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Toprak K, Yıldız Z, Akdemir S, Esen K, Kada R, Can Güleç N, Omar B, Biçer A, Demirbağ R. Low pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein is associated with nondipper hypertension and increased risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women with newly diagnosed chronic hypertension. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2023; 83:479-488. [PMID: 37887078 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2023.2275083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hypertension is one of the major risk factors for preeclampsia. Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein (PSG-1) is a protein that plays a critical role in fetomaternal immune modulation and has been shown to be closely associated with pregnancy adverse events such as preeclampsia. It is also known that PSG-1 and its source placenta are associated with many molecular pathways associated with blood pressure regulation. In addition, the nondipping pattern (NDP) of chronic hypertension has been shown to be an independent risk factor for preeclampsia. Dipper individuals experience a notable nighttime drop in blood pressure, typically around 10% or more compared to daytime levels, while nondipper individuals show a smaller nighttime blood pressure decrease, indicating potential circadian blood pressure regulation disruption. In this context, we aimed to reveal the relationship between PSG-1, NDP and preeclampsia in this study. A total of 304 pregnant women who were newly diagnosed in the first trimester and started on antihypertensive medication were included in this study. All subjects performed 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring twice throughout pregnancy, the first in the 1. trimester to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension and the second between 20+0 and 21+1 gestational weeks to determine the dipper-nondipper status of hypertension. Subjects were grouped as dipper and nondipper according to blood pressure, and groups were compared in terms of PSG-1 levels. In this study, low PSG-1 levels and NDP were independently associated with preeclampsia. Findings from this study suggest that PSG-1 may play an important role in the causal relationship between NDP and preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Toprak
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Zafer Yıldız
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Siverek State Hospital, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Selim Akdemir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Siverek State Hospital, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Kamil Esen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Siverek State Hospital, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Rahime Kada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Nuran Can Güleç
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Bahadır Omar
- Department of Cardiology, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Asuman Biçer
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Recep Demirbağ
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
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van der Linden J, Trap L, Scherer CV, Roks AJM, Danser AHJ, van der Pluijm I, Cheng C. Model Systems to Study the Mechanism of Vascular Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15379. [PMID: 37895059 PMCID: PMC10607365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally. Within cardiovascular aging, arterial aging holds significant importance, as it involves structural and functional alterations in arteries that contribute substantially to the overall decline in cardiovascular health during the aging process. As arteries age, their ability to respond to stress and injury diminishes, while their luminal diameter increases. Moreover, they experience intimal and medial thickening, endothelial dysfunction, loss of vascular smooth muscle cells, cellular senescence, extracellular matrix remodeling, and deposition of collagen and calcium. This aging process also leads to overall arterial stiffening and cellular remodeling. The process of genomic instability plays a vital role in accelerating vascular aging. Progeria syndromes, rare genetic disorders causing premature aging, exemplify the impact of genomic instability. Throughout life, our DNA faces constant challenges from environmental radiation, chemicals, and endogenous metabolic products, leading to DNA damage and genome instability as we age. The accumulation of unrepaired damages over time manifests as an aging phenotype. To study vascular aging, various models are available, ranging from in vivo mouse studies to cell culture options, and there are also microfluidic in vitro model systems known as vessels-on-a-chip. Together, these models offer valuable insights into the aging process of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette van der Linden
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne Trap
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline V. Scherer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J. M. Roks
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. H. Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van der Pluijm
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Institute, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Cheng
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Rizzoni D, Agabiti-Rosei C, Boari GEM, Muiesan ML, De Ciuceis C. Microcirculation in Hypertension: A Therapeutic Target to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease? J Clin Med 2023; 12:4892. [PMID: 37568294 PMCID: PMC10419740 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12154892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial hypertension is a common condition worldwide and an important risk factor for cardio- and cerebrovascular events, renal diseases, as well as microvascular eye diseases. Established hypertension leads to the chronic vasoconstriction of small arteries as well as to a decreased lumen diameter and the thickening of the arterial media or wall with a consequent increased media-to-lumen ratio (MLR) or wall-to-lumen ratio (WLR). This process, defined as vascular remodeling, was firstly demonstrated in small resistance arteries isolated from subcutaneous biopsies and measured by micromyography, and this is still considered the gold-standard method for the assessment of structural alterations in small resistance arteries; however, microvascular remodeling seems to represent a generalized phenomenon. An increased MLR may impair the organ flow reserve, playing a crucial role in the maintenance and, probably, also in the progressive worsening of hypertensive disease, as well as in the development of hypertension-mediated organ damage and related cardiovascular events, thus possessing a relevant prognostic relevance. New non-invasive techniques, such as scanning laser Doppler flowmetry or adaptive optics, are presently under development, focusing mainly on the evaluation of WLR in retinal arterioles; recently, also retinal microvascular WLR was demonstrated to have a prognostic impact in terms of cardio- and cerebrovascular events. A rarefaction of the capillary network has also been reported in hypertension, which may contribute to flow reduction in and impairment of oxygen delivery to different tissues. These microvascular alterations seem to represent an early step in hypertension-mediated organ damage since they might contribute to microvascular angina, stroke, and renal dysfunction. In addition, they can be markers useful in monitoring the beneficial effects of antihypertensive treatment. Additionally, conductance arteries may be affected by a remodeling process in hypertension, and an interrelationship is present in the structural changes in small and large conductance arteries. The review addresses the possible relations between structural microvascular alterations and hypertension-mediated organ damage, and their potential improvement with antihypertensive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Rizzoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (C.A.-R.); (M.L.M.); (C.D.C.)
| | - Claudia Agabiti-Rosei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (C.A.-R.); (M.L.M.); (C.D.C.)
- Second Division of Medicine, Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Gianluca E. M. Boari
- Division of Medicine, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Maria Lorenza Muiesan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (C.A.-R.); (M.L.M.); (C.D.C.)
- Second Division of Medicine, Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Carolina De Ciuceis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (C.A.-R.); (M.L.M.); (C.D.C.)
- Second Division of Medicine, Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Davis MJ, Earley S, Li YS, Chien S. Vascular mechanotransduction. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1247-1421. [PMID: 36603156 PMCID: PMC9942936 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00053.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to survey the current state of mechanotransduction in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs), including their sensing of mechanical stimuli and transduction of mechanical signals that result in the acute functional modulation and longer-term transcriptomic and epigenetic regulation of blood vessels. The mechanosensors discussed include ion channels, plasma membrane-associated structures and receptors, and junction proteins. The mechanosignaling pathways presented include the cytoskeleton, integrins, extracellular matrix, and intracellular signaling molecules. These are followed by discussions on mechanical regulation of transcriptome and epigenetics, relevance of mechanotransduction to health and disease, and interactions between VSMCs and ECs. Throughout this review, we offer suggestions for specific topics that require further understanding. In the closing section on conclusions and perspectives, we summarize what is known and point out the need to treat the vasculature as a system, including not only VSMCs and ECs but also the extracellular matrix and other types of cells such as resident macrophages and pericytes, so that we can fully understand the physiology and pathophysiology of the blood vessel as a whole, thus enhancing the comprehension, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Scott Earley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Yi-Shuan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Shu Chien
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
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5
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Rizzoni D, Agabiti-Rosei C, De Ciuceis C. State of the Art Review: Vascular Remodeling in Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2023; 36:1-13. [PMID: 35961002 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the gold-standard method for the assessment of structural alteration in small resistance arteries is the evaluation of the MLR by micromyography in bioptic tissues, new, noninvasive techniques are presently under development, focusing mainly on the evaluation of WLR in retinal arterioles. These approaches represent a promising and interesting future perspective. Appropriate antihypertensive treatment is able to prevent the development of microvascular alterations or to induce their regression. Also, conductance arteries may be affected by a remodeling process in hypertension, and a cross-talk may exist between structural changes in the small and large arteries. In conclusion, the evaluation of microvascular structure is ready for clinical prime time, and it could, in the future, represent an evaluation to be performed in the majority of hypertensive patients, to better stratify cardiovascular risk and better evaluate the effects of antihypertensive therapy. However, for this purpose, we need a clear demonstration of the prognostic relevance of noninvasive measures of microvascular structure, in basal conditions and during treatment. Vascular remodeling may be frequently observed in hypertension, as well as in obesity and diabetes mellitus. An increased media to lumen ratio (MLR) or wall to lumen ratio (WLR) in microvessels is the hallmark of hypertension, and may impair organ flow reserve, being relevant in the maintenance and, probably, also in the progressive worsening of hypertensive disease, as well as in the development of hypertension-mediated organ damage/cardiovascular events. The molecular mechanisms underlying the development of vascular remodeling are only partly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Rizzoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Division of Medicine, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari (Brescia), Italy
| | - Claudia Agabiti-Rosei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Second Division of Medicine, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carolina De Ciuceis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Second Division of Medicine, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Rachev A, Shazly T. A Mathematical Model of Maladaptive Inward Eutrophic Remodeling of Muscular Arteries in Hypertension. J Biomech Eng 2023; 145:011012. [PMID: 35900832 PMCID: PMC9445322 DOI: 10.1115/1.4055109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We propose a relatively simple two-dimensional mathematical model for maladaptive inward remodeling of resistive arteries in hypertension in terms of vascular solid mechanics. The main premises are: (i) maladaptive inward remodeling manifests as a reduced increase in the arterial mass compared to the case of adaptive remodeling under equivalent hypertensive pressures and (ii) the pressure-induced circumferential stress in the arterial wall is restored to its basal target value as happens in the case of adaptive remodeling. The rationale for these assumptions is the experimental findings that elevated tone in association with sustained hypertensive pressure down-regulate the normal differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells from contractile to synthetic phenotype and the data for the calculated hoop stress before and after completion of remodeling. Results from illustrative simulations show that as the hypertensive pressure increases, remodeling causes a nonmonotonic variation of arterial mass, a decrease in inner arterial diameter, and an increase in wall thickness. These findings and the model prediction that inward eutrophic remodeling is preceded by inward hypertrophic remodeling are supported by published observations. Limitations and perspectives for refining the mathematical model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rachev
- College of Engineering and Computing, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208; Institute of Mechanics, Acad. G Bonchev Str. Block 4, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Tarek Shazly
- College of Engineering and Computing, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
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Liu Y, Duan Y, Zhao N, Zhu X, Yu X, Jiao S, Song Y, Shi L, Ma Y, Wang X, Yu B, Qu A. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Attenuates Hypertensive Vascular Remodeling by Protecting Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Angiotensin II-Induced ROS Production. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122378. [PMID: 36552585 PMCID: PMC9774484 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling is the fundamental basis for hypertensive disease, in which vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysfunction plays an essential role. Previous studies suggest that the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) by fibrate drugs has cardiovascular benefits independent of the lipid-lowering effects. However, the underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. This study explored the role of PPARα in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced vascular remodeling and hypertension using VSMC-specific Ppara-deficient mice. The PPARα expression was markedly downregulated in the VSMCs upon Ang II treatment. A PPARα deficiency in the VSMC significantly aggravated the Ang II-induced hypertension and vascular stiffness, with little influence on the cardiac function. The morphological analyses demonstrated that VSMC-specific Ppara-deficient mice exhibited an aggravated vascular remodeling and oxidative stress. In vitro, a PPARα deficiency dramatically increased the production of mitochondrial reactive oxidative species (ROS) in Ang II-treated primary VSMCs. Finally, the PPARα activation by Wy14643 improved the Ang II-induced ROS production and vascular remodeling in a VSMC PPARα-dependent manner. Taken together, these data suggest that PPARα plays a critical protective role in Ang II-induced hypertension via attenuating ROS production in VSMCs, thus providing a potential therapeutic target for hypertensive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yan Duan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xinxin Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoting Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shiyu Jiao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanting Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yutao Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Baoqi Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
- Correspondence:
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Arishe OO, Priviero F, Wilczynski SA, Webb RC. Exosomes as Intercellular Messengers in Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111685. [PMID: 34769116 PMCID: PMC8583750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
People living with hypertension have a higher risk of developing heart diseases, and hypertension remains a top cause of mortality. In hypertension, some detrimental changes occur in the arterial wall, which include physiological and biochemical changes. Furthermore, this disease is characterized by turbulent blood flow, increased fluid shear stress, remodeling of the blood vessels, and endothelial dysfunction. As a complex disease, hypertension is thought to be caused by an array of factors, its etiology consisting of both environmental and genetic factors. The Mosaic Theory of hypertension states that many factors, including genetics, environment, adaptive, neural, mechanical, and hormonal perturbations are intertwined, leading to increases in blood pressure. Long-term efforts by several investigators have provided invaluable insight into the physiological mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of hypertension, and these include increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system, overactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), dysfunction of the vascular endothelium, impaired platelet function, thrombogenesis, vascular smooth muscle and cardiac hypertrophy, and altered angiogenesis. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by all cells and carry nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites into the extracellular environment. They play a role in intercellular communication and are involved in the pathophysiology of diseases. Since the discovery of exosomes in the 1980s, numerous studies have been carried out to understand the biogenesis, composition, and function of exosomes. In this review, we will discuss the role of exosomes as intercellular messengers in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunke Omolola Arishe
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (F.P.); (S.A.W.); (R.C.W.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-394-3582
| | - Fernanda Priviero
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (F.P.); (S.A.W.); (R.C.W.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Wilczynski
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (F.P.); (S.A.W.); (R.C.W.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - R. Clinton Webb
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (F.P.); (S.A.W.); (R.C.W.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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Lee SK, Jeong MA, Sung JM, Yeon HJ, Chang JH, Lim H. Effect of remifentanil infusion on the hemodynamic response during induction of anesthesia in hypertensive and normotensive patients: a prospective observational study. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:6254-6267. [PMID: 31680598 PMCID: PMC7045677 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519883568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The induction of general anesthesia may cause hemodynamic instability. Remifentanil is often administered to suppress the hemodynamic response. We aimed to evaluate the effect of remifentanil infusion on the hemodynamic response to induction of anesthesia in hypertensive and normotensive patients. Methods Patients were divided into two groups: Group H (n = 102) were hypertensive patients and Group C (n = 107) were normotensive patients. During induction, all patients received 1 µg/kg of remifentanil as a loading dose over 2 minutes, followed by a continuous infusion at 0.05 µg/kg/minute. We analyzed the systolic, diastolic, and mean pressures and heart rate pre-induction, pre-intubation, immediately post-intubation, and at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 minutes after intubation. Results The systolic, diastolic, and mean pressures before induction were significantly higher in group H compared with group C, but there was no significant difference between the two groups immediately after intubation. Blood pressures immediately after intubation were similar to the pre-induction blood pressure. There was no significant difference in heart rate between the two groups at any time point. Conclusions Remifentanil infusion effectively attenuates the hemodynamic response to induction of general anesthesia in hypertensive and normotensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Kyung Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ae Jeong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hanyang University Medical Center, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Min Sung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hanyang University Medical Center, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Yeon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hanyang University Medical Center, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hee Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hanyang University Medical Center, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunyoung Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hanyang University Medical Center, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
B cells are essential to the adaptive immune system for providing the humoral immunity against cohorts of pathogens. The presentation of antigen to the B cell receptor (BCR) leads to the initiation of B cell activation, which is a process sensitive to the stiffness features of the substrates presenting the antigens. Mechanosensing of the B cells, potentiated through BCR signaling and the adhesion molecules, efficiently regulates B cell activation, proliferation and subsequent antibody responses. Defects in sensing of the antigen-presenting substrates can lead to the activation of autoreactive B cells in autoimmune diseases. The use of high-resolution, high-speed live-cell imaging along with the sophisticated biophysical materials, has uncovered the mechanisms underlying the initiation of B cell activation within seconds of its engagement with the antigen presenting substrates. In this chapter, we reviewed studies that have contributed to uncover the molecular mechanisms of B cell mechanosensing during the initiation of B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Shaheen
- Center for life sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengpeng Wan
- Center for life sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kabeer Haneef
- Center for life sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingyue Zeng
- Center for life sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Jing
- Center for life sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- Center for life sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Mahavadi S, Nalli AD, Wang H, Kendig DM, Crowe MS, Lyall V, Grider JR, Murthy KS. Regulation of gastric smooth muscle contraction via Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent actin polymerization. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209359. [PMID: 30571746 PMCID: PMC6301582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In gastrointestinal smooth muscle, acetylcholine induced muscle contraction is biphasic, initial peak followed by sustained contraction. Contraction is regulated by phosphorylation of 20 kDa myosin light chain (MLC) at Ser19, interaction of actin and myosin, and actin polymerization. The present study characterized the signaling mechanisms involved in actin polymerization during initial and sustained muscle contraction in response to muscarinic M3 receptor activation in gastric smooth muscle cells by targeting the effectors of initial (phospholipase C (PLC)-β/Ca2+ pathway) and sustained (RhoA/focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/Rho kinase pathway) contraction. The initial Ca2+ dependent contraction and actin polymerization is mediated by sequential activation of PLC-β1 via Gαq, IP3 formation, Ca2+ release and Ca2+ dependent phosphorylation of proline-rich-tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) at Tyr402. The sustained Ca2+ independent contraction and actin polymerization is mediated by activation of RhoA, and phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr397. Both phosphorylation of Pyk2 and FAK leads to phosphorylation of paxillin at Tyr118 and association of phosphorylated paxillin with the GEF proteins p21-activated kinase (PAK) interacting exchange factor α, β (α and β PIX) and DOCK 180. These GEF proteins stimulate Cdc42 leading to the activation of nucleation promoting factor N-WASP (neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein), which interacts with actin related protein complex 2/3 (Arp2/3) to induce actin polymerization and muscle contraction. Acetylcholine induced muscle contraction is inhibited by actin polymerization inhibitors. Thus, our results suggest that a novel mechanism for the regulation of smooth muscle contraction is mediated by actin polymerization in gastrointestinal smooth muscle which is independent of MLC20 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunila Mahavadi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ancy D. Nalli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Derek M. Kendig
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Molly S. Crowe
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Vijay Lyall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - John R. Grider
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Karnam S. Murthy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
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12
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Arnold C, Feldner A, Zappe M, Komljenovic D, De La Torre C, Ruzicka P, Hecker M, Neuhofer W, Korff T. Genetic ablation of NFAT5/TonEBP in smooth muscle cells impairs flow- and pressure-induced arterial remodeling in mice. FASEB J 2018; 33:3364-3377. [PMID: 30383452 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801594r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The arterial wall adapts to alterations in blood flow and pressure by remodeling the cellular and extracellular architecture. Biomechanical stress of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the media is thought to precede this process and promote their activation and subsequent proliferation. However, molecular determinants orchestrating the transcriptional phenotype under these conditions have been insufficiently studied. We identified the transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5; or tonicity enhancer-binding protein) as a crucial regulatory element of mechanical stress responses of VSMCs. Here, the relevance of NFAT5 for arterial growth and thickening is investigated in mice upon inducible smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific genetic ablation of Nfat5. In cultured mouse VSMCs, loss of Nfat5 inhibits the expression of gene sets involved in the control of the cell cycle and the interaction with the extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal dynamics. In vivo, SMC-specific knockout of Nfat5 did not affect the general vascular architecture and blood pressure levels under baseline conditions. However, proliferation of VSMCs and the thickening of the arterial wall were inhibited during both flow-induced collateral remodeling and hypertension-mediated arterial hypertrophy. Whereas originally described as a hypertonicity-responsive transcription factor, these findings identify NFAT5 as a novel molecular determinant of biomechanically induced phenotype changes of VSMCs and wall stress-induced arterial remodeling processes.-Arnold, C., Feldner, A., Zappe, M., Komljenovic, D., De La Torre, C., Ruzicka, P., Hecker, M., Neuhofer, W., Korff, T. Genetic ablation of NFAT5/TonEBP in smooth muscle cells impairs flow- and pressure-induced arterial remodeling in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Arnold
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Feldner
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maren Zappe
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorde Komljenovic
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolina De La Torre
- Center of Medical Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Ruzicka
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Neuhofer
- Medical Clinic V, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Korff
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Favero G, Paini A, De Ciuceis C, Rodella LF, Moretti E, Porteri E, Rossini C, Ministrini S, Solaini L, Stefano C, Coschignano MA, Brami V, Petelca A, Nardin M, Valli I, Tiberio GAM, Bonomini F, Agabiti Rosei C, Portolani N, Rizzoni D, Rezzani R. Changes in extracellular matrix in subcutaneous small resistance arteries of patients with essential hypertension. Blood Press 2018. [PMID: 29523048 DOI: 10.1080/08037051.2018.1448256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the development of hypertensive microvascular remodeling, a relevant role may be played by changes in extracellular matrix proteins. Aim of this study was the to evaluate some extracellular matrix components within the tunica media of subcutaneous small arteries in 9 normotensive subjects and 12 essential hypertensive patients, submitted to a biopsy of subcutaneous fat from the gluteal or the anterior abdominal region. PATIENTS AND METHODS Subcutaneous small resistance arteries were dissected and mounted on an isometric myograph, and the tunica media to internal lumen ratio was measured. In addition, fibronectin, laminin, transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-β1) and emilin-1 contents within the tunica media were evaluated by immunofluorescence and relative immunomorphometrical analysis (immunopositivity % of area). The total collagen content and collagen subtypes within the tunica media were evaluated using both Sirius red staining (under polarized light) and immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS Normotensive controls had less total and type III collagen in respect with hypertensive patients. Fibronectin and TGF-β1 tunica media content was significantly greater in essential hypertensive patients, compared with normotensive controls, while laminin and emilin-1 tunica media content was lesser in essential hypertensive patients, compared with normotensive controls. A significant correlation was observed between fibronectin tunica media content and media to lumen ratio. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that, in small resistance arteries of patients with essential hypertension, a relevant fibrosis may be detected; fibronectin and TGF-β1 tunica media content is increased, while laminin and emilin-1 content is decreased; these changes might be involved in the development of small resistance artery remodeling in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Favero
- a Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Anna Paini
- b Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Carolina De Ciuceis
- b Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Luigi F Rodella
- a Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy.,c Interdipartimental University Center of Research "Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs- (ARTO)", University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Enrico Moretti
- a Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Enzo Porteri
- b Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Claudia Rossini
- b Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Silvia Ministrini
- d Clinica Chirurgica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Leonardo Solaini
- d Clinica Chirurgica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Caletti Stefano
- b Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | | | - Valeria Brami
- b Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Alina Petelca
- b Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Matteo Nardin
- b Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Ilenia Valli
- b Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Guido A M Tiberio
- b Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Francesca Bonomini
- a Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy.,c Interdipartimental University Center of Research "Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs- (ARTO)", University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Claudia Agabiti Rosei
- b Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Nazario Portolani
- d Clinica Chirurgica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Damiano Rizzoni
- b Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy.,e Division of Medicine , Istituto Clinico Città di Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Rita Rezzani
- a Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy.,c Interdipartimental University Center of Research "Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs- (ARTO)", University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
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14
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Abstract
Remodelling of subcutaneous small resistance arteries, as indicated by an increased media-to-lumen ratio, is frequently present in hypertensive, obese, or diabetic patients. The increased media-to-lumen ratio may impair organ flow reserve. This may be important in the maintenance and, probably, also in the progressive worsening of hypertensive disease. The presence of structural alterations represents a prognostically relevant factor, in terms of development of target organ damage or cardiovascular events, thus allowing us a prediction of complications in hypertension. In fact, media-to-lumen ratio of small arteries at baseline, and possibly their changes during treatment may have a strong prognostic significance. However, new, non-invasive techniques are needed before suggesting extensive application of the evaluation of remodelling of small arteries for the cardiovascular risk stratification in hypertensive patients. Some new techniques for the evaluation of microvascular morphology in the retina, currently under clinical investigation, seem to represent a promising and interesting future perspective. The evaluation of microvascular structure is progressively moving from bench to bedside, and it could represent, in the near future, an evaluation to be performed in all hypertensive patients, to obtain a better stratification of cardiovascular risk, and, possibly, it might be considered as an intermediate endpoint in the evaluation of the effects of antihypertensive therapy, provided that a demonstration of a prognostic value of non-invasive measures of microvascular structure is made available.
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15
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Frismantiene A, Kyriakakis E, Dasen B, Erne P, Resink TJ, Philippova M. Actin cytoskeleton regulates functional anchorage-migration switch during T-cadherin-induced phenotype modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Adh Migr 2017; 12:69-85. [PMID: 28524745 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2017.1319545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) switching between differentiated and dedifferentiated phenotypes is reversible and accompanied by morphological and functional alterations that require reconfiguration of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion networks. Studies attempting to explore changes in overall composition of the adhesion nexus during SMC phenotype transition are lacking. We have previously demonstrated that T-cadherin knockdown enforces SMC differentiation, whereas T-cadherin upregulation promotes SMC dedifferentiation. This study used human aortic SMCs ectopically modified with respect to T-cadherin expression to characterize phenotype-associated cell-matrix adhesion molecule expression, focal adhesions configuration and migration modes. Compared with dedifferentiated/migratory SMCs (expressing T-cadherin), the differentiated/contractile SMCs (T-cadherin-deficient) exhibited increased adhesion to several extracellular matrix substrata, decreased expression of several integrins, matrix metalloproteinases and collagens, and also distinct focal adhesion, adherens junction and intracellular tension network configurations. Differentiated and dedifferentiated phenotypes displayed distinct migrational velocity and directional persistence. The restricted migration efficiency of the differentiated phenotype was fully overcome by reducing actin polymerization with ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 whereas myosin II inhibitor blebbistatin was less effective. Migration efficiency of the dedifferentiated phenotype was diminished by promoting actin polymerization with lysophosphatidic acid. These findings held true in both 2D-monolayer and 3D-spheroid migration models. Thus, our data suggest that despite global differences in the cell adhesion nexus of the differentiated and dedifferentiated phenotypes, structural actin cytoskeleton characteristics per se play a crucial role in permissive regulation of cell-matrix adhesive interactions and cell migration behavior during T-cadherin-induced SMC phenotype transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Frismantiene
- a Department of Biomedicine , Laboratory for Signal Transduction, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Emmanouil Kyriakakis
- a Department of Biomedicine , Laboratory for Signal Transduction, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Boris Dasen
- a Department of Biomedicine , Laboratory for Signal Transduction, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Paul Erne
- a Department of Biomedicine , Laboratory for Signal Transduction, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Therese J Resink
- a Department of Biomedicine , Laboratory for Signal Transduction, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Maria Philippova
- a Department of Biomedicine , Laboratory for Signal Transduction, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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Ribas J, Zhang YS, Pitrez PR, Leijten J, Miscuglio M, Rouwkema J, Dokmeci MR, Nissan X, Ferreira L, Khademhosseini A. Biomechanical Strain Exacerbates Inflammation on a Progeria-on-a-Chip Model. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:10.1002/smll.201603737. [PMID: 28211642 PMCID: PMC5545787 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip platforms seek to recapitulate the complex microenvironment of human organs using miniaturized microfluidic devices. Besides modeling healthy organs, these devices have been used to model diseases, yielding new insights into pathophysiology. Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a premature aging disease showing accelerated vascular aging, leading to the death of patients due to cardiovascular diseases. HGPS targets primarily vascular cells, which reside in mechanically active tissues. Here, a progeria-on-a-chip model is developed and the effects of biomechanical strain are examined in the context of vascular aging and disease. Physiological strain induces a contractile phenotype in primary smooth muscle cells (SMCs), while a pathological strain induces a hypertensive phenotype similar to that of angiotensin II treatment. Interestingly, SMCs derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells of HGPS donors (HGPS iPS-SMCs), but not from healthy donors, show an exacerbated inflammatory response to strain. In particular, increased levels of inflammation markers as well as DNA damage are observed. Pharmacological intervention reverses the strain-induced damage by shifting gene expression profile away from inflammation. The progeria-on-a-chip is a relevant platform to study biomechanics in vascular biology, particularly in the setting of vascular disease and aging, while simultaneously facilitating the discovery of new drugs and/or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Ribas
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Doctoral Program in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrícia R. Pitrez
- CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Miscuglio
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeroen Rouwkema
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mehmet Remzi Dokmeci
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xavier Nissan
- INSERM U861, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, Evry Cedex 91030, France
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17
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Vascular structural and functional changes: their association with causality in hypertension: models, remodeling and relevance. Hypertens Res 2016; 40:311-323. [PMID: 27784889 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Essential hypertension is a complex multifactorial disease process that involves the interaction of multiple genes at various loci throughout the genome, and the influence of environmental factors such as diet and lifestyle, to ultimately determine long-term arterial pressure. These factors converge with physiological signaling pathways to regulate the set-point of long-term blood pressure. In hypertension, structural changes in arteries occur and show differences within and between vascular beds, between species, models and sexes. Such changes can also reflect the development of hypertension, and the levels of circulating humoral and vasoactive compounds. The role of perivascular adipose tissue in the modulation of vascular structure under various disease states such as hypertension, obesity and metabolic syndrome is an emerging area of research, and is likely to contribute to the heterogeneity described in this review. Diversity in structure and related function is the norm, with morphological changes being causative in some beds and states, and in others, a consequence of hypertension. Specific animal models of hypertension have advantages and limitations, each with factors influencing the relevance of the model to the human hypertensive state/s. However, understanding the fundamental properties of artery function and how these relate to signalling mechanisms in real (intact) tissues is key for translating isolated cell and model data to have an impact and relevance in human disease etiology. Indeed, the ultimate aim of developing new treatments to correct vascular dysfunction requires understanding and recognition of the limitations of the methodologies used.
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18
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Hillard JG, Gast TJ, Chui TY, Sapir D, Burns SA. Retinal Arterioles in Hypo-, Normo-, and Hypertensive Subjects Measured Using Adaptive Optics. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2016; 5:16. [PMID: 27617182 PMCID: PMC5015982 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.5.4.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Small artery and arteriolar walls thicken due to elevated blood pressure. Vascular wall thickness show a correlation with hypertensive subject history and risk for stroke and cardiovascular events. METHODS The inner and outer diameter of retinal arterioles from less than 10 to over 150 μm were measured using a multiply scattered light adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO). These measurements were made on three populations, one with habitual blood pressures less than 100/70 mm Hg, one with normal blood pressures without medication, and one with managed essential hypertension. RESULTS The wall to lumen ratio was largest for the smallest arterioles for all three populations. Data from the hypotensive group had a linear relationship between outer and inner diameters (r2 = 0.99) suggesting a similar wall structure in individuals prior to elevated blood pressures. Hypertensive subjects fell below the 95% confidence limits for the hypotensive relationship and had larger wall to lumen ratios and the normotensive group results fell between the other two groups. CONCLUSION High-resolution retinal imaging of subjects with essential hypertension showed a significant decrease in vessel inner diameter for a given outer diameter, and increases in wall to lumen ratio and wall cross-sectional areas over the entire range of vessel diameters and suggests that correcting for vessel size may improve the ability to identify significant vascular changes. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE High-resolution imaging allows precise measurement of vasculature and by comparing results across risk populations may allow improved identification of individuals undergoing hypertensive arterial wall remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dan Sapir
- Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA
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19
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Abstract
Aerobic exercise training leads to cardiovascular changes that markedly increase aerobic power and lead to improved endurance performance. The functionally most important adaptation is the improvement in maximal cardiac output which is the result of an enlargement in cardiac dimension, improved contractility, and an increase in blood volume, allowing for greater filling of the ventricles and a consequent larger stroke volume. In parallel with the greater maximal cardiac output, the perfusion capacity of the muscle is increased, permitting for greater oxygen delivery. To accommodate the higher aerobic demands and perfusion levels, arteries, arterioles, and capillaries adapt in structure and number. The diameters of the larger conduit and resistance arteries are increased minimizing resistance to flow as the cardiac output is distributed in the body and the wall thickness of the conduit and resistance arteries is reduced, a factor contributing to increased arterial compliance. Endurance training may also induce alterations in the vasodilator capacity, although such adaptations are more pronounced in individuals with reduced vascular function. The microvascular net increases in size within the muscle allowing for an improved capacity for oxygen extraction by the muscle through a greater area for diffusion, a shorter diffusion distance, and a longer mean transit time for the erythrocyte to pass through the smallest blood vessels. The present article addresses the effect of endurance training on systemic and peripheral cardiovascular adaptations with a focus on humans, but also covers animal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Nyberg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Taghizadeh H, Tafazzoli-Shadpour M, Shadmehr MB. Analysis of arterial wall remodeling in hypertension based on lamellar modeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 9:735-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Subcellular and Dynamic Coordination between Src Activity and Cell Protrusion in Microenvironment. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12963. [PMID: 26261043 PMCID: PMC4531316 DOI: 10.1038/srep12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration of endothelial cells is essential for wound healing and angiogenesis. Src kinase activity plays important roles at the protrusions of migrating endothelial cells. However, the spatiotemporal coordination between Src kinase activity and the protrusion of cell edge remains unclear. Therefore, we investigate these coordinated molecular events at the initiation of cell migration, by integrating microfabrication, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors, and automated computational image analysis. We demonstrate that the physical release of restrictive micropattern triggered a significant decrease of Src activity at the protrusive edge of endothelial cells. Computational cross-correlation analysis reveals that the decrease of Src activity occurred earlier in time, and was well-coordinated with the protrusion of cell edge in polarized cells, but not in non-polarized cells. These results suggest that the spatiotemporal control of Src kinase activity is well-coordinated with cell polarization and protrusion in endothelial cells upon the release of physical constraint, as that experienced by endothelial cells sprouting from stiff tumor micro-environment during angiogenesis. Therefore, our integrative approach enabled the discovery of a new model where Src is de-activated in coordination with membrane protrusion, providing important insights into the regulation of endothelial migration and angiogenesis.
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22
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Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Staiculescu MC, Foote C, Martinez-Lemus LA. Mechanisms of the inward remodeling process in resistance vessels: is the actin cytoskeleton involved? Microcirculation 2015; 21:219-29. [PMID: 24635509 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The resistance arteries and arterioles are the vascular components of the circulatory system where the greatest drop in blood pressure takes place. Consequently, these vessels play a preponderant role in the regulation of blood flow and the modulation of blood pressure. For this reason, the inward remodeling process of the resistance vasculature, as it occurs in hypertension, has profound consequences on the incidence of life-threatening cardiovascular events. In this manuscript, we review some of the most prominent characteristics of inwardly remodeled resistance arteries including their changes in vascular passive diameter, wall thickness, and elastic properties. Then, we explore the known contribution of the different components of the vascular wall to the characteristics of inwardly remodeled vessels, and pay particular attention to the role the vascular smooth muscle actin cytoskeleton may play on the initial stages of the remodeling process. We end by proposing potential ways by which many of the factors and mechanisms known to participate in the inward remodeling process may be associated with cytoskeletal modifications and participate in reducing the passive diameter of resistance vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Castorena-Gonzalez
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Arnold C, Feldner A, Pfisterer L, Hödebeck M, Troidl K, Genové G, Wieland T, Hecker M, Korff T. RGS5 promotes arterial growth during arteriogenesis. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1075-89. [PMID: 24972930 PMCID: PMC4154134 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201403864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arteriogenesis—the growth of collateral arterioles—partially compensates for the progressive occlusion of large conductance arteries as it may occur as a consequence of coronary, cerebral or peripheral artery disease. Despite being clinically highly relevant, mechanisms driving this process remain elusive. In this context, our study revealed that abundance of regulator of G-protein signalling 5 (RGS5) is increased in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of remodelling collateral arterioles. RGS5 terminates G-protein-coupled signalling cascades which control contractile responses of SMCs. Consequently, overexpression of RGS5 blunted Gαq/11-mediated mobilization of intracellular calcium, thereby facilitating Gα12/13-mediated RhoA signalling which is crucial for arteriogenesis. Knockdown of RGS5 evoked opposite effects and thus strongly impaired collateral growth as evidenced by a blockade of RhoA activation, SMC proliferation and the inability of these cells to acquire an activated phenotype in RGS5-deficient mice after the onset of arteriogenesis. Collectively, these findings establish RGS5 as a novel determinant of arteriogenesis which shifts G-protein signalling from Gαq/11-mediated calcium-dependent contraction towards Gα12/13-mediated Rho kinase-dependent SMC activation. Subject Categories Vascular Biology & Angiogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Arnold
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Feldner
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Larissa Pfisterer
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maren Hödebeck
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Troidl
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Guillem Genové
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Korff
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Fediuk J, Dakshinamurti S. A role for actin polymerization in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:185-94. [PMID: 25695400 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is defined as the failure of normal pulmonary vascular relaxation at birth. Hypoxia is known to impede postnatal disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton in pulmonary arterial myocytes, resulting in elevation of smooth muscle α-actin and γ-actin content in elastic and resistance pulmonary arteries in PPHN compared with age-matched controls. This review examines the original histological characterization of PPHN with attention to cytoskeletal structural remodeling and actin isoform abundance, reviews the existing evidence for understanding the biophysical and biochemical forces at play during neonatal circulatory transition, and specifically addresses the role of the cortical actin architecture, primarily identified as γ-actin, in the transduction of mechanical force in the hypoxic PPHN pulmonary circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena Fediuk
- Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada., Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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25
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Staiculescu MC, Foote C, Meininger GA, Martinez-Lemus LA. The role of reactive oxygen species in microvascular remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23792-835. [PMID: 25535075 PMCID: PMC4284792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The microcirculation is a portion of the vascular circulatory system that consists of resistance arteries, arterioles, capillaries and venules. It is the place where gases and nutrients are exchanged between blood and tissues. In addition the microcirculation is the major contributor to blood flow resistance and consequently to regulation of blood pressure. Therefore, structural remodeling of this section of the vascular tree has profound implications on cardiovascular pathophysiology. This review is focused on the role that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play on changing the structural characteristics of vessels within the microcirculation. Particular attention is given to the resistance arteries and the functional pathways that are affected by ROS in these vessels and subsequently induce vascular remodeling. The primary sources of ROS in the microcirculation are identified and the effects of ROS on other microcirculatory remodeling phenomena such as rarefaction and collateralization are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius C Staiculescu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Christopher Foote
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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26
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Heerkens EHJ, Quinn L, Withers SB, Heagerty AM. β Integrins mediate FAK Y397 autophosphorylation of resistance arteries during eutrophic inward remodeling in hypertension. J Vasc Res 2014; 51:305-14. [PMID: 25300309 PMCID: PMC4224252 DOI: 10.1159/000365479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human essential hypertension is characterized by eutrophic inward remodeling of the resistance arteries with little evidence of hypertrophy. Upregulation of αVβ3 integrin is crucial during this process. In order to investigate the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation in this process, the level of FAK Y397 autophosphorylation was studied in small blood vessels from young TGR(mRen2)27 animals as blood pressure rose and eutrophic inward remodeling took place. Between weeks 4 and 5, this process was completed and accompanied by a significant increase in FAK phosphorylation compared with normotensive control animals. Phosphorylated (p)FAK Y397 was coimmunoprecipitated with both β1- and β3-integrin-specific antibodies. In contrast, only a fraction (<10-fold) was coprecipitated with the β3 integrin subunit in control vessels. Inhibition of eutrophic remodeling by cRGDfV treatment of TGR(mRen2)27 rats resulted in the development of smooth-muscle-cell hypertrophy and a significant further enhancement of FAK Y397 phosphorylation, but this time with exclusive coassociation of pFAK Y397 with integrin β1. We established that phosphorylation of FAK Y397 with association with β1 and β3 integrins occurs with pressure-induced eutrophic remodeling. Inhibiting this process leads to an adaptive hypertrophic vascular response induced by a distinct β1-mediated FAK phosphorylation pattern.
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Scherer C, Pfisterer L, Wagner AH, Hödebeck M, Cattaruzza M, Hecker M, Korff T. Arterial wall stress controls NFAT5 activity in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000626. [PMID: 24614757 PMCID: PMC4187483 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Nuclear factor of activated T‐cells 5 (NFAT5) has recently been described to control the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Although an increase in wall stress or stretch (eg, elicited by hypertension) is a prototypic determinant of VSMC activation, the impact of this biomechanical force on the activity of NFAT5 is unknown. This study intended to reveal the function of NFAT5 and to explore potential signal transduction pathways leading to its activation in stretch‐stimulated VSMCs. Methods and Results Human arterial VSMCs were exposed to biomechanical stretch and subjected to immunofluorescence and protein‐biochemical analyses. Stretch promoted the translocation of NFAT5 to the nucleus within 24 hours. While the protein abundance of NFAT5 was regulated through activation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase under these conditions, its translocation required prior activation of palmitoyltransferases. DNA microarray and ChiP analyses identified the matrix molecule tenascin‐C as a prominent transcriptional target of NFAT5 under these conditions that stimulates migration of VSMCs. Analyses of isolated mouse femoral arteries exposed to hypertensive perfusion conditions verified that NFAT5 translocation to the nucleus is followed by an increase in tenascin‐C abundance in the vessel wall. Conclusions Collectively, our data suggest that biomechanical stretch is sufficient to activate NFAT5 both in native and cultured VSMCs where it regulates the expression of tenascin‐C. This may contribute to an improved migratory activity of VSMCs and thus promote maladaptive vascular remodeling processes such as hypertension‐induced arterial stiffening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Scherer
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Khavandi K, Arunakirinathan M, Greenstein AS, Heagerty AM. Retinal arterial hypertrophy: the new LVH? Curr Hypertens Rep 2013; 15:244-52. [PMID: 23575736 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-013-0347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of target organ damage represents the El Dorado for clinicians who treat hypertension. Although many of the cardiovascular sequelae of chronic hypertension are due to large artery atherosclerosis, an equal number are due to small artery dysfunction. These microvascular complications include eye disease (retinopathy), kidney failure, diastolic dysfunction of the heart and small vessel brain disease leading to stroke syndromes, dementia and even depression. Examination of the retinal vasculature represents the only way to reliably derive information regarding small arteries responsible for these diverse pathologies. This review aims to summarise the rapidly accruing evidence indicating that easily observable abnormalities of retinal arteries reflect target organ damage elsewhere in the body of hypertensive patients. In tandem, we also present putative mechanisms by which hypertension and diabetes fundamentally change small artery structure and function and how these processes may lead to target organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaivan Khavandi
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Department of Cardiology, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, UK.
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29
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Gliemann L, Nyberg M, Hellsten Y. Nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in limb vascular function: what is the effect of physical activity? Free Radic Res 2013; 48:71-83. [PMID: 23962038 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.835045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is known to be one of the most important regulatory compounds within the cardiovascular system where it is central for functions such as regulation of blood pressure, blood flow, and vascular growth. The bioavailability of NO is determined by a balance between, on one hand, the extent of enzymatic and non-enzymatic formation of NO and on the other hand, removal of NO, which in part is dependent on the reaction of NO with reactive oxygen species (ROS). The presence of ROS is dependent on the extent of ROS formation via mitochondria and/or enzymes such as NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX) and xanthine oxidase (XO) and the degree of ROS removal through the antioxidant defense system or other reactions. The development of cardiovascular disease has been proposed to be closely related to a reduced bioavailability of NO in parallel with an increased presence of ROS. Excessive levels of ROS not only lower the bioavailability of NO but may also cause cellular damage in the cardiovascular system. Physical activity has been shown to greatly improve cardiovascular function, in part through improved bioavailability of NO, enhanced endogenous antioxidant defense and a lowering of the expression of ROS-forming enzymes. Regular physical activity is therefore likely to be a highly useful tool in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Future studies should focus on which form of exercise may be most optimal for enhancing NO bioavailability and improving cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gliemann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section for Integrative Physiology, Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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30
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Pfisterer L, Feldner A, Hecker M, Korff T. Hypertension impairs myocardin function: a novel mechanism facilitating arterial remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 96:120-9. [PMID: 22843699 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Hypertension evokes detrimental changes in the arterial vessel wall that facilitate stiffening and thus lead to a further rise in mean blood pressure, eventually causing heart failure. The underlying pathophysiological remodelling process is elicited by an increase in wall stress (WS) and is strictly dependent on the activation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). However, it remains unclear as to why these cells fail to maintain their contractile and quiescent phenotype in a hypertensive environment. METHODS AND RESULTS In this context, we reveal that the knockdown of myocardin--a pivotal transcriptional determinant of the contractile SMC phenotype--is sufficient to induce SMC proliferation. In line with this observation, immunofluorescence analysis of the media of remodelling arteries from hypertensive mice demonstrated a significant decrease in the abundance of myocardin and an increase in SMC proliferation. Subsequent analyses of isolated perfused mouse arteries and human cultured SMCs exposed to cyclic stretch (i.e. mimicking one component of WS) suggested that this biomechanical force facilitates serine phosphorylation of myocardin. Furthermore, this biomechanical stimulus promotes rapid translocation of myocardin from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, inhibits its mRNA expression, and causes proteasomal degradation of the cytoplasmic protein. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings suggest that hypertension negates the activity of myocardin in SMCs on multiple levels, hence eliminating a crucial determinant of SMC quiescence. This mechanism may control the initial switch from the contractile towards the synthetic SMC phenotype during hypertension and may offer an interesting novel approach to prevent cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Pfisterer
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Yu JG, Zhou RR, Cai GJ. From hypertension to stroke: mechanisms and potential prevention strategies. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 17:577-84. [PMID: 21951373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of disability and death worldwide. Prevention aimed at risk factors of stroke is the most effective strategy to curb the stroke pandemic. Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for stroke. Despite the substantial evidence of the benefits of lowering blood pressure, conventional treatment does not normalize the burden of major cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension. Fully understanding the factors involved in the hypertension-induced stroke helps to develop new strategies for stroke prevention. Antihypertensive therapies selected should have positive blood pressure-independent effects on stroke risk. This review summarizes the factors involved in the hypertension-induced stroke, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and arterial baroreflex dysfunction, and potential strategies for its prevention, therefore, provides clues for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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32
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Yamin R, Morgan KG. Deciphering actin cytoskeletal function in the contractile vascular smooth muscle cell. J Physiol 2012; 590:4145-54. [PMID: 22687615 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.232306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the vascular smooth muscle cells present in the medial layer of the blood vessels wall in the fully differentiated state (dVSMCs). The dVSMC contractile phenotype enables these cells to respond in a highly regulated manner to changes in extracellular stimuli. Through modulation of vascular contractile force and vascular compliance dVSMCs regulate blood pressure and blood flow. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which vascular smooth muscle contractile functions are regulated are not completely elucidated. Recent studies have documented a critical role for actin polymerization and cytoskeletal dynamics in the regulation of contractile function. Here we will review the current understanding of actin cytoskeletal dynamics and focal adhesion function in dVSMCs in order to better understand actin cytoskeleton connections to the extracellular matrix and the effects of cytoskeletal remodelling on vascular contractility and vascular stiffness in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Yamin
- Health Sciences Department, Boston University, 635 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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33
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Chao JT, Davis MJ. The roles of integrins in mediating the effects of mechanical force and growth factors on blood vessels in hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2012; 13:421-9. [PMID: 21879361 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-011-0227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is characterized by a sustained increase in vasoconstriction and attenuated vasodilation in the face of elevated mechanical stress in the blood vessel wall. To adapt to the increased stress, the vascular smooth muscle cell and its surrounding environment undergo structural and functional changes known as vascular remodeling. Multiple mechanisms underlie the remodeling process, including increased expression of humoral factors and their receptors as well as adhesion molecules and their receptors, all of which appear to collaborate and interact in the response to pressure elevation. In this review, we focus on the interactions between integrin signaling pathways and the activation of growth factor receptors in the response to the increased mechanical stress experienced by blood vessels in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tzu Chao
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Nyberg M, Jensen LG, Thaning P, Hellsten Y, Mortensen SP. Role of nitric oxide and prostanoids in the regulation of leg blood flow and blood pressure in humans with essential hypertension: effect of high-intensity aerobic training. J Physiol 2012; 590:1481-94. [PMID: 22271868 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.225136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the role of nitric oxide (NO) and prostanoids in the regulation of leg blood flow and systemic blood pressure before and after 8 weeks of aerobic high-intensity training in individuals with essential hypertension (n = 10) and matched healthy control subjects (n = 11). Hypertensive subjects were found to have a lower (P < 0.05) blood flow to the exercising leg than normotensive subjects (30 W: 2.92 ± 0.16 vs. 3.39 ± 0.37 l min(−1)). Despite the lower exercise hyperaemia, pharmacological inhibition of the NO and prostanoid systems reduced leg blood flow to a similar extent during exercise in the two groups and vascular relaxation to the NO-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine was also similar between groups. High-intensity aerobic training lowered (P < 0.05) resting systolic (∼9 mmHg) and diastolic (∼12 mmHg) blood pressure in subjects with essential hypertension, but this effect of training was abolished when the NO and prostanoid systems were inhibited. Skeletal muscle vascular endothelial NO synthase uncoupling, expression and phosphorylation status were similar in the two groups before and after training. These data demonstrate that a reduction in exercise hyperaemia in hypertensive subjects is not associated with a reduced capacity of the NO and prostanoid systems to induce vasodilatation or with altered acetylcholine-induced response. However, our data suggest that the observed reduction in blood pressure is related to a training-induced change in the tonic effect of NO and/or prostanoids on vascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nyberg
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Arterioles are the blood vessels in the arterial side of the vascular tree that are located proximal to the capillaries and, in conjunction with the terminal arteries, provide the majority of resistance to blood flow. Consequently, arterioles are important contributors to the regulation of mean arterial pressure and tissue perfusion. Their wall consists of cellular and extracellular components that have been traditionally classified as conforming three layers: an intima containing endothelial cells sited on a basement membrane; a media made of an internal elastic lamina apposed by one or two layers of smooth muscle; and an adventitia composed mostly of collagen bundles, nerve endings and some fibroblasts. These components of the arteriolar wall are dynamically interconnected, providing a level of plasticity to the arteriolar wall that blurs the traditional boundaries of a rigid layered classification. This MiniReview focuses on the structural conformation of the arteriolar wall and shows how wall components interact spatially, functionally and temporally to control vascular diameter, regulate blood flow and maintain vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Rizzoni D, De Ciuceis C, Porteri E, Semeraro F, Rosei EA. Structural alterations in small resistance arteries in obesity. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 110:56-62. [PMID: 21883940 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, small resistance arteries may show the presence of structural alterations. In particular, in essential hypertension, an increased media-to-lumen ratio of subcutaneous small arteries with no change in the total amount of vascular wall tissue (eutrophic remodelling) has already been described several years ago. Similar alterations have been demonstrated also in patients with diabetes mellitus and obesity; in this case, however, a more evident contribution of vascular smooth muscle cell growth (hypertrophic remodelling) is present. This review addresses the effects of obesity on small resistance artery structure. Similar to diabetic patients, obese patients show an increased media-to-lumen ratio of subcutaneous small arteries, which appears associated with hypertrophic remodelling, as demonstrated by an increase in media cross-sectional area. Endothelial dysfunction evaluated as vasodilator response to acetylcholine has also been observed. Several studies have shown that increased media-to-lumen ratio of subcutaneous small resistance arteries possesses a prognostic significance in relation to cardiovascular outcome. Appropriate antihypertensive treatment may improve microvascular alterations both in essential hypertension and in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In obesity, a pronounced weight loss may improve microvascular structure. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the effects of other pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Rizzoni
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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Arterial stiffness, pulse pressure, and cardiovascular disease—Is it possible to break the vicious circle? Atherosclerosis 2011; 218:263-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Umesh A, Paudel O, Cao YN, Myers AC, Sham JSK. Alteration of pulmonary artery integrin levels in chronic hypoxia and monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. J Vasc Res 2011; 48:525-37. [PMID: 21829038 DOI: 10.1159/000329593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension is associated with vascular remodeling and increased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. While the contribution of ECM in vascular remodeling is well documented, the roles played by their receptors, integrins, in pulmonary hypertension have received little attention. Here we characterized the changes of integrin expression in endothelium-denuded pulmonary arteries (PAs) and aorta of chronic hypoxia as well as monocrotaline-treated rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunoblot showed increased α(1)-, α(8)- and α(v)-integrins, and decreased α(5)-integrin levels in PAs of both models. β(1)- and β(3)-integrins were reduced in PAs of chronic hypoxia and monocrotaline-treated rats, respectively. Integrin expression in aorta was minimally affected. Differential expression of α(1)- and α(5)-integrins induced by chronic hypoxia was further examined. Immunostaining showed that they were expressed on the surface of PA smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and their distribution was unaltered by chronic hypoxia. Phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase was augmented in PAs of chronic hypoxia rats, and in chronic hypoxia PASMCs cultured on the α(1)-ligand collagen IV. Moreover, α(1)-integrin binding hexapeptide GRGDTP elicited an enhanced Ca(2+) response, whereas the response to α(5)-integrin binding peptide GRGDNP was reduced in CH-PASMCs. CONCLUSION Integrins in PASMCs are differentially regulated in pulmonary hypertension, and the dynamic integrin-ECM interactions may contribute to the vascular remodeling accompanying disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Umesh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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De Ciuceis C, Porteri E, Rizzoni D, Corbellini C, La Boria E, Boari GE, Pilu A, Mittempergher F, Di Betta E, Casella C, Nascimbeni R, Rosei CA, Ruggeri G, Caimi L, Rosei EA. Effects of Weight Loss on Structural and Functional Alterations of Subcutaneous Small Arteries in Obese Patients. Hypertension 2011; 58:29-36. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.171082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Structural alterations of subcutaneous small resistance arteries, as indicated by an increased media:lumen ratio, are frequently present in hypertensive and/or diabetic patients and may represent the earliest alteration observed. In addition, media:lumen ratios of small arteries have a strong prognostic significance. However, no data are available about the structure of small resistance arteries of obese patients, particularly after weight loss. We have investigated 27 patients with severe obesity. Twelve of them were normotensive, and 15 were hypertensive. All of the obese patients underwent bariatric surgery. We compared results obtained with those observed in 13 normotensive lean controls and in 13 hypertensive lean patients. All of the subjects and patients underwent a biopsy of subcutaneous fat during surgical intervention. In 8 obese patients, a second biopsy was obtained after consistent weight loss, during a surgical intervention for abdominoplasty. Subcutaneous small resistance arteries were dissected and mounted on a wire myograph, and structural parameters were measured. A concentration-response curve to acetylcholine was performed to evaluate endothelial function. Obese patients, independent from the presence of hypertension, show the presence of an increased media:lumen ratio and media cross-sectional area, together with an impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilatation. After surgical correction of obesity and consistent weight loss, a significant improvement of microvascular structure and of some oxidative stress/inflammation markers were observed. In conclusion, our data suggest that the presence of obesity is associated with structural alterations of subcutaneous small resistance arteries, mainly characterized by hypertrophic remodeling. Weight loss may improve microvascular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina De Ciuceis
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.D.C., E.P., D.R., C.Co., E.L.B., G.E.M.B., A.P., C.A.R., E.A.R.) and the Chair of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (F.M., E.D.B., C.Ca., R.N.) and the Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (G.R., L.C.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enzo Porteri
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.D.C., E.P., D.R., C.Co., E.L.B., G.E.M.B., A.P., C.A.R., E.A.R.) and the Chair of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (F.M., E.D.B., C.Ca., R.N.) and the Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (G.R., L.C.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Damiano Rizzoni
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.D.C., E.P., D.R., C.Co., E.L.B., G.E.M.B., A.P., C.A.R., E.A.R.) and the Chair of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (F.M., E.D.B., C.Ca., R.N.) and the Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (G.R., L.C.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Corbellini
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.D.C., E.P., D.R., C.Co., E.L.B., G.E.M.B., A.P., C.A.R., E.A.R.) and the Chair of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (F.M., E.D.B., C.Ca., R.N.) and the Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (G.R., L.C.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisa La Boria
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.D.C., E.P., D.R., C.Co., E.L.B., G.E.M.B., A.P., C.A.R., E.A.R.) and the Chair of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (F.M., E.D.B., C.Ca., R.N.) and the Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (G.R., L.C.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gianluca E.M. Boari
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.D.C., E.P., D.R., C.Co., E.L.B., G.E.M.B., A.P., C.A.R., E.A.R.) and the Chair of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (F.M., E.D.B., C.Ca., R.N.) and the Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (G.R., L.C.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pilu
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.D.C., E.P., D.R., C.Co., E.L.B., G.E.M.B., A.P., C.A.R., E.A.R.) and the Chair of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (F.M., E.D.B., C.Ca., R.N.) and the Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (G.R., L.C.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Mittempergher
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.D.C., E.P., D.R., C.Co., E.L.B., G.E.M.B., A.P., C.A.R., E.A.R.) and the Chair of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (F.M., E.D.B., C.Ca., R.N.) and the Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (G.R., L.C.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ernesto Di Betta
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.D.C., E.P., D.R., C.Co., E.L.B., G.E.M.B., A.P., C.A.R., E.A.R.) and the Chair of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (F.M., E.D.B., C.Ca., R.N.) and the Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (G.R., L.C.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudio Casella
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.D.C., E.P., D.R., C.Co., E.L.B., G.E.M.B., A.P., C.A.R., E.A.R.) and the Chair of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (F.M., E.D.B., C.Ca., R.N.) and the Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (G.R., L.C.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Nascimbeni
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.D.C., E.P., D.R., C.Co., E.L.B., G.E.M.B., A.P., C.A.R., E.A.R.) and the Chair of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (F.M., E.D.B., C.Ca., R.N.) and the Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (G.R., L.C.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Agabiti Rosei
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.D.C., E.P., D.R., C.Co., E.L.B., G.E.M.B., A.P., C.A.R., E.A.R.) and the Chair of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (F.M., E.D.B., C.Ca., R.N.) and the Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (G.R., L.C.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Ruggeri
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.D.C., E.P., D.R., C.Co., E.L.B., G.E.M.B., A.P., C.A.R., E.A.R.) and the Chair of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (F.M., E.D.B., C.Ca., R.N.) and the Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (G.R., L.C.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Caimi
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.D.C., E.P., D.R., C.Co., E.L.B., G.E.M.B., A.P., C.A.R., E.A.R.) and the Chair of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (F.M., E.D.B., C.Ca., R.N.) and the Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (G.R., L.C.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Agabiti Rosei
- From the Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.D.C., E.P., D.R., C.Co., E.L.B., G.E.M.B., A.P., C.A.R., E.A.R.) and the Chair of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (F.M., E.D.B., C.Ca., R.N.) and the Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology (G.R., L.C.), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Ratz PH. ROK controls urethral tone, but by what mechanism? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 300:F71-2. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00608.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul H. Ratz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
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Abstract
Integrins bind extracellular matrix fibrils and associate with intracellular actin filaments through a variety of cytoskeletal linker proteins to mechanically connect intracellular and extracellular structures. Each component of the linkage from the cytoskeleton through the integrin-mediated adhesions to the extracellular matrix therefore transmits forces that may derive from both intracellular, myosin-generated contractile forces and forces from outside the cell. These forces activate a wide range of signaling pathways and genetic programs to control cell survival, fate, and behavior. Additionally, cells sense the physical properties of their surrounding environment through forces exerted on integrin-mediated adhesions. This article first summarizes current knowledge about regulation of cell function by mechanical forces acting through integrin-mediated adhesions and then discusses models for mechanotransduction and sensing of environmental forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Alexander Schwartz
- Departments of Microbiology, Cell Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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Moraes J, Assreuy J, Canetti C, Barja-Fidalgo C. Leukotriene B4 mediates vascular smooth muscle cell migration through αvβ3 integrin transactivation. Atherosclerosis 2010; 212:406-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
It has been known for some considerable time that sustained hypertension changes the circulatory architecture both in the heart and blood vessels. The histopathological alterations are of considerable interest because once they have developed they appear to carry an adverse prognostic risk. In the heart it is apparent that there is hypertrophy. This extends also to the large- and medium-sized blood vessels but at the level of the smaller arteries that contribute to vascular resistance, this is not the case: it is clear that the physiological response to higher pressures is a change in the positional conformation of the pre-existing tissue constituents and as a result of this the lumen is narrowed. This brief review looks at our knowledge in this area and attempts to clarify our understanding of how hypertension brings these about and what happens when these homeostatic mechanisms break down. From a therapeutic perspective it appears imperative to control blood pressure in an attempt to reverse or prevent such alterations to cardiovascular structure. Our knowledge is fast expanding in this field and it is only to be anticipated that as detection methodology improves everyday practice will alter as we profile our patients in terms of structural alterations in the ventricle and blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Heagerty
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Biomedicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Role of extracellular matrix in vascular remodeling of hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2010; 19:187-94. [PMID: 20040870 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e328335eec9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Arterial stiffness due to alterations in extracellular matrix is one of the mechanisms responsible for increased peripheral resistance in hypertension. Recent evidence points to arterial stiffness as an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. This review focuses on recent advances in the biology of extracellular matrix proteins involved in hypertension-associated vascular changes. RECENT FINDINGS The vascular extracellular matrix is a complex heterogeneous tissue comprising collagens, elastin, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. These constituents not only provide mechanical integrity to the vessel wall but also possess a repertoire of insoluble ligands that induce cell signaling to control proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival. It is now evident that it is not only the quantity but also the quality of the new synthesized extracellular matrix that determines changes in vascular stiffness in hypertension. Also, the control of cross-linking and the interactions between the extracellular matrix and vascular cells seem to be important. SUMMARY It is now evident that some of the currently used antihypertensive therapies can correct vascular stiffness and fibrosis. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying alterations in extracellular matrix in hypertension will provide insights into novel therapies to reduce arterial stiffness and will identify new roles of established antihypertensive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akira Yamashina
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University
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46
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Coordinated Regulation of Vascular Ca2+ and K+ Channels by Integrin Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 674:69-79. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6066-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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47
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Liao TD, Yang XP, D'Ambrosio M, Zhang Y, Rhaleb NE, Carretero OA. N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline attenuates renal injury and dysfunction in hypertensive rats with reduced renal mass: council for high blood pressure research. Hypertension 2009; 55:459-67. [PMID: 20026760 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.144568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is a naturally occurring peptide of which the plasma concentration is increased 4- to 5-fold by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. We reported previously that, in models of both hypertension and postmyocardial infarction, Ac-SDKP reduces cardiac inflammation and fibrosis. However, it is unknown whether Ac-SDKP can prevent or reverse renal injury and dysfunction in hypertension. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that, in rats with 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx)-induced hypertension, Ac-SDKP reduces renal damage, albuminuria, and dysfunction by decreasing inflammatory cell infiltration and renal fibrosis and by increasing nephrin protein. Ac-SDKP (800 microg/kg per day, SC via osmotic minipump) or vehicle was either started 7 days before 5/6Nx (prevention) and continued for 3 weeks or started 3 weeks after 5/6Nx (reversal) and continued for another 3 weeks. Rats with 5/6Nx developed high blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, albuminuria, decreased glomerular filtration rate, and increased macrophage infiltration (inflammation) and renal collagen content (fibrosis). Ac-SDKP did not affect blood pressure or left ventricular hypertrophy in either group; however, it significantly reduced albuminuria, renal inflammation, and fibrosis and improved glomerular filtration rate in both prevention and reversal groups. Moreover, slit diaphragm nephrin protein expression in the glomerular filtration barrier was significantly decreased in hypertensive rats. This effect was partially prevented or reversed by Ac-SDKP. We concluded that Ac-SDKP greatly attenuates albuminuria and renal fibrosis and improves renal function in rats with 5/6Nx. These effects may be related to decreased inflammation (macrophages) and increased nephrin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang-Dong Liao
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Mich 48202-2689, USA
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Llorens C, Alós R, Cano E, Font A, Jódar P, López V, Navarro A, Sánchez A, Utzet M, Moncada S. Psychosocial risk exposures and labour management practices. An exploratory approach. Scand J Public Health 2009; 38:125-36. [DOI: 10.1177/1403494809354363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The purpose was to explore the relationship between psychosocial risk exposures and labour management practices (LMP), as indicators of work organization and pertinent features for primary preventive intervention. Methods: Cross-sectional study of a representative sample of salaried working population in Spain (n = 7,612). Information was obtained in 2004-2005 using a standardized questionnaire administered through personal interviews at the household. Questions on working conditions were used to establish LMP indicators and the psychosocial exposures data were obtained on the basis of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) I (ISTAS21). A multivariate description was performed through multiple correspondence analysis, and associations between LMPs and psychosocial exposures were assessed by ordinal logistic analysis adjusting for age and sex. Results: Correspondence analysis showed a good-bad coherent pattern regarding both psychosocial dimension and LMPs, though several LMPs categories were placed in the centre. Among the 14 possible associations of each psychosocial scale with LMP variables, several scales showed significant associations with more than eight LMP variables. Most relevant results referred to the LMP variable ‘‘Consultative and delegative participation in methods’’. Conclusions: In line with previous research, psychosocial exposures were associated with LMP. LMP may constitute a step on a pathway from work organization to health. Our exploratory work suggested that good psychosocial exposures were related to participatory working methods, being hired with a permanent labour contract, not being made to feel easily replaceable, having superiors with non-authoritarian and non-aggressive manners, not being threatened with dismissal, upward functional mobility, being paid according to the number of working hours and occupation, working between 31 and 40 hours per week and in regular morning shifts. Hence, the more these features became part of LMP in the workplace, the better the psychosocial work environment would be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Llorens
- Union Institute of Work Environment and Health (ISTAS),
Barcelona and Valencia, Spain, School of Social Sciences, University of Valencia
(UV), Spain, , Department of Sociology, School of Political Science
and Sociology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Spain
| | - Ramon Alós
- Department of Sociology, School of Political Science
and Sociology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Spain
| | - Ernest Cano
- Department of Economics, School of Political Science
and Sociology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Spain
| | - Ariadna Font
- Union Institute of Work Environment and Health (ISTAS),
Barcelona and Valencia, Spain
| | - Pere Jódar
- Department of Political Sciences and Sociology, Pompeu
Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente López
- Union Institute of Work Environment and Health (ISTAS),
Barcelona and Valencia, Spain
| | - Albert Navarro
- Biostatistics Unit, School of Medicine, Autonomous University
of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amat Sánchez
- Department of Economics, School of Political Science
and Sociology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Spain
| | - Mireia Utzet
- Biostatistics Unit, School of Medicine, Autonomous University
of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Moncada
- Union Institute of Work Environment and Health (ISTAS),
Barcelona and Valencia, Spain,
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Yokoi T, Yokoi T, Kobayashi Y, Hiraoka M, Nishina S, Azuma N. Evaluation of scleral buckling for stage 4A retinopathy of prematurity by fluorescein angiography. Am J Ophthalmol 2009; 148:544-550.e1. [PMID: 19589496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2009.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the early efficacy of scleral buckling for active neovascularization by fundus fluorescein angiography (FA) in eyes with stage 4A retinopathy of prematurity. DESIGN A retrospective, nonrandomized, observational case series. METHODS Patients who underwent scleral buckling for stage 4A ROP at the National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan, from October 2007 through November 2008 were included. Preoperative and postoperative FA and fundus photographs obtained with a wide-field digital pediatric imaging system were reviewed. Three patients (5 eyes; gestational ages at birth, 23 to 25 weeks; birth weights, 574 to 811 g) with zone II stage 4A ROP who underwent postoperative FA, 2 weeks or less after scleral buckling (range, 7 to 12 days; postmenstrual ages at postoperative FA, 41 to 45 weeks) were evaluated. Patients who underwent postoperative FA 2 weeks or more after scleral buckling were excluded. RESULTS Despite fluorescein leakage from fibrovascular tissue in all eyes before surgery, markedly decreased leakage occurred only between 7 to 12 days after surgery. The retinas were reattached completely in all eyes after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Scleral buckling may prevent progression of retinal detachment in stage 4A ROP by reducing the tractional force and stabilizing the neovascular activity of the fibrovascular tissue.
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Sonoyama K, Greenstein A, Price A, Khavandi K, Heagerty T. Vascular remodeling: implications for small artery function and target organ damage. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 1:129-37. [PMID: 19124402 DOI: 10.1177/1753944707086358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
At the level of the small artery, essential hypertension is associated with eutrophic inward remodeling. This involves reduction in lumen diameter by an increase in wall thickness. Previously thought to involve either hypertrophy or hyperplasia of the vascular smooth muscle cells in the media, it is now felt to be mediated by a functional property of the wall: myogenic tone. This is the ability of an artery to contract in response to an increase in intraluminal pressure. This autoregulatory function is also vital to ensure stabilisation of distal capillary pressures and so prevent, or limit, organ damage. Indeed in any animal model studied, when myogenic autoregulation is affected, target organ damage ensues. We have also observed, in two studies, that when myogenic autoregulation is damaged in the context of hypertension, eutrophic remodeling is replaced by an outward growth of the arterial wall with preservation of lumen diameter. This is called hypertrophic remodeling and, independently, has been observed by a number of groups in small arteries from patients with type 2 diabetes. We believe that this is a key reason for the unique propensity to hypertensive injury seen in patients with diabetes. We also discuss the significance of integrins, transmembrane proteins with wide ranging functions; from initiation of cell migration to intracellular signalling. Two particular integrins, alpha5beta1 and alphanubeta3, have been found to be necessary for both normal myogenic autoregulation and eutrophic remodeling and the possibility that damage to these may occur in diabetes is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Sonoyama
- Division of Cardiovascular and Endocrine Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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