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Guérineau NC. Adaptive remodeling of the stimulus-secretion coupling: Lessons from the 'stressed' adrenal medulla. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 124:221-295. [PMID: 38408800 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Stress is part of our daily lives and good health in the modern world is offset by unhealthy lifestyle factors, including the deleterious consequences of stress and associated pathologies. Repeated and/or prolonged stress may disrupt the body homeostasis and thus threatens our lives. Adaptive processes that allow the organism to adapt to new environmental conditions and maintain its homeostasis are therefore crucial. The adrenal glands are major endocrine/neuroendocrine organs involved in the adaptive response of the body facing stressful situations. Upon stress episodes and in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system, the first adrenal cells to be activated are the neuroendocrine chromaffin cells located in the medullary tissue of the adrenal gland. By releasing catecholamines (mainly epinephrine and to a lesser extent norepinephrine), adrenal chromaffin cells actively contribute to the development of adaptive mechanisms, in particular targeting the cardiovascular system and leading to appropriate adjustments of blood pressure and heart rate, as well as energy metabolism. Specifically, this chapter covers the current knowledge as to how the adrenal medullary tissue remodels in response to stress episodes, with special attention paid to chromaffin cell stimulus-secretion coupling. Adrenal stimulus-secretion coupling encompasses various elements taking place at both the molecular/cellular and tissular levels. Here, I focus on stress-driven changes in catecholamine biosynthesis, chromaffin cell excitability, synaptic neurotransmission and gap junctional communication. These signaling pathways undergo a collective and finely-tuned remodeling, contributing to appropriate catecholamine secretion and maintenance of body homeostasis in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie C Guérineau
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
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2
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Ioannidis M, Mahata SK, van den Bogaart G. The immunomodulatory functions of chromogranin A-derived peptide pancreastatin. Peptides 2022; 158:170893. [PMID: 36244579 PMCID: PMC10760928 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA) is a 439 amino acid protein secreted by neuroendocrine cells. Proteolytic processing of CgA results in the production of different bioactive peptides. These peptides have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, and cancer. One of the chromogranin A-derived peptides is ∼52 amino acid long Pancreastatin (PST: human (h)CgA250-301, murine (m)CgA263-314). PST is a glycogenolytic peptide that inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion from pancreatic islet β-cells. In addition to this metabolic role, evidence is emerging that PST also has inflammatory properties. This review will discuss the immunomodulatory properties of PST and its possible mechanisms of action and regulation. Moreover, this review will discuss the potential translation to humans and how PST may be an interesting therapeutic target for treating inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Ioannidis
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Kasacka I, Piotrowska Ż, Domian N, Lewandowska A. Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the adrenal glands of rats in various types of experimental hypertension. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e220121. [PMID: 35904223 PMCID: PMC9346341 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis, which is disturbed in hypertension. Taking into account the lack of literature describing changes in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the adrenal glands under conditions of elevated arterial pressure, here we compare the expression of WNT4, WNT10A, β-catenin, and GSK-3β in the adrenal glands of hypertensive rats of various etiologies. The studies were carried out on the adrenal glands of rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR), renalvascular (2K1C), and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt. Immunohistochemical and PCR methods were used to identify the molecular components of the canonical signaling pathway and to evaluate gene expression. Immunoreactivity and expression of WNT4, WNT10A, β-catenin, and GSK-3β in adrenals of SHR was decreased, compared to control rats. In adrenals of 2K1C rats, intensity of immunohistochemical reaction and expression of WNT4 and β-catenin was lower, while immunoreactivity and expression of WNT10A and GSK-3β were higher, compared to normotensive animals. Significantly stronger immunoreaction and expression of WNT4, β-catenin and GSK-3β but weaker immunoreactivity and expression of WNT10A were noted in adrenals in DOCA-salt rats, compared to control rats. In conclusion, our data provide new molecular information indicating that the canonical WNT pathway is disrupted in the adrenal glands of hypertensive rats. They show that the dysregulation of the WNT pathway depends on the etiology of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Kasacka
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Żaneta Piotrowska
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Natalia Domian
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Alicja Lewandowska
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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Habuta M, Fujita H, Sato K, Bando T, Inoue J, Kondo Y, Miyaishi S, Kumon H, Ohuchi H. Dickkopf3 (Dkk3) is required for maintaining the integrity of secretory vesicles in the mouse adrenal medulla. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:157-167. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Muntjewerff EM, Dunkel G, Nicolasen MJT, Mahata SK, van den Bogaart G. Catestatin as a Target for Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2199. [PMID: 30337922 PMCID: PMC6180191 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that inflammatory diseases and cancers are influenced by cleavage products of the pro-hormone chromogranin A (CgA), such as the 21-amino acids long catestatin (CST). The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the anti-inflammatory effects of CST and its mechanism of action. We discuss evidence proving that CST and its precursor CgA are crucial for maintaining metabolic and immune homeostasis. CST could reduce inflammation in various mouse models for diabetes, colitis and atherosclerosis. In these mouse models, CST treatment resulted in less infiltration of immune cells in affected tissues, although in vitro monocyte migration was increased by CST. Both in vivo and in vitro, CST can shift macrophage differentiation from a pro- to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Thus, the concept is emerging that CST plays a role in tissue homeostasis by regulating immune cell infiltration and macrophage differentiation. These findings warrant studying the effects of CST in humans and make it an interesting therapeutic target for treatment and/or diagnosis of various metabolic and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke M Muntjewerff
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gina Dunkel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mara J T Nicolasen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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6
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Toussaint J, Raval CB, Nguyen T, Fadaifard H, Joshi S, Wolberg G, Quarfordt S, Jan KM, Rumschitzki DS. Chronic hypertension increases aortic endothelial hydraulic conductivity by upregulating endothelial aquaporin-1 expression. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H1063-H1073. [PMID: 28733452 PMCID: PMC5792199 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00651.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have examined the role of aquaporins in osmotic water transport in various systems, but virtually none have focused on the role of aquaporin in hydrostatically driven water transport involving mammalian cells save for our laboratory's recent study of aortic endothelial cells. Here, we investigated aquaporin-1 expression and function in the aortic endothelium in two high-renin rat models of hypertension, the spontaneously hypertensive genetically altered Wistar-Kyoto rat variant and Sprague-Dawley rats made hypertensive by two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt surgery. We measured aquaporin-1 expression in aortic endothelial cells from whole rat aortas by quantitative immunohistochemistry and function by measuring the pressure-driven hydraulic conductivities of excised rat aortas with both intact and denuded endothelia on the same vessel. We used them to calculate the effective intimal hydraulic conductivity, which is a combination of endothelial and subendothelial components. We observed well-correlated enhancements in aquaporin-1 expression and function in both hypertensive rat models as well as in aortas from normotensive rats whose expression was upregulated by 2 h of forskolin treatment. Upregulated aquaporin-1 expression and function may be a response to hypertension that critically determines conduit artery vessel wall viability and long-term susceptibility to atherosclerosis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The aortic endothelia of two high-renin hypertensive rat models express greater than two times the aquaporin-1 and, at low pressures, have greater than two times the endothelial hydraulic conductivity of normotensive rats. Data are consistent with theory predicting that higher endothelial aquaporin-1 expression raises the critical pressure for subendothelial intima compression and for artery wall hydraulic conductivity to drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Toussaint
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York; ,4Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Chirag Bharavi Raval
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York; ,2Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York;
| | - Tieuvi Nguyen
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York;
| | - Hadi Fadaifard
- 3Department of Computer Science, City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York;
| | - Shripad Joshi
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York;
| | - George Wolberg
- 3Department of Computer Science, City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York;
| | - Steven Quarfordt
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York;
| | - Kung-ming Jan
- 5Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; and
| | - David S. Rumschitzki
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York; ,5Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; and ,6Biology (Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology) and Chemistry (Biophysics) Departments, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, New York, New York
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7
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Kiranmayi M, Chirasani VR, Allu PKR, Subramanian L, Martelli EE, Sahu BS, Vishnuprabu D, Kumaragurubaran R, Sharma S, Bodhini D, Dixit M, Munirajan AK, Khullar M, Radha V, Mohan V, Mullasari AS, Naga Prasad SV, Senapati S, Mahapatra NR. Catestatin Gly364Ser Variant Alters Systemic Blood Pressure and the Risk for Hypertension in Human Populations via Endothelial Nitric Oxide Pathway. Hypertension 2016; 68:334-47. [PMID: 27324226 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.06568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Catestatin (CST), an endogenous antihypertensive/antiadrenergic peptide, is a novel regulator of cardiovascular physiology. Here, we report case-control studies in 2 geographically/ethnically distinct Indian populations (n≈4000) that showed association of the naturally-occurring human CST-Gly364Ser variant with increased risk for hypertension (age-adjusted odds ratios: 1.483; P=0.009 and 2.951; P=0.005). Consistently, 364Ser allele carriers displayed elevated systolic (up to ≈8 mm Hg; P=0.004) and diastolic (up to ≈6 mm Hg; P=0.001) blood pressure. The variant allele was also found to be in linkage disequilibrium with other functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the CHGA promoter and nearby coding region. Functional characterization of the Gly364Ser variant was performed using cellular/molecular biological experiments (viz peptide-receptor binding assays, nitric oxide [NO], phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase, and phosphorylated endothelial NO synthase estimations) and computational approaches (molecular dynamics simulations for structural analysis of wild-type [CST-WT] and variant [CST-364Ser] peptides and docking of peptide/ligand with β-adrenergic receptors [ADRB1/2]). CST-WT and CST-364Ser peptides differed profoundly in their secondary structures and showed differential interactions with ADRB2; although CST-WT displaced the ligand bound to ADRB2, CST-364Ser failed to do the same. Furthermore, CST-WT significantly inhibited ADRB2-stimulated extracellular regulated kinase activation, suggesting an antagonistic role towards ADRB2 unlike CST-364Ser. Consequently, CST-WT was more potent in NO production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells as compared with CST-364Ser. This NO-producing ability of CST-WT was abrogated by ADRB2 antagonist ICI 118551. In conclusion, CST-364Ser allele enhanced the risk for hypertension in human populations, possibly via diminished endothelial NO production because of altered interactions of CST-364Ser peptide with ADRB2 as compared with CST-WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malapaka Kiranmayi
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Venkat R Chirasani
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Prasanna K R Allu
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Lakshmi Subramanian
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Elizabeth E Martelli
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Bhavani S Sahu
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Durairajpandian Vishnuprabu
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Rathnakumar Kumaragurubaran
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Dhanasekaran Bodhini
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Madhulika Dixit
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Arasambattu K Munirajan
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Madhu Khullar
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Venkatesan Radha
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Ajit S Mullasari
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Sathyamangla V Naga Prasad
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Sanjib Senapati
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Nitish R Mahapatra
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
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8
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Kasacka I, Piotrowska Ż, Knaś M, Lewandowska A. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of CART-containing cells in adrenal glands of male rats with hypertension. Biotech Histochem 2014; 89:497-504. [PMID: 25151991 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2014.902503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal activity is stimulated and secretion of stress hormones is increased during advanced stages of renovascular hypertension. The literature suggests that the neuropeptide, cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART), might regulate adrenal secretory function and thus could influence its activity. We assessed potential quantitative and qualitative changes in the cells that contained CART in the adrenal glands of rats with renovascular hypertension. The renal arteries of ten rats were subjected to a clipping procedure, i.e., two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) model of arterial hypertension, and after 6 weeks each rat developed stable hypertension. CART was localized using immunohistochemistry. CART was detected in a large population of cells in the medulla, sparse nerve fibers in the cortex and the capsule of the adrenal gland. The population of CART-positive cells in adrenal glands of two kidney-one clip (2K1C) treated rats was greater and their immunoreactivity was increased compared to controls. Similarly, the length, width, area and diameter of CART-immunoreactive cells were significantly greater in the hypertensive rats than in controls. We demonstrated that renovascular hypertension alters the number and immunoreactivity of CART-containing cells in adrenal glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kasacka
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology Medical University of Białystok ul . Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Białystok
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9
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Zhang K, Biswas N, Gayen JR, Miramontes-Gonzalez JP, Hightower CM, Mustapic M, Mahata M, Huang CT, Hook VY, Mahata SK, Vaingankar S, O'Connor DT. Chromogranin B: intra- and extra-cellular mechanisms to regulate catecholamine storage and release, in catecholaminergic cells and organisms. J Neurochem 2013; 129:48-59. [PMID: 24266713 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin B (CHGB) is the major matrix protein in human catecholamine storage vesicles. CHGB genetic variation alters catecholamine secretion and blood pressure. Here, effective Chgb protein under-expression was achieved by siRNA in PC12 cells, resulting in ~ 48% fewer secretory granules on electron microscopy, diminished capacity for catecholamine uptake (by ~ 79%), and a ~ 73% decline in stores available for nicotinic cholinergic-stimulated secretion. In vivo, loss of Chgb in knockout mice resulted in a ~ 35% decline in chromaffin granule abundance and ~ 44% decline in granule diameter, accompanied by unregulated catecholamine release into plasma. Over-expression of CHGB was achieved by transduction of a CHGB-expressing lentivirus, resulting in ~ 127% elevation in CHGB protein, with ~ 122% greater abundance of secretory granules, but only ~ 14% increased uptake of catecholamines, and no effect on nicotinic-triggered secretion. Human CHGB protein and its proteolytic fragments inhibited nicotinic-stimulated catecholamine release by ~ 72%. One conserved-region CHGB peptide inhibited nicotinic-triggered secretion by up to ~ 41%, with partial blockade of cationic signal transduction. We conclude that bi-directional quantitative derangements in CHGB abundance result in profound changes in vesicular storage and release of catecholamines. When processed and released extra-cellularly, CHGB proteolytic fragments exert a feedback effect to inhibit catecholamine secretion, especially during nicotinic cholinergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuixing Zhang
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
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10
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Bartolomucci A, Possenti R, Mahata SK, Fischer-Colbrie R, Loh YP, Salton SRJ. The extended granin family: structure, function, and biomedical implications. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:755-97. [PMID: 21862681 PMCID: PMC3591675 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The chromogranins (chromogranin A and chromogranin B), secretogranins (secretogranin II and secretogranin III), and additional related proteins (7B2, NESP55, proSAAS, and VGF) that together comprise the granin family subserve essential roles in the regulated secretory pathway that is responsible for controlled delivery of peptides, hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. Here we review the structure and function of granins and granin-derived peptides and expansive new genetic evidence, including recent single-nucleotide polymorphism mapping, genomic sequence comparisons, and analysis of transgenic and knockout mice, which together support an important and evolutionarily conserved role for these proteins in large dense-core vesicle biogenesis and regulated secretion. Recent data further indicate that their processed peptides function prominently in metabolic and glucose homeostasis, emotional behavior, pain pathways, and blood pressure modulation, suggesting future utility of granins and granin-derived peptides as novel disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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11
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Perry SF, Ellis K, Russell J, Bernier NJ, Montpetit C. Effects of chronic dietary salt loading on the renin angiotensin and adrenergic systems of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R811-21. [PMID: 21697522 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00244.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that chronic dietary salt loading causes hypertension and a decreased sensitivity of the systemic vasculature to α-adrenergic stimulation and other hypertensive stimuli (e.g. hypercapnia) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). This reduced sensitivity to hypertensive stimuli is consistent with a possible blunting of homeostatic responses normally aimed at raising blood pressure. To test this idea, we examined the consequences of long-term salt feeding and the associated hypertension on the interactive capacities of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) and adrenergic systems to elevate blood pressure in trout. Secretion of catecholamines in response to a range of doses of homologous ANG II in vivo and in situ (using a perfused posterior cardinal vein preparation) was reduced in the salt-fed fish. The reduced sensitivity to ANG II could not be explained by alterations in stored catecholamine (adrenaline or noradrenaline) levels or the general responsiveness of the chromaffin cells to depolarizing stimuli (60 mmol/l KCl). Despite the decreased responsiveness of the chromaffin cells to ANG II, plasma catecholamines were increased to a greater extent in the salt-fed fish during acute hypoxia (a condition that activates the RAS). Interestingly, the pressor effects of ANG II in vivo were actually heightened in the salt-fed fish. The increased pressor response to exogenous ANG II was likely attributable to its direct interaction with vascular ANG II receptors because the effect persisted even after blockade of α-adrenergic receptors. Treating fish with the vascular smooth muscle relaxant papaverine caused similar reductions in blood pressure and increases in plasma ANG II levels regardless of diet. Similarly, inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme with lisinopril reduced blood pressure equally in control and salt-fed fish. These results indicate that, while long-term dietary salt loading blunts the response of trout chromaffin cells to ANG II, the RAS itself appears to be unaffected. Indeed, the capacity of ANG II to elevate blood pressure is not compromised nor do fish exhibit a reduced capacity to mount an acute humoral adrenergic stress response during acute hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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12
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Chiron S, Wei Z, Chen Y, Zhang K, Wen G, Fischer WH, Mahata SK, O'Connor DT. Proteomic analysis yields an unexpected trans-acting point in control of the human sympathochromaffin phenotype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 4:437-45. [PMID: 21551321 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.110.957886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The secretory protein chromogranin A (CHGA) plays a necessary role in formation of catecholamine storage vesicles and gives rise to a catecholamine release-inhibitory fragment. Because genetic variation in the proximal human CHGA promoter predicts autonomic function and blood pressure, we explored how a common genetic variant alters transcription of the gene. METHODS AND RESULTS Bioinformatic analysis suggested that the common G-462A promoter variant (rs9658634) may disrupt as many as 3 transcriptional control motifs: LEF1, COUP-TF, and PPARγ-RXRα. During electrophoretic mobility shifts, chromaffin cell nuclear proteins bound specifically to the A (though not G) allele of CHGA promoter G-462A. On oligonucleotide affinity chromatography followed by electrospray ionization followed by 2-dimensional (tandem) mass spectrometry analysis of A allele eluates, the transcription factor LEF1 (lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1) was identified. Interaction of LEF1 with the A allele at G-462A was confirmed by supershift. On cotransfection, LEF1 discriminated between the allelic variants, especially in chromaffin cells. Allele specificity of trans-activation by LEF1 was transferable to an isolated G-462A element fused to a heterologous (SV40) promoter. Because β-catenin (CTNNB1) can heterodimerize with LEF1, we tested the effect of cotransfection of this factor and again found A allele-specific perturbation of CHGA transcription. CONCLUSIONS Common genetic variation within the human CHGA promoter alters the interaction of specific factors in trans with the promoter, with LEF1 identified by proteomic analysis and confirmed by supershift. Coexpression experiments show functional effects of LEF1 and CTNNB1 on CHGA promoter. The findings document a novel role for components of the immune and WNT pathways in control of human sympathochromaffin phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Chiron
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, 92093–0838, USA
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13
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Currie KPM. Inhibition of Ca2+ channels and adrenal catecholamine release by G protein coupled receptors. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 30:1201-8. [PMID: 21061161 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Catecholamines and other transmitters released from adrenal chromaffin cells play central roles in the "fight-or-flight" response and exert profound effects on cardiovascular, endocrine, immune, and nervous system function. As such, precise regulation of chromaffin cell exocytosis is key to maintaining normal physiological function and appropriate responsiveness to acute stress. Chromaffin cells express a number of different G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that sense the local environment and orchestrate this precise control of transmitter release. The primary trigger for catecholamine release is Ca2+ entry through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, so it makes sense that these channels are subject to complex regulation by GPCRs. In particular G protein βγ heterodimers (Gbc) bind to and inhibit Ca2+ channels. Here I review the mechanisms by which GPCRs inhibit Ca2+ channels in chromaffin cells and how this might be altered by cellular context. This is related to the potent autocrine inhibition of Ca2+ entry and transmitter release seen in chromaffin cells. Recent data that implicate an additional inhibitory target of Gβγ on the exocytotic machinery and how this might fine tune neuroendocrine secretion are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P M Currie
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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14
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Zhang K, Chen Y, Wen G, Mahata M, Rao F, Fung MM, Vaingankar S, Biswas N, Gayen JR, Friese RS, Mahata SK, Hamilton BA, O’Connor DT. Catecholamine storage vesicles: role of core protein genetic polymorphisms in hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2011; 13:36-45. [PMID: 21104344 PMCID: PMC3016145 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-010-0170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a complex trait with deranged autonomic control of the circulation. The sympathoadrenal system exerts minute-to-minute control over cardiac output and vascular tone. Catecholamine storage vesicles (or chromaffin granules) of the adrenal medulla contain remarkably high concentrations of chromogranins/secretogranins (or "granins"), catecholamines, neuropeptide Y, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and Ca(2+). Within secretory granules, granins are co-stored with catecholamine neurotransmitters and co-released upon stimulation of the regulated secretory pathway. The principal granin family members, chromogranin A (CHGA), chromogranin B (CHGB), and secretogranin II (SCG2), may have evolved from shared ancestral exons by gene duplication. This article reviews human genetic variation at loci encoding the major granins and probes the effects of such polymorphisms on blood pressure, using twin pairs to probe heritability and individuals with the most extreme blood pressure values in the population to study hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuixing Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Gen Wen
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Manjula Mahata
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Fangwen Rao
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Maple M. Fung
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Sucheta Vaingankar
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Nilima Biswas
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Jiaur R. Gayen
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Ryan S. Friese
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Bruce A. Hamilton
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Daniel T. O’Connor
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
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15
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Mahata SK, Mahata M, Fung MM, O'Connor DT. Reprint of: Catestatin: a multifunctional peptide from chromogranin A. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2010; 165:52-62. [PMID: 20965217 PMCID: PMC10838673 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In 1997, we identified a novel peptide, catestatin (CST: bovine chromogranin A [CHGA]₃₄₄₋₃₆₄: RSMRLSFRARGYGFRGPGLQL; human CHGA₃₅₂₋₃₇₂: SSMKLSFRARGYGFRGPGPQL), which is a potent inhibitor of nicotinic-cholinergic-stimulated catecholamine secretion. CST shows characteristic inhibitory effects on nicotinic cationic (Na+, Ca²+) signal transduction, which are specific to the neuronal nicotinic receptor. Utilizing systematic polymorphism discovery at the human CHGA locus we discovered three human variants of CST: G³⁶⁴S, P³⁷⁰L, and R³⁷⁴Q that showed differential potencies towards the inhibition of catecholamine secretion. In humans, CHGA is elevated and its processing to CST is diminished in hypertension. Diminished CST is observed not only in hypertensive individuals but also in the early-normotensive offspring of patients with hypertension, suggesting that an early deficiency of CST might play a pathogenic role in the subsequent development of the disease. Consistent with human findings, prevention of endogenous CST expression by targeted ablation (knockout) of the mouse Chga locus (Chga-KO) resulted in severe hypertension that can be "rescued" specifically by replacement of the CST peptide. CST acts directly on the heart to inhibit the inotropic and lusitropic properties of the rodent heart and also acts as a potent vasodilator in rats and humans. While the G³⁶⁴S CST variant caused profound changes in human autonomic activity and seemed to reduce the risk of developing hypertension, CST replacement rescued Chga-KO mice from dampened baroreflex sensitivity. In addition, CST has been shown to induce chemotaxis and acts as an antimicrobial as well as an antimalarial peptide. The present review summarizes these multiple actions of CST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Mahata
- Department of Medicine (0838), University of California at San Diego, and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838, USA.
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Common functional genetic variants in catecholamine storage vesicle protein promoter motifs interact to trigger systemic hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55:1463-75. [PMID: 20359597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to understand whether naturally occurring genetic variation in the promoter of chromogranin B (CHGB), a major constituent of catecholamine storage vesicles, is functional and confers risk for cardiovascular disease. BACKGROUND CHGB plays a necessary (catalytic) role in catecholamine storage vesicle biogenesis. Previously, we found that genetic variation at CHGB influenced autonomic function, with association maximal toward the 5' region. METHODS Here we explored transcriptional mechanisms of such effects, characterizing 2 common variants in the proximal promoter, A-296C and A-261T, using transfection/cotransfection, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). We then tested the effects of promoter variation on cardiovascular traits. RESULTS The A-296C disrupted a c-FOS motif, exhibiting differential mobility shifting to chromaffin cell nuclear proteins during EMSA, binding of endogenous c-FOS on ChIP, and differential response to exogenous c-FOS. The A-261T disrupted motifs for SRY and YY1, with similar consequences for EMSA, endogenous factor binding, and responses to exogenous factors. The 2-SNP CHGB promoter haplotypes had a profound (p=3.16E-20) effect on blood pressure (BP) in the European ancestry population, with a rank order of CT<AA<<CA<AT on both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), accounting for approximately 2.3% to approximately 3.4% of SBP/DBP variance; the haplotype effects on BP in vivo paralleled those on promoter activity in cella. Site-by-site interactions at A-296C and A-261T yielded highly nonadditive effects on SBP/DBP. The CHGB haplotype effects on BP were also noted in an independent (African ancestry) sample. In normotensive twins, parallel effects were noted for a pre-hypertensive phenotype, BP response to environmental stress. CONCLUSIONS The common CHGB promoter variants A-296C and A-261T, and their consequent haplotypes, alter binding of specific transcription factors to influence gene expression in cella as well as BP in vivo. Such variation contributes substantially to risk for human hypertension. Involvement of the sex-specific factor SRY suggests a novel mechanism for development of sexual dimorphism in BP.
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Mahata SK, Mahata M, Fung MM, O'Connor DT. Catestatin: a multifunctional peptide from chromogranin A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 162:33-43. [PMID: 20116404 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In 1997, we identified a novel peptide, catestatin (CST: bovine chromogranin A [CHGA](344-364): RSMRLSFRARGYGFRGPGLQL; human CHGA(352-372): SSMKLSFRARGYGFRGPGPQL), which is a potent inhibitor of nicotinic-cholinergic-stimulated catecholamine secretion. CST shows characteristic inhibitory effects on nicotinic cationic (Na(+), Ca(2+)) signal transduction, which are specific to the neuronal nicotinic receptor. Utilizing systematic polymorphism discovery at the human CHGA locus we discovered three human variants of CST: G(364)S, P(370)L, and R(374)Q that showed differential potencies towards the inhibition of catecholamine secretion. In humans, CHGA is elevated and its processing to CST is diminished in hypertension. Diminished CST is observed not only in hypertensive individuals but also in the early-normotensive offspring of patients with hypertension, suggesting that an early deficiency of CST might play a pathogenic role in the subsequent development of the disease. Consistent with human findings, prevention of endogenous CST expression by targeted ablation (knockout) of the mouse Chga locus (Chga-KO) resulted in severe hypertension that can be "rescued" specifically by replacement of the CST peptide. CST acts directly on the heart to inhibit the inotropic and lusitropic properties of the rodent heart and also acts as a potent vasodilator in rats and humans. While the G(364)S CST variant caused profound changes in human autonomic activity and seemed to reduce the risk of developing hypertension, CST replacement rescued Chga-KO mice from dampened baroreflex sensitivity. In addition, CST has been shown to induce chemotaxis and acts as an antimicrobial as well as an antimalarial peptide. The present review summarizes these multiple actions of CST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Mahata
- Department of Medicine (0838), University of California at San Diego, and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838, USA.
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Schmid-Schönbein GW. 2008 Landis Award lecture. Inflammation and the autodigestion hypothesis. Microcirculation 2009; 16:289-306. [PMID: 19384726 DOI: 10.1080/10739680902801949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although long recognized in microvascular research, an increasing body of evidence suggests that inflammatory markers are present in human diseases. Since the inflammatory cascade serves as a repair mechanism, the presence of inflammatory markers in patient groups has raised an important question about the mechanisms that initiate the inflammatory cascade (i.e., the mechanisms that cause tissue injury). Using a severe form of inflammation, shock, and multiorgan failure, for which there is no accepted injury mechanism, we summarize studies that suggest that the powerful pancreatic digestive enzymes play a central role in the destruction of the intestine and other tissues if their compartmentalization in the lumen of the intestine and in the pancreas is compromised. Further, we summarize evidence that uncontrolled degrading enzyme activity in plasma causes proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular domain of membrane receptors and loss of associated cell functions. For example, in a model of metabolic disease with type II diabetes, proteolytic cleavage of the insulin receptor causes the inability of insulin to signal glucose transport across membranes. The evidence suggests that uncontrolled proteolytic and lipolytic enzyme activity may trigger the mechanism for tissue injury. The significance of such mechanisms remain to be explored in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert W Schmid-Schönbein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0412, USA.
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Yamakoshi T, Park SB, Jang WC, Kim K, Yamakoshi Y, Hirose H. Relationship between salivary Chromogranin-A and stress induced by simulated monotonous driving. Med Biol Eng Comput 2009; 47:449-56. [PMID: 19194732 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-009-0447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the use of salivary Chromogranin-A (CgA), which is already used in general as a mental stress marker, for studying the stressful situation created by simulated monotonous driving. After informed consent, 25 healthy male and female subjects were studied under constant environment-controlled conditions. We measured the following physiological variables: blood pressure (BP), cardiac output, total peripheral resistance (TPR), normalized pulse volume (NPV) as an index of alpha-adrenergic sympathetic activity to the finger arteriolar vessels, levels of cortisol and CgA during monotonous driving. The induced stress led to the expected decreases in NPV and increases in TPR and BP caused by peripherally related sympathetic acceleration. However, CgA levels were found to fall gradually in accordance with the gradual increase of subjective rating of stress (SRS) and significantly (p < 0.01) decreased over the period of the simulated monotonous driving. Our hypothesis for the gradual decrease of CgA levels during the simulated monotonous driving is as follows. CgA, catestatin and catecholamines are co-released into the extra-cellular environment. Peripheral sympathetic activity was accelerated by stress resulting from the simulated monotonous driving. Upon peripheral vessel constriction, an increase in TPR then increased BP which, in turn, activated catestatin. Consequently, secretion of CgA was blocked by the co-secreted catestatin from chromaffin granules. The results obtained strongly indicate that, although CgA has been reported as a possible marker of stress, CgA levels are not increased in the stressful situation of simulated monotonous driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Yamakoshi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Crivellato E, Nico B, Ribatti D. The chromaffin vesicle: advances in understanding the composition of a versatile, multifunctional secretory organelle. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 291:1587-602. [PMID: 19037853 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chromaffin vesicles (CV) are highly sophisticated secretory organelles synthesized in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. They contain a complex mixture of structural proteins, catecholamine neurotransmitters, peptide hormones, and the relative processing enzymes, as well as protease inhibitors. In addition, CV store ATP, ascorbic acid, and calcium. During the last decades, extensive studies have contributed to increase our understanding of the molecular composition of CV. Yet, the recent development of biochemical and imaging procedures has greatly increased the list of CV-soluble constituents and opened new horizons as to the complexity of CV involvement in acute stress responses. Thus, a coherent picture of CV molecular composition is still to be drawn. This review article will provide a detailed account of the content of CV soluble molecules as it emerges from the most recent analytical studies. Moreover, this review article will attempt at focussing on the physiological and pathophysiological implications of the products released by CV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Crivellato
- Department of Medical and Morphological Research, Section of Anatomy, University of Udine School of Medicine, Udine, Italy.
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21
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Wen G, Wessel J, Zhou W, Ehret GB, Rao F, Stridsberg M, Mahata SK, Gent PM, Das M, Cooper RS, Chakravarti A, Zhou H, Schork NJ, O’Connor DT, Hamilton BA. An ancestral variant of Secretogranin II confers regulation by PHOX2 transcription factors and association with hypertension. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:1752-64. [PMID: 17584765 PMCID: PMC2695823 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Granins regulate secretory vesicle formation in neuroendocrine cells and granin-derived peptides are co-released with neurotransmitters as modulatory signals at sympathetic sites. We report evidence for association between a regulatory polymorphism in Secretogranin II (SCG2) and hypertension in African-American subjects. The minor allele is ancestral in the human lineage and is associated with disease risk in two case-control studies and with elevated blood pressure in a separate familial study. Mechanistically, the ancestral allele acts as a transcriptional enhancer in cells that express endogenous Scg2, whereas the derived allele does not. ARIX (PHOX2A) and PHOX2B are identified as potential transactivating factors by oligonucleotide affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry and confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Each of these transcription factors preferentially binds the risk allele, both in vitro and in vivo. Population genetic considerations suggest positive selection of the protective allele within the human lineage. These results identify a common regulatory variation in SCG2 and implicate granin gene expression in the control of human blood pressure and susceptibility to hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Wen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Jennifer Wessel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, UCSD and Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health Epidemiology
- Scripps Genomic Medicine and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Georg B. Ehret
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Fangwen Rao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Mats Stridsberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
- VA San Diego Healthcare System
| | - Peter M. Gent
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Madhusudan Das
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Richard S. Cooper
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Huilin Zhou
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Nicholas J. Schork
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
- Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
- Scripps Genomic Medicine and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Daniel T. O’Connor
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
- Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Bruce A. Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093
- author for correspondence Telephone: (858) 822-1055
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Estensen ME, Hognestad A, Syversen U, Squire I, Ng L, Kjekshus J, Dickstein K, Omland T. Prognostic value of plasma chromogranin A levels in patients with complicated myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2006; 152:927.e1-6. [PMID: 17070161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromogranin A is widely distributed throughout the neuroendocrine system and may, because of its long in vivo and in vitro half-life, be an attractive candidate for assessment of overall neuroendocrine activity. Recently, increased plasma levels of chromogranin A have been found in patients with chronic heart failure and related to the severity of symptoms and prognosis. The objective of the current study was to assess the prognostic value of chromogranin A levels after complicated myocardial infarction. METHODS We assessed the association between plasma chromogranin A levels obtained in the hospitalization phase and time to hospitalization for heart failure or death in 217 patients with complicated myocardial infarction included in the OPTIMAAL trial. RESULTS During a median follow-up time of 1017 days, there were 44 first events (30 deaths and 14 hospitalizations for congestive heart failure). Logarithmically transformed chromogranin A (P < .001) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (P = .001), patient age (P < .001), estimated creatinine clearance (P < .001), a history of myocardial infarction or angina (P = .001), and diabetes mellitus (P = .011), using univariable Cox proportional hazards regression, were significantly associated with outcome, whereas sex, randomization status, history of hypertension, C-reactive protein, and the presence of inhospital heart failure were not. In a multivariable model, logarithmically transformed chromogranin A (P = .002), patient age (P < .0001), history of diabetes (P = .004), and male sex (P = .021) were independently predictive of outcome. CONCLUSION Chromogranin A is a strong and independent prognostic indicator in patients with complicated myocardial infarction.
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23
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Mahata SK, Mahata M, Wen G, Wong WB, Mahapatra NR, Hamilton BA, O'Connor DT. The catecholamine release-inhibitory "catestatin" fragment of chromogranin a: naturally occurring human variants with different potencies for multiple chromaffin cell nicotinic cholinergic responses. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 66:1180-91. [PMID: 15326220 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.002139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The catestatin fragment of chromogranin A is an endogenous inhibitor of nicotinic cholinergic transmission, functioning in negative feedback control of catecholamine secretion. We explored naturally occurring polymorphisms in the amino acid sequence of catestatin. Three human variants were identified: Gly364Ser, Pro370Leu, and Arg374Gln. Variants were tested for ability to inhibit four nicotinic processes. The rank order of potency for inhibition of catecholamine secretion was Pro370Leu > wild type > Gly364Ser > Arg374Gln. Decrease in potency was paralleled by decline in Hill slope, suggesting that negative cooperativity at ascending dose might underlie loss of potency. Several lines of evidence indicated that each variant acted as a nicotinic antagonist: potency to inhibit secretion paralleled inhibition of agonist-triggered (22)Na(+) uptake (r = 0.986); variants inhibited secretion with similar potency when triggered by several nicotinic agonists, though not by agents using other secretory pathways or bypassing the nicotinic receptor; and blockade of secretion was noncompetitive with agonist. Variants also inhibited desensitization of secretion after prior agonist exposure and stimulation of secretory protein biosynthesis by agonist. Rank order of variant inhibitory potency for all four nicotinic processes was identical (Pro370Leu > wild type > Gly364Ser > Arg374Gln), suggesting mediation by similar combinations of receptor alpha/beta subunits and that crucial catestatin residues are likely to be identical across the four processes. When catestatin variants were mixed in likely heterozygotic (1:1 M ratio) combinations, the inhibitory curve was left-shifted onto that of the more potent variant in the combination, suggesting phenotypic dominance. The results have quantitative implications for interindividual variations in human nicotinic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Mahata
- Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0838, USA.
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Greenwood TA, Cadman PE, Stridsberg M, Nguyen S, Taupenot L, Schork NJ, O'Connor DT. Genome-wide linkage analysis of chromogranin B expression in the CEPH pedigrees: implications for exocytotic sympathochromaffin secretion in humans. Physiol Genomics 2004; 18:119-27. [PMID: 15138309 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00104.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromogranin B (CgB), a major member of the chromogranin/secretogranin family of catecholamine storage vesicle secretory proteins, plays both intracellular (vesiculogenic) and extracellular (prohormone) roles in the neuroendocrine system, and its biosynthesis and release are under the control of efferent sympathetic nerve traffic ("stimulus-transcription coupling"). To explore the role of heredity in control of CgB, we conducted a genome-wide linkage analysis of CgB release in 12 extended CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain) pedigrees. Region-specific radioimmunoassays were used to measure five CgB fragments in plasma: CgB1-16, CgB312-331, CgB439-451, CgB568-577, and CgB647-657. Substantial heritability, as measured by h2r, was observed for three of the fragment concentrations, CgB312-331, CgB439-451, and CgB568-577, which yielded h2r estimates ranging from 0.378 (P = 0.002) to 0.910 (P < 0.0000001). Variance-component genome-wide linkage analysis with 654 microsatellite markers at 5 cM spacing identified a major quantitative trait locus for CgB312-331 on chromosome 11q24-q25 with a maximum multipoint LOD score of 5.84. Significant allelic associations between markers in the region and CgB levels were also observed. Although the 2-LOD confidence interval for linkage did not include the CgB locus itself, known trans-activators of the CgB gene promoter, or prohormone cleaving proteases, examination of positional candidate loci within this region yielded novel and plausible physiological candidates for further exploration. Allelic variation in this region may thus influence effects of sympathetic outflow on target organs in humans.
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Wen G, Mahata SK, Cadman P, Mahata M, Ghosh S, Mahapatra NR, Rao F, Stridsberg M, Smith DW, Mahboubi P, Schork NJ, O’Connor DT, Hamilton BA. Both rare and common polymorphisms contribute functional variation at CHGA, a regulator of catecholamine physiology. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:197-207. [PMID: 14740315 PMCID: PMC1181918 DOI: 10.1086/381399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2003] [Accepted: 11/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromogranin/secretogranin proteins are costored and coreleased with catecholamines from secretory vesicles in chromaffin cells and noradrenergic neurons. Chromogranin A (CHGA) regulates catecholamine storage and release through intracellular (vesiculogenic) and extracellular (catecholamine release-inhibitory) mechanisms. CHGA is a candidate gene for autonomic dysfunction syndromes, including intermediate phenotypes that contribute to human hypertension. Here, we show a surprising pattern of CHGA variants that alter the expression and function of this gene, both in vivo and in vitro. Functional variants include both common alleles that quantitatively alter gene expression and rare alleles that qualitatively change the encoded product to alter the signaling potency of CHGA-derived catecholamine release-inhibitory catestatin peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Wen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biology, Department of Psychiatry, and John and Rebecca Moores University of California San Diego Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego; and Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biology, Department of Psychiatry, and John and Rebecca Moores University of California San Diego Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego; and Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Cadman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biology, Department of Psychiatry, and John and Rebecca Moores University of California San Diego Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego; and Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Manjula Mahata
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biology, Department of Psychiatry, and John and Rebecca Moores University of California San Diego Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego; and Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sajalendu Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biology, Department of Psychiatry, and John and Rebecca Moores University of California San Diego Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego; and Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nitish R. Mahapatra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biology, Department of Psychiatry, and John and Rebecca Moores University of California San Diego Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego; and Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fangwen Rao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biology, Department of Psychiatry, and John and Rebecca Moores University of California San Diego Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego; and Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Stridsberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biology, Department of Psychiatry, and John and Rebecca Moores University of California San Diego Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego; and Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Douglas W. Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biology, Department of Psychiatry, and John and Rebecca Moores University of California San Diego Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego; and Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Payam Mahboubi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biology, Department of Psychiatry, and John and Rebecca Moores University of California San Diego Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego; and Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J. Schork
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biology, Department of Psychiatry, and John and Rebecca Moores University of California San Diego Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego; and Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel T. O’Connor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biology, Department of Psychiatry, and John and Rebecca Moores University of California San Diego Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego; and Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bruce A. Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biology, Department of Psychiatry, and John and Rebecca Moores University of California San Diego Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego; and Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Omland T, Dickstein K, Syversen U. Association between plasma chromogranin A concentration and long-term mortality after myocardial infarction. Am J Med 2003; 114:25-30. [PMID: 12543286 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chromogranin A, a polypeptide that is distributed throughout the neuroendocrine system, may be a marker of neuroendocrine activation. We sought to assess the long-term prognostic value of circulating levels of chromogranin A after myocardial infarction. METHODS We studied 119 patients (88 [74%] male; median age, 70 years [interquartile range, 62 to 75 years]) with documented myocardial infarction. Chromogranin A levels in plasma were determined by radioimmunoassay from samples obtained 3 days after the onset of symptoms. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 10.8 years, 56 patients (47%) died. The median concentration of chromogranin A in plasma was 24 ng/mL (interquartile range, 18 to 36 ng/mL). Plasma chromogranin A levels were associated with increased long-term mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.17 per 10-ng/mL increase; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06 to 1.28) in models that adjusted for age, clinical heart failure during the initial hospitalization, and use of thrombolytic therapy. As a dichotomous variable (cutoff, 24 ng/mL), an elevated chromogranin A level was also associated with mortality in univariate analysis (HR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.4 to 4.8), but this relation was no longer significant after adjustment for age (HR = 1.4; 95% CI: 0.8 to 2.7). CONCLUSION Plasma levels of chromogranin A are related to long-term mortality after myocardial infarction, perhaps because they reflect neuroendocrine activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torbjørn Omland
- Department of Cardiology, The National Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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O'Connor DT, Mahata SK, Taupenot L, Mahata M, Livsey Taylor CV, Kailasam MT, Ziegler MG, Parmer RJ. Chromogranin A in human disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2001; 482:377-88. [PMID: 11192598 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46837-9_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D T O'Connor
- Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, and Veterans Affairs, San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161-9111, USA
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Taupenot L, Mahata SK, Mahata M, Parmer RJ, O'Connor DT. Interaction of the catecholamine release-inhibitory peptide catestatin (human chromogranin A(352-372)) with the chromaffin cell surface and Torpedo electroplax: implications for nicotinic cholinergic antagonism. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2000; 95:9-17. [PMID: 11062327 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(00)00135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The catecholamine release-inhibitory chromogranin A fragment catestatin (chromogranin A(344-364)) exhibits non-competitive antagonism of nicotinic cholinergic signaling in chromaffin cells. A previous homology model of catestatin's likely structure suggested a mode of interaction of the peptide with the nicotinic receptor, but direct evidence has been lacking. Here we found that [125I]-catestatin binds to the surface of intact PC12 and bovine chromaffin cells with high affinity (K(D)=15.2+/-1.53 nM) and specificity (lack of displacement by another [N-terminal] fragment of chromogranin A). Nicotinic agonist (carbamylcholine) did not displace [125I]-catestatin from chromaffin cells, nor did catestatin displace the nicotinic agonist [3H]-epibatidine; these observations indicate a catestatin binding site separate from the agonist binding pocket on the nicotinic receptor, a finding consistent with catestatin's non-competitive nicotinic mechanism. [125I]-catestatin could be displaced from chromaffin cells by substance P (IC(50) approximately 5 microM), though at far lower potency than displacement by catestatin itself (IC(50) approximately 350-380 nM), suggesting that catestatin and substance P occupy an identical or overlapping non-competitive site on the nicotinic receptor, at different affinities (catestatin > substance P). Small, non-peptide non-competitive nicotinic antagonists (hexamethonium or clonidine) did not diminish [125I]-catestatin binding, suggesting distinct non-competitive binding sites on the nicotinic receptor for peptide and non-peptide antagonists. Similar binding and inhibitory profiles for [125I]-catestatin were observed on chromaffin cells as well as nicotinic receptor-enriched Torpedo membranes. Covalent cross-linking of [125I]-catestatin to Torpedo membranes suggested specific contacts of [125I]-catestatin with the delta, gamma, and beta subunits of the nicotinic receptor, a finding consistent with prior homology modeling of the interaction of catestatin with the extracellular face of the nicotinic heteropentamer. We conclude that catestatin occludes the nicotinic cation pore by interacting with multiple nicotinic subunits at the pore vestibule. Such binding provides a physical explanation for non-competitive antagonism of the peptide at the nicotinic receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Taupenot
- Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, and Veteran Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 92161-9111H, San Diego, CA, USA.
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29
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Tsigelny I, Mahata SK, Taupenot L, Preece NE, Mahata M, Khan I, Parmer RJ, O’Connor DT. Mechanism of action of chromogranin A on catecholamine release: molecular modeling of the catestatin region reveals a beta-strand/loop/beta-strand structure secured by hydrophobic interactions and predictive of activity. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1998; 77:43-53. [PMID: 9809795 PMCID: PMC3676947 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(98)00040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel fragment of chromogranin A, known as 'catestatin' (bovine chromogranin A344-364), inhibits catecholamine release from chromaffin cells and noradrenergic neurons by acting as a non-competitive nicotinic cholinergic antagonist, and may therefore constitute an endogenous autocrine feedback regulator of sympathoadrenal activity. To characterize how this activity depends on the peptide's structure, we searched for common 3-dimensional motifs for this primary structure or its homologs. Catestatin's primary structure bore significant (29-35.5% identity, general alignment score 44-57) sequence homology to fragment sequences within three homologs of known 3-dimensional structures, based on solved X-ray crystals: 8FAB, IPKM, and 2IG2. Each of these sequences exists in nature as a beta-strand/loop/beta-strand structure, stabilized by hydrophobic interactions between the beta-strands. The catestatin structure was stable during molecular dynamics simulations. The catestatin loop contains three Arg residues, whose electropositive side chains form the terminus of the structure, and give rise to substantial uncompensated charge asymmetry in the molecule. A hydrophobic moment plot revealed that catestatin is the only segment of chromogranin A predicted to contain amphiphilic beta-strand. Circular dichroism in the far ultraviolet showed substantial (63%) beta-sheet structure, especially in a hydrophobic environment. Alanine-substitution mutants of catestatin established a crucial role for the three central arginine residues in the loop (Arg351, Arg353, and Arg358), though not for two arginine residues in the strand region toward the amino-terminus. [125I]Catestatin bound to Torpedo membranes at a site other than the nicotinic agonist binding site. When the catestatin structure was 'docked' with the extracellular domain of the Torpedo nicotinic cholinergic receptor, it interacted principally with the beta and delta subunits, in a relatively hydrophobic region of the cation pore extracellular orifice, and the complex of ligand and receptor largely occluded the cation pore, providing a structural basis for the non-competitive nicotinic cholinergic antagonist properties of the peptide. We conclude that a homology model of catestatin correctly predicts actual features of the peptide, both physical and biological. The model suggests particular spatial and charge features of the peptide which may serve as starting points in the development of non-peptide mimetics of this endogenous nicotinic cholinergic antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Tsigelny
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Chemistry, Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Chemistry, Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Laurent Taupenot
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Chemistry, Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas E. Preece
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Chemistry, Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Manjula Mahata
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Chemistry, Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Imran Khan
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Chemistry, Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert J. Parmer
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Chemistry, Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel T. O’Connor
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Chemistry, Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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Ely D, Caplea A, Dunphy G, Daneshvar H, Turner M, Milsted A, Takiyyudin M. Spontaneously hypertensive rat Y chromosome increases indexes of sympathetic nervous system activity. Hypertension 1997; 29:613-8. [PMID: 9040447 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.29.2.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that the Y chromosome from the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is responsible for a significant portion of the elevated blood pressure and also produces an earlier pubertal rise in plasma testosterone. We performed the following studies to determine whether the SHR Y chromosome raises blood pressure by sympathetic nervous system responses as measured by adrenal chromogranin A and plasma and tissue catecholamines. Male SHR from the University of Akron colony were studied from 5 to 20 weeks of age. Blood pressure was measured by tail-cuff, tail artery cannulation, and aortic telemetry (Data Sciences); acute (air stress) and chronic (territorial colony) social stressors were compared; blood was collected for determination of plasma catecholamines; and adrenal glands were analyzed at 15 weeks for catecholamines. Rats with the SHR Y chromosome had higher blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine than those with the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) Y chromosome. However, the SHR Y chromosome did not significantly change responsiveness to acute or chronic stressors. Phentolamine and clonidine prevented the stress responses. Adrenal chromogranin A levels were elevated 37% and 40% and adrenal norepinephrine content 29% and 100% at 4 and 10 weeks of age, respectively, in rats with an SHR Y chromosome compared with WKY. Chemical sympathectomy normalized blood pressure in all strains and significantly reduced norepinephrine (36% to 41%) in all strains except in WKY, which already had a normal blood pressure. In conclusion, the SHR Y chromosome appears to increase the chronic sympathetic nervous system. A potential mechanism could be a Y locus that influences chronic sympathetic nervous system activity, which may reinforce neurohumoral factors and structural components of the vessel wall, accelerating the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ely
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Ohio 44325-3908, USA
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Eskeland NL, Zhou A, Dinh TQ, Wu H, Parmer RJ, Mains RE, O'Connor DT. Chromogranin A processing and secretion: specific role of endogenous and exogenous prohormone convertases in the regulated secretory pathway. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:148-56. [PMID: 8690787 PMCID: PMC507411 DOI: 10.1172/jci118760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromogranins A and B and secretogranin II are a family of acidic proteins found in neuroendocrine secretory vesicles; these proteins contain multiple potential cleavage sites for proteolytic processing by the mammalian subtilisin-like serine endoproteases PC1 and PC2 (prohormone convertases 1 and 2), and furin. We explored the role of these endoproteases in chromogranin processing in AtT-20 mouse pituitary corticotropes. Expression of inducible antisense PC1 mRNA virtually abolished PC1 immunoreactivity on immunoblots. Chromogranin A immunoblots revealed chromogranin A processing, from both the NH2 and COOH termini, in both wild-type AtT-20 and AtT-20 antisense PC1 cells. After antisense PC1 induction, an approximately 66-kD chromogranin A NH2-terminal fragment as well as the parent chromogranin A molecule accumulated, while an approximately 50 kD NH2-terminal and an approximately 30 kD COOH-terminal fragment declined in abundance. Chromogranin B and secretogranin II immunoblots showed no change after PC1 reduction. [35S]Methionine/cysteine pulse-chase metabolic labeling in AtT-20 antisense PC1 and antisense furin cells revealed reciprocal changes in secreted chromogranin A COOH-terminal fragments (increased approximately 82 kD and decreased approximately 74 kD forms, as compared with wild-type AtT-20 cells) indicating decreased cleavage, while AtT-20 cells overexpressing PC2 showed increased processing to and secretion of approximately 71 and approximately 27 kD NH2-terminal chromogranin A fragments. Antisense PC1 specifically abolished regulated secretion of both chromogranin A and beta-endorphin in response to the usual secretagogue, corticotropin-releasing hormone. Moreover, immunocytochemistry demonstrated a relative decrease of chromogranin A in processes (where regulated secretory vesicles accumulate) of AtT-20 cells overexpressing either PC1 or PC2. These results demonstrate that chromogranin A is a substrate for the endogenous endoproteases PC1 and furin in vivo, and that such processing influences its trafficking into the regulated secretory pathway; furthermore, lack of change in chromogranin B and secretogranin II cleavage after diminution of PCl suggests that the action of PC1 on chromogranin A may be specific within the chromogranin/secretogranin protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Eskeland
- Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, USA
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Takiyyuddin MA, Parmer RJ, Kailasam MT, Cervenka JH, Kennedy B, Ziegler MG, Lin MC, Li J, Grim CE, Wright FA. Chromogranin A in human hypertension. Influence of heredity. Hypertension 1995; 26:213-20. [PMID: 7607727 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.26.1.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiple heritable traits are associated with essential (genetic) hypertension in humans. Because chromogranin A is increased in both human and rodent genetic hypertension, we examined the influence of heredity and blood pressure on chromogranin A in humans. In estimates derived from among- and within-pair variance in monozygotic versus dizygotic twins, plasma chromogranin A displayed significant (F15,18 = 2.93, P = .016) genetic variance (sigma 2 g), and its broad-sense heritability was high (h2B = 0.983). Plasma chromogranin A was increased in essential hypertension (99.9 +/- 6.7 versus 62.8 +/- 4.7 ng/mL, P < .001) but was influenced little by genetic risk for (family history of) hypertension (in normotensive or hypertensive subjects), by race, or by several antihypertensive therapies (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, diuretic, or beta-adrenergic antagonist). In normotensive subjects at genetic risk for essential hypertension, neither basal nor sympathoadrenal stress-evoked chromogranin A differed from values found in subjects not at risk. In established essential hypertension, plasma chromogranin A responses to adrenal medullary (insulin-evoked hypoglycemia) or sympathetic neuronal (dynamic exercise) activation were exaggerated, whereas responses to sympathoadrenal suppression (ganglionic blockade) were diminished, suggesting increased vesicular stores of chromogranin A and an adrenergic origin of the augmented chromogranin A expression in this disorder. We conclude that plasma chromogranin A displays substantial heritability and is increased in established essential hypertension. Its elevation in established hypertension is associated with evidence of increased vesicular stores of the protein and with adrenergic hyperactivity but is influenced little by customary antihypertensive therapies. However, the chromogranin A elevation is not evident early in the course of genetic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Takiyyuddin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
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