a potential pharmacologic mechanism and therapeutic advantages. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 726:49-56. [PMID: 24462351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The clinical usefulness of celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is controversial in terms of efficacy and toxicity. To overcome these problems, colon-specific drug delivery was adopted, which generally confers therapeutic and toxicological advantages of drugs for treatment of colonic diseases. N-succinylaspart-1-yl celecoxib (SA1C), a colon-specific prodrug of celecoxib, was administered orally to rats with experimental colitis, and the anti-colitic effects and a molecular mechanism were investigated and compared to those of conventional celecoxib. SA1C, which delivered a much greater amount of celecoxib to the inflamed colon, alleviated the colonic injury, lowered myeloperoxidase activity in the inflamed colonic tissues and was much more effective than conventional celecoxib. SA1C but not conventional celecoxib significantly attenuated expression of NFκB target gene products in the inflamed tissues. Consistent with this, SA1C effectively prevented nuclear accumulation of p65 in the inflamed tissues. Moreover, while conventional celecoxib lowered the serum level of 6-keto-PGF1α, an inverse indicator of cardiovascular toxicity, SA1C did not change its serum level. Our data suggest that colonic delivery of celecoxib is a feasible strategy for treatment of IBD with improved therapeutic and toxicological properties.
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13
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Dietzel S, Pircher J, Nekolla AK, Gull M, Brändli AW, Pohl U, Rehberg M. Label-free determination of hemodynamic parameters in the microcirculaton with third harmonic generation microscopy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99615. [PMID: 24933027 PMCID: PMC4059650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of blood flow velocity and related hemodynamic parameters is an important aspect of physiological studies which in many settings requires fluorescent labeling. Here we show that Third Harmonic Generation (THG) microscopy is a suitable tool for label-free intravital investigations of the microcirculation in widely-used physiological model systems. THG microscopy is a non-fluorescent multi-photon scanning technique combining the advantages of label-free imaging with restriction of signal generation to a focal spot. Blood flow was visualized and its velocity was measured in adult mouse cremaster muscle vessels, non-invasively in mouse ear vessels and in Xenopus tadpoles. In arterioles, THG line scanning allowed determination of the flow pulse velocity curve and hence the heart rate. By relocating the scan line we obtained velocity profiles through vessel diameters, allowing shear rate calculations. The cell free layer containing the glycocalyx was also visualized. Comparison of the current microscopic resolution with theoretical, diffraction limited resolution let us conclude that an about sixty-fold THG signal intensity increase may be possible with future improved optics, optimized for 1200-1300 nm excitation. THG microscopy is compatible with simultaneous two-photon excited fluorescence detection. It thus also provides the opportunity to determine important hemodynamic parameters in parallel to common fluorescent observations without additional label.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Dietzel
- Walter-Brendel-Zentrum für Experimentelle Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Joachim Pircher
- Walter-Brendel-Zentrum für Experimentelle Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - A. Katharina Nekolla
- Walter-Brendel-Zentrum für Experimentelle Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Mazhar Gull
- Walter-Brendel-Zentrum für Experimentelle Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - André W. Brändli
- Walter-Brendel-Zentrum für Experimentelle Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pohl
- Walter-Brendel-Zentrum für Experimentelle Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
- SyNergy, Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, München, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung e.V., München, Germany
| | - Markus Rehberg
- Walter-Brendel-Zentrum für Experimentelle Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
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Di Penta A, Chiba A, Alloza I, Wyssenbach A, Yamamura T, Villoslada P, Miyake S, Vandenbroeck K. A trifluoromethyl analogue of celecoxib exerts beneficial effects in neuroinflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83119. [PMID: 24349442 PMCID: PMC3859644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Celecoxib is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor. We have previously shown that celecoxib inhibits experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in COX-2-deficient mice, suggestive for a mode of action involving COX2-independent pathways. In the present study, we tested the effect of a trifluoromethyl analogue of celecoxib (TFM-C) with 205-fold lower COX-2 inhibitory activity in two models of neuroinflammation, i.e. cerebellar organotypic cultures challenged with LPS and the EAE mouse model for multiple sclerosis. TFM-C inhibited secretion of IL-1β, IL-12 and IL-17, enhanced that of TNF-α and RANTES, reduced neuronal axonal damage and protected from oxidative stress in the organotypic model. TFM-C blocked TNF-α release in microglial cells through a process involving intracellular retention, but induced TNF-α secretion in primary astrocyte cultures. Finally, we demonstrate that TFM-C and celecoxib ameliorated EAE with equal potency. This coincided with reduced secretion of IL-17 and IFN-γ by MOG-reactive T-cells and of IL-23 and inflammatory cytokines by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Our study reveals that non-coxib analogues of celecoxib may have translational value in the treatment of neuro-inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Di Penta
- Neurogenomiks Laboratory, University of Basque Country (UPV/ EHU), Zamudio, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Zamudio, Spain
| | - Asako Chiba
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Iraide Alloza
- Neurogenomiks Laboratory, University of Basque Country (UPV/ EHU), Zamudio, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Zamudio, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ane Wyssenbach
- Neurotek Laboratory, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Zamudio, Spain
| | - Takashi Yamamura
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pablo Villoslada
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS) – Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sachiko Miyake
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koen Vandenbroeck
- Neurogenomiks Laboratory, University of Basque Country (UPV/ EHU), Zamudio, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Zamudio, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Peng G, Wen X, Shi Y, Jiang Y, Hu G, Zhou Y, Ran P. Development of a New Method for the Isolation and Culture of Pulmonary Arterial Endothelial Cells from Rat Pulmonary Arteries. J Vasc Res 2013; 50:468-477. [DOI: 10.1159/000355271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Pircher J, Merkle M, Wörnle M, Ribeiro A, Czermak T, Stampnik Y, Mannell H, Niemeyer M, Vielhauer V, Krötz F. Prothrombotic effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha in vivo are amplified by the absence of TNF-alpha receptor subtype 1 and require TNF-alpha receptor subtype 2. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R225. [PMID: 23079185 PMCID: PMC3580536 DOI: 10.1186/ar4064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Elevated serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) correlate with an increased risk for atherothrombotic events and TNFα is known to induce prothrombotic molecules in endothelial cells. Based on the preexisting evidence for the impact of TNFα in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders and their known association with an acquired hypercoagulability, we investigated the effects of TNFα and the role of the TNF receptor subtypes TNFR1 and TNFR2 for arteriolar thrombosis in vivo. Methods Arteriolar thrombosis and platelet-rolling in vivo were investigated in wildtype, TNFR1-/-, TNFR2-/- and TNFR1-/R2-/- C57BL/6 mice using intravital microscopy in the dorsal skinfold chamber microcirculation model. In vitro, expression of prothrombotic molecules was assessed in human endothelial cells by real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Results In wildtype mice, stimulation with TNFα significantly accelerated thrombotic vessel occlusion in vivo upon ferric chloride injury. Arteriolar thrombosis was much more pronounced in TNFR1-/- animals, where TNFα additionally led to increased platelet-endothelium-interaction. TNFα dependent prothrombotic effects were not observed in TNFR2-/- and TNFR1-/R2- mice. In vitro, stimulation of human platelet rich plasma with TNFα did not influence aggregation properties. In human endothelial cells, TNFα induced superoxide production, p-selectin, tissue factor and PAI-1, and suppressed thrombomodulin, resulting in an accelerated endothelial dependent blood clotting in vitro. Additionally, TNFα caused the release of soluble mediators by endothelial cells which induced prothrombotic and suppressed anticoagulant genes comparable to direct TNFα effects. Conclusions TNFα accelerates thrombus formation in an in vivo model of arteriolar thrombosis. Its prothrombotic effects in vivo require TNFR2 and are partly compensated by TNFR1. In vitro studies indicate endothelial mechanisms to be responsible for prothrombotic TNFα effects. Our results support a more selective therapeutic approach in anticytokine therapy favouring TNFR2 specific antagonists.
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Ju HK, Lee JG, Park MK, Park SJ, Lee CH, Park JH, Kwon SW. Metabolomic investigation of the anti-platelet aggregation activity of ginsenoside Rk₁ reveals attenuated 12-HETE production. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4939-46. [PMID: 22873173 DOI: 10.1021/pr300454f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive metabolomics analysis is an effective method of measuring metabolite levels in the body following administration of a pharmaceutical compound and can allow for monitoring of the effects of the compound or assessment of appropriate treatment options for individual patients. In the present metabolomics study, samples pretreated with antiplatelet compounds were extracted and subjected to ultraperformance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The acquired data were processed using peak clustering and evaluated by partial least-squares (PLS) and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analyses (OPLS-DA). As a result, meaningful endogenous metabolites, namely eicosanoids and thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)), were identified. TXB(2), a key element in platelet aggregation, was decreased upon ginsenoside Rk(1) treatment via inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity. One of the arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites, 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), was decreased significantly in the ginsenoside Rk(1)-treated platelets compared to the AA-induced group. In the mechanism study of ginsenoside Rk(1), a strong linkage to intracellular calcium levels, which induce platelet activation, was found. Additionally, the translocation of 12-LOX from cytosol to membrane, which is related with the intracellular calcium levels, was determined. Therefore, a decreased 12-HETE level induced by ginsenoside Rk(1) on antiplatelet aggregation is related to 12-LOX translocation resulting from decreased Ca(2+) levels. This study shows that global metabolomic analysis has potential for use in understanding the biological behavior of antiplatelet drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyoung Ju
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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18
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Lee Y, Kim H, Kim W, Yoon JH, Jeong SH, Jung Y. Colon-specific delivery of celecoxib is a potential strategy to improve toxicological and pharmacological properties of the selective Cox-2 inhibitor: implication in treatment of familiar adenomatous polyposis. J Drug Target 2012; 20:524-34. [PMID: 22632102 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.693498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In general, colon-specific delivery of a drug decreases systemic absorption and increases therapeutic concentration of the drug at the target site. N-succinylglutam-1 or 5-yl celecoxib (SG1C and SG5C) were prepared as a colon-specific prodrug of celecoxib, a selective Cox-2 inhibitor, and investigated whether the celecoxib derivatives could deliver celecoxib to the target site and improve cardiovascular toxicity and therapeutic effectiveness for the treatment of familiar adenomatous polyposis. SG1C and SA5C were cleaved to release celecoxib in the cecal contents while stable in small intestinal contents. The cecal release of celecoxib was much greater for SG1C than SG5C. SG1C administered orally was barely detected in the blood and urine. SG1C delivered much greater amount of celecoxib to the large intestine while keeping the plasma concentration of celecoxib at much lower level compared with oral administration of free celecoxib. Consistent with these pharmacokinetic results, SG1C supplied a greater concentration of celecoxib for the entire colonic tissue and did not change the serum level of 6-keto-PGF(1α) whose decrease is associated with the cardiovascular toxicity of celecoxib. Taken together, colon-specific delivery of celecoxib using a prodrug approach may be a useful strategy to improve toxicological and pharmacological properties of celecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghyun Lee
- Laboratory of Biomedicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
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19
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Lee Y, Kim J, Kim H, Kang S, Yoon JH, Kim DD, Kim YM, Jung Y. N-Succinylaspart-1-yl Celecoxib is a Potential Colon-Specific Prodrug of Celecoxib with Improved Therapeutic Properties. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1831-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Mannell H, Pircher J, Fochler F, Stampnik Y, Räthel T, Gleich B, Plank C, Mykhaylyk O, Dahmani C, Wörnle M, Ribeiro A, Pohl U, Krötz F. Site directed vascular gene delivery in vivo by ultrasonic destruction of magnetic nanoparticle coated microbubbles. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 8:1309-18. [PMID: 22480917 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Site specific vascular gene delivery for therapeutic implications is favorable because of reduction of possible side effects. Yet this technology faces numerous hurdles that result in low transfection rates because of suboptimal delivery. Combining ultrasonic microbubble technology with magnetic nanoparticle enhanced gene transfer could make it possible to use the systemic vasculature as the route of application and to magnetically trap these compounds at the target of interest. In this study we show that magnetic nanoparticle-coated microbubbles bind plasmid DNA and successfully deliver it to endothelial cells in vitro and more importantly transport their cargo through the vascular system and specifically deliver it to the vascular wall in vivo at sites where microbubbles are retained by magnetic force and burst by local ultrasound application. This resulted in a significant enhancement in site specific gene delivery compared with the conventional microbubble technique. Thus, this technology may have promising therapeutic potential. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This work focuses on combining ultrasonic microbubble technology with magnetic nanoparticle enhanced gene transfer to enable targeted gene delivery via the systemic vasculature and magnetic trapping of these compounds at the target of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Mannell
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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Flavonoids as Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Drugs: Mechanisms of Action and Perspectives in the Development of Pharmaceutical Forms. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53836-9.00026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Borgdorff P, Handoko ML, Wong YY, Tangelder GJ. COX-2 Inhibition by Use of Rofecoxib or High Dose Aspirin Enhances ADP-Induced Platelet Aggregation in Fresh Blood. Open Dent J 2010; 4:198-205. [PMID: 21331307 PMCID: PMC3040455 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401004010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Increased cardiovascular risk after use of selective or nonselective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-inhibitors might partly be caused by enhanced platelet aggregability. However, an effect of COX-2 inhibition on platelets has so far not been observed in humans. Methods: We tested in healthy volunteers the effect of COX-2-inhibition nearly in-vivo, i.e. immediately after and even during blood sampling. Results: Measurement within 2 minutes after venipuncture, but not 60 minutes later, showed that 50 mg of rofecoxib (n=12) or 500 (n=8) or 1000 (n=8) mg of aspirin increased ADP-induced platelet aggregation in a whole-blood aggregometer to, respectively, 152, 176 and 204 % of basal level (p<0.01). No significant differences in aggregability were observed after ingestion of 80 mg of aspirin (n=16), or placebo (n=8). Plasma 6-keto-PGF1α was decreased to 74 % after rofecoxib and to 76 and 70 % after 500 and 1000 mg of aspirin but did not change after low dose aspirin. Continuous photometrical measurement of aggregation in blood flowing from a cannulated vein revealed that high dose aspirin did not elicit aggregation by itself, but increased ADP-induced aggregation in proportion to the decrease in prostacyclin formation (r=0.68, p = 0.004). Since in these experiments thromboxane production was virtually absent, the enhanced aggregation after partial COX-2 inhibition was not caused by unopposed thromboxane formation. Conclusions: We conclude that both selective and nonselective COX-2 inhibition enhances ADP-induced platelet aggregation in humans. This effect can only be detected during or immediately after venipuncture, possibly because of the short half-life of prostacyclin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet Borgdorff
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit production of prostaglandins by acting on cyclooxygenase (COX) isoenzymes 1 and 2. Nonselective NSAIDs inhibit both COX 1 and 2 isoenzymes (eg, ibuprofen and naproxen). Selective NSAIDs act on COX-1 (eg, aspirin) or COX-2 (eg, celecoxib) isoenzymes, respectively. Prostaglandins are produced in platelets and gastric mucosal cells through constitutively expressed COX-1 isoenzyme. They are involved in the regulation of hemostasis, functional integrity of the gastrointestinal and renal tracts, platelet function, and macrophage differentiation. Inhibition of COX-1 isoenzymes impedes platelet aggregation, impairs maintenance of protective gastric mucosal barrier, and affects renal function. Prostaglandin production in inflamed tissue results from de novo induction of COX-2 expression by inflammatory cytokines and other noxious stimuli. Thus, COX-2 isoenzyme inhibition either selectively or nonselectively helps in reducing inflammation in the setting of musculoskeletal disorders. Safety and efficacy of NSAIDs are related to their relative actions on COX-1 or COX-2 inhibition. Given the multisystem (gastrointestinal, hematopoietic, and renal) adverse effect profile of COX-1 inhibition, formulation of NSAIDs with relative COX-2 selectivity became a highly desirable target during the 90's. However, studies in the first half of this decade revealed adverse effects of COX-2 inhibition on the cardiovascular system, including increased risks of myocardial infarction, exacerbation of stable congestive heart failure, and worsening high blood pressure. Randomized trials and meta-analyses confirmed these findings, which led to withdrawal of some of the COX-2 inhibitors from the market by the federal Food and Drug Administration a few years ago. Here, we review the effects of COX-2 isoenzyme inhibitors on the cardiovascular system to provide a safe strategy for prescribing these agents in patients with existing cardiovascular disease. We did not find adequate long-term randomized controlled trials appropriately powered to evaluate cardiovascular outcomes. Potentially, all NSAIDs possess a fair risk of adverse effects on gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal systems. Until more evidence for safety via randomized trials is available, we recommend caution in prescribing COX-1 and 2 inhibitors for musculoskeletal disorders in patients with existing gastrointestinal or cardiovascular conditions.
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Abstract
Thrombophilias, an inherited and/or acquired predisposition to vascular thrombosis beyond hemostatic needs are common in cardiovascular medicine and include systemic disorders such as coronary atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, exogenous obesity, metabolic syndrome, collagen vascular disease, human immunodeficiency virus, blood replacement therapy and several commonly used medications. A contemporary approach to patients with suspected thrombophilias, in addition to a very selective investigation for gain-of-function and loss-of-function gene mutations affecting thromboresistance, must consider prevalent diseases and management decisions encountered regularly by cardiologists in clinical practice. An appropriate recognition of common disease states as thrombophilias will also stimulate platforms for much needed scientific investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Becker
- Divisions of Cardiology and Hematology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Clinical Research Institute, 2400 Pratt Street, DUMC 3850, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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Grosser T, Yu Y, Fitzgerald GA. Emotion recollected in tranquility: lessons learned from the COX-2 saga. Annu Rev Med 2010; 61:17-33. [PMID: 20059330 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-011209-153129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal antinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit prostaglandin formation by cyclooxygenases (COX) 1 and 2. NSAIDs selective for inhibition of COX-2 are less likely than traditional drugs to cause serious gastrointestinal adverse effects, but predispose to adverse cardiovascular events, such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Evidence from human pharmacology and genetics, genetically manipulated rodents, and other animal models and randomized trials indicates that this is consequent to suppression of COX-2-dependent cardioprotective prostagladins, particularly prostacyclin. Lessons drawn from how this saga unfolded are relevant to how we approach drug surveillance and regulation, integrate diversifed forms of information and might pursue a more personalized approach to drug efficacy and risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Grosser
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, USA.
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Parecoxib inhibits apoptosis in acute myocardial infarction due to permanent coronary ligation but not due to ischemia-reperfusion. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009; 53:495-8. [PMID: 19455055 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181a7b5b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myocardial ischemia induces cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression. We evaluated the effects of parecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, in 2 different mouse models of myocardial ischemia: permanent left coronary artery ligation (PI) and transient ligation (30 minutes ischemia) followed by reperfusion (I/R). METHODS Forty adult male Institute of Cancer Research mice underwent PI (n = 24) or I/R (n = 16), followed by randomization to parecoxib (0.75 mg/kg intraperitoneal daily) or normal saline for 7 days. RESULTS Parecoxib significantly reduced apoptosis [0.8% vs. 3.4% (saline), P < 0.001] and 7-day mortality [0% vs. 57% (saline), P = 0.040] in the PI group but showed no benefit in the I/R group. Parecoxib-treated mice also exhibited greater fractional shortening in the PI group [22% vs. 14% (saline), P = 0.045) but not in the I/R group. Parecoxib did not affect infarct size in either group. CONCLUSIONS COX-2 may play a pivotal role in mediating apoptosis in the ischemic peri-infarct myocardium that is not reperfused after infarct.
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Santovito D, Mezzetti A, Cipollone F. Cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin synthases: roles in plaque stability and instability in humans. Curr Opin Lipidol 2009; 20:402-8. [PMID: 19741338 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32832fa22c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cyclooxygenase (COX) is the key enzyme of the arachidonic acid metabolism and it plays a major role in development of both coronary and cerebrovascular disease. In this review, we will analyze the role of COX and prostaglandin synthases in plaque stability. RECENT FINDINGS As shown by experimental studies based on biochemical measurement of eicosanoid biosynthesis and by the results of clinical trials, COX plays a key role in plaque evolution. Two COX-isozymes have been identified, COX-1 and COX-2, with different tissue distribution, substrate specificity, regulatory mechanism and susceptibility to drugs inhibition. Whereas, the role of platelet COX-1 in acute coronary syndrome and ischemic stroke is definitely established through several large clinical studies with aspirin, the role of COX-2 in these settings is still under investigation because this enzyme was characterized only recently and its inhibitors (coxibs) became available only in 1998. Recent findings seem to suggest that functional consequences of COX-2 expression and inhibition in different clinical settings may depend on different expression of upstream and downstream receptors as well as by genetic polymorphism. SUMMARY COX-2 and prostaglandin synthases and their modulation play a major role in plaque homeostasis and in its clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Santovito
- Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Abruzzo section, Chieti, Italy
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Struthmann L, Hellwig N, Pircher J, Sohn HY, Buerkle MA, Klauss V, Mannell H, Pohl U, Krötz F. Prothrombotic effects of diclofenac on arteriolar platelet activation and thrombosis in vivo. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:1727-35. [PMID: 19691487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diclofenac, like selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, which alter vascular levels of platelet active prostaglandins, has been reported to increase rates of acute myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVE The study was performed to investigate, in an animal model of arterial thrombosis in vivo, whether diclofenac differentially influences platelet activation and thrombosis in vessels under non-stimulated conditions or during acute systemic inflammation, such as induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). METHODS Platelet-vessel wall interaction (PVWI), firm platelet adhesion and arterial thrombosis following vessel injury were analyzed by intravital microscopy in arterioles of hamsters in the dorsal skinfold chamber model. Prostacyclin [prostaglandin I(2) (PGI(2))] and thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) metabolites were measured. In vitro, endothelial adhesion molecule expression in cultured human microvascular endothelial cells was analyzed. RESULTS Under non-stimulated conditions, diclofenac (1 mg kg(-1)) enhanced PVWI, which was not mediated by increased adhesion molecule expression, but by decreased systemic PGI(2) levels. Following ferric chloride-induced endothelial injury, diclofenac accelerated thrombotic vessel occlusion time, an effect that was reversed by the stable PGI(2) analog iloprost. TNF-alpha, through induction of endothelial adhesion molecule expression, also enhanced PVWI, firm adhesion, and arterial thrombosis, but simultaneous treatment with TNF-alpha and diclofenac did not have an additive effect. CONCLUSIONS By decreasing levels of PGI(2) without, at the same time, altering prothrombotic TxA(2) levels, diclofenac can exert prothrombotic effects. However, this is not the case when an inflammatory situation is created by TNF-alpha treatment. These data may explain the enhanced risk of acute myocardial infarction observed in patients taking diclofenac.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Struthmann
- Cardiology Division, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
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29
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Krötz F, Hellwig N, Bürkle MA, Lehrer S, Riexinger T, Mannell H, Sohn HY, Klauss V, Pohl U. A sulfaphenazole-sensitive EDHF opposes platelet-endothelium interactions in vitro and in the hamster microcirculation in vivo. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 85:542-50. [PMID: 19717402 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS A CYP2C9-dependent endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) controls blood flow in many microvascular beds of various species by targeting vascular smooth muscle potassium channels. Since platelets express the same channels, we tested whether EDHF hyperpolarizes platelets and exerts an antithrombotic function in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS Interaction of injected human platelets with the arteriolar wall (platelet-vessel wall interaction, PVWI) was assessed by intravital microscopy in skin muscle of awake hamsters. To understand the mechanisms of EDHF-induced platelet inhibition, we studied whether cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells overexpressing CYP2C9-mRNA in vitro released a factor that could hyperpolarize human platelets. Under control conditions, there was no firm adhesion of platelets to the arteriolar wall, but temporary PVWI occurred. Local superfusion of the CYP2C9 inhibitor sulfaphenazole, at doses known to block EDHF-dependent dilations, significantly augmented PVWI, as did inhibition of NO synthase. Inhibition of both factors exerted additive effects on PVWI. Likewise, firm adhesion of a small fraction of platelets was observed. The prothrombotic effects of CYP2C9 inhibition in vivo were reversed by exogenous superfusion with 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Hyperpolarization reduced platelet adhesion to endothelial cells under static conditions in vitro and was dependent on calcium-activated potassium channels. The factor also reduced ADP-induced expression of platelet P-selectin, indicating reduction of platelet activity. CONCLUSION The arteriolar endothelium in vivo continuously releases a CYP2C9-derived EDHF. This EDHF exerts its effects by hyperpolarization of platelets through activation of K(Ca) channels and reduction of platelet adhesion molecule expression, indicating that hyperpolarization reduces platelet activation. This demonstrates that EDHF is part of the antithrombotic properties of healthy endothelium in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Krötz
- Cardiology Division, Medizinische Poliklinik, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Ziemssenstr. 1, Munich 80336, Germany.
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Krötz F. Putting the vasoactive effects of COX-2-derived prostanoids into clinical perspective. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 81:240-1. [PMID: 19073628 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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31
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Cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin synthases in atherosclerosis: Recent insights and future perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 118:161-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Eizayaga FX, Aguejouf O, Desplat V, Belon P, Doutremepuich C. Modifications produced by selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and ultra low dose aspirin on platelet activity in portal hypertension. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:5065-70. [PMID: 17876871 PMCID: PMC4434635 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i38.5065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the mechanism involved in the potentially beneficial effect of ultra low dose aspirin (ULDA) in prehepatic portal hypertension, rats were pretreated with selective COX 1 or 2 inhibitors (SC-560 or NS-398 respectively), and subsequently injected with ULDA or placebo.
METHODS: Portal hypertension was induced by portal vein ligation. Platelet activity was investigated with an in vivo model of laser induced thrombus production in mesenteric circulation and induced hemorrhagic time (IHT). Platelet aggregation induced by ADP and dosing of prostanoid products 6-keto-PGF1α, TXB2, PGE2 and LTB4 were also performed.
RESULTS: The portal hypertensive group receiving a placebo showed a decreased in vivo platelet activity with prolonged IHT, an effect that was normalized by ULDA. SC-560 induced a mild antithrombotic effect in the normal rats, and an unmodified effect of ULDA. NS-398 had a mild prothrombotic action in portal hypertensive rats, similar to ULDA, but inhibited a further effect when ULDA was added. An increased 6-keto-PGF1α was observed in portal hypertensive group that was normalised after ULDA administration. TXA2 level after ULDA, remained unchanged.
CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the effect of ULDA on platelet activity in portal hypertensive rats, could act through a COX 2 pathway more than the COX 1, predominant for aspirin at higher doses.
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Salinas G, Rangasetty UC, Uretsky BF, Birnbaum Y. The cycloxygenase 2 (COX-2) story: it's time to explain, not inflame. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2007; 12:98-111. [PMID: 17562780 DOI: 10.1177/1074248407301172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite initial promising reports that anti-inflammatory properties of cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors may confer anti-atherosclerosis effects and stabilize the atherosclerotic plaque, subsequent data from long-term clinical trials have shown that selective COX-2 inhibitors are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events. The commonly cited explanation is that selective inhibition of COX-2 leads to depletion of prostacyclin, whereas the production of pro-thrombotic thromboxane by means of cycloxygenase-1 (COX-1) is unopposed. This hypothesis seems unlikely as the overall explanation, because low-dose aspirin does not decrease the increased risk associated with COX-2 inhibitors. Moreover, the risk associated with nonselective COX inhibitors may be similar to selective COX-2 inhibitors. Alternative hypotheses include (1) elevated blood pressure, (2) abnormal vascular remodeling, (3) inhibition of protective mechanisms against ischemia-reperfusion injury, and (4) inhibition of 15-epi-lipoxin production. Varying results in different experimental models may be related to the fact that COX-2 is involved in numerous cellular functions. Inhibiting COX-2 in inflammatory cells may have favorable effects, whereas in organs such as the heart and brain and/or blood vessels may have deleterious effects. Currently, the "selective COX-2 inhibitors" are not selective in the sense that they inhibit COX-2 in all tissues without predilection to inflammatory cells and, as a result, may summate to increase the risk of cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Salinas
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0553, USA
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Ali K, Lund-Katz S, Lawson J, Phillips MC, Rader DJ. Structure-function properties of the apoE-dependent COX-2 pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 2007; 196:201-209. [PMID: 17531997 PMCID: PMC3328805 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apoE) E is a multifunctional protein that plays a critical role in atherogenesis, in part by regulating the intimal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Recently, a novel cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 pathway was shown to contribute to the anti-proliferative action of human apoE3 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Here, we provide insight into the structure-function properties by which apoE mediates these effects. ApoE3 is most effective in promoting COX-2 expression as a lipid-free protein and is less active after lipidation. Alterations in the stability of the helix bundle N-terminal domain of apoE that contains the binding site for the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and heparin do not affect the up-regulation of the COX-2 pathway. In addition, the apoE2, 3, and 4 isoforms are all capable of up-regulating the COX-2 pathway. Finally, the effect of apoE on COX-2 was found to be independent of expression on the VSMC surface of the LDL receptor and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). In summary, our data indicates that apoE, particularly in the lipid-free state, can up-regulate COX-2 in murine vascular smooth muscle cells apparently independently of binding to the LDLR, LRP or HSPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilah Ali
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sissel Lund-Katz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John Lawson
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael C Phillips
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Azevedo APS, Farias JC, Costa GC, Ferreira SCP, Aragão-Filho WC, Sousa PRA, Pinheiro MT, Maciel MCG, Silva LA, Lopes AS, Barroqueiro ESB, Borges MOR, Guerra RNM, Nascimento FRF. Anti-thrombotic effect of chronic oral treatment with Orbignya phalerata Mart. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 111:155-9. [PMID: 17141996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Babassu is the popular name of Orbignya phalerata Mart. (Arecaceae). The mesocarp flour obtained from their fruits has been used in Brazil as medicine in the treatment of pains, constipation, obesity, leukemia, rheumatism, ulcerations, tumors, inflammations and venous diseases. The effect of the chronic oral treatment with aqueous extract of babassu mesocarp (500mg/kgday) on the number of platelets, the prothrombin time (PT), the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), the nitric oxide (NO) production and the carrageenin-induced thrombosis was evaluated, using C57Bl/6 mice. The chronic oral treatment with babassu mesocarp induced an anti-thrombotic effect. There was a 88.9% reduction in the necrosis of the tail. This effect seems to be related to an increase in the ability of the macrophage to produce NO and to a slow coagulation process associated to an increase of 12.0 and 13.9% in PT and aPTT, respectively. However, the anti-thrombotic effect seems to be not related to alterations in the number of platelets. It is possible to conclude that the oral treatment with babassu mesocarp has a significant anti-thrombotic effect, which could justify the popular use of babassu mesocarp in the treatment of venous diseases. Meanwhile, this study suggests a potential use of babassu mesocarp as a prophylactic agent to avoid thrombosis events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula S Azevedo
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av dos Portugueses, s/n, Campus do Bacanga, São Luís, MA, Brazil
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Feldman AM, Koch WJ, Force TL. Developing Strategies to Link Basic Cardiovascular Sciences with Clinical Drug Development: Another Opportunity for Translational Sciences. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 81:887-92. [PMID: 17392727 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Driven, at least in part, by the National Institutes of Health roadmap, an increasing number of studies has bridged the chasm between observations in the basic research laboratory and the clinical bedside. These studies have been an integral part in "translating" new discoveries into therapeutic initiatives. However, "translational medicine" has been used less frequently in the development of cardiovascular drugs or in predicting the potential cardiovascular toxicity of non-cardiac agents. Studies in animal models can provide important clues as to the potential cardiotoxicity of new therapeutic agents, as well as providing a template for the rational design of clinical trials. Three examples of drug development programs that might have been altered by clues available from laboratory studies include the development programs for the anti-cancer drug trastuzumab, the cyclooxygenase inhibitors, and the adenosine-receptor agonists and antagonists. Although mouse models may not always represent the physiology of humans, they provide important information that clinical scientists can utilize in designing safe programs for the evaluation of new pharmacologic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Feldman
- Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Laschke MW, Menger MD. In vitro and in vivo approaches to study angiogenesis in the pathophysiology and therapy of endometriosis. Hum Reprod Update 2007; 13:331-42. [PMID: 17347159 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmm006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis represents one of the most common gynaecological disorders. According to the implantation theory, angiogenesis is a major prerequisite for the initiation and progression of the disease. Thus, during the last decade, many studies have focused on the mechanisms regulating angiogenesis in endometriotic lesions. For this purpose, sophisticated in vitro and in vivo approaches have been established, which are highlighted in this review. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays demonstrate the imbalance of pro- and anti-angiogenic growth factors in isolated peritoneal fluid from endometriosis patients. Histological, immunohistochemical and gene expression analyses of endometriotic tissue provide detailed information on the angio-architecture of endometriotic lesions and the different growth factor expression by various cell populations. Moreover, cell culture systems are useful tools for the identification of hormonal and immunological factors involved in the angiogenic process. Finally, sophisticated in vivo models, such as rodent models of peritoneal endometriosis as well as the chorioallantoic membrane assay and the dorsal skinfold chamber, allow for the detailed analysis of blood vessel development in ectopic endometrium and the efficacy of angiogenesis inhibitors. The findings resulting from all these approaches will help to provide better insights into the pathophysiology of endometriosis and to establish new anti-angiogenic treatment strategies for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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LASCHKE M, ELITZSCH A, SCHEUER C, VOLLMAR B, MENGER M. Selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibition induces regression of autologous endometrial grafts by down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated angiogenesis and stimulation of caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Fertil Steril 2007; 87:163-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Revised: 05/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) have come under scrutiny because of a possibly increased thrombotic risk observed in retrospective studies and comparatively small cancer trials. Indeed, inhibition of COX-2 may favor a prothrombotic environment by suppressing endothelial prostacyclin synthesis while leaving COX-1-dependent platelet thromboxane (TX) A2 synthesis unopposed. However, in vitro studies have shown that the effect of coxibs on coagulation is dependent on several variables; for example, the coxib celecoxib reduces endothelial tissue factor expression, a key initiator of the coagulation cascade. Furthermore, animal studies are inconclusive as some studies investigating the effect of COX-2 inhibition in atherosclerosis imply a detrimental effect of coxibs, whereas others suggest a beneficial effect on plaque progression and stability. In healthy human subjects and in patients with atherosclerotic vascular diseases, the effect of COX-2 inhibition on coagulation is equally unclear as no prospective, randomized, double-blinded studies sufficiently powered to investigate cardiovascular endpoints have been performed to directly investigate a potentially cardiotoxic effect of coxibs. Here, we review the effect of COX-2 inhibition on the coagulation system; we discuss the molecular mechanisms involved and summarize important clinical trials in which an increased frequency of thrombotic complications coxibs was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Steffel
- Cardiovascular Research, Physiology Institute, University of Zürich, and Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Blikslager AT, Yin C, Cochran AM, Wooten JG, Pettigrew A, Belknap JK. Cyclooxygenase Expression in the Early Stages of Equine Laminitis: A Cytologic Study. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Borgdorff P, Tangelder GJ, Paulus WJ. Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors Enhance Shear Stress-Induced Platelet Aggregation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48:817-23. [PMID: 16904555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the effect of parecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, on in vivo shear stress-induced platelet aggregation in a rat model of arterial bypass with focal narrowing. BACKGROUND Long-term use of COX-2 inhibitors is associated with increased incidence of adverse cardiovascular events, especially in patients with a history of cardiovascular disease. These patients are at risk for thrombotic occlusion of arterial stenoses initiated by shear stress-induced platelet aggregation. METHODS To mimic the combination of a tight arterial stenosis and high shear stress in rats, an extracorporeal shunt from carotid to femoral artery was compressed by the rollers of a pump. Platelet aggregation was continuously measured by a photometric detector in the shunt. RESULTS Pretreatment with parecoxib (20 mg/kg) almost doubled shear stress-induced platelet aggregation (188% vs. 100% in control subjects, p = 0.0003). This was accompanied by a fall in plasma 6-keto-prostaglandin F(1alpha) from 100 +/- 25 pg/ml to 36 +/- 11 pg/ml (p < 0.0001). Enhanced platelet aggregation was also observed with high-dose aspirin (150 mg/kg) (146%; p = 0.02) but not with low-dose aspirin (25 mg/kg), which reduced aggregation (68%; p = 0.01). The effect of parecoxib was neutralized by low-dose (1 mg/kg) clopidogrel (from 188% to 92%; p = 0.0001), but not by low-dose aspirin (from 188% to 177%; p = NS). CONCLUSIONS In the presence of an arterial stenosis, COX-2 inhibitors enhance shear stress-induced platelet aggregation. This enhancement was prevented by low-dose clopidogrel but not by low-dose aspirin. Clopidogrel might therefore allow COX-2 inhibitors to be used without raising risk of thrombotic occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet Borgdorff
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Serebruany VL, Malinin AI, Bhatt DL. Paradoxical rebound platelet activation after painkillers cessation: missing risk for vascular events? Am J Med 2006; 119:707.e11-6. [PMID: 16887419 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reliable reports strongly indicate that the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Considering the key role of platelets in coronary atherosclerosis and the fact that antiplatelet therapy with aspirin (and more recently, clopidogrel) has been associated with reduced vascular mortality, we sought to determine the effect of therapy and withdrawal of NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors on platelet activity. METHODS Platelet characteristics from 34 aspirin-naive volunteers who were receiving NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors were compared with 138 drug-free controls. Platelets were assessed twice at baseline (at least 1 month of NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors) and after a 14-day washout. We used adenosine diphosphate-induced conventional aggregometry, the point-of-care Ultegra analyzer (Ultegra Accumetrics, San Diego, Calif), and whole blood flow cytometry. RESULTS Platelet activity during therapy with NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors was similar and unremarkable between groups. However, there was a highly significant increase of platelet activity as assessed by conventional aggregometry (P=.0003), Ultegra analyzer readings (P=.03), and expression of GPIIb/IIIa (P=.02), P-selectin (P=.03), and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (P=.001) after withdrawal from NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that drug cessation, rather than continuous therapy with NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors, may be associated with rebound platelet activation, which may predispose one to a higher risk of vascular events. This hypothesis requires intensive testing in crossover randomized studies and may justify more aggressive antiplatelet regimens in patients after discontinuation of therapy with NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors.
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Cipollone F, Fazia ML. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition: Vascular inflammation and cardiovascular risk. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2006; 8:245-51. [PMID: 16640962 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-006-0080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a role in pathophysiologic processes like inflammation and pain but is also constitutively expressed in tissues such as the kidney or vascular endothelium, where it exerts important physiologic functions. Although much evidence exists that implicates COX-2 in atherosclerosis, its role in this setting remains substantially uncertain. This observation is also confirmed by the results of clinical trials of selective COX-2 inhibitors. Treatment with these drugs, developed with the assumption that they would be as effective as nonselective COX inhibitors but without their gastrointestinal side effects, has been reported to be associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. In this article, we review the pattern of expression of COX-2 in the cellular players of atherothrombosis, its role as a determinant of plaque vulnerability, and the vascular effects on prostanoid inhibition by COX-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cipollone
- Centro Regionale per la Prevenzione dell'Aterosclerosi, Via Colle dell'Ara, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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Grosser T, Fries S, FitzGerald GA. Biological basis for the cardiovascular consequences of COX-2 inhibition: therapeutic challenges and opportunities. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:4-15. [PMID: 16395396 PMCID: PMC1323269 DOI: 10.1172/jci27291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 715] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors selective for prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 (PGHS-2) (known colloquially as COX-2) were designed to minimize gastrointestinal complications of traditional NSAIDs--adverse effects attributed to suppression of COX-1-derived PGE2 and prostacyclin (PGI2). Evidence from 2 randomized controlled-outcome trials (RCTs) of 2 structurally distinct selective inhibitors of COX-2 supports this hypothesis. However, 5 RCTs of 3 structurally distinct inhibitors also indicate that such compounds elevate the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. The clinical information is biologically plausible, as it is compatible with evidence that inhibition of COX-2-derived PGI2 removes a protective constraint on thrombogenesis, hypertension, and atherogenesis in vivo. However, the concept of simply tipping a "balance" between COX-2-derived PGI2 and COX-1-derived platelet thromboxane is misplaced. Among the questions that remain to be addressed are the following: (a) whether this hazard extends to all or some of the traditional NSAIDs; (b) whether adjuvant therapies, such as low-dose aspirin, will mitigate the hazard and if so, at what cost; (c) whether COX-2 inhibitors result in cardiovascular risk transformation during chronic dosing; and (d) how we might identify individuals most likely to benefit or suffer from such drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Grosser
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Krotz F, Schiele TM, Klauss V, Sohn HY. Selective COX-2 inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction. J Vasc Res 2005; 42:312-24. [PMID: 15976506 DOI: 10.1159/000086459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2, 'coxibs') are highly effective anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs that exert their action by preventing the formation of prostanoids. Recently some coxibs, which were designed to exploit the advantageous effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs while evading their side effects, have been reported to increase the risk of myo cardial infarction and atherothrombotic events. This has led to the withdrawal of rofecoxib from global markets, and warnings have been issued by drug authorities about similar events during the use of celecoxib or valdecoxib/parecoxib, bringing about questions of an inherent atherothrombotic risk of all coxibs and consequences that should be drawn by health care professionals. These questions need to be addressed in light of the known effects of selective inhibition of COX-2 on the cardiovascular system. Although COX-2, in contrast to the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) isoform, is regarded as an inducible enzyme that only has a role in pathophysiological processes like pain and inflammation, experimental and clinical studies have shown that COX-2 is constitutively expressed in tissues like the kidney or vascular endothelium, where it executes important physiological functions. COX-2-dependent formation of prostanoids not only results in the mediation of pain or inflammatory signals but also in the maintenance of vascular integrity. Especially prostacyclin (PGI(2)), which exerts vasodilatory and antiplatelet properties, is formed to a significant extent by COX-2, and its levels are reduced to less than half of normal when COX-2 is inhibited. This review outlines the rationale for the development of selective COX-2 inhibitors and the pathophysiological consequences of selective inhibition of COX-2 with special regard to vasoactive prostaglandins. It describes coxibs that are current ly available, evaluates the current knowledge on the risk of atherothrombotic events associated with their intake and critically discusses the consequences that should be drawn from these insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Krotz
- Institute of Cardiology, Medical Polyclinic, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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Mahfouz MM, Kummerow FA. Atorvastatin reduces the plasma lipids and oxidative stress but did not reverse the inhibition of prostacyclin generation by aortas in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2005; 76:59-73. [PMID: 15967162 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 12/09/2004] [Accepted: 12/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of atorvastatin (Lipitor) on diabetes-induced changes in plasma lipids, oxidative stress and the ability of aortic tissues to generate prostacyclin was studied in streptozotocin diabetic rats. In diabetic rats, plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and serum glucose significantly increased compared to nondiabetic rats. Atorvastatin administration to diabetic rats did not affect hyperglycemia but significantly reduced plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides compared to diabetic rats. The oxidative stress markers urinary isoprostane, liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and plasma protein carbonyl content significantly increased in diabetic rats compared to nondiabetic rats. Atorvastatin admnistration to diabetic rats significantly reduced oxidative stress levels compared to diabetic rats, but urinary isoprostane and liver TBARS remained significantly higher than nondiabetic rats. Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) generation by aortic tissues significantly decreased in diabetic rats compared to nondiabetic rats. Atorvastatin administration to diabetic rats did not reverse that inhibition. These results were discussed in the light of the possible effects of hyperglycemia and statins on NAD(P)H-oxidase and cyclooxygenase-2 activities and the genetic difference between rats and other mammals regarding the level of vascular superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Mahfouz
- University of Illinois, The H. E. Moore Heart Research Foundation Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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