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Mahanta PJ, Lhouvum K. Plasmodium falciparum proteases as new drug targets with special focus on metalloproteases. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2024; 258:111617. [PMID: 38554736 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2024.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Malaria poses a significant global health threat particularly due to the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection. With the emergence of parasite resistance to existing drugs including the recently discovered artemisinin, ongoing research seeks novel therapeutic avenues within the malaria parasite. Proteases are promising drug targets due to their essential roles in parasite biology, including hemoglobin digestion, merozoite invasion, and egress. While exploring the genomic landscape of Plasmodium falciparum, it has been revealed that there are 92 predicted proteases, with only approximately 14 of them having been characterized. These proteases are further distributed among 26 families grouped into five clans: aspartic proteases, cysteine proteases, metalloproteases, serine proteases, and threonine proteases. Focus on metalloprotease class shows further role in organelle processing for mitochondria and apicoplasts suggesting the potential of metalloproteases as viable drug targets. Holistic understanding of the parasite intricate life cycle and identification of potential drug targets are essential for developing effective therapeutic strategies against malaria and mitigating its devastating global impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimjolly Lhouvum
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
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2
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Chan RJ, Parikh N, Ahmed S, Ruzicka M, Hiremath S. Blood Pressure Control Should Focus on More Potassium: Controversies in Hypertension. Hypertension 2024; 81:501-509. [PMID: 37641923 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.20545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.J.C., N.P., S.A., M.R., S.H.)
| | - Namrata Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.J.C., N.P., S.A., M.R., S.H.)
| | - Sumaiya Ahmed
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.J.C., N.P., S.A., M.R., S.H.)
| | - Marcel Ruzicka
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.J.C., N.P., S.A., M.R., S.H.)
| | - Swapnil Hiremath
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.J.C., N.P., S.A., M.R., S.H.)
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada (S.H.)
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3
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Panov VP, Safonova SS, Pronina GI, Orlov AM, Rolskii AY, Artemenkov DV. Some Features of the Blood Cellular Composition and Histology of Muscles of Female and Male Beaked Redfish (Sebastes mentella). BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022070135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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4
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Kahlon T, Carlisle S, Otero Mostacero D, Williams N, Trainor P, DeFilippis AP. Angiotensinogen: More Than its Downstream Products: Evidence From Population Studies and Novel Therapeutics. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2022; 10:699-713. [PMID: 35963818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a well-defined pathway playing a key role in maintaining circulatory homeostasis. Abnormal activation of RAAS contributes to development of cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Although several key RAAS enzymes and peptide hormones have been thoroughly investigated, the role of angiotensinogen-the precursor substrate of the RAAS pathway-remains less understood. The study of angiotensinogen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has provided insight into associations between angiotensinogen and hypertension, congestive heart failure, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Targeted drug therapy of RAAS has dramatically improved clinical outcomes for patients with heart failure, myocardial infarction, and hypertension. However, all such therapeutics block RAAS components downstream of angiotensinogen and elicit compensatory pathways that limit their therapeutic efficacy as monotherapy. Upstream RAAS targeting by an angiotensinogen inhibitor has the potential to be more efficacious in patients with suboptimal RAAS inhibition and has a better safety profile than multiagent RAAS blockade. Newly developed therapeutics that target angiotensinogen through antisense oligonucleotides or silencer RNA technologies are providing a novel perspective into the pathobiology of angiotensinogen and show promise as the next frontier in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Kahlon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Samantha Carlisle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Diana Otero Mostacero
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Nina Williams
- Warren Clinic Cardiology of Tulsa, St Francis Hospital, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Patrick Trainor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Andrew P DeFilippis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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5
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Perrin EC, South AM. Correlation between kidney sodium and potassium handling and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in children with hypertensive disorders. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37:633-641. [PMID: 34499251 PMCID: PMC8904647 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-05204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urine sodium and potassium are used as surrogate markers for dietary consumption in adults with hypertension, but their role in youth with hypertension and their association with components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) are incompletely characterized. Some individuals with hypertension may have an abnormal RAAS response to dietary sodium and potassium intake, though this is incompletely described. Our objective was to investigate if plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone are associated with urine sodium and potassium in youth referred for hypertensive disorders. METHODS This pilot study was a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 44 youth evaluated for hypertensive disorders in a Hypertension Clinic. We recorded urine sodium and potassium concentrations normalized to urine creatinine, plasma renin activity, and serum aldosterone and calculated the sodium/potassium (UNaK) and aldosterone/renin ratios. We used multivariable generalized linear models to estimate the associations of renin and aldosterone with urine sodium and potassium. RESULTS Our cohort was diverse (37% non-Hispanic Black, 14% Hispanic), 66% were male, and median age was 15.3 years; 77% had obesity and 9% had a secondary etiology. Aldosterone was associated inversely with urine sodium/creatinine (β: -0.34, 95% CI -0.62 to -0.06) and UNaK (β: -0.09, 95% CI -0.16 to -0.03), and adjusted for estimated glomerular filtration rate and serum potassium. CONCLUSIONS Higher serum aldosterone levels, but not plasma renin activity, were associated with lower urine sodium/creatinine and UNaK at baseline in youth referred for hypertensive disorders. Further characterization of the RAAS could help define hypertension phenotypes and guide management. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella C Perrin
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Andrew M South
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nephrology, Brenner Children's Hospital, Wake Forest School of Medicine, One Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA. .,Department of Surgery-Hypertension and Vascular Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA. .,Center for Biomedical Informatics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA.
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6
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Molecular basis of a redox switch: molecular dynamics simulations and surface plasmon resonance provide insight into reduced and oxidised angiotensinogen. Biochem J 2021; 478:3319-3330. [PMID: 34424335 PMCID: PMC7612104 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensinogen fine-tunes the tightly controlled activity of the renin-angiotensin system by modulating the release of angiotensin peptides that control blood pressure. One mechanism by which this modulation is achieved is via angiotensinogen's Cys18-Cys138 disulfide bond that acts as a redox switch. Molecular dynamics simulations of each redox state of angiotensinogen reveal subtle dynamic differences between the reduced and oxidised forms, particularly at the N-terminus. Surface plasmon resonance data demonstrate that the two redox forms of angiotensinogen display different binding kinetics to an immobilised anti-angiotensinogen monoclonal antibody. Mass spectrometry mapped the epitope for the antibody to the N-terminal region of angiotensinogen. We therefore provide evidence that the different redox forms of angiotensinogen can be detected by an antibody-based detection method.
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Lee SY, Park JT, Joo YS, Yoo TH, Lee J, Chung W, Kim YS, Kim SW, Oh KH, Ahn C, Kang SW, Choi KH, Han SH. Association between the transtubular potassium gradient and progression of chronic kidney disease: results from KNOW-CKD. J Nephrol 2021; 34:2063-2072. [PMID: 33755931 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-021-01019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transtubular potassium gradient which reflects potassium secretion by the kidney through the cortical collecting duct, has not yet been tested as a surrogate marker of kidney function decline. Here, we investigate the relationship between the transtubular potassium gradient and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. METHODS We studied 1672 patients from the KoreaN Cohort Study for Outcome in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (KNOW-CKD) cohort. The transtubular potassium gradient was calculated using a standard equation. The study endpoint was CKD progression, defined as a composite of a ≥ 50% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline values or end-stage kidney disease. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 4.1 years (7149 person-years), 441 participants reached the endpoint. In cause-specific competing risk analysis, the highest tertile was associated with a significantly lower risk of an adverse kidney outcome compared with the lowest tertile [hazard ratio (HR), 0.73; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.55-0.97]. When the transtubular potassium gradient was treated as a continuous variable, an increase of 1 in the transtubular potassium gradient was associated with a 6% lower risk of CKD progression (95% CI, 0.90-0.99). This association was particularly evident in patients with an eGFR ≥ 45 mL/min/1.73 m2. A time-updated transtubular potassium gradient model showed similar results. The predictive performance of the transtubular potassium gradient was significantly less than that of the eGFR, but similar to that of proteinuria, serum bicarbonate, and urine osmolality. CONCLUSIONS A higher transtubular potassium gradient is associated with a significantly lower risk of CKD progression, suggesting that it may offer insights into the prognosis of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Yeong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jung Tak Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Young Su Joo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Joongyub Lee
- Department of Prevention and Management, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wookyung Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gil Hospital, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kook-Hwan Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Kyu Hun Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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Wang YJ, Yeh TL, Shih MC, Tu YK, Chien KL. Dietary Sodium Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102934. [PMID: 32992705 PMCID: PMC7601012 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary sodium intake has received considerable attention as a potential risk factor of cardiovascular disease. However, evidence on the dose-response association between dietary sodium intake and cardiovascular disease risk is unclear. Embase and PubMed were searched from their inception to 17 August 2020 and studies that examined the association between sodium intake and cardiovascular disease in adolescents were not included in this review. We conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the effect of high sodium intake using a random effects model. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale assessment was performed. A random-effects dose-response model was used to estimate the linear and nonlinear dose-response relationships. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were conducted to explain the observed heterogeneity. We identified 36 reports, which included a total of 616,905 participants, and 20 of these reports were also used for a dose-response meta-analysis. Compared with individuals with low sodium intake, individuals with high sodium intake had a higher adjusted risk of cardiovascular disease (Rate ratio: 1.19, 95% confidence intervals = 1.08–1.30). Our findings suggest that there is a significant linear relationship between dietary sodium intake and cardiovascular disease risk. The risk of cardiovascular disease increased up to 6% for every 1 g increase in dietary sodium intake. A low-sodium diet should be encouraged and education regarding reduced sodium intake should be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jie Wang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No.17, Xu-Zhou Rd.,Taipei City 10055, Taiwan; (Y.-J.W.); (T.-L.Y.); (M.-C.S.); (Y.-K.T.)
| | - Tzu-Lin Yeh
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No.17, Xu-Zhou Rd.,Taipei City 10055, Taiwan; (Y.-J.W.); (T.-L.Y.); (M.-C.S.); (Y.-K.T.)
- Department of Family Medicine, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, No. 690, Section 2, Guangfu Road, East District, Hsinchu City 30071, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chieh Shih
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No.17, Xu-Zhou Rd.,Taipei City 10055, Taiwan; (Y.-J.W.); (T.-L.Y.); (M.-C.S.); (Y.-K.T.)
| | - Yu-Kang Tu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No.17, Xu-Zhou Rd.,Taipei City 10055, Taiwan; (Y.-J.W.); (T.-L.Y.); (M.-C.S.); (Y.-K.T.)
| | - Kuo-Liong Chien
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No.17, Xu-Zhou Rd.,Taipei City 10055, Taiwan; (Y.-J.W.); (T.-L.Y.); (M.-C.S.); (Y.-K.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Zhongshan S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 10002, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-3366-8017
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J. Dzau
- From the Office of the President, National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine), Washington, DC
| | - Celynne A. Balatbat
- From the Office of the President, National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine), Washington, DC
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D'Elia L. Salt-Sensitivity of Blood Pressure: Is It Time to Customize the Antihypertensive Therapy? Am J Hypertens 2018; 31:772-773. [PMID: 29648567 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpy056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lanfranco D'Elia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, ESH Excellence Center of Hypertension, "Federico II" University of Naples Medical School, Naples, Italy
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11
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Song G, Sun R, Du J, Chen M, Tian Y. A highly selective, colorimetric, and environment-sensitive optical potassium ion sensor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:5602-5605. [PMID: 28421220 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00598a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Potassium ions (K+) play vital roles in many biological processes and thus highly selective sensors for K+ are critical for disease diagnosis and health monitoring. Herein, we report a colorimetric K+ sensor (KS7) in which a hemicyanine dye was used as a fluorophore and phenylaza-[18]crown-6 lariat ether (ACLE) was utilized as a K+ ligand. The maximum absorption peak of KS7 shifted hypsochromically by 77 nm (from 515 to 438 nm) with an isosbestic point at 452 nm upon the addition of K+ to its aqueous solution accompanied by a color change from red to yellow. This sensor exhibited a linear response range to K+ from 1 to 200 mM, indicating its wide detection range for cellular, urinary, and environmental potassium ions. Further, this sensor is solvent-sensitive, implying its environmental sensitivity. For the demonstration of its applications, we prepared filter paper-based K+ test strips, which were used to detect K+ in urine conveniently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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12
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Bulpitt CJ. Sodium Excess or Potassium Lack as a Cause of Hypertension: A Discussion Paper. J R Soc Med 2018; 74:896-900. [PMID: 7321015 PMCID: PMC1439478 DOI: 10.1177/014107688107401208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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13
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Purkait P, Halder K, Thakur S, Ghosh Roy A, Raychaudhuri P, Bhattacharya S, Sarkar BN, Naidu JM. Association of angiotensinogen gene SNPs and haplotypes with risk of hypertension in eastern Indian population. Clin Hypertens 2017; 23:12. [PMID: 28361007 PMCID: PMC5371191 DOI: 10.1186/s40885-017-0069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensinogen (AGT) enzyme comprises a vital module of RAAS system that effectively controls the blood pressure and related cardiovascular functions. Ample association studies have reported the importance of AGT variants in cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular adversities. But lately, owing to the complexity of the many anomalies, the haplotype based examination of genetic variation that facilitates the identification of polymorphic sites which are located in the vicinity of the causative polymorphic site, gets greater appreciation. METHODS In the present study, we have done genotype and haplotype analysis of AGT gene in reference to hypertension to confirm the association of the two in an Indian population. To accomplish this, we performed candidate SNPs analysis and construct possible haplotypes across the AGT promoter and gene region in 414 subjects (256 Hypertensive cases and 158 controls). RESULTS We found four SNPs (rs11568020: A-152G and rs5050: A-20C in promoter; rs4762 and rs699 in exon2) and 3 haplotypes (H4, H7 and H8) that showed a stronger positive association with hypertension. The haplotype H2 was showing protective association with hypertension. CONCLUSION The results of the present study confirmed and reestablished the role of AGT gene variants and their haplotypes in the causation of hypertension in Indian population and showed that haplotypes can provide stronger evidence of association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulakes Purkait
- DNA Laboratory, Anthropological Survey of India, Western Regional Center, Udaipur, 313001 Rajasthan India.,DNA Laboratory, Anthropological Survey of India, 27 Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata, 700016 India.,Department of Anthropology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530003 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Kalpataru Halder
- Department of Molecular Biology, BrahmanandaKeshab Chandra College, 111/2 B.T.Road, BonHooghly, P.O. - BonHooghly, Kolkata, 700 108 West Bengal India
| | - Sunil Thakur
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Abhishikta Ghosh Roy
- DNA Laboratory, Anthropological Survey of India, 27 Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata, 700016 India
| | - Pradip Raychaudhuri
- Department of Endocrinology, Calcutta Medical College & Hospital, 88, College Street, Kolkata, 700073 India
| | - Sandip Bhattacharya
- Department of Nephrology & Dialysis, B.P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research LTD, 71/1 HumayunKabirSarani, New Alipore, Block - G, Kolkata, 700053 West Bengal India
| | - B N Sarkar
- DNA Laboratory, Anthropological Survey of India, 27 Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata, 700016 India
| | - J M Naidu
- Department of Anthropology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530003 Andhra Pradesh India
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Lin CH, Liao CC, Huang CH, Tung YT, Chang HC, Hsu MC, Huang CC. Proteomics Analysis to Identify and Characterize the Biomarkers and Physical Activities of Non-Frail and Frail Older Adults. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:231-239. [PMID: 28367083 PMCID: PMC5370285 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.17627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the proportion of older adults is increasing. Older people face chronic conditions such as sarcopenia and functional decline, which are often associated with disability and frailty. Proteomics assay of potential serum biomarkers of frailty in older adults. Older adults were divided into non-frail and frail groups (n = 6 each; 3 males in each group) in accordance with the Chinese-Canadian Study of Health and Aging Clinical Frailty Scale. Adults were measured for grip power and the 6-min walk test for physical activity, and venous blood was sampled after adults fasted for 8 h. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used for proteomics assay. The groups were compared for levels of biomarkers by t test and Pearson correlation analysis. Non-frail and frail subjects had mean age 77.5±0.4 and 77.7±1.6 years, mean height 160.5±1.3 and 156.6±2.9 cm and mean weight 62.5±1.2 and 62.8±2.9 kg, respectively. Physical activity level was lower for frail than non-frail subjects (grip power: 13.8±0.4 vs 26.1±1.2 kg; 6-min walk test: 215.2±17.2 vs 438.3±17.2 m). Among 226 proteins detected, for 31, serum levels were significantly higher for frail than non-frail subjects; serum levels of Ig kappa chain V-III region WOL, COX7A2, and albumin were lower. The serum levels of ANGT, KG and AT were 2.05-, 1.76- and 2.22-fold lower (all p < 0.05; Figure 1A, 2A and 3A) for non-frail than frail subjects and were highly correlated with grip power (Figure 1B, 2B and 3B). Our study found that ANGT, KG and AT levels are known to increase with aging, so degenerated vascular function might be associated with frailty. In total, 226 proteins were revealed proteomics assay; levels of angiotensinogen (ANGT), kininogen-1 (KG) and antithrombin III (AT) were higher in frail than non-frail subjects (11.26±2.21 vs 5.09±0.74; 18.42±1.36 vs 11.64±1.36; 22.23±1.64 vs 9.52±0.95, respectively, p < 0.05). These 3 factors were highly correlated with grip power (p < 0.05), with higher correlations between grip power and serum levels of ANGT (r = -0.89), KG (r = -0.90), and AT (r = -0.84). In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate a serum proteomic profile characteristic of frailty in older adults. Serum ANGT, KG and AT levels could be potential biomarkers for monitoring the development and progression of frailty in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hung Lin
- Physical Education Office, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chung Liao
- Proteomics Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huang Huang
- Department of Athletic Training and Health, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, Taiwan Landseed Hospital, Ping-Jen City, Taoyuan 32449, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chich Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan;; Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
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The impacts of obesity on the cardiovascular and renal systems: cascade of events and therapeutic approaches. Curr Hypertens Rep 2016; 17:7. [PMID: 25620635 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-014-0520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a neglected epidemic of both obesity and metabolic syndrome in industrialized and unindustrialized countries all over the globe. Both conditions are associated with a high incidence of other serious pathologies, such as cardiovascular and renal diseases. In this article, we review the potential underlying mechanisms by which obesity and metabolic syndrome promote hypertension, including changes in cardiovascular-renal physiology induced by leptin, the sympathetic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, insulin resistance, free fatty acids, natriuretic peptides, and proinflammatory cytokines. We also discuss the potential underlying mechanisms by which obesity promotes other cardiovascular and renal conditions, as well as available nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic approaches for treating obesity-induced hypertension. The findings presented herein suggest that adipocytes may be a key regulator of cardiovascular and renal function.
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Kolovou V, Lagou E, Mihas C, Vasiliki G, Katsiki N, Kollia A, Triposkiadis F, Degiannis D, Mavrogeni S, Kolovou G. Angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T, AGT T174M and Angiotensin-1-Converting Enzyme (ACE) I/D Gene Polymorphisms in Essential Hypertension: Effects on Ramipril Efficacy. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2015; 9:118-26. [PMID: 27006715 PMCID: PMC4768660 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401509010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypertension, one of the most important risk factors for premature cardiovascular disease, is a
major worldwide public health problem. Angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensinogen (AGT) gene
polymorphisms are thought to be associated with primary hypertension. In the present study, we examined the frequency
of these gene polymorphisms in an adult population with and without essential hypertension. Furthermore, we evaluated
the effect of ACE and AGT gene polymorphisms on ramipril treatment efficacy in the hypertensive patients. Methods: A total of 166 adults (83 hypertensives and 83 normotensives) were involved in the study and genotyped for
AGTM235T (rs699), AGTT174M (rs4762) and ACEI/D (rs1799752) gene polymorphisms. Results: The genotype and allele distribution of the AGTM235T variant significantly differed between hypertensives and
normotensives [odds ratio (OR) = 1.57% (T vs M allele), 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.01 - 2.44; p=0.045 for
hypertensives]. However, none of the 3 studied Simple Nucleotide Polymorphisms were associated with the blood
pressure-lowering response to ramipril. Conclusion: These results suggest that AGTM235T gene polymorphism is associated with essential hypertension.
However, none of the AGTM235T, AGTT174M and ACEI/D gene polymorphisms influenced ramipril effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vana Kolovou
- Cardiology Department, Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center Athens, Greece; Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Lagou
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Mihas
- Internal Medicine Department, General Hospital of Kimi, Evia Island, Greece
| | | | - Niki Katsiki
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Kollia
- Orthopedic and Urologic Departments, Veterans Administration Hospital (NIMTS), Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitris Degiannis
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center Athens, Greece
| | - Sophie Mavrogeni
- Cardiology Department, Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center Athens, Greece
| | - Genovefa Kolovou
- Cardiology Department, Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center Athens, Greece
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17
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Atrial natriuretic peptide and aldosterone synthase gene in essential hypertension: a case-control study. Gene 2015; 567:92-7. [PMID: 25917967 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and their candidate genes are principally involved in regulation of blood pressure through salt-water homeostasis. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) are the important RAAS mediators, play a major role in hypertension through regulation of cardiorenal homeostasis and water-electrolytes balance, respectively. Present study reports the expression of ANP and CYP11B2 gene at mRNA and proteins levels in patients with essential hypertension in North Indian subjects. Gene expression at mRNA and protein levels was carried out by Real time PCR and Western blot, respectively. We found a significant down regulation in the ANP gene expression at mRNA (85%) and protein (72.6%) levels and significant increase in the CYP11B2 protein expression in patients as compared to controls. A significant increase in Serum creatinine (14.6%), Sodium (1.15%) and decrease in the Blood urea (8.18%) and Potassium (2.32%) levels were also observed among the patients group having higher expression (based on median delta-CT value) in comparison to the lower expression of CYP11B2 gene. Our results suggest that the down-regulation of ANP gene expression at mRNA and protein levels and up-regulated CYP11B2 protein expression levels may be correlated with the essential hypertension and could serve as circulating prognostic biomarkers for essential hypertension.
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18
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Environmental origins of hypertension: phylogeny, ontogeny and epigenetics. Hypertens Res 2015; 38:299-307. [PMID: 25693856 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension and renal parenchymal disease are intricately linked. Primary renal parenchymal disease can impact on sodium and volume regulation and lead to hypertension, while arterial hypertension can induce renal parenchymal injury and precipitate renal dysfunction. The examination for clues to the environmental origins of renal disease and hypertension necessitates an approach that integrates epidemiology, clinical medicine, developmental biology, environmental science and epigenetics, such that the manner in which genes and the environment interact can be better understood to pave the way for innovative management paradigms with regards to prevention, diagnosis and treatment. This review summarizes the extant literature and provides cogent arguments for the need to evaluate chronic adult onset disease models such as hypertension and renal disease from the modern perspective that takes into account prenatal exposures, the intrauterine environment and development, postnatal growth and transgenerational epigenetic modifications with their attendant future disease risk from the individual to the population level.
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Arnoldussen IAC, Kiliaan AJ, Gustafson DR. Obesity and dementia: adipokines interact with the brain. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1982-99. [PMID: 24704273 PMCID: PMC4169761 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a pandemic and a serious global health concern. Obesity is a risk factor for multiple conditions and contributes to multi-morbidities, resulting in increased health costs and millions of deaths each year. Obesity has been associated with changes in brain structure, cognitive deficits, dementia and Alzheimer׳s disease. Adipokines, defined as hormones, cytokines and peptides secreted by adipose tissue, may have more widespread influence and functionality in the brain than previously thought. In this review, six adipokines, and their actions in the obese and non-obese conditions will be discussed. Included are: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factors alpha (TNF-α), angiotensinogen (AGT), adiponectin and leptin. Their functionality in the periphery, their ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and their influence on dementia processes within the brain will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse A C Arnoldussen
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Noord 21, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Amanda J Kiliaan
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Noord 21, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Deborah R Gustafson
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 1213, Brooklyn, NY11203, USA; UMS 011 Inserm Versailles Saint Quentin, France; Section for Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, NeuroPsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Wallinsgatan 6, 431 41 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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20
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Cortez-Retamozo V, Engblom C, Pittet MJ. Remote control of macrophage production by cancer. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e24183. [PMID: 23762799 PMCID: PMC3667905 DOI: 10.4161/onci.24183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The communication between tumor and host cells involves signals that act across extended distances in the body. Recent evidence indicates that the hormone angiotensin II is overproduced by lung adenocarcinoma to remotely expand bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells. This process amplifies the supply of tumor-associated macrophages, which promote disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virna Cortez-Retamozo
- Center for Systems Biology; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
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21
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Michel FS, Norton GR, Maseko MJ, Majane OHI, Sareli P, Woodiwiss AJ. Urinary angiotensinogen excretion is associated with blood pressure independent of the circulating renin-angiotensin system in a group of african ancestry. Hypertension 2014; 64:149-56. [PMID: 24777983 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the circulating renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is suppressed in salt-sensitive populations, the role of the intrarenal RAS in blood pressure (BP) control in these groups independent of the circulating RAS is uncertain. We evaluated the relationship between 24-hour urinary angiotensinogen excretion and either office (mean of 5 measurements; n=425) or 24-hour ambulatory (n=340) BP independent of the circulating RAS in a community-based sample of African descent that had never received antihypertensive drug therapy. Circulating RAS activity was determined from plasma renin and angiotensinogen and serum aldosterone concentrations. Urinary angiotensinogen to creatinine ratio (angiotensinogen/creat) was correlated with plasma angiotensinogen concentrations (P<0.0005) but not with indexes of salt intake. However, urinary angiotensinogen/creat was independently associated with office systolic BP (partial r=0.16; P<0.001), whereas plasma angiotensinogen (partial r=0.07; P=0.14) was not independently associated with office systolic BP. Urinary angiotensinogen/creat was also associated with 24-hour systolic BP (partial r=0.11; P<0.05). The relationships between urinary angiotensinogen/creat and BP survived further adjustments for plasma angiotensinogen and serum aldosterone concentrations, plasma renin concentrations, estimated glomerular filtration rate, urinary Na(+)/K(+), or 24-hour urinary Na(+) excretion rates (P<0.005 for all). Participants with the highest compared with the lowest quartile of urinary angiotensinogen/creat showed an 8.2-mm Hg higher office (P<0.005) and 4.6-mm Hg higher 24-hour (P=0.01) systolic BP. In conclusion, independent of the systemic RAS, including plasma angiotensinogen concentrations, urinary angiotensinogen excretion is associated with BP in a salt-sensitive, low-renin group of African descent. These data lend further support for a role of the RAS in BP control in salt-sensitive groups of African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic S Michel
- From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gavin R Norton
- From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Muzi J Maseko
- From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Olebogeng H I Majane
- From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pinhas Sareli
- From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Angela J Woodiwiss
- From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Liver-specific angiotensinogen suppression: an old yet novel target for blood pressure control through RAS inhibition? Hypertens Res 2014; 37:393-4. [PMID: 24621472 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gennari-Moser C, Escher G, Kramer S, Dick B, Eisele N, Baumann M, Raio L, Frey FJ, Surbek D, Mohaupt MG. Normotensive Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. Hypertension 2014; 63:362-8. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Gennari-Moser
- From the Division of Hypertension, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Clinical Pharmacology (C.G.-M., G.E., S.K., B.D., N.E., F.J.F., M.G.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.B., L.R., D.S.), University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Geneviève Escher
- From the Division of Hypertension, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Clinical Pharmacology (C.G.-M., G.E., S.K., B.D., N.E., F.J.F., M.G.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.B., L.R., D.S.), University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Simea Kramer
- From the Division of Hypertension, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Clinical Pharmacology (C.G.-M., G.E., S.K., B.D., N.E., F.J.F., M.G.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.B., L.R., D.S.), University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Dick
- From the Division of Hypertension, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Clinical Pharmacology (C.G.-M., G.E., S.K., B.D., N.E., F.J.F., M.G.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.B., L.R., D.S.), University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Eisele
- From the Division of Hypertension, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Clinical Pharmacology (C.G.-M., G.E., S.K., B.D., N.E., F.J.F., M.G.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.B., L.R., D.S.), University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Baumann
- From the Division of Hypertension, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Clinical Pharmacology (C.G.-M., G.E., S.K., B.D., N.E., F.J.F., M.G.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.B., L.R., D.S.), University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Raio
- From the Division of Hypertension, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Clinical Pharmacology (C.G.-M., G.E., S.K., B.D., N.E., F.J.F., M.G.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.B., L.R., D.S.), University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Felix J. Frey
- From the Division of Hypertension, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Clinical Pharmacology (C.G.-M., G.E., S.K., B.D., N.E., F.J.F., M.G.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.B., L.R., D.S.), University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Surbek
- From the Division of Hypertension, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Clinical Pharmacology (C.G.-M., G.E., S.K., B.D., N.E., F.J.F., M.G.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.B., L.R., D.S.), University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Markus G. Mohaupt
- From the Division of Hypertension, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Clinical Pharmacology (C.G.-M., G.E., S.K., B.D., N.E., F.J.F., M.G.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.B., L.R., D.S.), University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
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24
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Olearczyk J, Gao S, Eybye M, Yendluri S, Andrews L, Bartz S, Cully D, Tadin-Strapps M. Targeting of hepatic angiotensinogen using chemically modified siRNAs results in significant and sustained blood pressure lowering in a rat model of hypertension. Hypertens Res 2013; 37:405-12. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2013.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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25
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Benefits of potassium intake on metabolic syndrome: The fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV). Atherosclerosis 2013; 230:80-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Guberman C, Jellyman JK, Han G, Ross MG, Desai M. Maternal high-fat diet programs rat offspring hypertension and activates the adipose renin-angiotensin system. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209:262.e1-8. [PMID: 23743273 PMCID: PMC4010310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A maternal high-fat diet creates an increased risk of offspring obesity and systemic hypertension. Although the renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is known to regulate blood pressure, it is now recognized that the RAS is also activated in adipose tissue during obesity. We hypothesized that programmed offspring hypertension is associated with the activation of the adipose tissue RAS in the offspring of obese rat dams. STUDY DESIGN At 3 weeks of age, female rats were weaned to a high-fat diet (60% k/cal; n = 6) or control diet (10% k/cal; n = 6). At 11 weeks of age, these rats were mated and continued on their respective diets during pregnancy. After birth, at 1 day of age, subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected; litter size was standardized, and pups were cross-fostered to either control or high-fat diet dams, which created 4 study groups. At 21 days of age, offspring were weaned to control or high-fat diet. At 6 months of age, body fat and blood pressure were measured. Thereafter, subcutaneous and retroperitoneal adipose tissue was harvested from male offspring. Protein expression of adipose tissue RAS components were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS The maternal high-fat diet induced early and persistent alterations in offspring adipose RAS components. These changes were dependent on the period of exposure to the maternal high-fat diet, were adipose tissue specific (subcutaneous and retroperitoneal), and were exacerbated by a postnatal high-fat diet. Maternal high-fat diet increased adiposity and blood pressure in offspring, regardless of the period of exposure. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that programmed adiposity and the activation of the adipose tissue RAS are associated with hypertension in offspring of obese dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Guberman
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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27
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Brown IJ, Dyer AR, Chan Q, Cogswell ME, Ueshima H, Stamler J, Elliott P. Estimating 24-hour urinary sodium excretion from casual urinary sodium concentrations in Western populations: the INTERSALT study. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 177:1180-92. [PMID: 23673246 PMCID: PMC3664342 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High intakes of dietary sodium are associated with elevated blood pressure levels and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. National and international guidelines recommend reduced sodium intake in the general population, which necessitates population-wide surveillance. We assessed the utility of casual (spot) urine specimens in estimating 24-hour urinary sodium excretion as a marker of sodium intake in the International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure. There were 5,693 participants recruited in 1984-1987 at the ages of 20-59 years from 29 North American and European samples. Participants were randomly assigned to test or validation data sets. Equations derived from casual urinary sodium concentration and other variables in the test data were applied to the validation data set. Correlations between observed and estimated 24-hour sodium excretion were 0.50 for individual men and 0.51 for individual women; the values were 0.79 and 0.71, respectively, for population samples. Bias in mean values (observed minus estimated) was small; for men and women, the values were -1.6 mmol per 24 hours and 2.3 mmol per 24 hours, respectively, at the individual level and -1.8 mmol per 24 hours and 2.2 mmol per 24 hours, respectively, at the population level. Proportions of individuals with urinary 24-hour sodium excretion above the recommended levels were slightly overestimated by the models. Casual urine specimens may be a useful, low-burden, low-cost alternative to 24-hour urine collections for estimation of population sodium intakes; ongoing calibration with study-specific 24-hour urinary collections is recommended to increase validity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Elliott
- Correspondence to Prof. Paul Elliott, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK (e-mail: )
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28
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Li H, Du Z, Zhang L, Wu T, Deng Z, Li J, Cong M, Liu J, Qiu C. The relationship between angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms and essential hypertension in a Northern Han Chinese population. Angiology 2013; 65:614-9. [PMID: 23716723 DOI: 10.1177/0003319713491309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Gene polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system are involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension. We genotyped 4 polymorphisms of angiotensinogen (AGT) gene A-20C (rs5050), A-6G (rs5051), C3889T (rs4762), and C4072T (rs699) by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 652 patients and 780 controls to examine the association of AGT and hypertension in a Northern Han Chinese population. There were significant differences in the distribution of genotypes and allele frequencies at C4072T between the patients and the controls (both P < .01); patients with CC genotype had a higher risk of hypertension (odds ratio = 1.7, 95% confidence interval 1.4-2.1). The distribution of genotypes at A-6G was significantly different between patients and controls (P < .05). No other significant differences in genotypes or frequencies were observed. No association was observed between the haplotypes of AGT and hypertension. The AGT-6A and 4072C alleles are associated with susceptibility to hypertension in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhirong Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhihui Deng
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jingping Li
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mingyu Cong
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jicheng Liu
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Changchun Qiu
- Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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29
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Association between the plasma proteome and serum ascorbic acid concentrations in humans. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:842-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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30
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Ljungberg LU, Östgren CJ, Nyström FH, Länne T. Associations of genetic polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin system with central aortic and ambulatory blood pressure in type 2 diabetic patients. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 15:61-8. [PMID: 23358739 DOI: 10.1177/1470320312474052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at high risk of developing hypertension and related cardiovascular disease. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a central role in regulation of blood pressure (BP). Accordingly, each component of this system represents a potential candidate in the etiology of hypertension. This study investigated the impact of polymorphisms within the RAS on ambulatory and central BP in T2D subjects. A cohort of 761 subjects (55-65 years) with T2D was studied. Ambulatory and central BP were measured, and ACE I/D genotype, angiotensinogen M235T, renin rs6693954 and ATR1-A1166C polymorphisms were analyzed. Women carrying the AA-genotype had lower 24-hour and day-time systolic and diastolic BP (p<0.05), and lower night-time and central diastolic BP (p<0.05), compared to T allele carriers. In men, the AA-genotype was instead associated with higher central diastolic BP (p=0.018) and higher augmentation index (p=0.016). Further, the associations between the renin rs6693954 SNP and diastolic BP were strongly gender dependent (p≤0.001). In T2D patients, there is a gender-dependent association of the renin rs6693954 SNP with central and ambulatory BP. Women carrying the renin rs6693954 AA-genotype may be protected against the higher BP seen in men with the same genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza U Ljungberg
- 1Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University, Sweden
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31
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Charita B, Padma G, Sushma P, Deepak P, Padma T. Estimation of risk and interaction of single nucleotide polymorphisms at angiotensinogen locus causing susceptibility to essential hypertension: a case control study. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012; 13:461-71. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320312444650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bh Charita
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, India
| | - G Padma
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, India
| | - P Sushma
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, India
| | - P Deepak
- Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, India
| | - T Padma
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, India
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Balam-Ortiz E, Esquivel-Villarreal A, Huerta-Hernandez D, Fernandez-Lopez JC, Alfaro-Ruiz L, Muñoz-Monroy O, Gutierrez R, Figueroa-Genis E, Carrillo K, Elizalde A, Hidalgo A, Rodriguez M, Urushihara M, Kobori H, Jimenez-Sanchez G. Hypercontrols in genotype-phenotype analysis reveal ancestral haplotypes associated with essential hypertension. Hypertension 2012; 59:847-53. [PMID: 22371359 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.176453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensinogen gene locus has been associated with essential hypertension in most populations analyzed to date. Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels have been proposed as an underlying cause of essential hypertension in whites; however, differences in the genetic regulation of plasma angiotensinogen levels have also been reported for other populations. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms and haplotypes with plasma angiotensinogen levels and the risk of essential hypertension in the Mexican population. We genotyped 9 angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms in 706 individuals. Four polymorphisms, A-6, C4072, C6309, and G12775, were associated with increased risk, and the strongest association was found for the C6309 allele (χ(2)=23.9; P=0.0000009), which resulted in an odds ratio of 3.0 (95% CI: 1.8-4.9; P=0.000006) in the recessive model. Two polymorphisms, A-20C (P=0.003) and C3389T (P=0.0001), were associated with increased plasma angiotensinogen levels but did not show association with essential hypertension. The haplotypes H1 (χ(2)=8.1; P=0.004) and H5 (χ(2)=5.1; P=0.02) were associated with essential hypertension. Using phylogenetic analysis, we found that haplotypes 1 and 5 are the human ancestral haplotypes. Our results suggest that the positive association between angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms and haplotypes with essential hypertension is not simply explained by an increase in plasma angiotensinogen concentration. Complex interactions between risk alleles suggest that these haplotypes act as "superalleles."
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Affiliation(s)
- Eros Balam-Ortiz
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Michel FS, Norton GR, Majane OH, Badenhorst M, Vengethasamy L, Paiker J, Maseko MJ, Sareli P, Woodiwiss AJ. Contribution of Circulating Angiotensinogen Concentrations to Variations in Aldosterone and Blood Pressure in a Group of African Ancestry Depends on Salt Intake. Hypertension 2012; 59:62-9. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.181230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic S. Michel
- From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology (F.S.M., G.R.N., O.H.I.M., M.B., L.V., M.J.M., P.S., A.J.W.), and the School of Pathology (J.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gavin R. Norton
- From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology (F.S.M., G.R.N., O.H.I.M., M.B., L.V., M.J.M., P.S., A.J.W.), and the School of Pathology (J.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Olebogeng H.I. Majane
- From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology (F.S.M., G.R.N., O.H.I.M., M.B., L.V., M.J.M., P.S., A.J.W.), and the School of Pathology (J.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Margaret Badenhorst
- From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology (F.S.M., G.R.N., O.H.I.M., M.B., L.V., M.J.M., P.S., A.J.W.), and the School of Pathology (J.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Leanda Vengethasamy
- From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology (F.S.M., G.R.N., O.H.I.M., M.B., L.V., M.J.M., P.S., A.J.W.), and the School of Pathology (J.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Janice Paiker
- From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology (F.S.M., G.R.N., O.H.I.M., M.B., L.V., M.J.M., P.S., A.J.W.), and the School of Pathology (J.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Muzi J. Maseko
- From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology (F.S.M., G.R.N., O.H.I.M., M.B., L.V., M.J.M., P.S., A.J.W.), and the School of Pathology (J.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pinhas Sareli
- From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology (F.S.M., G.R.N., O.H.I.M., M.B., L.V., M.J.M., P.S., A.J.W.), and the School of Pathology (J.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Angela J. Woodiwiss
- From the Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology (F.S.M., G.R.N., O.H.I.M., M.B., L.V., M.J.M., P.S., A.J.W.), and the School of Pathology (J.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Williams SK, Ogedegbe G. Unraveling the mechanism of renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system activation and target organ damage in hypertensive blacks. Hypertension 2011; 59:10-1. [PMID: 22146513 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.182790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
Dietary potassium intake has been demonstrated to significantly lower blood pressure (BP) in a dose-responsive manner in both hypertensive and nonhypertensive patients in observational studies, clinical trials, and several meta-analyses. In hypertensive patients, the linear dose-response relationship is a 1.0 mm Hg reduction in systolic BP and a 0.52 mm Hg reduction in diastolic BP per 0.6 g per day increase in dietary potassium intake that is independent of baseline potassium deficiency. The average reduction in BP with 4.7 g (120 mmol) of dietary potassium per day is 8.0/4.1 mm Hg, depending race and on the relative intakes of other minerals such as sodium, magnesium, and calcium. If the dietary sodium chloride intake is high, there is a greater BP reduction with an increased intake of dietary potassium. Blacks have a greater decrease in BP than Caucasians with an equal potassium intake. Potassium-induced reduction in BP significantly lowers the incidence of stroke (cerebrovascular accident, CVA), coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and other cardiovascular events. However, potassium also reduces the risk of CVA independent of BP reductions. Increasing consumption of potassium to 4.7 g per day predicts lower event rates for future cardiovascular disease, with estimated decreases of 8% to 15% in CVA and 6% to 11% in myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Houston
- Hypertension Institute, Saint Thomas Medical Plaza, Nashville, TN 37205, USA.
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Balam-Ortiz E, Esquivel-Villarreal A, Alfaro-Ruiz L, Carrillo K, Elizalde A, Gil T, Urushihara M, Kobori H, Jimenez-Sanchez G. Variants and haplotypes in angiotensinogen gene are associated with plasmatic angiotensinogen level in Mexican population. Am J Med Sci 2011; 342:205-11. [PMID: 21629041 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e3182121020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The plasmatic angiotensinogen (AGT) level has been associated with essential hypertension. Linkage analysis has found a relationship between the AGT gene locus and hypertension in the Mexican-American population, but studies have failed to identify genetic variants associated with hypertension or plasma AGT levels. This study analyzes the relationship between polymorphisms in the AGT gene and plasmatic AGT levels in Mexican population. METHODS Nine polymorphisms in AGT gene were genotyped, and plasma AGT level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Differences in AGT plasma levels were associated with 2 polymorphisms: T-20G, TT = 25.3 ± 8.3 versus TG + GG = 21.6 ± 8.8 μg/mL; P = 0.008 and C3389T (T174M), CC = 25.8 ± 9.9 versus TC + TT = 20.5 ± 5.4 μg/mL; P = 0.0002. Haplotype 2 was associated with low plasma AGT (-5.1 μg/mL [95% confidence interval: -8.6 to -1.6], P = 0.004) and Haplotype 8 was associated with high plasma AGT (6.5 μg/mL [95% confidence interval: 2.5 to 10.6], P = 0.001). This association remained after adjustment for covariates. A Likelihood Ratio Test for haplotype-phenotype association adjusted for covariates resulted in χ = 38.9, P = 0.0005. The total effect of the haplotypes on plasma AGT level variance was 19.5%. No association was identified between haplotypes and quantitative traits of blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Two polymorphisms (T-20G and C3389T) and 2 haplotypes (H2 and H8) showed an association with plasma AGT levels in Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eros Balam-Ortiz
- Division of Cardiovascular Genomics, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Aldosterone-to-renin ratio and home blood pressure in subjects with higher and lower sodium intake: the Ohasama Study. Hypertens Res 2010; 34:361-6. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Giorgi C, Agnoletto C, Baldini C, Bononi A, Bonora M, Marchi S, Missiroli S, Patergnani S, Poletti F, Rimessi A, Zavan B, Pinton P. Redox control of protein kinase C: cell- and disease-specific aspects. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1051-85. [PMID: 20136499 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hormones, growth factors, electrical stimulation, and cell-cell interactions regulate numerous cellular processes by altering the levels of second messengers, thus influencing biochemical reactions inside the cells. The Protein Kinase C family (PKCs) is a group of serine/threonine kinases that are dependent on calcium (Ca(2+)), diacylglycerol, and phospholipids. Signaling pathways that induce variations on the levels of PKC activators have been implicated in the regulation of diverse cellular functions and, in turn, PKCs are key regulators of a plethora of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and tumorigenesis. Importantly, PKCs contain regions, both in the N-terminal regulatory domain and in the C-terminal catalytic domain, that are susceptible to redox modifications. In several pathophysiological conditions when the balance between oxidants, antioxidants, and alkylants is compromised, cells undergo redox stress. PKCs are cell-signaling proteins that are particularly sensitive to redox stress because modification of their redox-sensitive regions interferes with their activity and, thus, with their biological effects. In this review, we summarize the involvement of PKCs in health and disease and the importance of redox signaling in the regulation of this family of kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), BioPharmaNet, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Watkins WS, Rohrwasser A, Peiffer A, Leppert MF, Lalouel JM, Jorde LB. AGT genetic variation, plasma AGT, and blood pressure: An analysis of the Utah Genetic Reference Project pedigrees. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23:917-23. [PMID: 20414195 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2010.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much remains unknown about the genetic factors that contribute to essential hypertension. The Utah Genetic Reference Project (UGRP) large pedigree collection provides new opportunities to study quantitative relationships between genetic variation, endophenotypes, and blood pressure. METHODS We analyzed the relationship between common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes spanning the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene and promoter region, plasma AGT levels, and systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in 424 individuals from 41 two-generation UGRP families. RESULTS Plasma AGT levels are significantly correlated among UGRP family members. Correlations are higher for males than for females. Parent-offspring correlations for plasma AGT (0.30) are higher than those for SBP (0.26) and DBP (0.17) (all P values <0.01). The additive heritability (h(2)) for plasma AGT is high (0.74) and substantially exceeds heritability estimates for SBP (0.26) and DBP (0.16) (all P values <0.01). Significant linkage (logarithm of the odds (LOD) >3) is found between six AGT SNPs and plasma AGT. A model that utilizes three AGT haplotype groups produces the best LOD score (5.1) that exceeds the best single SNP LOD score (3.8). Plasma AGT and blood pressure were not significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS Plasma AGT levels demonstrate high heritability in 41 UGRP families. Locus-specific heritability estimates for AGT SNPs and haplotypes approach 67%, indicating that variation at AGT accounts for a large percentage of the heritability of plasma AGT. A three-way haplotype model outperforms single SNPs for quantitative linkage analysis to plasma AGT. In these predominantly normotensive individuals, plasma AGT did not correlate significantly with blood pressure.
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Abstract
In the setting of primary aldosteronism, elevated aldosterone levels are associated with increased blood pressure. Aldosterone concentrations within the normal range, however, can also alter blood pressure. Furthermore, the aldosterone-to-renin ratio, an indicator of aldosterone excess, is associated with hypertension, even in patients without excessive absolute aldosterone levels. In this Review we assess the data on the role of aldosterone in the development and maintenance of hypertension. We provide an overview of the complex crosstalk between genetic and environmental factors, and about aldosterone-mediated arterial hypertension and target organ damage. The discussion is organized according to major targets of aldosterone action: the collecting duct in the kidney, the vasculature and the central nervous system. The antihypertensive efficacy of mineralocorticoid-receptor blockers, even in patients with aldosterone values in the normal range, supports the evidence that aldosterone plays a part in blood pressure elevation in the absence of primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tomaschitz
- Division of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria.
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Gene variants of the renin–angiotensin system and hypertension: from a trough of disillusionment to a welcome phase of enlightenment? Clin Sci (Lond) 2010; 118:487-506. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20090498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence to suggest that BP (blood pressure) is an inherited trait. The introduction of gene technologies in the late 1980s generated a sharp phase of over-inflated prospects for polygenic traits such as hypertension. Not unexpectedly, the identification of the responsible loci in human populations has nevertheless proved to be a considerable challenge. Common variants of the RAS (renin–angiotensin system) genes, including of ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) and AGT (angiotensinogen) were some of the first shown to be associated with BP. Presently, ACE and AGT are the only gene variants with functional relevance, where linkage studies showing relationships with hypertension have been reproduced in some studies and where large population-based and prospective studies have demonstrated these genes to be predictors of hypertension or BP. Nevertheless, a lack of reproducibility in other linkage and association studies has generated scepticism that only a concerted effort to attempt to explain will rectify. Without these explanations, it is unlikely that this knowledge will translate into the clinical arena. In the present review, we show that many of the previous concerns in the field have been addressed, but we also argue that a considerable amount of careful thought is still required to achieve enlightenment with respect to the role of RAS genes in hypertension. We discuss whether the previously identified problems of poor study design have been completely addressed with regards to the impact of ACE and AGT genes on BP. In the context of RAS genes, we also question whether the significance of ‘incomplete penetrance’ through associated environmental, phenotypic or physiological effects has been duly accounted for; whether appropriate consideration has been given to epistatic interactions between genes; and whether future RAS gene studies should consider variation across the gene by evaluating ‘haplotypes’.
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Ljungman S, Aurell M, Hartford M, Wikstrand J, Berglund G. Blood pressure in relation to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. ACTA MEDICA SCANDINAVICA 2009; 211:351-60. [PMID: 7051760 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1982.tb01961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between blood pressure (BP) and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was studied in a stratified random sample (n=120) of 49-year-old men selected from a BP screening and covering a wide range of BPs. Only subjects not on antihypertensive treatment were included. None had malignant or secondary hypertension. Plasma renin activity, plasma concentrations of angiotensin II, aldosterone, sodium, potassium and noradrenaline and the 24-hour urinary excretions of sodium, cortisol and noradrenaline were determined. Of these variables, only p-aldosterone was significantly correlated wtih BP, both in the whole study group (R=0.22, p less than 0.02, n=119) and in the subjects with the highest BP range (R=0.36, p less than 0.02, n=30). Of the clinical groups compared, the hypertensive subjects had significantly higher mean p-aldosterone than the borderline and normotensive subjects. Multiple regression analysis showed that the 24-hour urinary excretion of noradrenaline was the factor most strongly correlated to p-aldosterone, suggesting that the sympathetic nervous system might stimulate aldosterone secretion. Our findings indicate that aldosterone may be of importance for the development and maintenance of essential hypertension.
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Langrish JP, Mills NL, Bath LE, Warner P, Webb DJ, Kelnar CJ, Critchley HOD, Newby DE, Wallace WHB. Cardiovascular effects of physiological and standard sex steroid replacement regimens in premature ovarian failure. Hypertension 2009; 53:805-11. [PMID: 19332659 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.126516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current hormone replacement therapy may not optimize cardiovascular health in women with premature ovarian failure. We compared the effects of physiological and standard sex steroid replacement regimens on cardiovascular health in these women. In an open-label, randomized, controlled crossover trial, 34 women with premature ovarian failure were randomly assigned to 4-week cycles of physiological (transdermal estradiol and vaginal progesterone) and standard (oral ethinylestradiol and norethisterone) therapy for 12 months. Cardiovascular health was assessed by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and renal and humoral factors. Eighteen women (19 to 39 years of age) completed the 28-month protocol. Both regimens caused similar suppression of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone and provided symptom relief. In comparison with the standard regimen, physiological sex steroid replacement caused lower mean 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressures throughout the 12-month treatment period (ANOVA; P<or=0.0001 for both): systolic blood pressure was 7.3 mm Hg (95% CI: 2.5 to 12.0 mm Hg) and diastolic was 7.4 mm Hg (95% CI: 3.9 to 11.0 mm Hg) lower at 12 months. Although there were no differences in arterial stiffness, physiological sex steroid replacement reduced plasma angiotensin II (ANOVA; P=0.007) and serum creatinine (ANOVA; P=0.015) concentrations without altering plasma aldosterone concentrations. In comparison with a standard regimen, physiological sex steroid replacement in women with premature ovarian failure results in lower blood pressure, better renal function, and less activation of the renin-angiotensin system. These findings have major implications for the future cardiovascular health of young women who require long-term sex steroid replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Langrish
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA United Kingdom
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Kidambi S, Kotchen JM, Krishnaswami S, Grim CE, Kotchen TA. Hypertension, Insulin Resistance, and Aldosterone: Sex-Specific Relationships. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2009; 11:130-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2009.00084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Aldosterone and alterations of hypertension-related vascular function in African Americans. Am J Hypertens 2009; 22:319-24. [PMID: 19151694 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2008.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans have a high prevalence of hypertension and hypertension-related vascular disease. We previously reported that plasma aldosterone concentrations are relatively high in hypertensive African Americans. This study evaluates the hypothesis that hypertension and hypertension-related alterations of peripheral vascular and renal vascular function are associated with aldosterone. METHODS Twenty four-hour blood pressures, cardiac output, renal blood flow (RBF), plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma aldosterone were measured in hypertensive and normotensive African Americans. Hemodynamic measurements were repeated in response to graded infusions of norepinephrine (NE). RESULTS Ambulatory blood pressures in hypertensives and normotensives were 142 +/- 1/86 +/- 1 and 117 +/- 1/70 +/- 1 mm Hg, respectively. Cardiac index (CI) was lower (P < 0.01), peripheral vascular resistance was higher (P < 0.0001), arterial compliance was lower (P < 0.0001), RBF was lower (P = 0.04), and renal vascular resistance (RVR) was higher (P < 0.0001) in the hypertensives. Overall, blood pressures were positively correlated with peripheral vascular resistance (P < 0.0001) and inversely correlated with vascular compliance (P < 0.0001). In response to NE, hypertensives had greater increases of systolic blood pressure (P < 0.004) and pulse pressure (P < 0.005). PRA was lower (P < 0.0001) and plasma aldosterone was higher (P < 0.0001) in the hypertensives. Overall, blood pressures and pulse pressure were correlated with aldosterone (P < or = 0.01). Vascular compliance, RVR, and the increment of RVR in response to NE were also correlated with aldosterone (P < or = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Aldosterone may contribute to hypertension and to hypertension-related alterations of peripheral vascular and renal vascular function in African Americans.
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Sigmund CD. A growing chain of evidence linking genetic variation in angiotensinogen with essential hypertension: focus on “A haplotype of human angiotensinogen gene containing −217A increases blood pressure in transgenic mice compared with −217G,” by Jain et al. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R1846-8. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90856.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jain S, Vinukonda G, Fiering SN, Kumar A. A haplotype of human angiotensinogen gene containing -217A increases blood pressure in transgenic mice compared with -217G. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R1849-57. [PMID: 18945948 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90637.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human angiotensinogen (hAGT) gene contains an A/G polymorphism at -217, and frequency of -217A allele is increased in African-American hypertensive patients. The hAGT gene has seven polymorphic sites in the 1.2-kb region of its promoter, and variant -217A almost always occurs with -532T, -793A, and -1074T, whereas variant -217G almost always occurs with -532C, -793G, and -1074G. Since allele -6A is the predominant allele in African-Americans, the AGT gene can be subdivided into two main haplotypes, -6A:-217A (AA) and -6A:-217G (AG). To understand the role of these haplotypes on hAGT gene expression and on blood pressure regulation in an in vivo situation, we have generated double transgenic mice containing human renin gene and either AA or AG haplotype of the hAGT gene using knock-in strategy at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase locus. We show here that 1) hAGT mRNA level is increased in the liver by 60% and in the kidney by 40%; and 2) plasma AGT level is increased by approximately 40%, and plasma angiotensin II level is increased by approximately 50% in male double transgenic mice containing AA haplotype of the hAGT gene compared with the AG haplotype. In addition, systolic blood pressure is increased by 8 mmHg in transgenic mice containing the AA haplotype compared with the AG haplotype. This is the first report to show the effect of polymorphisms in the promoter of a human gene on its transcription in an in vivo situation that ultimately leads to an increase in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Jain
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Rm 455, Basic Science Bldg., Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Haplotype of the angiotensinogen gene is associated with coronary heart disease in familial hypercholesterolemia. J Hypertens 2008; 26:462-7. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3282f2d33c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Candidate gene polymorphisms and their association with hypertension in Malays. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 388:46-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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