1
|
Rodrigues KE, Pontes MHB, Cantão MBS, Prado AF. The role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in cardiac remodeling and dysfunction and as a possible blood biomarker in heart failure. Pharmacol Res 2024; 206:107285. [PMID: 38942342 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular diseases, being responsible for many hospitalizations annually. HF is considered a public health problem with significant economic and social impact, which makes searches essential for strategies that improve the ability to predict and diagnose HF. In this way, biomarkers can help in risk stratification for a more personalized approach to patients with HF. Preclinical and clinical evidence shows the participation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in the HF process. In this review, we will demonstrate the critical role that MMP-9 plays in cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. We will also show its importance as a blood biomarker in acute and chronic HF patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keuri Eleutério Rodrigues
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Post Graduate Program - BIONORTE, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem, Brazil; Cardiovascular System Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Barbosa Pontes
- Cardiovascular System Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem, Brazil; Pharmacology and Biochemistry Post Graduate Program - FARMABIO, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem, Brazil
| | - Manoel Benedito Sousa Cantão
- Cardiovascular System Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem, Brazil; Pharmacology and Biochemistry Post Graduate Program - FARMABIO, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Ferraz Prado
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Post Graduate Program - BIONORTE, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem, Brazil; Cardiovascular System Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem, Brazil; Pharmacology and Biochemistry Post Graduate Program - FARMABIO, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kanuri B, Sreejit G, Biswas P, Murphy AJ, Nagareddy PR. Macrophage heterogeneity in myocardial infarction: Evolution and implications for diverse therapeutic approaches. iScience 2024; 27:110274. [PMID: 39040061 PMCID: PMC11261154 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Given the extensive participation of myeloid cells (especially monocytes and macrophages) in both inflammation and resolution phases post-myocardial infarction (MI) owing to their biphasic role, these cells are considered as crucial players in the disease pathogenesis. Multiple studies have agreed on the significant contribution of macrophage polarization theory (M2 vs. M1) while determining the underlying reasons behind the observed biphasic effects; nevertheless, this simplistic classification attracts severe drawbacks. The advent of multiple advanced technologies based on OMICS platforms facilitated a successful path to explore comprehensive cellular signatures that could expedite our understanding of macrophage heterogeneity and plasticity. While providing an overall basis behind the MI disease pathogenesis, this review delves into the literature to discuss the current knowledge on multiple macrophage clusters, including the future directions in this research arena. In the end, our focus will be on outlining the possible therapeutic implications based on the emerging observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babunageswararao Kanuri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Priosmita Biswas
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J. Murphy
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Division of Immunometabolism, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Prabhakara R. Nagareddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hilgendorf I, Frantz S, Frangogiannis NG. Repair of the Infarcted Heart: Cellular Effectors, Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Circ Res 2024; 134:1718-1751. [PMID: 38843294 PMCID: PMC11164543 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The adult mammalian heart has limited endogenous regenerative capacity and heals through the activation of inflammatory and fibrogenic cascades that ultimately result in the formation of a scar. After infarction, massive cardiomyocyte death releases a broad range of damage-associated molecular patterns that initiate both myocardial and systemic inflammatory responses. TLRs (toll-like receptors) and NLRs (NOD-like receptors) recognize damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and transduce downstream proinflammatory signals, leading to upregulation of cytokines (such as interleukin-1, TNF-α [tumor necrosis factor-α], and interleukin-6) and chemokines (such as CCL2 [CC chemokine ligand 2]) and recruitment of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Expansion and diversification of cardiac macrophages in the infarcted heart play a major role in the clearance of the infarct from dead cells and the subsequent stimulation of reparative pathways. Efferocytosis triggers the induction and release of anti-inflammatory mediators that restrain the inflammatory reaction and set the stage for the activation of reparative fibroblasts and vascular cells. Growth factor-mediated pathways, neurohumoral cascades, and matricellular proteins deposited in the provisional matrix stimulate fibroblast activation and proliferation and myofibroblast conversion. Deposition of a well-organized collagen-based extracellular matrix network protects the heart from catastrophic rupture and attenuates ventricular dilation. Scar maturation requires stimulation of endogenous signals that inhibit fibroblast activity and prevent excessive fibrosis. Moreover, in the mature scar, infarct neovessels acquire a mural cell coat that contributes to the stabilization of the microvascular network. Excessive, prolonged, or dysregulated inflammatory or fibrogenic cascades accentuate adverse remodeling and dysfunction. Moreover, inflammatory leukocytes and fibroblasts can contribute to arrhythmogenesis. Inflammatory and fibrogenic pathways may be promising therapeutic targets to attenuate heart failure progression and inhibit arrhythmia generation in patients surviving myocardial infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Hilgendorf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine at the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Frantz
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao G, Zhang HM, Nasseri AR, Yip F, Telkar N, Chen YT, Aghakeshmiri S, Küper C, Lam W, Yang W, Zhao J, Luo H, McManus BM, Yang D. Heart-specific NFAT5 knockout suppresses type I interferon signaling and aggravates coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis. Basic Res Cardiol 2024:10.1007/s00395-024-01058-w. [PMID: 38834767 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-024-01058-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) is an osmosensitive transcription factor that is well-studied in renal but rarely explored in cardiac diseases. Although the association of Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) with viral myocarditis is well-established, the role of NFAT5 in this disease remains largely unexplored. Previous research has demonstrated that NFAT5 restricts CVB3 replication yet is susceptible to cleavage by CVB3 proteases. Using an inducible cardiac-specific Nfat5-knockout mouse model, we uncovered that NFAT5-deficiency exacerbates cardiac pathology, worsens cardiac function, elevates viral load, and reduces survival rates. RNA-seq analysis of CVB3-infected mouse hearts revealed the significant impact of NFAT5-deficiency on gene pathways associated with cytokine signaling and inflammation. Subsequent in vitro and in vivo investigation validated the disruption of the cytokine signaling pathway in response to CVB3 infection, evidenced by reduced expression of key cytokines such as interferon β1 (IFNβ1), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), interleukin 6 (IL6), among others. Furthermore, NFAT5-deficiency hindered the formation of stress granules, leading to a reduction of important stress granule components, including plakophilin-2, a pivotal protein within the intercalated disc, thereby impacting cardiomyocyte structure and function. These findings unveil a novel mechanism by which NFAT5 inhibits CVB3 replication and pathogenesis through the promotion of antiviral type I interferon signaling and the formation of cytoplasmic stress granules, collectively identifying NFAT5 as a new cardio protective protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangze Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, B.C, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Huifang M Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, B.C, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ali Reza Nasseri
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, B.C, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Fione Yip
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, B.C, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Nikita Telkar
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yankuan T Chen
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, B.C, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Sana Aghakeshmiri
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, B.C, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Christoph Küper
- MSH Medical School Hamburg, IMM Institute for Molecular Medicine, Medical University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wan Lam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Wenli Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James Zhao
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, B.C, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, B.C, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Bruce M McManus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, B.C, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Decheng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, B.C, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hoque MM, Gbadegoye JO, Hassan FO, Raafat A, Lebeche D. Cardiac fibrogenesis: an immuno-metabolic perspective. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1336551. [PMID: 38577624 PMCID: PMC10993884 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1336551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a major and complex pathophysiological process that ultimately culminates in cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. This phenomenon includes not only the replacement of the damaged tissue by a fibrotic scar produced by activated fibroblasts/myofibroblasts but also a spatiotemporal alteration of the structural, biochemical, and biomechanical parameters in the ventricular wall, eliciting a reactive remodeling process. Though mechanical stress, post-infarct homeostatic imbalances, and neurohormonal activation are classically attributed to cardiac fibrosis, emerging evidence that supports the roles of immune system modulation, inflammation, and metabolic dysregulation in the initiation and progression of cardiac fibrogenesis has been reported. Adaptive changes, immune cell phenoconversions, and metabolic shifts in the cardiac nonmyocyte population provide initial protection, but persistent altered metabolic demand eventually contributes to adverse remodeling of the heart. Altered energy metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, various immune cells, immune mediators, and cross-talks between the immune cells and cardiomyocytes play crucial roles in orchestrating the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts and ensuing fibrotic remodeling of the heart. Manipulation of the metabolic plasticity, fibroblast-myofibroblast transition, and modulation of the immune response may hold promise for favorably modulating the fibrotic response following different cardiovascular pathological processes. Although the immunologic and metabolic perspectives of fibrosis in the heart are being reported in the literature, they lack a comprehensive sketch bridging these two arenas and illustrating the synchrony between them. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the intricate relationship between different cardiac immune cells and metabolic pathways as well as summarizes the current understanding of the involvement of immune-metabolic pathways in cardiac fibrosis and attempts to identify some of the previously unaddressed questions that require further investigation. Moreover, the potential therapeutic strategies and emerging pharmacological interventions, including immune and metabolic modulators, that show promise in preventing or attenuating cardiac fibrosis and restoring cardiac function will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Monirul Hoque
- Departments of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Joy Olaoluwa Gbadegoye
- Departments of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Fasilat Oluwakemi Hassan
- Departments of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Amr Raafat
- Departments of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Djamel Lebeche
- Departments of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Medicine-Cardiology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ferreira JP, Vasques-Nóvoa F, Neves JS, Zannad F, Leite-Moreira A. Comparison of interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein for cardiovascular risk assessment: Findings from the MESA study. Atherosclerosis 2024; 390:117461. [PMID: 38306764 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.117461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inflammation is a risk factor for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Elevated levels of both high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and interleukin-6 (IL6) have been associated with MACE. However, few studies have compared IL6 to hsCRP for cardiovascular risk assessment. Using the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) study cohort, we aim to compare IL6 to hsCRP. METHODS We divided IL6 and hsCRP by their median values and created 4 groups i.e., low-low, high-low, low-high and high-high. The median follow-up was 14 years. RESULTS 6614 (97 %) participants had complete baseline IL6 and hsCRP data. The correlation between hsCRP and IL6 was modest (Rho = 0.53). IL6 ≥1.2 pg/mL (median) was present in 3309 participants, and hsCRP ≥1.9 mg/L (median) was present in 3339 participants. Compared to participants with low IL6 and low hsCRP, those with high IL6 and high hsCRP were older (64 vs. 60 years), more frequently women (63 % vs. 45 %), and with more cardiovascular co-morbidities. hsCRP outcome associations lost statistical significance when adjusting for IL6: MACE HR (95 %CI) 1.06 (0.93-1.20), p =0.39, whereas IL6 associations remained significant after adjusting for hsCRP: HR (95 %CI) 1.44 (1.25-1.64), p <0.001. The C-index of Framingham score for did not improve with hsCRP but improved with IL6. Compared to participants with low IL6 and low hsCRP, those with high IL6, regardless of hsCRP, experienced an increased risk of MACE, heart failure and mortality. CONCLUSIONS In a diverse and asymptomatic population, IL6 showed a stronger association with atherosclerotic, heart failure and fatal outcomes than hsCRP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Ferreira
- UnIC@RISE, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Centre d'Investigations Cliniques Plurithématique 1433, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.
| | - Francisco Vasques-Nóvoa
- UnIC@RISE, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Sérgio Neves
- UnIC@RISE, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Faiez Zannad
- Centre d'Investigations Cliniques Plurithématique 1433, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; F-CRIN INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), INSERM U1116, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- UnIC@RISE, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abdalla AME, Miao Y, Ahmed AIM, Meng N, Ouyang C. CAR-T cell therapeutic avenue for fighting cardiac fibrosis: Roadblocks and perspectives. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3955. [PMID: 38379220 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Heart diseases remain the primary cause of human mortality in the world. Although conventional therapeutic opportunities fail to halt or recover cardiac fibrosis, the promising clinical results and therapeutic efficacy of engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy show several advancements. However, the current models of CAR-T cells need further improvement since the T cells are associated with the triggering of excessive inflammatory cytokines that directly affect cardiac functions. Thus, the current study highlights the critical function of heart immune cells in tissue fibrosis and repair. The study also confirms CAR-T cell as an emerging therapeutic for treating cardiac fibrosis, explores the current roadblocks to CAR-T cell therapy, and considers future outlooks for research development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M E Abdalla
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Applied Science, University of Bahri, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Yu Miao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ahmed I M Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Applied Science, University of Bahri, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ning Meng
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Chenxi Ouyang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huang M, Huiskes FG, de Groot NMS, Brundel BJJM. The Role of Immune Cells Driving Electropathology and Atrial Fibrillation. Cells 2024; 13:311. [PMID: 38391924 PMCID: PMC10886649 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common progressive cardiac arrhythmia worldwide and entails serious complications including stroke and heart failure. Despite decades of clinical research, the current treatment of AF is suboptimal. This is due to a lack of knowledge on the mechanistic root causes of AF. Prevailing theories indicate a key role for molecular and structural changes in driving electrical conduction abnormalities in the atria and as such triggering AF. Emerging evidence indicates the role of the altered atrial and systemic immune landscape in driving this so-called electropathology. Immune cells and immune markers play a central role in immune remodeling by exhibiting dual facets. While the activation and recruitment of immune cells contribute to maintaining atrial stability, the excessive activation and pronounced expression of immune markers can foster AF. This review delineates shifts in cardiac composition and the distribution of immune cells in the context of cardiac health and disease, especially AF. A comprehensive exploration of the functions of diverse immune cell types in AF and other cardiac diseases is essential to unravel the intricacies of immune remodeling. Usltimately, we delve into clinical evidence showcasing immune modifications in both the atrial and systemic domains among AF patients, aiming to elucidate immune markers for therapy and diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Huang
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (F.G.H.)
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Fabries G. Huiskes
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (F.G.H.)
| | | | - Bianca J. J. M. Brundel
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (F.G.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Trinh VH, Nguyen Huu T, Sah DK, Choi JM, Yoon HJ, Park SC, Jung YS, Lee SR. Redox Regulation of PTEN by Reactive Oxygen Species: Its Role in Physiological Processes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:199. [PMID: 38397797 PMCID: PMC10886030 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor due to its ability to regulate cell survival, growth, and proliferation by downregulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In addition, PTEN plays an essential role in other physiological events associated with cell growth demands, such as ischemia-reperfusion, nerve injury, and immune responsiveness. Therefore, recently, PTEN inhibition has emerged as a potential therapeutic intervention in these situations. Increasing evidence demonstrates that reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are produced and required for the signaling in many important cellular processes under such physiological conditions. ROS have been shown to oxidize PTEN at the cysteine residue of its active site, consequently inhibiting its function. Herein, we provide an overview of studies that highlight the role of the oxidative inhibition of PTEN in physiological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vu Hoang Trinh
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501190, Republic of Korea; (V.H.T.); (T.N.H.); (D.K.S.); (J.M.C.); (H.J.Y.)
- Department of Oncology, Department of Medical Sciences, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Thang Nguyen Huu
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501190, Republic of Korea; (V.H.T.); (T.N.H.); (D.K.S.); (J.M.C.); (H.J.Y.)
| | - Dhiraj Kumar Sah
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501190, Republic of Korea; (V.H.T.); (T.N.H.); (D.K.S.); (J.M.C.); (H.J.Y.)
| | - Jin Myung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501190, Republic of Korea; (V.H.T.); (T.N.H.); (D.K.S.); (J.M.C.); (H.J.Y.)
| | - Hyun Joong Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501190, Republic of Korea; (V.H.T.); (T.N.H.); (D.K.S.); (J.M.C.); (H.J.Y.)
| | - Sang Chul Park
- The Future Life & Society Research Center, Advanced Institute of Aging Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yu Seok Jung
- Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501190, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seung-Rock Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501190, Republic of Korea; (V.H.T.); (T.N.H.); (D.K.S.); (J.M.C.); (H.J.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang X, Fan W, Sun J, Yang J, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Li P, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Li H, Wang J, Feng L, Zhao J, Chen L, Linbing Q. SARS-CoV-2 induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammation but can be ameliorated by ACE inhibitor Captopril. Antiviral Res 2023; 215:105636. [PMID: 37207821 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although the clinical manifestation of COVID-19 is mainly respiratory symptoms, approximately 20% of patients suffer from cardiac complications. COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular disease have higher severity of myocardial injury and poor outcomes. The underlying mechanism of myocardial injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unclear. Using a non-transgenic mouse model infected with Beta variant (B.1.351), we found that the viral RNA could be detected in lungs and hearts of infected mice. Pathological analysis showed thinner ventricular wall, disorganized and ruptured myocardial fiber, mild inflammatory infiltration, and mild epicardia or interstitial fibrosis in hearts of infected mice. We also found that SARS-CoV-2 could infect cardiomyocytes and produce infectious progeny viruses in human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte-like cells (hPSC-CMs). SARS-CoV-2 infection caused apoptosis, reduction of mitochondrial integrity and quantity, and cessation of beating in hPSC-CMs. In order to dissect the mechanism of myocardial injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, we employed transcriptome sequencing of hPSC-CMs at different time points after viral infection. Transcriptome analysis showed robust induction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, up-regulation of MHC class I molecules, activation of apoptosis signaling and cell cycle arresting. These may cause aggravate inflammation, immune cell infiltration, and cell death. Furthermore, we found that Captopril (hypotensive drugs targeting ACE) treatment could alleviate SARS-CoV-2 induced inflammatory response and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes via inactivating TNF signaling pathways, suggesting Captopril may be beneficial for reducing COVID-19 associated cardiomyopathy. These findings preliminarily explain the molecular mechanism of pathological cardiac injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, providing new perspectives for the discovery of antiviral therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Wenxia Fan
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jiaqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Pingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yudi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Heying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Liqiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, China.
| | - Qu Linbing
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Poto R, Loffredo S, Marone G, Di Salvatore A, de Paulis A, Schroeder JT, Varricchi G. Basophils beyond allergic and parasitic diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1190034. [PMID: 37205111 PMCID: PMC10185837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Basophils bind IgE via FcεRI-αβγ2, which they uniquely share only with mast cells. In doing so, they can rapidly release mediators that are hallmark of allergic disease. This fundamental similarity, along with some morphological features shared by the two cell types, has long brought into question the biological significance that basophils mediate beyond that of mast cells. Unlike mast cells, which mature and reside in tissues, basophils are released into circulation from the bone marrow (constituting 1% of leukocytes), only to infiltrate tissues under specific inflammatory conditions. Evidence is emerging that basophils mediate non-redundant roles in allergic disease and, unsuspectingly, are implicated in a variety of other pathologies [e.g., myocardial infarction, autoimmunity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, fibrosis, cancer, etc.]. Recent findings strengthen the notion that these cells mediate protection from parasitic infections, whereas related studies implicate basophils promoting wound healing. Central to these functions is the substantial evidence that human and mouse basophils are increasingly implicated as important sources of IL-4 and IL-13. Nonetheless, much remains unclear regarding the role of basophils in pathology vs. homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the dichotomous (protective and/or harmful) roles of basophils in a wide spectrum of non-allergic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remo Poto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Salvatore
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - John T. Schroeder
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Torp MK, Vaage J, Stensløkken KO. Mitochondria-derived damage-associated molecular patterns and inflammation in the ischemic-reperfused heart. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13920. [PMID: 36617670 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac cell death after myocardial infarction release endogenous structures termed damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that trigger the innate immune system and initiate a sterile inflammation in the myocardium. Cardiomyocytes are energy demanding cells and 30% of their volume are mitochondria. Mitochondria are evolutionary endosymbionts originating from bacteria containing molecular patterns similar to bacteria, termed mitochondrial DAMPs (mDAMPs). Consequently, mitochondrial debris may be particularly immunogenic and damaging. However, the role of mDAMPs in myocardial infarction is not clarified. Identifying the most harmful mDAMPs and inhibiting their early inflammatory signaling may reduce infarct size and the risk of developing post-infarct heart failure. The focus of this review is the role of mDAMPs in the immediate pro-inflammatory phase after myocardial infarction before arrival of immune cells in the myocardium. We discuss different mDAMPs, their role in physiology and present knowledge regarding their role in the inflammatory response of acute myocardial infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- May-Kristin Torp
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jarle Vaage
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kåre-Olav Stensløkken
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rosenblum SL. Inflammation, dysregulated iron metabolism, and cardiovascular disease. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1124178. [PMID: 36816471 PMCID: PMC9935942 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1124178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace element associated with both pathologic deficiency and toxic overload. Thus, systemic and cell iron metabolism are highly controlled processes regulated by protein expression and localization, as well as turnover, through the action of cytokines and iron status. Iron metabolism in the heart is challenging because both iron overload and deficiency are associated with cardiac disease. Also associated with cardiovascular disease is inflammation, as many cardiac diseases are caused by or include an inflammatory component. In addition, iron metabolism and inflammation are closely linked. Hepcidin, the master regulator of systemic iron metabolism, is induced by the cytokine IL-6 and as such is among the acute phase proteins secreted by the liver as part of the inflammatory response. In an inflammatory state, systemic iron homeostasis is dysregulated, commonly resulting in hypoferremia, or low serum iron. Less well characterized is cardiac iron metabolism in general, and even less is known about how inflammation impacts heart iron handling. This review highlights what is known with respect to iron metabolism in the heart. Expression of iron metabolism-related proteins and processes of iron uptake and efflux in these cell types are outlined. Evidence for the strong co-morbid relationship between inflammation and cardiac disease is also reviewed. Known connections between inflammatory processes and iron metabolism in the heart are discussed with the goal of linking inflammation and iron metabolism in this tissue, a connection that has been relatively under-appreciated as a component of heart function in an inflammatory state. Therapeutic options connecting inflammation and iron balance are emphasized, with the main goal of this review being to bring attention to alterations in iron balance as a component of inflammatory diseases of the cardiovascular system.
Collapse
|
14
|
Yap J, Irei J, Lozano-Gerona J, Vanapruks S, Bishop T, Boisvert WA. Macrophages in cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:373-385. [PMID: 36627513 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI), as a result of thrombosis or vascular occlusion, is the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among all cardiovascular diseases. The devastating consequences of MI are compounded by the complexities of cellular functions involved in the initiation and resolution of early-onset inflammation and the longer-term effects related to scar formation. The resultant tissue damage can occur as early as 1 h after MI and activates inflammatory signalling pathways to elicit an immune response. Macrophages are one of the most active cell types during all stages after MI, including the cardioprotective, inflammatory and tissue repair phases. In this Review, we describe the phenotypes of cardiac macrophage involved in MI and their cardioprotective functions. A specific subset of macrophages called resident cardiac macrophages (RCMs) are derived from yolk sac progenitor cells and are maintained as a self-renewing population, although their numbers decrease with age. We explore sophisticated sequencing techniques that demonstrate the cardioprotective properties of this cardiac macrophage phenotype. Furthermore, we discuss the interactions between cardiac macrophages and other important cell types involved in the pathology and resolution of inflammation after MI. We summarize new and promising therapeutic approaches that target macrophage-mediated inflammation and the cardioprotective properties of RCMs after MI. Finally, we discuss future directions for the study of RCMs in MI and cardiovascular health in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yap
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jason Irei
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Javier Lozano-Gerona
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Selena Vanapruks
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Tianmai Bishop
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - William A Boisvert
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wal P, Aziz N, Singh YK, Wal A, Kosey S, Rai AK. Myocardial Infarction as a Consequence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Curr Cardiol Rev 2023; 19:23-30. [PMID: 37157208 PMCID: PMC10636795 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x19666230508114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction is an event of myocardial necrosis caused by unstable ischemic syndrome. Myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when blood stops flowing to the cardiac tissue or myocardium and the heart muscle gets damaged due to poor perfusion and reduced oxygen supply. Mitochondria can serve as the arbiter of cell fate in response to stress. Oxidative metabolism is the function of mitochondria within the cell. Cardiac cells being highly oxidative tissue generates about 90% of their energy through oxidative metabolism. In this review, we focused on the role of mitochondria in energy generation in myocytes as well as its consequences on heart cells causing cell damage. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction due to oxidative stress, production of reactive oxygen species, and anaerobic production of lactate as a failure of oxidative metabolism are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Wal
- PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Bhauti, Kanpur, UP-209305, India
| | - Namra Aziz
- PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Bhauti, Kanpur, UP-209305, India
| | - Yash Kumar Singh
- PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Bhauti, Kanpur, UP-209305, India
| | - Ankita Wal
- PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Bhauti, Kanpur, UP-209305, India
| | - Sourabh Kosey
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Awani Kumar Rai
- PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Bhauti, Kanpur, UP-209305, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Trager LE, Lyons M, Kuznetsov A, Sheffield C, Roh K, Freeman R, Rhee J, Guseh JS, Li H, Rosenzweig A. Beyond cardiomyocytes: Cellular diversity in the heart's response to exercise. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022:S2095-2546(22)00125-9. [PMID: 36549585 PMCID: PMC10362490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes comprise ∼70% to 85% of the total volume of the adult mammalian heart but only about 25% to 35% of its total number of cells. Advances in single cell and single nuclei RNA sequencing have greatly facilitated investigation into and increased appreciation of the potential functions of non-cardiomyocytes in the heart. While much of this work has focused on the relationship between non-cardiomyocytes, disease, and the heart's response to pathological stress, it will also be important to understand the roles that these cells play in the healthy heart, cardiac homeostasis, and the response to physiological stress such as exercise. The present review summarizes recent research highlighting dynamic changes in non-cardiomyocytes in response to the physiological stress of exercise. Of particular interest are changes in fibrotic pathways, the cardiac vasculature, and immune or inflammatory cells. In many instances, limited data are available about how specific lineages change in response to exercise or whether the changes observed are functionally important, underscoring the need for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena E Trager
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MI 55455, USA
| | - Margaret Lyons
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alexandra Kuznetsov
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cedric Sheffield
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kangsan Roh
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca Freeman
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - James Rhee
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J Sawalla Guseh
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Haobo Li
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anthony Rosenzweig
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Institute for Heart and Brain Health, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Miller CL, Madsen JC. Targeting IL-6 to prevent cardiac allograft rejection. Am J Transplant 2022; 22 Suppl 4:12-17. [PMID: 36453706 PMCID: PMC10191185 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.17206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Outcomes following heart transplantation remain suboptimal with acute and chronic rejection being major contributors to poor long-term survival. IL-6 is increasingly recognized as a critical pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in allograft injury and has been shown to play a key role in regulating the inflammatory and alloimmune responses following heart transplantation. Therapies that inhibit IL-6 signaling have emerged as promising strategies to prevent allograft rejection. Here, we review experimental and pre-clinical evidence that supports the potential use of IL-6 signaling blockade to improve outcomes in heart transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L. Miller
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joren C. Madsen
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Leancă SA, Crișu D, Petriș AO, Afrăsânie I, Genes A, Costache AD, Tesloianu DN, Costache II. Left Ventricular Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction: From Physiopathology to Treatment. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081111. [PMID: 35892913 PMCID: PMC9332014 DOI: 10.3390/life12081111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide, with an incidence relatively high in developed countries and rapidly growing in developing countries. The most common cause of MI is the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque with subsequent thrombotic occlusion in the coronary circulation. This causes cardiomyocyte death and myocardial necrosis, with subsequent inflammation and fibrosis. Current therapies aim to restore coronary flow by thrombus dissolution with pharmaceutical treatment and/or intravascular stent implantation and to counteract neurohormonal activation. Despite these therapies, the injury caused by myocardial ischemia leads to left ventricular remodeling; this process involves changes in cardiac geometry, dimension and function and eventually progression to heart failure (HF). This review describes the pathophysiological mechanism that leads to cardiac remodeling and the therapeutic strategies with a role in slowing the progression of remodeling and improving cardiac structure and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Andreea Leancă
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency Clinical Hospital “Sf. Spiridon”, Bd. Independentei nr. 1, 700111 Iasi, Romania; (S.A.L.); (A.O.P.); (I.A.); (A.G.); (D.N.T.); (I.I.C.)
| | - Daniela Crișu
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency Clinical Hospital “Sf. Spiridon”, Bd. Independentei nr. 1, 700111 Iasi, Romania; (S.A.L.); (A.O.P.); (I.A.); (A.G.); (D.N.T.); (I.I.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-745-264-550
| | - Antoniu Octavian Petriș
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency Clinical Hospital “Sf. Spiridon”, Bd. Independentei nr. 1, 700111 Iasi, Romania; (S.A.L.); (A.O.P.); (I.A.); (A.G.); (D.N.T.); (I.I.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. University nr. 16, 700083 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Irina Afrăsânie
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency Clinical Hospital “Sf. Spiridon”, Bd. Independentei nr. 1, 700111 Iasi, Romania; (S.A.L.); (A.O.P.); (I.A.); (A.G.); (D.N.T.); (I.I.C.)
| | - Antonia Genes
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency Clinical Hospital “Sf. Spiridon”, Bd. Independentei nr. 1, 700111 Iasi, Romania; (S.A.L.); (A.O.P.); (I.A.); (A.G.); (D.N.T.); (I.I.C.)
| | - Alexandru Dan Costache
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. University nr. 16, 700083 Iasi, Romania;
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Dan Nicolae Tesloianu
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency Clinical Hospital “Sf. Spiridon”, Bd. Independentei nr. 1, 700111 Iasi, Romania; (S.A.L.); (A.O.P.); (I.A.); (A.G.); (D.N.T.); (I.I.C.)
| | - Irina Iuliana Costache
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency Clinical Hospital “Sf. Spiridon”, Bd. Independentei nr. 1, 700111 Iasi, Romania; (S.A.L.); (A.O.P.); (I.A.); (A.G.); (D.N.T.); (I.I.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. University nr. 16, 700083 Iasi, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Skeffington KL, Moscarelli M, Abdul-Ghani S, Fiorentino F, Emanueli C, Reeves BC, Punjabi PP, Angelini GD, Suleiman MS. Pathology-related changes in cardiac energy metabolites, inflammatory response and reperfusion injury following cardioplegic arrest in patients undergoing open-heart surgery. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:911557. [PMID: 35935655 PMCID: PMC9354251 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.911557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Changes in cardiac metabolites in adult patients undergoing open-heart surgery using ischemic cardioplegic arrest have largely been reported for non-ventricular tissue or diseased left ventricular tissue, with few studies attempting to assess such changes in both ventricular chambers. It is also unknown whether such changes are altered in different pathologies or linked to the degree of reperfusion injury and inflammatory response. The aim of the present work was to address these issues by monitoring myocardial metabolites in both ventricles and to establish whether these changes are linked to reperfusion injury and inflammatory/stress response in patients undergoing surgery using cold blood cardioplegia for either coronary artery bypass graft (CABG, n = 25) or aortic valve replacement (AVR, n = 16). Methods Ventricular biopsies from both left (LV) and right (RV) ventricles were collected before ischemic cardioplegic arrest and 20 min after reperfusion. The biopsies were processed for measuring selected metabolites (adenine nucleotides, purines, and amino acids) using HPLC. Blood markers of cardiac injury (Troponin I, cTnI), inflammation (IL- 6, IL-8, Il-10, and TNFα, measured using Multiplex) and oxidative stress (Myeloperoxidase, MPO) were measured pre- and up to 72 hours post-operatively. Results The CABG group had a significantly shorter ischemic cardioplegic arrest time (38.6 ± 2.3 min) compared to AVR group (63.0 ± 4.9 min, p = 2 x 10-6). Cardiac injury (cTnI release) was similar for both CABG and AVR groups. The inflammatory markers IL-6 and Il-8 were significantly higher in CABG patients compared to AVR patients. Metabolic markers of cardiac ischemic stress were relatively and significantly more altered in the LV of CABG patients. Comparing diabetic and non-diabetic CABG patients shows that only the RV of diabetic patients sustained major ischemic stress during reperfusion and that diabetic patients had a significantly higher inflammatory response. Discussion CABG patients sustain relatively more ischemic stress, systemic inflammatory response and similar injury and oxidative stress compared to AVR patients despite having significantly shorter cross-clamp time. The higher inflammatory response in CABG patients appears to be at least partly driven by a higher incidence of diabetes amongst CABG patients. In addition to pathology, the use of cold blood cardioplegic arrest may underlie these differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Skeffington
- Bristol Heart Institute and Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Moscarelli
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- GVM Care & Research, Anthea Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Safa Abdul-Ghani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Francesca Fiorentino
- Nightingale-Saunders Clinical Trials and Epidemiology Unit (King's Clinical Trials Unit), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Costanza Emanueli
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barnaby C. Reeves
- Bristol Heart Institute and Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Prakash P. Punjabi
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gianni D. Angelini
- Bristol Heart Institute and Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M-Saadeh Suleiman
- Bristol Heart Institute and Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Matzer I, Voglhuber J, Kiessling M, Djalinac N, Trummer-Herbst V, Mabotuwana N, Rech L, Holzer M, Sossalla S, Rainer PP, Zirlik A, Ljubojevic-Holzer S. β-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation Maintains NCX-CaMKII Axis and Prevents Overactivation of IL6R-Signaling in Cardiomyocytes upon Increased Workload. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071648. [PMID: 35884952 PMCID: PMC9313457 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive β-adrenergic stimulation and tachycardia are potent triggers of cardiac remodeling; however, their exact cellular effects remain elusive. Here, we sought to determine the potency of β-adrenergic stimulation and tachycardia to modulate gene expression profiles of cardiomyocytes. Using neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes, we showed that tachycardia caused a significant upregulation of sodium–calcium exchanger (NCX) and the activation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) in the nuclear region. Acute isoprenaline treatment ameliorated NCX-upregulation and potentiated CaMKII activity, specifically on the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope, while preincubation with the β-blocker propranolol abolished both isoprenaline-mediated effects. On a transcriptional level, screening for hypertrophy-related genes revealed tachycardia-induced upregulation of interleukin-6 receptor (IL6R). While isoprenaline prevented this effect, pharmacological intervention with propranolol or NCX inhibitor ORM-10962 demonstrated that simultaneous CaMKII activation on the subcellular Ca2+ stores and prevention of NCX upregulation are needed for keeping IL6R activation low. Finally, using hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive rats, we showed that blunted β-adrenergic signaling is associated with NCX upregulation and enhanced IL6R signaling. We therefore propose a previously unrecognized protective role of β-adrenergic signaling, which is compromised in cardiac pathologies, in preventing IL6R overactivation under increased workload. A better understanding of these processes may contribute to refinement of therapeutic options for patients receiving β-blockers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Matzer
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Julia Voglhuber
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (S.L.-H.)
| | - Mara Kiessling
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Nataša Djalinac
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Viktoria Trummer-Herbst
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Nishani Mabotuwana
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Lavinia Rech
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Michael Holzer
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Otto-Loewi Research Centre, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Samuel Sossalla
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Centre Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Peter P. Rainer
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Senka Ljubojevic-Holzer
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (I.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.); (V.T.-H.); (N.M.); (L.R.); (P.P.R.); (A.Z.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (S.L.-H.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Krychtiuk KA, Vrints C, Wojta J, Huber K, Speidl WS. Basic mechanisms in cardiogenic shock: part 1-definition and pathophysiology. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR CARE 2022; 11:356-365. [PMID: 35218350 DOI: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cardiogenic shock mortality rates remain high despite significant advances in cardiovascular medicine and the widespread uptake of mechanical circulatory support systems. Except for early invasive angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention of the infarct-related artery, the most widely used therapeutic measures are based on low-quality evidence. The grim prognosis and lack of high-quality data warrant further action. Part 1 of this two-part educational review defines cardiogenic shock and discusses current treatment strategies. In addition, we summarize current knowledge on basic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock, focusing on inflammation and microvascular disturbances, which may ultimately be translated into diagnostic or therapeutic approaches to improve the outcome of our patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A Krychtiuk
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christiaan Vrints
- Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, Department GENCOR, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium
| | - Johann Wojta
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
- Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kurt Huber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology and Intensive Care Unit, Wilhelminenhospital, Vienna, Austria
- Medical School, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter S Speidl
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Properties and Functions of Fibroblasts and Myofibroblasts in Myocardial Infarction. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091386. [PMID: 35563692 PMCID: PMC9102016 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian heart contains abundant interstitial and perivascular fibroblasts that expand following injury and play a reparative role but also contribute to maladaptive fibrotic remodeling. Following myocardial infarction, cardiac fibroblasts undergo dynamic phenotypic transitions, contributing to the regulation of inflammatory, reparative, and angiogenic responses. This review manuscript discusses the mechanisms of regulation, roles and fate of fibroblasts in the infarcted heart. During the inflammatory phase of infarct healing, the release of alarmins by necrotic cells promotes a pro-inflammatory and matrix-degrading fibroblast phenotype that may contribute to leukocyte recruitment. The clearance of dead cells and matrix debris from the infarct stimulates anti-inflammatory pathways and activates transforming growth factor (TGF)-β cascades, resulting in the conversion of fibroblasts to α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-expressing myofibroblasts. Activated myofibroblasts secrete large amounts of matrix proteins and form a collagen-based scar that protects the infarcted ventricle from catastrophic complications, such as cardiac rupture. Moreover, infarct fibroblasts may also contribute to cardiac repair by stimulating angiogenesis. During scar maturation, fibroblasts disassemble α-SMA+ stress fibers and convert to specialized cells that may serve in scar maintenance. The prolonged activation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in the infarct border zone and in the remote remodeling myocardium may contribute to adverse remodeling and to the pathogenesis of heart failure. In addition to their phenotypic plasticity, fibroblasts exhibit remarkable heterogeneity. Subsets with distinct phenotypic profiles may be responsible for the wide range of functions of fibroblast populations in infarcted and remodeling hearts.
Collapse
|
23
|
Penna C, Comità S, Tullio F, Alloatti G, Pagliaro P. Challenges facing the clinical translation of cardioprotection: 35 years after the discovery of ischemic preconditioning. Vascul Pharmacol 2022; 144:106995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.106995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
24
|
Dahdah A, Johnson J, Gopalkrishna S, Jaggers RM, Webb D, Murphy AJ, Hanssen NMJ, Hanaoka BY, Nagareddy PR. Neutrophil Migratory Patterns: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:795784. [PMID: 35309915 PMCID: PMC8924299 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.795784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The body's inflammatory response involves a series of processes that are necessary for the immune system to mitigate threats from invading pathogens. Leukocyte migration is a crucial process in both homeostatic and inflammatory states. The mechanisms involved in immune cell recruitment to the site of inflammation are numerous and require several cascades and cues of activation. Immune cells have multiple origins and can be recruited from primary and secondary lymphoid, as well as reservoir organs within the body to generate an immune response to certain stimuli. However, no matter the origin, an important aspect of any inflammatory response is the web of networks that facilitates immune cell trafficking. The vasculature is an important organ for this trafficking, especially during an inflammatory response, mainly because it allows cells to migrate towards the source of insult/injury and serves as a reservoir for leukocytes and granulocytes under steady state conditions. One of the most active and vital leukocytes in the immune system's arsenal are neutrophils. Neutrophils exist under two forms in the vasculature: a marginated pool that is attached to the vessel walls, and a demarginated pool that freely circulates within the blood stream. In this review, we seek to present the current consensus on the mechanisms involved in leukocyte margination and demargination, with a focus on the role of neutrophil migration patterns during physio-pathological conditions, in particular diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Dahdah
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jillian Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sreejit Gopalkrishna
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Robert M. Jaggers
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Darren Webb
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Andrew J. Murphy
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nordin M. J. Hanssen
- Amsterdam Diabetes Centrum, Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Beatriz Y. Hanaoka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Prabhakara R. Nagareddy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Unraveling and Targeting Myocardial Regeneration Deficit in Diabetes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020208. [PMID: 35204091 PMCID: PMC8868283 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is a common complication in diabetic patients. Ventricular dysfunction without coronary atherosclerosis and hypertension is driven by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and impaired insulin signaling. Cardiomyocyte death, hypertrophy, fibrosis, and cell signaling defects underlie cardiomyopathy. Notably, detrimental effects of the diabetic milieu are not limited to cardiomyocytes and vascular cells. The diabetic heart acquires a senescent phenotype and also suffers from altered cellular homeostasis and the insufficient replacement of dying cells. Chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysregulation damage the population of endogenous cardiac stem cells, which contribute to myocardial cell turnover and repair after injury. Therefore, deficient myocardial repair and the progressive senescence and dysfunction of stem cells in the diabetic heart can represent potential therapeutic targets. While our knowledge of the effects of diabetes on stem cells is growing, several strategies to preserve, activate or restore cardiac stem cell compartments await to be tested in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
|
26
|
Gerbino A, Forleo C, Milano S, Piccapane F, Procino G, Pepe M, Piccolo M, Guida P, Resta N, Favale S, Svelto M, Carmosino M. Pro-inflammatory cytokines as emerging molecular determinants in cardiolaminopathies. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:10902-10915. [PMID: 34773379 PMCID: PMC8642682 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Lamin A/C gene (lmna) cause a wide spectrum of cardiolaminopathies strictly associated with significant deterioration of the electrical and contractile function of the heart. Despite the continuous flow of biomedical evidence, linking cardiac inflammation to heart remodelling in patients harbouring lmna mutations is puzzling. Therefore, we profiled 30 serum cytokines/chemokines in patients belonging to four different families carrying pathogenic lmna mutations segregating with cardiac phenotypes at different stages of severity (n = 19) and in healthy subjects (n = 11). Regardless lmna mutation subtype, high levels of circulating granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) and interleukin 6 (IL‐6) were found in all affected patients’ sera. In addition, elevated levels of Interleukins (IL) IL‐1Ra, IL‐1β IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐8 and the granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) were measured in a large subset of patients associated with more aggressive clinical manifestations. Finally, the expression of the pro‐inflammatory 70 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) was significantly increased in serum exosomes of patients harbouring the lmna mutation associated with the more severe phenotype. Overall, the identification of patient subsets with overactive or dysregulated myocardial inflammatory responses could represent an innovative diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic tool against Lamin A/C cardiomyopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Forleo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Cardiology Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Serena Milano
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Piccapane
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Procino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Martino Pepe
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Cardiology Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Mara Piccolo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Cardiology Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Guida
- Regional General Hospital "F. Miulli", Acquaviva delle Fonti, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Resta
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Favale
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Cardiology Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Svelto
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Carmosino
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nernpermpisooth N, Sarre C, Barrere C, Contreras R, Luz-Crawford P, Tejedor G, Vincent A, Piot C, Kumphune S, Nargeot J, Jorgensen C, Barrère-Lemaire S, Djouad F. PPARβ/δ Is Required for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Cardioprotective Effects Independently of Their Anti-inflammatory Properties in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:681002. [PMID: 34616778 PMCID: PMC8488150 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.681002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction ranks first for the mortality worldwide. Because the adult heart is unable to regenerate, fibrosis develops to compensate for the loss of contractile tissue after infarction, leading to cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) regenerative properties, as well as their safety and efficacy, have been demonstrated in preclinical models. However, in clinical trials, their beneficial effects are controversial. In an experimental model of arthritis, we have previously shown that PPARβ/δ deficiency enhanced the therapeutic effect of MSC. The aim of the present study was to compare the therapeutic effects of wild-type MSC (MSC) and MSC deficient for PPARβ/δ (KO MSC) perfused in an ex vivo mouse model of ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. For this purpose, hearts from C57BL/6J mice were subjected ex vivo to 30 min ischemia followed by 1-h reperfusion. MSC and KO MSC were injected into the Langendorff system during reperfusion. After 1 h of reperfusion, the TTC method was used to assess infarct size. Coronary effluents collected in basal condition (before ischemia) and after ischemia at 1 h of reperfusion were analyzed for their cytokine profiles. The dose-response curve for the cardioprotection was established ex vivo using different doses of MSC (3.105, 6.105, and 24.105 cells/heart) and the dose of 6.105 MSC was found to be the optimal concentration. We showed that the cardioprotective effect of MSC was PPARβ/δ-dependent since it was lost using KO MSC. Moreover, cytokine profiling of the coronary effluents collected in the eluates after 60 min of reperfusion revealed that MSC treatment decreases CXCL1 chemokine and interleukin-6 release compared with untreated hearts. This anti-inflammatory effect of MSC was also observed when hearts were treated with PPARβ/δ-deficient MSC. In conclusion, our study revealed that the acute cardioprotective properties of MSC in an ex vivo model of IR injury, assessed by a decreased infarct size at 1 h of reperfusion, are PPARβ/δ-dependent but not related to their anti-inflammatory effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitirut Nernpermpisooth
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Department of Cardio-Thoracic Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Integrative Biomedical Research Unit, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Charlotte Sarre
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Barrere
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Rafaël Contreras
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Patricia Luz-Crawford
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gautier Tejedor
- MedXCell Science, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Vincent
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Piot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Département de Cardiologie Interventionnelle, Clinique du Millénaire, Montpellier, France
| | - Sarawut Kumphune
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Integrative Biomedical Research Unit, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Biomedical Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Joel Nargeot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Farida Djouad
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Su JH, Luo MY, Liang N, Gong SX, Chen W, Huang WQ, Tian Y, Wang AP. Interleukin-6: A Novel Target for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:745061. [PMID: 34504432 PMCID: PMC8421530 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.745061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease is a collective term for cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease, being a serious threat to human health. A growing number of studies have proved that the content of inflammatory factors or mediators determines the stability of vascular plaque and the incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular event, and involves in the process of Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases. Interleukin-6 is a widely used cytokine that causes inflammation and oxidative stress, which would further result in cardiac and cerebral injury. The increased expression of interleukin-6 is closely related to atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure and ischemic stroke. It is a key risk factor for these diseases by triggering inflammatory reaction and inducing other molecules release. Therefore, interleukin-6 may become a potential target for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases in the future. This paper is aimed to discuss the expression changes and pathological mechanisms of interleukin-6 in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, and to provide a novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hui Su
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Meng-Yi Luo
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Na- Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shao-Xin Gong
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wen-Qian Huang
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ai-Ping Wang
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Conduction disorders and arrhythmias remain difficult to treat and are increasingly prevalent owing to the increasing age and body mass of the general population, because both are risk factors for arrhythmia. Many of the underlying conditions that give rise to arrhythmia - including atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmia, which frequently occur in patients with acute myocardial ischaemia or heart failure - can have an inflammatory component. In the past, inflammation was viewed mostly as an epiphenomenon associated with arrhythmia; however, the recently discovered inflammatory and non-canonical functions of cardiac immune cells indicate that leukocytes can be arrhythmogenic either by altering tissue composition or by interacting with cardiomyocytes; for example, by changing their phenotype or perhaps even by directly interfering with conduction. In this Review, we discuss the electrophysiological properties of leukocytes and how these cells relate to conduction in the heart. Given the thematic parallels, we also summarize the interactions between immune cells and neural systems that influence information transfer, extrapolating findings from the field of neuroscience to the heart and defining common themes. We aim to bridge the knowledge gap between electrophysiology and immunology, to promote conceptual connections between these two fields and to explore promising opportunities for future research.
Collapse
|
30
|
Viola M, de Jager SCA, Sluijter JPG. Targeting Inflammation after Myocardial Infarction: A Therapeutic Opportunity for Extracellular Vesicles? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157831. [PMID: 34360595 PMCID: PMC8346058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After myocardial infarction (MI), a strong inflammatory response takes place in the heart to remove the dead tissue resulting from ischemic injury. A growing body of evidence suggests that timely resolution of this inflammatory process may aid in the prevention of adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure post-MI. The present challenge is to find a way to stimulate this process without interfering with the reparative role of the immune system. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural membrane particles that are released by cells and carry different macromolecules, including proteins and non-coding RNAs. In recent years, EVs derived from various stem and progenitor cells have been demonstrated to possess regenerative properties. They can provide cardioprotection via several mechanisms of action, including immunomodulation. In this review, we summarize the role of the innate immune system in post-MI healing. We then discuss the mechanisms by which EVs modulate cardiac inflammation in preclinical models of myocardial injury through regulation of monocyte influx and macrophage function. Finally, we provide suggestions for further optimization of EV-based therapy to improve its potential for the treatment of MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Viola
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Utrecht, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia C. A. de Jager
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Utrecht, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (S.C.A.d.J.); (J.P.G.S.)
| | - Joost P. G. Sluijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Utrecht, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (S.C.A.d.J.); (J.P.G.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Luo Y, Li Z, Ge P, Guo H, Li L, Zhang G, Xu C, Chen H. Comprehensive Mechanism, Novel Markers and Multidisciplinary Treatment of Severe Acute Pancreatitis-Associated Cardiac Injury - A Narrative Review. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3145-3169. [PMID: 34285540 PMCID: PMC8286248 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s310990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the common acute abdominal inflammatory diseases in clinic with acute onset and rapid progress. About 20% of the patients will eventually develop into severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) characterized by a large number of inflammatory cells infiltration, gland flocculus flaky necrosis and hemorrhage, finally inducing systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Pancreatic enzyme activation, intestinal endotoxemia (IETM), cytokine activation, microcirculation disturbance, autonomic nerve dysfunction and autophagy dysregulation all play an essential role in the occurrence and progression of SAP. Organ dysfunction is the main cause of early death in SAP. Acute kidney injury (AKI) and acute lung injury (ALI) are common, while cardiac injury (CI) is not, but the case fatality risk is high. Many basic studies have observed obvious ultrastructure change of heart in SAP, including myocardial edema, cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial interstitial collagen deposition. Moreover, in clinical practice, patients with SAP often presented various abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) and cardiac function. Cases complicated with acute myocardial infarction and pericardial tamponade have also been reported and even result in stress cardiomyopathy. Due to the molecular mechanisms underlying SAP-associated cardiac injury (SACI) remain poorly understood, and there is no complete, unified treatment and sovereign remedy at present, this article reviews reports referring to the pathogenesis, potential markers and treatment methods of SACI in recent years, in order to improve the understanding of cardiac injury in severe pancreatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YaLan Luo
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - ZhaoXia Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Ge
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - HaoYa Guo
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - GuiXin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - CaiMing Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - HaiLong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Adams E, McCloy R, Jordan A, Falconer K, Dykes IM. Direct Reprogramming of Cardiac Fibroblasts to Repair the Injured Heart. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:72. [PMID: 34206355 PMCID: PMC8306371 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8070072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Those that survive acute myocardial infarction are at significant risk of subsequent heart failure due to fibrotic remodelling of the infarcted myocardium. By applying knowledge from the study of embryonic cardiovascular development, modern medicine offers hope for treatment of this condition through regeneration of the myocardium by direct reprogramming of fibrotic scar tissue. Here, we will review mechanisms of cell fate specification leading to the generation of cardiovascular cell types in the embryo and use this as a framework in which to understand direct reprogramming. Driving expression of a network of transcription factors, micro RNA or small molecule epigenetic modifiers can reverse epigenetic silencing, reverting differentiated cells to a state of induced pluripotency. The pluripotent state can be bypassed by direct reprogramming in which one differentiated cell type can be transdifferentiated into another. Transdifferentiating cardiac fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes requires a network of transcription factors similar to that observed in embryonic multipotent cardiac progenitors. There is some flexibility in the composition of this network. These studies raise the possibility that the failing heart could one day be regenerated by directly reprogramming cardiac fibroblasts within post-infarct scar tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Adams
- Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (E.A.); (R.M.); (A.J.); (K.F.)
| | - Rachel McCloy
- Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (E.A.); (R.M.); (A.J.); (K.F.)
| | - Ashley Jordan
- Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (E.A.); (R.M.); (A.J.); (K.F.)
| | - Kaitlin Falconer
- Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (E.A.); (R.M.); (A.J.); (K.F.)
| | - Iain M. Dykes
- Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (E.A.); (R.M.); (A.J.); (K.F.)
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sansonetti M, De Windt LJ. Non-coding RNAs in cardiac inflammation: key drivers in the pathophysiology of heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2058-2073. [PMID: 34097013 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is among the most progressive diseases and a leading cause of morbidity. Despite several advances in cardiovascular therapies, pharmacological treatments are limited to relieve symptoms without curing cardiac injury. Multiple observations point to the involvement of immune cells as key drivers in the pathophysiology of heart failure. In particular, there is a growing recognition that heart failure is related to a prolonged and insufficiently repressed inflammatory response leading to molecular, cellular, and functional cardiac alterations. Over the last decades, non-coding RNAs are recognized as prominent mediators of the cardiac inflammation, affecting the function of several immune cells. In the current review, we explore the contribution of the diverse immune cells in the progression of heart failure, revealing mechanistic functions for non-coding RNAs in cardiac immune cells as a new and exciting field of investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marida Sansonetti
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Science and Engineering; Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences; Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leon J De Windt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Science and Engineering; Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences; Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
An overview of human pericardial space and pericardial fluid. Cardiovasc Pathol 2021; 53:107346. [PMID: 34023529 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2021.107346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pericardium is a double-layered fibro-serous sac that envelops the majority of the surface of the heart as well as the great vessels. Pericardial fluid is also contained within the pericardial space. Together, the pericardium and pericardial fluid contribute to a homeostatic environment that facilitates normal cardiac function. Different diseases and procedural interventions may disrupt this homeostatic space causing an imbalance in the composition of immune mediators or by mechanical stress. Inflammatory cells, cytokines, and chemokines are present in the pericardial space. How these specific mediators contribute to different diseases is the subject of debate and research. With the advent of highly specialized assays that can identify and quantify various mediators we can potentially establish specific and sensitive biomarkers that can be used to differentiate pathologies, and aid clinicians in improving clinical outcomes for patients.
Collapse
|
35
|
Pluijmert NJ, Atsma DE, Quax PHA. Post-ischemic Myocardial Inflammatory Response: A Complex and Dynamic Process Susceptible to Immunomodulatory Therapies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:647785. [PMID: 33996944 PMCID: PMC8113407 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.647785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Following acute occlusion of a coronary artery causing myocardial ischemia and implementing first-line treatment involving rapid reperfusion, a dynamic and balanced inflammatory response is initiated to repair and remove damaged cells. Paradoxically, restoration of myocardial blood flow exacerbates cell damage as a result of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI-R) injury, which eventually provokes accelerated apoptosis. In the end, the infarct size still corresponds to the subsequent risk of developing heart failure. Therefore, true understanding of the mechanisms regarding MI-R injury, and its contribution to cell damage and cell death, are of the utmost importance in the search for successful therapeutic interventions to finally prevent the onset of heart failure. This review focuses on the role of innate immunity, chemokines, cytokines, and inflammatory cells in all three overlapping phases following experimental, mainly murine, MI-R injury known as the inflammatory, reparative, and maturation phase. It provides a complete state-of-the-art overview including most current research of all post-ischemic processes and phases and additionally summarizes the use of immunomodulatory therapies translated into clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niek J Pluijmert
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Douwe E Atsma
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Su X, Shen Y, Jin Y, Weintraub NL, Tang YL. Identification of critical molecular pathways involved in exosome-mediated improvement of cardiac function in a mouse model of muscular dystrophy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:529-535. [PMID: 32601364 PMCID: PMC8115234 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0446-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive disease characterized by skeletal muscle atrophy, respiratory failure, and cardiomyopathy. Our previous studies have shown that transplantation with allogeneic myogenic progenitor-derived exosomes (MPC-Exo) can improve cardiac function in X-linked muscular dystrophy (Mdx) mice. In the present study we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying this beneficial effect. We quantified gene expression in the hearts of two strains of Mdx mice (D2.B10-DmdMdx/J and Utrntm1Ked-DmdMdx/J). Two days after MPC-Exo or control treatment, we performed unbiased next-generation RNA-sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in treated Mdx hearts. Venn diagrams show a set of 780 genes that were ≥2-fold upregulated, and a set of 878 genes that were ≥2-fold downregulated, in both Mdx strains following MPC-Exo treatment as compared with control. Gene ontology (GO) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis showed that these DEGs were involved in a variety of physiological processes and pathways with a complex connection. qRT-PCR was performed to verify the upregulated ATP2B4 and Bcl-2 expression, and downregulated IL-6, MAPK8 and Wnt5a expression in MPC-Exo-treated Mdx hearts. Western blot analysis verified the increased level of Bcl-2 and decreased level of IL-6 protein in MPC-Exo-treated Mdx hearts compared with control treatment, suggesting that anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects might be responsible for heart function improvement by MPC-Exo. Based on these findings, we believed that these DEGs might be therapeutic targets that can be explored to develop new strategies for treating DMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Su
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yan Shen
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yue Jin
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yao-Liang Tang
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kim EN, Choi JS, Kim CJ, Kim SR, Oh SJ. Role of Ischemic Preconditioning in the Cardioprotective Mechanisms of Monomeric C-Reactive Protein-Deposited Myocardium in a Rat Model. J Chest Surg 2021; 54:9-16. [PMID: 33767007 PMCID: PMC7946522 DOI: 10.5090/kjtcs.20.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The deposition of monomeric C-reactive protein (mCRP) in the myocardium aggravates ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and myocardial infarction. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is known to protect the myocardium against IRI. Methods We evaluated the effects of IPC on myocardium upon which mCRP had been deposited due to IRI in a rat model. Myocardial IRI was induced via ligation of the coronary artery. Direct IPC was applied prior to IRI using multiple short direct occlusions of the coronary artery. CRP was infused intravenously after IRI. The study included sham (n=3), IRI-only (n=5), IRI+CRP (n=9), and IPC+IRI+CRP (n=6) groups. The infarcted area and the area at risk were assessed using Evans blue and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium staining. Additionally, mCRP immunostaining and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were performed. Results In the IRI+CRP group, the infarcted area and the area of mCRP deposition were greater, and the level of IL-6 mRNA expression was higher, than in the IRI-only group. However, in the IPC+IRI+CRP group relative to the IRI+CRP group, the relative areas of infarction (20% vs. 34%, respectively; p=0.079) and mCRP myocardial deposition (21% vs. 44%, respectively; p=0.026) were lower and IL-6 mRNA expression was higher (fold change 407 vs. 326, respectively; p=0.376), although the difference in IL-6 mRNA expression was not statistically significant. Conclusion IPC was associated with significantly decreased deposition of mCRP and with increased expression of IL-6 in myocardium damaged by IRI. The net cardioprotective effect of decreased mCRP deposition and increased IL-6 levels should be clarified in a further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Na Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Choi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Ra Kim
- Asan Laboratory of Perinatal Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Jin Oh
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bochaton T, Lassus J, Paccalet A, Derimay F, Rioufol G, Prieur C, Bonnefoy-Cudraz E, Crola Da Silva C, Bernelin H, Amaz C, Espanet S, de Bourguignon C, Dufay N, Cartier R, Croisille P, Ovize M, Mewton N. Association of myocardial hemorrhage and persistent microvascular obstruction with circulating inflammatory biomarkers in STEMI patients. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245684. [PMID: 33507957 PMCID: PMC7842962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myocardial hemorrhage (IMH) and persistent microvascular obstruction (MVO) are associated with impaired myocardial recovery and adverse clinical outcomes in STEMI patients. However, their relationship with circulating inflammatory biomarkers is unclear in human patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty consecutive patients referred for primary percutaneous coronary intervention of first STEMI were included in a prospective study. Blood sampling was performed at admission, 4, 12, 24, 48 hours, 7 and 30 days after reperfusion for inflammatory biomarker (C reactive protein, fibrinogen, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and neutrophils count) assessment. At seven days, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) was performed for infarct size, MVO and IMH assessment. Median infarct size was 24.6% Interquartile range (IQR) [12.0-43.5] of LV mass and edema was 13.2% IQR [7.7-36.1] of LV mass. IL-6 reached a peak at H24 (5.6 pg/mL interquartile range (IQR) [2.5-17.5]), CRP at H48 (11.7 mg/L IQR [7.1-69.2]), fibrinogen one week after admission (4.4 g/L IQR [3.8-6.7]) and neutrophils at H12 (9.0 G/L IQR [6.5-12.7]). MVO was present in 11 patients (55% of the study population) and hemorrhage in 7 patients (35%). Patients with IMH had significantly higher IL-6, CRP, fibrinogen, and neutrophils levels compared to patients without IMH. Patients with persistent MVO had significantly higher CRP, fibrinogen and neutrophils level compared to patients without MVO, but identical IL-6 kinetics. CONCLUSION In human patients with acute myocardial infarction, intramyocardial hemorrhage appears to have a stronger relationship with inflammatory biomarker release compared to persistent MVO. Attenuating myocardial hemorrhage may be a novel target in future adjunctive STEMI treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bochaton
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Université de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France
- Unité de Soins Intensifs Cardiologiques, Hôpital Louis Pradel et Université Claude Bernard, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Jules Lassus
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique, Université des Antilles, Fort de France, France
| | - Alexandre Paccalet
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Université de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France
| | - François Derimay
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Cardiovascular Hospital and Claude-Bernard University, Bron, France
| | - Gilles Rioufol
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Cardiovascular Hospital and Claude-Bernard University, Bron, France
| | - Cyril Prieur
- Unité de Soins Intensifs Cardiologiques, Hôpital Louis Pradel et Université Claude Bernard, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Eric Bonnefoy-Cudraz
- Unité de Soins Intensifs Cardiologiques, Hôpital Louis Pradel et Université Claude Bernard, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Claire Crola Da Silva
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Université de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France
| | - Hugo Bernelin
- Unité de Soins Intensifs Cardiologiques, Hôpital Louis Pradel et Université Claude Bernard, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Camille Amaz
- Centre d’investigation Clinique de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Sylvie Espanet
- Centre d’investigation Clinique de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Charles de Bourguignon
- Centre d’investigation Clinique de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Nathalie Dufay
- NeuroBioTec, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, France
| | - Régine Cartier
- Centre de biologie Est, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Pierre Croisille
- Université de Lyon, Université Jean-Monnet Saint-Etienne, INSA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Creatis, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Michel Ovize
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Université de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France
- Centre d’investigation Clinique de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Service d’explorations Fonctionnelles Cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Nathan Mewton
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Université de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France
- Centre d’investigation Clinique de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wu JW, Hu H, Li D, Ma LK. Hypoxia-inducible factor 2-alpha-dependent induction of IL-6 protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:3443-3458. [PMID: 33428604 PMCID: PMC7906200 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) results in increased myocardial infarct size and leads to poor clinical outcomes. Hypoxia-inducible factor 2-alpha (HIF2α) exerts myocardial protective effects during MIRI through as yet unclear mechanisms. Here, we show that knockdown of HIF2α with cardiotropic recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (rAAV9) in mouse hearts significantly increased the infarct sizes during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R). In addition, HIF2α transcriptionally regulated the expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in cardiomyocytes to elicit cardioprotection. Likewise, IL-6 deficiency aggravated MIRI, while treatment with recombinant IL-6 had cardioprotective effects and rescued the mice with HIF2α knockdown. Furthermore, IL-6 treatment significantly activated the PI3K/Akt and STAT3 signaling pathways in the myocardium during MI/R, and the specific inhibitors wortmannin (specific phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor) and Stattic (specific STAT3 inhibitor) substantially abolished HIF2α/IL-6-induced cardioprotection. These studies suggest that HIF2α transcription regulates the expression of IL-6 in cardiomyocytes and plays a protective role during MI/R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Li-Kun Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kanno SI, Hara A. The mRNA expression of Il6 and Pdcd1 are predictive and protective factors for doxorubicin‑induced cardiotoxicity. Mol Med Rep 2020; 23:113. [PMID: 33300057 PMCID: PMC7723161 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin (DOX), have been widely used in the treatment of a number of different solid and hematological malignancies. However, these drugs can inflict cumulative dose-dependent and irreversible damage to the heart, and can occasionally lead to heart failure. The cardiotoxic susceptibility varies among patients treated with anthracycline, and delays in the recognition of cardiotoxicity can result in poor prognoses. Accordingly, if the risk of cardiotoxicity could be predicted prior to drug administration, it would aid in safer and more effective chemotherapy treatment. The present study was carried out to identify genes that can predict DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DICT). In an in vivo study, mice cumulatively treated with DOX demonstrated increases in serum levels of cardiac enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase MB isoenzyme and troponin T), in addition to decreases in body and heart weights. These changes were indicative of DICT, but the severity of these effects varied among individual mice. In the current study, the correlation in these mice between the extent of DICT and circulating blood concentrations of relevant transcripts before DOX administration was analyzed. Among various candidate genes, the plasma mRNA levels of the genes encoding interleukin 6 (Il6) and programmed cell death 1 (Pdcd1) in blood exhibited significant and positive correlations with the severity of DICT. In an in vitro study using cardiomyocyte H9c2 cells, knockdown of Il6 or Pdcd1 by small interfering RNA was revealed to enhance DOX-induced apoptosis, as determined by luminescent assays. These results suggested that the levels of transcription of Il6 and Pdcd1 in cardiomyocytes serve a protective role against DICT, and that the accumulation of these gene transcripts in blood is a predictive marker for DICT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate a role for Il6 and Pdcd1 mRNA expression in DICT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syu-Ichi Kanno
- Department of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981‑8558, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981‑8558, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Quan W, Ma S, Zhu Y, Shao Q, Hou J, Li X. Apigenin-7- O-β-d-(6″- p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranoside reduces myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury in an experimental model via regulating the inflammation response. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:80-88. [PMID: 31887257 PMCID: PMC6968710 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1701043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Context: Traditionally, Clematis tangutica Korsh. (Ranunculaceae) is used as a Tibetan herb for treating indigestion and blood stasis in China. Recently, a flavonoid glycoside, apigenin-7-O-β-d-(6″-p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranoside (APG), was isolated from the whole plant of C. tangutica.Objective: To investigate the cardioprotective effects of APG against myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI) and the possible mechanism.Materials and methods: Animals were subjected to 30 min/3 h MI/RI model. At the end of reperfusion, infarct size (IS), histopathology, serum levels CK-MB, LDH, TNF-α, IL-6 and MPO activities were detected. Phospho-IκB-α, ICAM-1 and NF-κB were assessed in vivo. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were pre-treated with or without APG, followed by stimulation with 8 h/2 h oxygen and glucose deprived/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model. Cell viability, LDH and cardiomyocyte apoptosis were assessed. The expression levels of phospho-IκB-α and NF-κB were measured in vitro.Results: Treatment with APG significantly reduced the following indicators in vivo (p < 0.05): (1) the IS (16.2%); (2) morphology score (1.67); (3) myocardial injury enzymes: CK-MB (26.2 ng/mL) and LDH (688 U/L); (4) pro-inflammatory cytokines: TNF-α (31.5 pg/mL) and IL-6 (163.8 pg/mL); (5) MPO activity (2.75 U/mg); (6) expression levels of phospho-IκB-α (0.47), NF-κB (2.87) and ICAM-1 (10.2). Moreover, treatment with APG also remarkably (p < 0.05) attenuated the following indicators in vitro: (1) LDH level (206 U/L); (2) cardiomyocyte apoptosis; (3) phospho-IκB-α (1.37) and NF-κB (2.50).Conclusions: APG possesses protective effects against MI/RI injury in rats and OGD/R-induced injury in cardiomyocytes by suppressing translocation of NF-κB and reducing inflammatory response; consequently, APG is helpful for treatment of ischaemic heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Quan
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Xi’an Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shanbo Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanrong Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qing Shao
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Xi’an Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jixing Hou
- Xi’an Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kisby T, Lázaro I, Fisch S, Cartwright EJ, Cossu G, Kostarelos K. Adenoviral Mediated Delivery of OSKM Factors Induces Partial Reprogramming of Mouse Cardiac Cells In Vivo. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kisby
- Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health AV Hill Building The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Irene Lázaro
- Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health AV Hill Building The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences 58 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University Center for Life Science 3 Blackfan Circle Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Sudeshna Fisch
- Cardiovascular Physiology Core Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Cartwright
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health Manchester Academic Health Science Centre The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Giulio Cossu
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health AV Hill Building The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) Campus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Heart failure exhibits remarkable pathophysiologic heterogeneity. A large body of evidence suggests that regardless of the underlying etiology, heart failure is associated with induction of cytokines and chemokines that may contribute to the pathogenesis of adverse remodeling, and systolic and diastolic dysfunction. The pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6 have been extensively implicated in the pathogenesis of heart failure. Inflammatory cytokines modulate phenotype and function of all myocardial cells, suppressing contractile function in cardiomyocytes, inducing inflammatory activation in macrophages, stimulating microvascular inflammation and dysfunction, and promoting a matrix-degrading phenotype in fibroblasts. Moreover, cytokine-induced growth factor synthesis may exert chronic fibrogenic actions contributing to the pathogenesis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). In addition to their role in adverse cardiac remodeling, some inflammatory cytokines may also exert protective actions on cardiomyocytes under conditions of stress. Chemokines, such as CCL2, are also upregulated in failing hearts and may stimulate recruitment of pro-inflammatory leukocytes, promoting myocardial injury, fibrotic remodeling, and dysfunction. Although experimental evidence suggests that cytokine and chemokine targeting may hold therapeutic promise in heart failure, clinical translation remains challenging. This review manuscript summarizes our knowledge on the role of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and CCL2 in the pathogenesis of heart failure, and discusses the promises and challenges of targeted anti-cytokine therapy. Dissection of protective and maladaptive cellular actions of cytokines in the failing heart, and identification of patient subsets with overactive or dysregulated myocardial inflammatory responses are required for design of successful therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
44
|
Wu F, Feng X, Wu Y, Yu M, Ding S, Zhao H. Interleukin-6 Receptor Asp358 A>C Polymorphism Is Associated With Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation. Ann Thorac Surg 2020; 111:102-108. [PMID: 32561314 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.04.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the associations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 receptor gene (Asp358 A>C) and the interleukin-6 promoter (-174G>C and -597G>A) with interleukin-6 levels and postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS The study enrolled 371 Chinese Han patients who were undergoing CABG. Serum interleukin-6 levels were measured preoperatively and at 6, 12, and 18 hours postoperatively. Genotypes for the 3 polymorphisms were determined. RESULTS Overall, POAF developed in 30.2% of patients. The CC genotype and C allele frequencies for the interleukin-6 receptor Asp358 A>C polymorphism were significantly higher in patients with POAF than in patients without POAF (P = .003), and the interleukin-6 levels were significantly higher in patients with the CC genotype compared with A allele carriers at 6, 12, and 18 hours in the overall cohort and at 12 and 18 hours in the POAF subgroup, but there were no significant differences in the non-POAF subgroup. However, the allele and genotype frequencies of the interleukin-6 -174G>C and -597G>A polymorphisms were similar among groups, and there were no differences in interleukin-6 levels at any time point between the C/A allele carriers and the patients with GG genotypes. Univariate analysis showed that the CC genotype for interleukin-6 receptor Asp358 A>C, age, and history of cerebrovascular disease were associated with POAF. Multivariable regression showed that the CC genotype was independently related to the development of POAF (odds ratio, 2.01; 95% confidence interval: 1.15 to 3.52; P = .014). CONCLUSIONS The interleukin-6 receptor Asp358 A>C polymorphism may contribute to genetic susceptibility to POAF after CABG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangqin Wu
- Department of Adult Nursing, Department of Adult Nursing, School of Nursing, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinwei Feng
- Department of Adult Nursing, Department of Adult Nursing, School of Nursing, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Adult Nursing, Department of Adult Nursing, School of Nursing, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Department of Adult Nursing, Department of Adult Nursing, School of Nursing, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Ding
- Cardiac Center, Cardiac Center, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital Affiliated With Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Zhao
- Cardiac Center, Cardiac Center, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital Affiliated With Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mourouzis K, Oikonomou E, Siasos G, Tsalamadris S, Vogiatzi G, Antonopoulos A, Fountoulakis P, Goliopoulou A, Papaioannou S, Tousoulis D. Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Acute Coronary Syndromes. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:4624-4647. [PMID: 32282296 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200413082353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last decades, the role of inflammation and immune system activation in the initiation and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD) has been established. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to present the interplay between cytokines and their actions preceding and shortly after ACS. METHODS We searched in a systemic manner the most relevant articles to the topic of inflammation, cytokines, vulnerable plaque and myocardial infarction in MEDLINE, COCHRANE and EMBASE databases. RESULTS Different classes of cytokines (intereleukin [IL]-1 family, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) family, chemokines, adipokines, interferons) are implicated in the entire process leading to destabilization of the atherosclerotic plaque, and consequently, to the incidence of myocardial infarction. Especially IL-1 and TNF-α family are involved in inflammatory cell accumulation, vulnerable plaque formation, platelet aggregation, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and adverse remodeling following the myocardial infarction. Several cytokines such as IL-6, adiponectin, interferon-γ, appear with significant prognostic value in ACS patients. Thus, research interest focuses on the modulation of inflammation in ACS to improve clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION Understanding the unique characteristics that accompany each cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction could illuminate the signaling pathways involved in plaque destabilization and indicate future treatment strategies to improve cardiovascular prognosis in ACS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Mourouzis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Sotiris Tsalamadris
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Vogiatzi
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios Antonopoulos
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Fountoulakis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina Goliopoulou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Papaioannou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
A central feature of atherosclerosis, the most prevalent chronic vascular disease and root cause of myocardial infarction and stroke, is leukocyte accumulation in the arterial wall. These crucial immune cells are produced in specialized niches in the bone marrow, where a complex cell network orchestrates their production and release. A growing body of clinical studies has documented a correlation between leukocyte numbers and cardiovascular disease risk. Understanding how leukocytes are produced and how they contribute to atherosclerosis and its complications is, therefore, critical to understanding and treating the disease. In this review, we focus on the key cells and products that regulate hematopoiesis under homeostatic conditions, during atherosclerosis and after myocardial infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram C Poller
- From the Center for Systems Biology (W.C.P., M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- From the Center for Systems Biology (W.C.P., M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Radiology (M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Filip K Swirski
- From the Center for Systems Biology (W.C.P., M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Radiology (M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Allan-Rahill NH, Lamont MRE, Chilian WM, Nishimura N, Small DM. Intravital Microscopy of the Beating Murine Heart to Understand Cardiac Leukocyte Dynamics. Front Immunol 2020; 11:92. [PMID: 32117249 PMCID: PMC7010807 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of worldwide mortality. Intravital microscopy has provided unprecedented insight into leukocyte biology by enabling the visualization of dynamic responses within living organ systems at the cell-scale. The heart presents a uniquely dynamic microenvironment driven by periodic, synchronous electrical conduction leading to rhythmic contractions of cardiomyocytes, and phasic coronary blood flow. In addition to functions shared throughout the body, immune cells have specific functions in the heart including tissue-resident macrophage-facilitated electrical conduction and rapid monocyte infiltration upon injury. Leukocyte responses to cardiac pathologies, including myocardial infarction and heart failure, have been well-studied using standard techniques, however, certain questions related to spatiotemporal relationships remain unanswered. Intravital imaging techniques could greatly benefit our understanding of the complexities of in vivo leukocyte behavior within cardiac tissue, but these techniques have been challenging to apply. Different approaches have been developed including high frame rate imaging of the beating heart, explantation models, micro-endoscopy, and mechanical stabilization coupled with various acquisition schemes to overcome challenges specific to the heart. The field of cardiac science has only begun to benefit from intravital microscopy techniques. The current focused review presents an overview of leukocyte responses in the heart, recent developments in intravital microscopy for the murine heart, and a discussion of future developments and applications for cardiovascular immunology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel H Allan-Rahill
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Michael R E Lamont
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - William M Chilian
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Nozomi Nishimura
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - David M Small
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gilicze O, Simon D, Farkas N, Lantos M, Jancso G, Berki T, Lenard L. Characterization of lymphocyte subpopulations and cardiovascular markers in pericardial fluid of cardiac surgery patients. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 73:579-590. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-190594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Gilicze
- Heart Institute, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Diana Simon
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nelli Farkas
- Institute of Bioanalysis, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Mate Lantos
- Heart Institute, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gabor Jancso
- Department of Surgical Research and Techniques, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Timea Berki
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Lenard
- Heart Institute, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) remains the leading cause of early mortality post-heart transplantation. Despite improvements in mechanical circulatory support and critical care measures, the rate of PGD remains significant. A recent consensus statement by the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) has formulated a definition for PGD. Five years on, we look at current concepts and future directions of PGD in the current era of transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland.
- Scottish National Advanced Heart Failure Service, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland.
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
| | - Jonathan R Dalzell
- Scottish National Advanced Heart Failure Service, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Colin Berry
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Nawwar Al-Attar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland
- Scottish National Advanced Heart Failure Service, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Swirski FK, Nahrendorf M. Cardioimmunology: the immune system in cardiac homeostasis and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 18:733-744. [PMID: 30228378 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The past few decades have generated growing recognition that the immune system makes an important contribution to cardiac development, composition and function. Immune cells infiltrate the heart at gestation and remain in the myocardium, where they participate in essential housekeeping functions throughout life. After myocardial infarction or in response to infection, large numbers of immune cells are recruited to the heart to remove dying tissue, scavenge pathogens and promote healing. Under some circumstances, immune cells can cause irreversible damage, contributing to heart failure. This Review focuses on the role of the immune system in the heart under both homeostatic and perturbed conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|