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Theerathananon W, Watanapa WB, Wataganara T, Pratumvinit B, Rahman S. Preeclamptic serum and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 suppress endothelial inward rectifier potassium currents. Placenta 2024; 146:101-109. [PMID: 38241839 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inward rectifier K+ (Kir) channel, a major factor determining endothelial membrane potential, regulates Ca2+ influx and vasodilator release, which is impaired in preeclamptic blood vessels. Previously, human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) Kir currents were shown to decrease after incubating in preeclamptic plasma. We aimed to demonstrate whether sFlt-1, which is high in preeclamptic blood, could inhibit Kir channel function and expression. METHODS HUVECs were cultured in regular medium, regular medium with added sFlt-1, or serum from preeclampsia patients or normal pregnant women (Control, sFlt-1, PE, or NP, respectively). Using whole-cell patch clamp technique, we identified Kir currents with the Kir blocker 2 mM BaCl2 and compared the currents among groups. The expression of Kir 2.1 and 2.2 channels were determined using immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS sFlt-1 and PE groups exhibited similar Kir currents, while NP group possessed significantly larger currents, similar to Control group currents. Moreover, sFlt-1 and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio showed strong negative correlation with Kir currents (r = -0.71 and -0.70, respectively; P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in mean fluorescence intensity representing Kir 2.1 and 2.2 channels expression in all four groups. DISCUSSION This is the first report to demonstrate sFlt-1 inhibition against Kir currents, which could lead to maternal endothelial dysfunction and hypertension seen in preeclampsia. However, channel expression was unaffected by sFlt-1 incubation, suggesting dysfunctions of channel or other processes (e.g., membrane translocation). The present data could pave the way for novel therapies targeting sFlt-1 or Kir to alleviate hypertension in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuttinan Theerathananon
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Wattana B Watanapa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Tuangsit Wataganara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Busadee Pratumvinit
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Suraiya Rahman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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Walle M, Gelaw Y, Getu F, Asrie F, Getaneh Z. Preeclampsia has an association with both platelet count and mean platelet volume: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274398. [PMID: 36103491 PMCID: PMC9473393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific disorder characterized by endothelial dysfunction, and activation of the coagulation system. Alteration of PLT parameters is the common hematological abnormality observed in women with PE. The main aim of this study was to systematically review previous studies from around the world to generate evidence about the relationship between platelet count (PC) and PE, as well as mean platelet volume (MPV) and PE, by calculating the pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) of PC and MPV between PE and normotensive (NT) groups.
Methods
Relevant articles which were published in the English language from January 10, 2011, to January 10, 2021, were systematically searched through PubMed, Web of Science, and African journals online. In addition, reference probing of published articles searching was employed through Google Scholar and Google for searching grey literature. The methodological qualities of articles were assessed using Joana Brigg’s institute critical appraisal checklist. A random-effects model was used to estimate pooled WMD of PLT parameters between the two groups with the respective 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Stata version 11.0. The I2 statistics and Egger’s regression test were used to assess heterogeneity and publication bias among included studies, respectively.
Results
A total of 25 articles were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Of which, 23 studies were used in each PC and MPV analysis. The overall pooled WMD of PC and MPV between PE and NT groups were -41.45 × 109/L [95% CI; -51.8, -31.0] and 0.98 fl [95% CI; 0.8, 1.1], respectively. The pooled WMD revealed that PC decreased significantly in the PE group compared to the NT group while MPV increased significantly in the PE group.
Conclusions
This systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that there is a significant decrease in PC and a significant increase in MPV during PE development among pregnant women. As a result, a change in these parameters among pregnant women may indicate the development of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluken Walle
- Medicallaboratory Science Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Yemataw Gelaw
- Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Fasil Getu
- Medicallaboratory Science Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Fikir Asrie
- Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zegeye Getaneh
- Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Mirabito Colafella KM, Neves KB, Montezano AC, Garrelds IM, van Veghel R, de Vries R, Uijl E, Baelde HJ, van den Meiracker AH, Touyz RM, Danser AHJ, Versmissen J. Selective ETA vs. dual ETA/B receptor blockade for the prevention of sunitinib-induced hypertension and albuminuria in WKY rats. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 116:1779-1790. [PMID: 31593221 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Although effective in preventing tumour growth, angiogenesis inhibitors cause off-target effects including cardiovascular toxicity and renal injury, most likely via endothelin (ET)-1 up-regulation. ET-1 via stimulation of the ETA receptor has pro-hypertensive actions whereas stimulation of the ETB receptor can elicit both pro- or anti-hypertensive effects. In this study, our aim was to determine the efficacy of selective ETA vs. dual ETA/B receptor blockade for the prevention of angiogenesis inhibitor-induced hypertension and albuminuria. METHODS AND RESULTS Male Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were treated with vehicle, sunitinib (angiogenesis inhibitor; 14 mg/kg/day) alone or in combination with macitentan (ETA/B receptor antagonist; 30 mg/kg/day) or sitaxentan (selective ETA receptor antagonist; 30 or 100 mg/kg/day) for 8 days. Compared with vehicle, sunitinib treatment caused a rapid and sustained increase in mean arterial pressure of ∼25 mmHg. Co-treatment with macitentan or sitaxentan abolished the pressor response to sunitinib. Sunitinib did not induce endothelial dysfunction. However, it was associated with increased aortic, mesenteric, and renal oxidative stress, an effect that was absent in mesenteric arteries of the macitentan and sitaxentan co-treated groups. Albuminuria was greater in the sunitinib- than vehicle-treated group. Co-treatment with sitaxentan, but not macitentan, prevented this increase in albuminuria. Sunitinib treatment increased circulating and urinary prostacyclin levels and had no effect on thromboxane levels. These increases in prostacyclin were blunted by co-treatment with sitaxentan. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that both selective ETA and dual ETA/B receptor antagonism prevents sunitinib-induced hypertension, whereas sunitinib-induced albuminuria was only prevented by selective ETA receptor antagonism. In addition, our results uncover a role for prostacyclin in the development of these effects. In conclusion, selective ETA receptor antagonism is sufficient for the prevention of sunitinib-induced hypertension and renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Mirabito Colafella
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karla B Neves
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ingrid M Garrelds
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Richard van Veghel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - René de Vries
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Estrellita Uijl
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Hans J Baelde
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anton H van den Meiracker
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorie Versmissen
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Hu X, Zhang L. Uteroplacental Circulation in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia: Functional Adaptation and Maladaptation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8622. [PMID: 34445328 PMCID: PMC8395300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uteroplacental blood flow increases as pregnancy advances. Adequate supply of nutrients and oxygen carried by uteroplacental blood flow is essential for the well-being of the mother and growth/development of the fetus. The uteroplacental hemodynamic change is accomplished primarily through uterine vascular adaptation, involving hormonal regulation of myogenic tone, vasoreactivity, release of vasoactive factors and others, in addition to the remodeling of spiral arteries. In preeclampsia, hormonal and angiogenic imbalance, proinflammatory cytokines and autoantibodies cause dysfunction of both endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells of the uteroplacental vasculature. Consequently, the vascular dysfunction leads to increased vascular resistance and reduced blood flow in the uteroplacental circulation. In this article, the (mal)adaptation of uteroplacental vascular function in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia and underlying mechanisms are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqun Hu
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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5
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Feng X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yang X, Man D, Lu L, Xu T, Liu Y, Yang C, Li H, Qi L, Su H, Zhou X, Xu Z. Prostaglandin I2 mediates weak vasodilatation in human placental microvessels. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:1229-1237. [PMID: 32902654 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human placental vessels (HPVs) play important roles in the exchange of metabolites and oxygen in maternal-fetal circulation. Endothelial-derived prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2, PGI2) is a critical endothelial vasodilator in the body. However, the physiological and pharmacological functions of endothelial PGI2 in the human placenta are still unclear. Human, sheep, and rat blood vessels were used in this study. Unlike non-placental vessels (non-PVs), the PGI2 synthesis inhibitor tranylcypromine (TCP) did not modify 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced vascular contraction, indicating that endothelial-derived PGI2 was weak in PVs. Vascular responses to exogenous PGI2 showed slight relaxation followed by a significant contraction at a higher concentration in HPV, which was inhibited by the thromboxane-prostanoid (TP) receptors antagonist SQ-29,548. Testing PVs and non-PVs from sheep also showed similar functional results. More TP receptors than PGI2 (IP) receptors were observed in HPVs. The whole-cell K+ current density of HPVs was significantly weaker than that of non-PVs. This study demonstrated the specific characteristics of the placental endogenous endothelial PGI2 system and the patterns of placental vascular physiological/pharmacological response to exogenous PGI2, showing that placental endothelial PGI2 does not markedly contribute to vascular dilation in the human placenta, in notable contrast to non-PVs. The results provide crucial information for understanding the endothelial roles of HPVs, which may be helpful for further investigations of potential targets in the treatment of diseases such as preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Feng
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Man
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Likui Lu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunli Yang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huan Li
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Linglu Qi
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Su
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiuwen Zhou
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Lechuga TJ, Qi QR, Magness RR, Chen DB. Ovine uterine artery hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis in vivo: effects of ovarian cycle and pregnancy†. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:1630-1636. [PMID: 30772913 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine vasodilation dramatically increases during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle and pregnancy, which are estrogen-dominant physiological states. Uterine vasodilation is believed to be mainly controlled by local uterine artery (UA) production of vasodilators and angiogenic factors. The extremely potent vasodilator and proangiogenic hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is synthesized via metabolizing L-cysteine by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH). This study was designed to determine if UA H2S production increases with augmented expression and/or activity of CBS and/or CTH during the ovarian cycle and pregnancy in sheep. Uterine arteries from intact nonpregnant (NP) luteal and follicular phase and late (130-135 days, term ≈ 145 days) pregnant (P) ewes were collected; endothelium-enriched proteins (UAendo) and endothelium-denuded smooth muscle (UAvsm) were mechanically prepared for accessing CBS and CTH proteins by immunoblotting; their cellular localization was determined by semi-quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy. H2S production was measured by the methylene blue assay. Immunoblotting revealed that CBS but not CTH protein was greater in P > > > NP follicular > luteal UAendo and UAvsm (P < 0.001). H2S production was greater in P > > > NP UAendo and UAvsm (P < 0.01). Pregnancy-augmented UAendo and UAvsm H2S production was inhibited by the specific CBS but not CTH inhibitor. CBS and CTH proteins were localized to both endothelium and smooth muscle; however, only CBS protein was significantly greater in P vs NP UA endothelium and smooth muscle. Thus, ovine UA H2S production is significantly augmented via selectively upregulating endothelium and smooth muscle CBS during the follicular phase and pregnancy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Lechuga
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Qian-Rong Qi
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ronald R Magness
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Dong-Bao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Orphan G Protein–Coupled Receptor GPRC5B Controls Smooth Muscle Contractility and Differentiation by Inhibiting Prostacyclin Receptor Signaling. Circulation 2020; 141:1168-1183. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.043703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background:
G protein–coupled receptors are important regulators of contractility and differentiation in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), but the specific function of SMC-expressed orphan G protein–coupled receptor class C group 5 member B (GPRC5B) is unclear.
Methods:
We studied the role of GPRC5B in the regulation of contractility and dedifferentiation in human and murine SMCs in vitro and in iSM-
Gprc5b
-KO (tamoxifen-inducible, SMC-specific knockout) mice under conditions of arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis in vivo.
Results:
Mesenteric arteries from SMC-specific
Gprc5b
-KOs showed ex vivo significantly enhanced prostacyclin receptor (IP)–dependent relaxation, whereas responses to other relaxant or contractile factors were normal. In vitro, knockdown of GPRC5B in human aortic SMCs resulted in increased IP-dependent cAMP production and consecutive facilitation of SMC relaxation. In line with this facilitation of IP-mediated relaxation, iSM-
Gprc5b
-KO mice were protected from arterial hypertension, and this protective effect was abrogated by IP antagonists. Mechanistically, we show that knockdown of GPRC5B increased the membrane localization of IP both in vitro and in vivo and that GPRC5B, but not other G protein–coupled receptors, physically interacts with IP. Last, we show that enhanced IP signaling in GPRC5B-deficient SMCs not only facilitates relaxation but also prevents dedifferentiation during atherosclerosis development, resulting in reduced plaque load and increased differentiation of SMCs in the fibrous cap.
Conclusions:
Taken together, our data show that GPRC5B regulates vascular SMC tone and differentiation by negatively regulating IP signaling.
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Mirabito Colafella KM, Neuman RI, Visser W, Danser AHJ, Versmissen J. Aspirin for the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia: A matter of COX-1 and/or COX-2 inhibition? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 127:132-141. [PMID: 31420920 PMCID: PMC7496715 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, we have known that aspirin can reduce the risk of pre‐eclampsia. However, the underlying mechanisms explaining this risk reduction are poorly understood. Both cyclooxygenase (COX)‐1‐ and COX‐2‐dependent effects might be involved. As a consequence of this knowledge hiatus, the optimal dose and timing of initiation of aspirin therapy are not clear. Here, we review how (COX‐1 versus COX‐2 inhibition) and when (prevention versus treatment) aspirin therapy may interfere with the mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of pre‐eclampsia. The available evidence suggests that both COX‐1‐ and COX‐2‐dependent effects play important roles in the early stage of aberrant placental development and in the next phase leading to the clinical syndrome of pre‐eclampsia. Collectively, these data suggest that high‐dose (dual COX inhibition) aspirin may be superior to standard low‐dose (selective COX‐1 inhibition) aspirin for the prevention and also treatment of pre‐eclampsia. Therefore, we conclude that more functional and biochemical tests are needed to unravel the contribution of prostanoids in the mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of pre‐eclampsia and the potential of dual COX and/or selective COX‐2 inhibition for the prevention and treatment of pre‐eclampsia. This information is vital if we are to deduce the suitability, optimal timing and dose of aspirin and/or a specific COX‐2 inhibitor (most likely using modified forms that do not cross the placenta) that can then be tested in a randomized, controlled trial instead of the current practice of empirical dosing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Mirabito Colafella
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rugina I Neuman
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willy Visser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorie Versmissen
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Echeverria C, Eltit F, Santibanez JF, Gatica S, Cabello-Verrugio C, Simon F. Endothelial dysfunction in pregnancy metabolic disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165414. [PMID: 30794867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the vascular endothelium has gained attention as a key player in the initiation and development of pregnancy disorders. Endothelium acts as an endocrine organ that preserves the homeostatic balance by responding to changes in metabolic status. However, in metabolic disorders, endothelial cells adopt a dysfunctional function, losing their normal responsiveness. During pregnancy, several metabolic changes occur, in which endothelial function decisively participates. Similarly, when pregnancy metabolic disorders occur, endothelial dysfunction plays a key role in pathogenesis. This review outlines the main findings regarding endothelial dysfunction in three main metabolic pathological conditions observed during pregnancy: gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, and obesity and hyperlipidemia. Organ, histological and cellular characteristics were thoroughly described. Also, we focused in discussing the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the cellular signaling pathways that mediate responses in these pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Echeverria
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Atacama, Copayapu 485, 1531772 Copiapo, Chile
| | - Felipe Eltit
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Juan F Santibanez
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Gatica
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, 8331150 Santiago, Chile; Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, 8331150 Santiago, Chile.
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11
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Groom KM, David AL. The role of aspirin, heparin, and other interventions in the prevention and treatment of fetal growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 218:S829-S840. [PMID: 29229321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction and related placental pathologies such as preeclampsia, stillbirth, and placental abruption are believed to arise in early pregnancy when inadequate remodeling of the maternal spiral arteries leads to persistent high-resistance and low-flow uteroplacental circulation. The consequent placental ischaemia, reperfusion injury, and oxidative stress are associated with an imbalance in angiogenic/antiangiogenic factors. Many interventions have centered on the prevention and/or treatment of preeclampsia with results pertaining to fetal growth restriction and small-for-gestational-age pregnancy often included as secondary outcomes because of the common pathophysiology. This renders the study findings less reliable for determining clinical significance. For the prevention of fetal growth restriction, a recent large-study level meta-analysis and individual patient data meta-analysis confirm that aspirin modestly reduces small-for-gestational-age pregnancy in women at high risk (relative risk, 0.90, 95% confidence interval, 0.81-1.00) and that a dose of ≥100 mg should be recommended and to start at or before 16 weeks of gestation. These findings support national clinical practice guidelines. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that low-molecular-weight heparin may prevent fetal growth restriction; however, evidence from randomized control trials is inconsistent. A meta-analysis of multicenter trial data does not demonstrate any positive preventative effect of low-molecular-weight heparin on a primary composite outcome of placenta-mediated complications including fetal growth restriction (18% vs 18%; absolute risk difference, 0.6%; 95% confidence interval, 10.4-9.2); use of low-molecular-weight heparin for the prevention of fetal growth restriction should remain in the research setting. There are even fewer treatment options once fetal growth restriction is diagnosed. At present the only management option if the risk of hypoxia, acidosis, and intrauterine death is high is iatrogenic preterm birth, with the use of peripartum maternal administration of magnesium sulphate for neuroprotection and corticosteroids for fetal lung maturity, to prevent adverse neonatal outcomes. The pipeline of potential therapies use different strategies, many aiming to increase fetal growth by improving poor placentation and uterine blood flow. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors that potentiate nitric oxide availability such as sildenafil citrate have been extensively researched both in preclinical and clinical studies; results from the Sildenafil Therapy In Dismal Prognosis Early-Onset Intrauterine Growth Restriction consortium of randomized control clinical trials are keenly awaited. Targeting the uteroplacental circulation with novel therapeutics is another approach, the most advanced being maternal vascular endothelial growth factor gene therapy, which is being translated into the clinic via the doEs Vascular endothelial growth factor gene therapy safEly impRove outcome in seveRe Early-onset fetal growth reSTriction consortium. Other targeting approaches include nanoparticles and microRNAs to deliver drugs locally to the uterine arterial endothelium or trophoblast. In vitro and in vivo studies and animal models have demonstrated effects of nitric oxide donors, dietary nitrate, hydrogen sulphide donors, statins, and proton pump inhibitors on maternal blood pressure, uteroplacental resistance indices, and angiogenic/antiangiogenic factors. Data from human pregnancies and, in particular, pregnancies with fetal growth restriction remain very limited. Early research into melatonin, creatine, and N-acetyl cysteine supplementation in pregnancy suggests they may have potential as neuro- and cardioprotective agents in fetal growth restriction.
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Sheibani L, Lechuga TJ, Zhang H, Hameed A, Wing DA, Kumar S, Rosenfeld CR, Chen DB. Augmented H2S production via cystathionine-beta-synthase upregulation plays a role in pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation. Biol Reprod 2017; 96:664-672. [PMID: 28339573 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.143834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) synthesized via metabolizing L-cysteine by cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE) is a potent vasodilator and angiogenic factor. The objectives of this study were to determine if human uterine artery (UA) H2S production increases with augmented expression and/or activity of CBS and/or CSE during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy and whether exogenous H2S dilates UA. Uterine arteries from nonpregnant (NP) premenopausal proliferative (pPRM) and secretory (sPRM) phases of the menstrual cycle and pregnant (P) women were studied. H2S production was measured by the methylene blue assay. CBS and CSE mRNAs were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, and proteins were assessed by immunoblotting and semiquantitative immunofluorescence microscopy. Effects of H2S on rat UA relaxation were determined by wire myography ex vivo. H2S production was greater in NP pPRM and P than NP sPRM UAs and inhibited by the specific CBS but not CSE inhibitor. CBS but not CSE mRNA and protein were greater in NP pPRM and P than NP sPRM UAs. CBS protein was localized to endothelium and smooth muscle and its levels were in a quantitative order of P >NP UAs of pPRM>sPRM. CSE protein was localized in UA endothelium and smooth muscle with no difference among groups. A H2S donor relaxed P > NP UAs but not mesentery artery. Thus, human UA H2S production is augmented with endothelium and smooth muscle CBS upregulation, contributing to UA vasodilation in the estrogen-dominant physiological states in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Sheibani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Thomas J Lechuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Honghai Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Afshan Hameed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Deborah A Wing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch-Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Charles R Rosenfeld
- Department of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Dong-Bao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Obilade OA, Akanmu AS, Broughton Pipkin F, Afolabi BB. Prostacyclin, thromboxane and glomerular filtration rate are abnormal in sickle cell pregnancy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184345. [PMID: 28880908 PMCID: PMC5589233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pregnancy increases the risk of morbidity and mortality in sickle cell disease. We previously showed pregnant women with sickle cell disease to have a relatively low plasma renin concentration in late pregnancy, associated with a lack of the expected plasma volume expansion. We hypothesized this to be due to increased systemic vascular resistance through an imbalance between the vasodilator prostacyclin and vasoconstrictor thromboxane, associated with decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Objective To compare estimated prostacyclin, thromboxane and GFR in non-pregnant and pregnant women with hemoglobin SS (HbSS) and AA (HbAA). Study design Four groups of 20 normotensive, nulliparous women were studied in Lagos, Nigeria: pregnant HbSS or HbAA women at 36–40 weeks gestation; non-pregnant HbSS and HbAA controls. We measured stable metabolites of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GFR using the Cockcroft-Gault equation. Data analysis was by independent (Student’s) t-test or Mann-Whitney U test for comparisons between any two groups of continuous variables, univariate ANOVA for multiple groups and Pearson’s correlation coefficient for degree of association between variables. Results HbSS women had lower serum 6-keto-PGF1α concentrations than HbAA, whether pregnant or non-pregnant (P<0.001; P<0.004 respectively). Conversely, pregnant HbSS women had higher serum TxB2 (P<0.001); non-pregnant HbSS women had non-significantly higher TxB2 concentrations. The 6-keto-PGF1α:TxB2 ratio was markedly increased (pro-vasodilatory) in HbAA pregnancy (P<0.001) but reduced in HbSS pregnancy (P = 0.037). GFRs (mL/min) were higher in non-pregnant HbSS than HbAA (P<0.008) but only marginally raised in HbSS women in late pregnancy (P = 0.019) while markedly raised in HbAA pregnancy (P<0.001). Conclusion The lower ratio of prostacyclin-thromboxane metabolites in HbSS pregnancy may indicate endothelial damage and an increased tendency to vasoconstriction and clotting. If confirmed by subsequent longitudinal studies, interventions to increase prostacyclin and reduce thromboxane, such as low dose aspirin, may be potentially useful in their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi Abayomi Obilade
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, State House Medical Centre, Aso Rock, Asokoro, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Alani Suleimon Akanmu
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.,Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Fiona Broughton Pipkin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bosede Bukola Afolabi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
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Zhang HH, Chen JC, Sheibani L, Lechuga TJ, Chen DB. Pregnancy Augments VEGF-Stimulated In Vitro Angiogenesis and Vasodilator (NO and H2S) Production in Human Uterine Artery Endothelial Cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:2382-2393. [PMID: 28398541 PMCID: PMC5505189 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Augmented uterine artery (UA) production of vasodilators, including nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), has been implicated in pregnancy-associated and agonist-stimulated rise in uterine blood flow that is rate-limiting to pregnancy health. OBJECTIVE Developing a human UA endothelial cell (hUAEC) culture model from main UAs of nonpregnant (NP) and pregnant (P) women for testing a hypothesis that pregnancy augments endothelial NO and H2S production and endothelial reactivity to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). DESIGN Main UAs from NP and P women were used for developing hUAEC culture models. Comparisons were made between NP- and P-hUAECs in in vitro angiogenesis, activation of cell signaling, expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and H2S-producing enzymes cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase, and NO/H2S production upon VEGF stimulation. RESULTS NP- and P-hUAECs displayed a typical cobblestone-like shape in culture and acetylated low-density lipoprotein uptake, stained positively for endothelial and negatively for smooth muscle markers, maintained key signaling proteins during passage, and had statistically significant greater eNOS and CBS proteins in P- vs NP-hUAECs. Treatment with VEGF stimulated in vitro angiogenesis and eNOS protein and NO production only in P-hUEACs and more robust cell signaling in P- vs NP-hUAECs. VEGF stimulated CBS protein expression, accounting for VEGF-stimulated H2S production in hUAECs. CONCLUSION Comparisons between NP- and P-hUAECs reveal that pregnancy augments VEGF-stimulated in vitro angiogenesis and NO/H2S production in hUAECs, showing that the newly established hUAEC model provides a critical in vitro tool for understanding human uterine hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-hai Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Jennifer C. Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Lili Sheibani
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Thomas J. Lechuga
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Dong-bao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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The risk of obstetrical syndromes after solid organ transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 28:1211-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Moyes AJ, Gray GA, Denison FC. Bradykinin B1 receptor-mediated vasodilation is impaired in myometrial arteries from women with pre-eclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2013; 33:177-90. [PMID: 24304135 DOI: 10.3109/10641955.2013.846368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the vascular functional activity, localisation and expression of B1 and B2 kinin receptors in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. METHODS Kinin receptor-mediated relaxation of myometrial arteries was assessed using wire myography. Immunohistochemical staining and gene expression of kinin receptors in the myometrium was determined. RESULTS B2 receptor-mediated relaxation was reduced in pre-eclampsia. B1 receptor-mediated relaxation was observed in a proportion of healthy women and was impaired in pre-eclampsia. Receptor expression and localisation was unaltered in pre-eclampsia. CONCLUSION Here, we demonstrate a novel B1 receptor-mediated vasodilatation in healthy myometrial vessels that is absent in pre-eclampsia.
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Freitas LG, Alpoim PN, Komatsuzaki F, Carvalho MDG, Dusse LMS. Preeclampsia: Are platelet count and indices useful for its prognostic? Hematology 2013; 18:360-4. [DOI: 10.1179/1607845413y.0000000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Gonçalves Freitas
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological AnalysisFaculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Nessralla Alpoim
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological AnalysisFaculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flávia Komatsuzaki
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological AnalysisFaculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Carvalho
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological AnalysisFaculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luci Maria S Dusse
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological AnalysisFaculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Krupp J, Boeldt DS, Yi FX, Grummer MA, Bankowski Anaya HA, Shah DM, Bird IM. The loss of sustained Ca(2+) signaling underlies suppressed endothelial nitric oxide production in preeclamptic pregnancies: implications for new therapy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H969-79. [PMID: 23893163 PMCID: PMC3798749 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00250.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 8% of pregnancies are complicated by preeclampsia (PE), a hypertensive condition characterized by widespread endothelial dysfunction. Reduced nitric oxide (NO) output in PE subjects has been inferred but not directly measured, and there is little understanding of why this occurs. To address this we have used direct imaging of changes in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) and NO in umbilical vein endothelium of normal and PE subjects that is still intact and on the vessel luminal surface. This was achieved by dissection and preloading with fura 2 and DAF-2 imaging dyes, respectively, before subsequent challenge with ATP (100 μM, 30 min). As a control to reveal the content of active endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) per vessel segment, results were compared with a maximal stimulus with ionomycin (5 μM, 30 min). We show for the first time that normal umbilical vein endothelial cells respond to ATP with sustained bursting that parallels sustained NO output. Furthermore, in subjects with PE, a failure of sustained [Ca(2+)]i bursting occurs in response to ATP and is associated with blunted NO output. In contrast, NO responses to maximal [Ca(2+)]i elevation using ionomycin and the levels of eNOS protein are more similar between groups than the responses to ATP. When the endothelial cells from PE subjects are isolated and allowed to recover in culture, they regain the ability under fura 2 imaging to show multiple [Ca(2+)]i bursts otherwise seen in the cells from normal subjects. Thus novel clinical therapy aimed at restoring function in vivo may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Krupp
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; and
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Turner EC, Kinsella BT. Regulation of the human prostacyclin receptor gene by the cholesterol-responsive SREBP1. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2390-404. [PMID: 22969152 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m029314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostacyclin and its prostacyclin receptor, the I Prostanoid (IP), play essential roles in regulating hemostasis and vascular tone and have been implicated in a range cardio-protective effects but through largely unknown mechanisms. In this study, the influence of cholesterol on human IP [(h)IP] gene expression was investigated in cultured vascular endothelial and platelet-progenitor megakaryocytic cells. Cholesterol depletion increased human prostacyclin receptor (hIP) mRNA, hIP promoter-directed reporter gene expression, and hIP-induced cAMP generation in all cell types. Furthermore, the constitutively active sterol-response element binding protein (SREBP)1a, but not SREBP2, increased hIP mRNA and promoter-directed gene expression, and deletional and mutational analysis uncovered an evolutionary conserved sterol-response element (SRE), adjacent to a known functional Sp1 element, within the core hIP promoter. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed direct cholesterol-regulated binding of SREBP1a to this hIP promoter region in vivo, and immunofluorescence microscopy corroborated that cholesterol depletion significantly increases hIP expression levels. In conclusion, the hIP gene is directly regulated by cholesterol depletion, which occurs through binding of SREBP1a to a functional SRE within its core promoter. Mechanistically, these data establish that cholesterol can regulate hIP expression, which may, at least in part, account for the combined cardio-protective actions of low serum cholesterol through its regulation of IP expression within the human vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizebeth C Turner
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Laresgoiti-Servitje E, Gomez-Lopez N. The Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia Involves Altered Levels of Angiogenic Factors Promoted by Hypoxia and Autoantibody-Mediated Mechanisms1. Biol Reprod 2012; 87:36. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.099861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Powe CE, Levine RJ, Karumanchi SA. Preeclampsia, a disease of the maternal endothelium: the role of antiangiogenic factors and implications for later cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2011; 123:2856-69. [PMID: 21690502 PMCID: PMC3148781 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.853127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 690] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Yamamoto T, Suzuki Y, Kojima K, Suzumori N, Suzuki T. The biological investigation of prostacyclin in preeclamptic women seen reduced endothelial function. Hypertens Pregnancy 2011; 29:484-91. [PMID: 20701475 DOI: 10.3109/10641950903322873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to determine the biological investigation of prostacyclin in preeclamptic women seen reduced endothelial vasodilatation by non-invasive technique in vivo. METHODS Using a high resolution ultrasound transducer, diameters of brachial arteries were determined after reactive hyperemia in 15 non-pregnant, 20 normotensive pregnant and 20 preeclamptic women. The concentrations of 6-keto-prostaglandin F 1alpha (6keto-PGF 1alpha) in plasma and the concentrations of adenosine-3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in platelets and serum were measured among the groups. RESULTS Flow-mediated vasodilatation at 1 min after reactive hyperemia was higher in normotensive pregnant than in the non-pregnant or preeclamptic women. The plasma concentration of 6 keto-PGF 1alpha as well as the serum concentration of cyclic AMP were lower in preeclamptic than those in normotensive pregnant women. The increase in cyclic AMP in the presence of a prostacyclin analogue in platelets was seen at similar levels in all three groups. CONCLUSION From these results, the concentrations of prostacyclin in plasma and cyclic AMP in serum might be low possibly due to reduced production of prostacyclin in preeclamptic women seen reduced endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamao Yamamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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Zhang J, Gong Y, Yu Y. PG F(2α) Receptor: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular Disease. Front Pharmacol 2010; 1:116. [PMID: 21607067 PMCID: PMC3095374 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2010.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs), a group of key lipid mediators, are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes including inflammation and cardiovascular homeostasis. Each PG acts on its specific and distinct cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Prostaglandin F(2α) receptor (FP) is required for female reproductive function such as luteolysis and parturition. It has recently been implicated in blood pressure regulation, atherosclerosis and other inflammation-related disorders. The emerging role of FP in cardiovascular diseases is highlighted and potential therapeutic translation is discussed in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
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Tozzi-Ciancarelli MG, Di Massimo C, D'alfonso A, Caserta D, Moscarini M. Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension: Evidence for Altered Functional Features of Platelets. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10641959409084169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Covi G, Minuz P, Zanarotto R, Marcolongo A, Paluani F, Lechi A. Systemic and Uteroplacental Hemodynamics and the Prostaglandin System in Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension and Normal Pregnancy. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10641959409072229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Cardin JP, Ross MG, Day L. Starvation-Induced Ovine Toxemia: A Re-Evaluation. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10641959309031060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sciarrone SG, Barden AE, Croft KD, Beilin LJ, Ritchie J, Walters BN, Michael CA. Plasma Lipids and Plasma and Urinary Acetyl Hydrolase Activity in Normal and Hypertensive Pregnancies. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10641959609015690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Couvaras JL, Gant NF, Kramer J, Petty F, Magness RR. Plasma Concentrations of Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid Throughout Human Gestation. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10641959309079448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Barden A, Beilin LJ, Burke V, Ritchie J, Michael CA, Walters BN. Relationships Between Plasma Endothelin 1 And Prostacyclin in Normal and Preeclamptic Pregnancy. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10641959609015686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Brown MA, Zammit VC, Whitworth JA. Renal Prostacyclin, Renin and Glomerular Filtration in Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10641959209031041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Salas SP, Rosso P. Plasma Volume, Renal Function, and Hormonal Levels in Pregnant Women with Idiopathic Fetal Growth Restriction or Preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10641959809072239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Avela K, Mikkola T, Orpana A, Viinikka L, Ylikorkala O. Effects of Labetalol on the Releas of Prostacyclin and Endothelin-1 by Cultured Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells and on the Excretion of Prostacyclin and Thromboxane Metabolites in Preeclamptic Patients. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10641959509015682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Caruso A, Ferrazzani S, Carolis SD, Pomini F, Testa A, Paradisi G, Mancuso S. Low-Dose Aspirin Qualitatively Affects the Vascular Response to Angiotensin II in Hypersensitive Pregnant Women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10641959209031035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Andrews WW, Gant NF, Magness RR. Effect of Magnesium Sulfate on Eicosanoid Levels in Women with Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10641959409084173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zahradnik HP, SchÄFer WR, Casper FW, Seufert RJ, Gaillard T, Bettendorf H. Urinary Excretion of 6-Keto-Pgf1α, TxB2, and PGE2in Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension and Preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10641959409009573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Prostaglandin F2alpha elevates blood pressure and promotes atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:7985-90. [PMID: 19416858 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0811834106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about prostaglandin F(2alpha) in cardiovascular homeostasis. Prostaglandin F(2alpha) dose-dependently elevates blood pressure in WT mice via activation of the F prostanoid (FP) receptor. The FP is expressed in preglomerular arterioles, renal collecting ducts, and the hypothalamus. Deletion of the FP reduces blood pressure, coincident with a reduction in plasma renin concentration, angiotensin, and aldosterone, despite a compensatory up-regulation of AT1 receptors and an augmented hypertensive response to infused angiotensin II. Plasma and urinary osmolality are decreased in FP KOs that exhibit mild polyuria and polydipsia. Atherogenesis is retarded by deletion of the FP, despite the absence of detectable receptor expression in aorta or in atherosclerotic lesions in Ldlr KOs. Although vascular TNF(alpha), inducible nitric oxide enzyme and TGF(beta) are reduced and lesional macrophages are depleted in the FP/Ldlr double KOs, this result reflects the reduction in lesion burden, as the FP is not expressed on macrophages and its deletion does not alter macrophage cytokine generation. Blockade of the FP offers an approach to the treatment of hypertension and its attendant systemic vascular disease.
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Abstract
Pregnancy results in profound physiological changes in the cardiovascular system, yet these changes are completely reversible. It is apparent that vaso-active factors, some as yet probably unidentified, which act as humoral or local autocrine or paracrine regulators of vasular resistance, play a major role in these cardio-vascular changes. This role may be heightened in pregnancy when there has to be a large increase in blood flow to the uterus and placenta while maintaining adequate flow to other vascular beds. Our knowledge of the mechanisms of action of these vaso-active factors and their interactions with each other still remains incomplete. Alterations in synthesis and action of these vaso-active factors may occur in pregnancies associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia or intra-uterine growth retardation. Investigation of such alterations may help to elucidate the roles of vaso-active factors in both normal and pathological situations. The gestational hormones oestrogen and progesterone, are obviously prime candidates as overall regulators of the cardiovascular changes of pregnancy and as agents which alter the synthesis or action of other vaso-active factors. Currently, much attention is being focused on the role of local autocrine or paracrine vaso-active factors which may be produced by the endothelium or by the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells and alterations in their production or action in the hyptertensive disorders of pregnancy. The endothelium forms the largest endocrine organ within the body and so its importance in the mediation of vascular events should not be under-estimated. The principal objective of this review is to examine the roles of these many autocrine and paracrine vaso-active factors during pregnancy and their relation with the overall regulation of the vascular system. Changes which may occur and be involved in the aetiology of pre-eclampsia and growth retardation will also be examined.
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O'Keeffe MB, Reid HM, Kinsella BT. Agonist-dependent internalization and trafficking of the human prostacyclin receptor: a direct role for Rab5a GTPase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:1914-28. [PMID: 18498773 PMCID: PMC2680976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The human prostacyclin receptor (hIP) undergoes rapid agonist-induced internalization by largely unknown mechanism(s). Herein the involvement of Rab5 in regulating cicaprost-induced internalization of the hIP expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells was investigated. Over-expression of Rab5a significantly increased agonist-induced hIP internalization. Additionally, the hIP co-localized to Rab5a-containing endocytic vesicles in response to cicaprost stimulation and there was a coincident net translocation of Rab5 from the cytosol/soluble fraction of the cell. Co-immunoprecipitation studies confirmed a direct physical interaction between the hIP and Rab5a that was augmented by cicaprost. Whilst the dominant negative Rab5a(S34N) did not show decreased interaction with the hIP or fully impair internalization, it prevented hIP sorting to endocytic vesicles. Moreover, the GTPase deficient Rab5a(Q79L) significantly increased internalization and co-localized with the hIP in enlarged endocytic vesicles. While deletion of the carboxyl terminal (C)-tail domain of the hIP did not inhibit agonist-induced internalization, co-localization or co-immunoprecipitation with Rab5a per se, receptor trafficking was altered suggesting that it contains structural determinant(s) for hIP sorting post Rab5-mediated endocytosis. Taken together, data herein and in endothelial EA.hy 926 cells demonstrate a direct role for Rab5a in agonist-internalization and trafficking of the hIP and increases knowledge of the factors regulating prostacyclin signaling.
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Schmid M, Sollwedel A, Thuere C, Wafula PO, Zenclussen ML, Müller DN, Gratze P, Woiciechowsky C, Volk HD, Zenclussen AC. Murine Pre-Eclampsia Induced by Unspecific Activation of the Immune System Correlates with Alterations in the eNOS and AT1 Receptor Expression in the Kidneys and Placenta. Placenta 2007; 28:688-700. [PMID: 17129602 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It remains arguable if an animal model can be of use in pre-eclampsia (PE) studies, as it is clearly a human disease not observed spontaneously in other species. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PE-like signs in mice inoculated with activated Th1 cells were accompanied by abnormal expression of molecules related to the regulation of blood pressure, viz. nitric oxide synthase enzymes (eNOS and iNOS) and angiotensin (Ang) II receptors (AT1R and AT2R), in order to analyse the relevance of this model for human disease. In this model, C57/BL6-mated BALB/c females received lymphocytes crosslined with anti-CD3 and cultured with interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-12 to mimic PE pathology. Control mice received PBS. eNOS, iNOS and AT1R but not AT2R expression was augmented in the kidneys of PE-mice compared with control pregnant mice. The expression of eNOS but not of iNOS was augmented at the fetal-maternal interface of PE-mice as compared with the controls. NOSs regulate the synthesis of NO, a blood pressure and parturition mediator. As its expression is increased in PE patients, our data suggest that the Th1 cells-induced signs in this model are due to similar mechanisms as in humans. AT1R and AT2R mediate the effect of Ang II, and particularly the AT1R appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of human PE. The increased AT1R expression in the kidneys of PE-mice reinforces the theory that Th1 cells elicit a pathological situation closely resembling the human PE. All together, our data support the use of this animal model to study mechanisms underlying clinically overt PE.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Immune System
- Kidney/chemistry
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Mice/immunology
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/analysis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/analysis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Placenta/chemistry
- Placenta/metabolism
- Placenta/pathology
- Pre-Eclampsia/immunology
- Pregnancy
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/analysis
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/analysis
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/transplantation
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schmid
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité, Medical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Frederick IO, Rudra CB, Miller RS, Foster JC, Williams MA. Adult Weight Change, Weight Cycling, and Prepregnancy Obesity in Relation to Risk of Preeclampsia. Epidemiology 2006; 17:428-34. [PMID: 16755262 DOI: 10.1097/01.ede.0000221028.33245.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia has been shown to be associated with obesity, with other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and with subsequent cardiovascular disease itself. However, the possible association with weight gain and weight cycling has not been evaluated. METHODS In this prospective study of a cohort of 1644 pregnant women, we assessed adult weight change, intentional weight cycling, and prepregnancy obesity in relation to preeclampsia risk. Net weight change from age 18 years to the period 3 months before conception was determined for each participant. Weight cycling was defined as intentional weight loss and unintentional regain of at least 15 pounds during periods not related to pregnancy or lactation. We used multivariate regression procedures to calculate risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Relative to women with stable weight (gained or lost < 2.5 kg) women who gained 5.0-9.9 kg experienced a 2.6-fold increased risk of preeclampsia (95% CI = 1.0-6.7). The corresponding risk ratio (RR) for women who gained > or = 10 kg was 5.1 (2.2-12.2). Intentional weight cycling, after controlling for weight at age 18 years, adult weight change, and other risk factors, was not associated with increased risk of preeclampsia (RR = 1.1; CI = 0.6-1.8). RRs increased monotonically with increasing prepregnancy body mass index greater than 19.8 kg/m. After adjusting for confounders, the RR for prepregnancy overweight women and obese women were 1.7 (0.6-4.9) and 3.4 (1.5-7.6) respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that adult weight gain and prepregnancy overweight and obesity status are associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihunnaya O Frederick
- Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98122, USA.
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Abstract
Pre-eclampsia and its related syndromes are significant causes of maternal and fetal death, but much remains unclear about the underlying disease mechanisms. Epidemiological research has consistently demonstrated a familial predisposition to pre-eclampsia, which has encouraged genetic research in this area. The goal is the discovery of susceptibility genes which will inform understanding of the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia, and may prove to be targets for therapeutic or preventative strategies. This review examines the application of molecular technologies to the search for genetic clues in pre-eclampsia and emphasizes the importance of integrative approaches. The results of recent genome-wide linkage studies have been particularly encouraging, identifying a number of loci which merit closer examination. Candidate gene studies have proved less fruitful, generating conflicting and inconclusive results. Possible explanations and remedies for this deficiency are discussed with a view to stimulating closer collaboration between researchers in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Chappell
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, UK
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Rasmussen S, Irgens LM. The effects of smoking and hypertensive disorders on fetal growth. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2006; 6:16. [PMID: 16630351 PMCID: PMC1463005 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-6-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is well known that smoking and pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) are associated with decreased fetal growth. It has been reported that in preeclampsia the fetal growth deficit attributable to smoking is higher, which has been contradicted in other studies. We therefore evaluated the effects on fetal growth of early- and late onset PIH and chronic hypertension and how cigarette smoking modify these effects. We also quantified the proportion of small for gestational age (SGA) cases attributable to PIH, chronic hypertension, and smoking. Methods Population-based study based on record of 215598 singleton pregnancies from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Results In severe preeclampsia, mild preeclampsia, transient hypertension, and normotension in term birth, odds ratios (ORs) of SGA in smokers compared with non-smokers were 1.4 (95% confidence interval 0.9, 2.2), 1.6 (1.3, 1.9), 2.3 (1.8, 3.1), and 2.0 (1.9, 2.1), respectively. For preterm births, corresponding ORs were 1.3 (0.9, 2.0), 1.8 (1.1, 3.0), 4.1 (1.9, 9.0), and 1.7 (1.4, 2.0), respectively. The effect of early onset PIH was stronger than that in term births, while the effect of smoking was equal in preterm and term newborns. Only in non-smokers who delivered at term, the rates of SGA significantly increased with the severity of PIH (ORs = 1.3 (1.1, 1.5), 1.8 (1.7, 2.0), and 2.5 (2.2, 3.0) for transient hypertension, mild-, and severe preeclampsia, respectively). The combined effects of smoking and hypertension were generally not synergistic. The effect of smoking was not stronger in women who had chronic hypertension. Nor were the effects of chronic hypertension stronger in smokers. PIH explained 21.9 and 2.5% of preterm and term cases of SGA, respectively, while smoking explained 12% of SGA cases. Conclusion The effects of hypertensive disorder and smoking were generally not synergistic, which suggest that they may exert their main actions on separate sites or work through separate mechanisms within or outside the placenta. If smoking were eliminated in pregnant women, the number of SGA cases would be reduced by 12%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svein Rasmussen
- Medical Birth Registry of Norway, Locus of Registry Based Epidemiology, University of Bergen and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lorentz M Irgens
- Medical Birth Registry of Norway, Locus of Registry Based Epidemiology, University of Bergen and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
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Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes catalyse the biotransformation of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins which subserve important functions in cardiovascular homeostasis. Prostacyclin (PGI2) and prostaglandin (PG)E2, dominant products of COX activityin macro- and microvascular endothelial cells, respectively, in vitro, modulate the interaction of blood cells with the vasculature and contribute to the regulation of blood pressure. COXs are the target for inhibition by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs--which include those selective for COX-2) and for aspirin. Modulation of the interaction between COX products of the vasculature and platelets underlies both the cardioprotection afforded by aspirin and the cardiovascular hazard which characterises specific inhibitors of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Egan
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 153 Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
Preeclampsia is a syndrome that affects 5% of all pregnancies, producing substantial maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this review is to summarize our current understanding of the pathogenesis of preeclampsia with special emphasis on the recent discovery that circulating anti-angiogenic proteins of placental origin may play an important role in the pathogenesis of proteinuria and hypertension of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ananth Karumanchi
- Renal Division and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Al Kadi H, Nasrat H, Broughton Pipkin F. A prospective, longitudinal study of the renin–angiotensin system, prostacyclin and thromboxane in the first trimester of normal human pregnancy: association with birthweight. Hum Reprod 2005; 20:3157-62. [PMID: 16006463 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very early human pregnancy is a state of cardiovascular underfilling. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is directly concerned with sodium and water homeostasis. Angiotensinogen is known to be the rate-limiting component in the generation of angiotensin I, and hence angiotensin II, in pregnancy. The usual measurement of 'renin activity' does not differentiate between enzyme and substrate. We hypothesized that the RAS is activated from the start of pregnancy; plasma renin concentration (PRC) and angiotensinogen will show differential regulation and might stimulate the rise in prostacyclin. METHODS A prospective study of 12 nulliparous normal women. PRC and angiotensinogen and excretion of prostacyclin and thromboxane metabolites were measured pre-pregnancy and four to six times after conception to 13 weeks. RESULTS By 6 weeks gestation, mean PRC was markedly raised and remained stable to 13 weeks. The initial angiotensinogen response varied, but rose consistently after 6-8 weeks. Regression analysis showed angiotensinogen in the first trimester to be strongly associated with corrected birthweight centile (P < 0.001). Excretion of eicosanoid metabolites was very variable, but rose significantly from 6 weeks; the ratio between prostacyclin and thromboxane excretion did not alter over this time. There was no correlation between the various hormones measured. CONCLUSION Angiotensinogen is known to be rate-limiting in pregnancy. Its association with birthweight may be through effects on early plasma volume expansion and may have implications for intrauterine growth restriction and pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Al Kadi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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O'Meara S, Kinsella B. The effect of the farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor SCH66336 on isoprenylation and signalling by the prostacyclin receptor. Biochem J 2005; 386:177-89. [PMID: 15469414 PMCID: PMC1134780 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Like Ras, farnesylation of the IP (prostacyclin receptor) is required for its efficient intracellular signalling, and hence the IP represents a potential target for inhibition by FTIs [FTase (farnesyl protein transferase) inhibitors]. Herein, the effect of SCH66336 on the isoprenylation and function of the human and mouse IPs overexpressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, and by the IP endogenously expressed in human erythroleukaemia cells, was investigated. SCH66336 yielded concentration-dependent decreases in IP-mediated cAMP generation (IC50 0.27-0.62 nM), [Ca2+]i mobilization (IC50 26.6-48.3 nM) and IP internalization, but had no effect on signalling by the non-isoprenylated beta2 adrenergic receptor or b isoform of the TP (prostanoid thromboxane A2 receptor). Additionally, SCH66336 impaired IP-mediated crossdesensitization of TPa signalling (IC50 56.1 nM) and reduced farnesylation of the molecular chaperone protein HDJ-2 (IC50 3.1 nM). To establish whether farnesylation of the IP is inhibited and/or whether its 'CaaX motif' might undergo alternative geranylgeranylation in the presence of SCH66336, a series of chimaeric Ha (Harvey)-Ras fusions were generated by replacing its CaaX motif (-CVLS) with that of the IP (-CSLC) or, as controls, of Ki (Kirsten)-Ras 4B (-CVIM) or Rac 1 (-CVLL). Whereas SCH66336 had no effect on Ha-RasCVLL isoprenylation in vitro or in whole cells, it supported alternative geranylgeranylation of Ha-RasCVIM, but completely impaired isoprenylation of both Ha-RasCVLS and Ha-RasCSLC. These data confirm that the -CSLC motif of the IP is a direct target for inhibition by the FTI SCH66336, and in the presence of strong FTase inhibition, the IP does not undergo compensatory geranylgeranylation
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Key Words
- desensitization
- farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor
- isoprenylation
- prostacyclin receptor
- ras
- thromboxane a2
- β2ar, β2 adrenergic receptor
- [ca2+]i, intracellular calcium
- fbs, fetal bovine serum
- fpp, farnesyl pyrophosphate
- ftase, farnesyl protein transferase
- fti, farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor
- ggpp, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
- fura 2/am, fura 2 acetoxymethyl ester
- ggtase, geranylgeranyl protein transferase
- gpcr, g-protein-coupled receptor
- ha, haemagglutinin
- ha-ras, harvey ras
- hek, human embryonic kidney
- hel, human erythroleukaemia
- (h/m)ip, (human/mouse) prostacyclin receptor
- ki-ras, kirsten ras
- ldh, lactate dehydrogenase
- mva, mevalonolactone
- n-ras, neuronal ras
- pka, camp-dependent protein kinase
- plcβ, phospholipase cβ
- txa2, thromboxane a2
- tp, prostanoid txa2 receptor
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endocytosis/drug effects
- Epoprostenol/analogs & derivatives
- Epoprostenol/pharmacology
- Farnesyltranstransferase
- HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins
- Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Iloprost/metabolism
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Kidney
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Organophosphorus Compounds/metabolism
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Proline/analogs & derivatives
- Proline/metabolism
- Propanolamines/metabolism
- Protein Prenylation/drug effects
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/chemistry
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/metabolism
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Epoprostenol/drug effects
- Receptors, Epoprostenol/metabolism
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/drug effects
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. O'Meara
- Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - B. Therese Kinsella
- Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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