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Azukaitis K, Puteikis K, Kinciniene O, Mikucionyte D, Mameniskiene R, Jankauskiene A. Cognitive performance in children and adolescents with primary hypertension and the role of body mass. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1369690. [PMID: 38745835 PMCID: PMC11091299 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1369690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Primary hypertension has been shown to affect cognitive functions in adults but evidence in the pediatric population remain scarce and equivocal. We aimed to compare cognitive functioning between children diagnosed with primary hypertension and normotensive controls, with a focus on the role of different blood pressure (BP) parameters and body mass. Methods We conducted a single-center, prospective, cross-sectional study of children and adolescents (6-17 years old) with primary hypertension and age- and sex-matched normotensive controls. All participants underwent office BP, ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), and central BP measurements using an oscillometric device. Neurocognitive assessment consisted of evaluation of (i) intelligence quotient (IQ), (ii) categorical and phonemic fluency, (iii) verbal memory (verbal-logical story recall), and (iv) non-verbal computerized cognitive assessment. Results The study included a total of 59 patients with primary hypertension (14 ± 3 years) and 37 normotensive controls (14 ± 3 years). Participants in the primary hypertension group had a significantly higher body mass index z-score (BMIz: 2.1 ± 1.4 vs. 0.7 ± 0.9, p < 0.001), and 85% received antihypertensive therapy. Participants with primary hypertension showed worse performance in the domains of reaction speed, attention and processing speed, visual memory, new learning, and phonemic fluency. After adjusting for BMIz, only the differences in the reaction speed tasks remained significant. None of the BP parameters was associated with cognitive outcomes after adjustment for age, sex, and BMIz. BMIz associated with tasks of visual memory, new learning, spatial planning, and working memory, independent of age and sex. Conclusion Children and adolescents diagnosed with primary hypertension exhibit worse performance in the cognitive domains of reaction speed, attention, processing speed, visual memory, and new learning. These differences to healthy controls can be partially attributed to accompanying increase of body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolis Azukaitis
- Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kristijonas Puteikis
- Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Odeta Kinciniene
- Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Ruta Mameniskiene
- Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Augustina Jankauskiene
- Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Hsu YH, Lee M, Pan KL, Chen CY, Hung TH, Chen VCH. Neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms in people with hypertension: An examination with the NINDS-CSN consensus protocol. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024; 31:39-47. [PMID: 34658278 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2021.1986826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension has been associated with risk of cognitive impairments. The American Heart Association recommended the use of the harmonized neuropsychological protocol suggested by the National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke and the Canadian Stroke Network (NINDS-CSN) for studying related cognitive impairments. Initially designed for vascular cognitive impairment, empirical data of results from NINDS-CSN protocol has not been well-established in hypertension. The present study recruited 58 adults diagnosed with hypertension and 44 normotensive controls. Tests from the NINDS-CSN protocol were given in three lengths, including neuropsychological tests and neuropsychiatric inventories. The results showed higher proportions of hypertensive adults with impairments on tests of memory and executive functions and that they performed worse as a group on several tests from the 30-minute protocol, but not on the other additional tests in the full-length version, nor on cognitive screening test in the 5-minute protocol such as the Mini-Mental State Examination or the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. There was no significant group difference on neuropsychiatric symptoms. These findings suggested that the 30-minute version of the NINDS-CSN protocol with the two supplemental tests was able to reveal selective cognitive deficits in hypertensive adults and provide a practical solution for related studies, balancing between the requirement of sensitivity, domain variety, and brevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hsuan Hsu
- Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Meng Lee
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Li Pan
- Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Heart Failure Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Chen
- Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Hsin Hung
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Institute of Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Vincent Chin-Hung Chen
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Babroudi S, Tighiouart H, Schrauben SJ, Cohen JB, Fischer MJ, Rahman M, Hsu CY, Sozio SM, Weir M, Sarnak M, Yaffe K, Tamura MK, Drew D. Blood Pressure, Incident Cognitive Impairment, and Severity of CKD: Findings From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2023; 82:443-453.e1. [PMID: 37245689 PMCID: PMC10526961 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE Hypertension is a known risk factor for dementia and cognitive impairment. There are limited data on the relation of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with incident cognitive impairment in adults with chronic kidney disease. We sought to identify and characterize the relationship among blood pressure, cognitive impairment, and severity of decreased kidney function in adults with chronic kidney disease. STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 3,768 participants in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. EXPOSURE Baseline SBP and DBP were examined as exposure variables, using continuous (linear, per 10-mm Hg higher), categorical (SBP<120 [reference], 120 to 140,>140mm Hg; DBP<70 (reference), 70 to 80, > 80mm Hg) and nonlinear terms (splines). OUTCOME Incident cognitive impairment defined as a decline in Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) score to greater than 1 standard deviation below the cohort mean. ANALYTICAL APPROACH Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for demographics as well as kidney disease and cardiovascular disease risk factors. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 58±11 (SD) years, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 44mL/min/1.73m2 ± 15 (SD), and the median follow-up time was 11 (IQR, 7-13) years. In 3,048 participants without cognitive impairment at baseline and with at least 1 follow-up 3MS test, a higher baseline SBP was significantly associated with incident cognitive impairment only in the eGFR>45mL/min/1.73m2 subgroup (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.13 [95% CI, 1.05-1.22] per 10mm Hg higher SBP]. Spline analyses, aimed at exploring nonlinearity, showed that the relationship between baseline SBP and incident cognitive impairment was J-shaped and significant only in the eGFR>45mL/min/1.73m2 subgroup (P=0.02). Baseline DBP was not associated with incident cognitive impairment in any analyses. LIMITATIONS 3MS test as the primary measure of cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with chronic kidney disease, higher baseline SBP was associated with higher risk of incident cognitive impairment specifically in those individuals with eGFR>45mL/min/1.73m2. PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY High blood pressure is a strong risk factor for dementia and cognitive impairment in studies of adults without kidney disease. High blood pressure and cognitive impairment are common in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The impact of blood pressure on the development of future cognitive impairment in patients with CKD remains unclear. We identified the relationship between blood pressure and cognitive impairment in 3,076 adults with CKD. Baseline blood pressure was measured, after which serial cognitive testing was performed over 11 years. Fourteen percent of participants developed cognitive impairment. We found that a higher baseline systolic blood pressure was associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. We found that this association was stronger in adults with mild-to-moderate CKD compared with those with advanced CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Babroudi
- William B. Schwartz Division of Nephrology, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Hocine Tighiouart
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Boston, Massachusetts; Tufts Medical Center, and School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah J Schrauben
- Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jordana B Cohen
- Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Fischer
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; Medical Service, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare (CINCCH), Edward J. Hines VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois
| | - Mahboob Rahman
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Chi-Yuan Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, San Francisco, California
| | - Stephen M Sozio
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew Weir
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Sarnak
- William B. Schwartz Division of Nephrology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Manjula Kurella Tamura
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - David Drew
- William B. Schwartz Division of Nephrology, Boston, Massachusetts
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Rim D, Henderson LA, Macefield VG. Brain and cardiovascular-related changes are associated with aging, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation. Clin Auton Res 2022; 32:409-422. [PMID: 36409380 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-022-00907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The neural pathways in which the brain regulates the cardiovascular system is via sympathetic and parasympathetic control of the heart and sympathetic control of the systemic vasculature. Various cortical and sub-cortical sites are involved, but how these critical brain regions for cardiovascular control are altered in healthy aging and other risk conditions that may contribute to cardiovascular disease is uncertain. METHODS Here we review the functional and structural brain changes in healthy aging, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation - noting their potential influence on the autonomic nervous system and hence on cardiovascular control. RESULTS Evidence suggests that aging, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation are each associated with functional and structural changes in specific areas of the central nervous system involved in autonomic control. Increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and significant alterations in the brain regions involved in the default mode network are commonly reported in aging, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS Further studies using functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coupled with autonomic nerve activity in healthy aging, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation promise to reveal the underlying brain circuitry modulating the abnormal sympathetic nerve activity in these conditions. This understanding will guide future therapies to rectify dysregulation of autonomic and cardiovascular control by the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donggyu Rim
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Luke A Henderson
- School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Vaughan G Macefield
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Cansino S, Torres-Trejo F, Estrada-Manilla C, Mercado-Canales A, Medina-Velázquez D, Esquivel-García R, Ruiz-Velasco S. Effects of hypotension and hypertension on source memory and working memory. Aging Ment Health 2022; 26:1738-1746. [PMID: 34225518 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2021.1942435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effects of chronic low and high blood pressure on memory are unclear due to divergent results, originating in part due to participant misclassifications. The aim of this study was to compare source memory and working memory performance in individuals diagnosed with hypotension or hypertension with the performance of normotensive participants. Hypertensive and hypotensive individuals were receiving medical treatment. METHOD From a sample of 1656 participants, 219 were identified as hypertensive, and 37 were identified as hypotensive. Each of these two groups was compared with normotensive individuals matched by age, education and sex. Source memory performance and working memory performance were assessed through computerized tasks. RESULTS Source memory accuracy was poorer in hypotensive and hypertensive individuals than in normotensive individuals, and spatial working memory discrimination was inferior in hypertensive participants compared to normotensive individuals. CONCLUSION Blood pressure impairment should be considered a major concern because it has been linked to severe cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Furthermore, here we show that it has negative effects on the two types of memory that are most essential for preserving a self-sufficient lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Cansino
- Laboratory of NeuroCognition, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Frine Torres-Trejo
- Laboratory of NeuroCognition, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cinthya Estrada-Manilla
- Laboratory of NeuroCognition, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrés Mercado-Canales
- Laboratory of NeuroCognition, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniela Medina-Velázquez
- Laboratory of NeuroCognition, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Esquivel-García
- Laboratory of NeuroCognition, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvia Ruiz-Velasco
- Department of Probability and Statistics, Applied Mathematics and Systems Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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Badji A, Pereira JB, Shams S, Skoog J, Marseglia A, Poulakis K, Rydén L, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Kern S, Zettergren A, Wahlund LO, Girouard H, Skoog I, Westman E. Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers, Brain Structural and Cognitive Performances Between Normotensive and Hypertensive Controlled, Uncontrolled and Untreated 70-Year-Old Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:777475. [PMID: 35095467 PMCID: PMC8791781 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.777475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypertension is an important risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the relationship between AD and hypertension are not fully understood, but they most likely involve microvascular dysfunction and cerebrovascular pathology. Although previous studies have assessed the impact of hypertension on different markers of brain integrity, no study has yet provided a comprehensive comparison of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and structural brain differences between normotensive and hypertensive groups in a single and large cohort of older adults in relationship to cognitive performances. Objective: The aim of the present work was to investigate the differences in cognitive performances, CSF biomarkers and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain structure between normotensive, controlled hypertensive, uncontrolled hypertensive, and untreated hypertensive older adults from the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Studies. Methods: As an indicator of vascular brain pathology, we measured white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), lacunes, cerebral microbleeds, enlarged perivascular space (epvs), and fractional anisotropy (FA). To assess markers of AD pathology/neurodegeneration, we measured hippocampal volume, temporal cortical thickness on MRI, and amyloid-β42, phosphorylated tau, and neurofilament light protein (NfL) in cerebrospinal fluid. Various neuropsychological tests were used to assess performances in memory, attention/processing speed, executive function, verbal fluency, and visuospatial abilities. Results: We found more white matter pathology in hypertensive compared to normotensive participants, with the highest vascular burden in uncontrolled participants (e.g., lower FA, more WMHs, and epvs). No significant difference was found in any MRI or CSF markers of AD pathology/neurodegeneration when comparing normotensive and hypertensive participants, nor among hypertensive groups. No significant difference was found in most cognitive functions between groups. Conclusion: Our results suggest that good blood pressure control may help prevent cerebrovascular pathology. In addition, hypertension may contribute to cognitive decline through its effect on cerebrovascular pathology rather than AD-related pathology. These findings suggest that hypertension is associated with MRI markers of vascular pathology in the absence of a significant decline in cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atef Badji
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joana B. Pereira
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Shams
- Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Radiology, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Johan Skoog
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Marseglia
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantinos Poulakis
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lina Rydén
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Mölndal, Sweden
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Silke Kern
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Zettergren
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars-Olof Wahlund
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hélène Girouard
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Systéme Nerveux Central (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l’Apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ingmar Skoog
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eric Westman
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Nagano M, Kabayama M, Ohata Y, Rakugi H, Kamide K. [The usefulness of a questionnaire during medical examinations for older subjects in evaluating frailty: Utilization in clinical practice]. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 2022; 59:360-370. [PMID: 36070910 DOI: 10.3143/geriatrics.59.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM The late-stage medical care system for older people provides medical examinations, including questionnaires for frailty. We examined whether or not this approach is useful in clinical practice. METHODS We used this questionnaire for the screening of frailty as follows: according to the manual prepared by the Japan Geriatrics Society, each question was classified as concerning oral (Q4, 5), physical (Q6-9), cognitive (Q10, 11), or social (Q13-15) frailty. Each frailty was defined if there was at least one negative answer in each question. The grip power and skeletal muscle index (SMI) according to a bioelectrical impedance analysis were also evaluated. Subjects who showed a reduced grip strength and SMI were defined as having sarcopenia, and those who showed only a reduced grip strength were defined as having possible sarcopenia. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-one subjects aged 81.0±4.2 years old (63.1% female) were enrolled. A total of 12.3% of subjects showed sarcopenia, and 17.5% showed possible sarcopenia. The prevalence of physical, cognitive, and social frailties was associated with sarcopenia. Oral frailty, defined as having decreased swallowing and mastication functions (Q4 and 5), was significantly related to sarcopenia. Physical frailty was associated with age. In patients with hypertension, a low incidence of cognitive frailty was found. Social frailty was related to a decreased body weight. CONCLUSIONS A questionnaire during medical examinations for older subjects may be useful for screening various frailties and may lead to promotion of the preventive care activities in the community. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between each type of frailty and background characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mai Kabayama
- Department of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yuka Ohata
- Department of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kei Kamide
- Department of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
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Pallangyo P, Mkojera ZS, Komba M, Mgopa LR, Bhalia S, Mayala H, Wibonela S, Misidai N, Swai HJ, Millinga J, Chavala E, Kisenge PR, Janabi M. Burden and correlates of cognitive impairment among hypertensive patients in Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:433. [PMID: 34749692 PMCID: PMC8573988 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of cognitive impairment of vascular origin is increasingly becoming a prominent health threat particularly in this era where hypertension is the leading contributor of global disease burden and overall health loss. Hypertension is associated with the alteration of the cerebral microcirculation coupled by unfavorable vascular remodeling with consequential slowing of mental processing speed, reduced abstract reasoning, loss of linguistic abilities, and attention and memory deficits. Owing to the rapidly rising burden of hypertension in Tanzania, we sought to assess the prevalence and correlates of cognitive impairment among hypertensive patients attending a tertiary cardiovascular hospital in Tanzania. METHODOLOGY A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, a tertiary care public teaching hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania between March 2020 and February 2021. A consecutive sampling method was utilized to recruit consented hypertensive outpatients during their scheduled clinic visit. General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition (GPCOG) Score was utilized in the assessment of cognitive functions. All statistical analyses utilized STATA v11.0 software. Pearson Chi square and Student's T-test were used to compare categorical and continuous variables respectively. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess for factors associated with cognitive impairment. Odd ratios with 95% confidence intervals and p-values are reported. All tests were 2-sided and p < 0.05 was used to denote a statistical significance. RESULTS A total of 1201 hypertensive patients were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 58.1 years and females constituted nearly two-thirds of the study population. About three quarters had excess body weight, 16.6% had diabetes, 7.7% had history of stroke, 5.7% had heart failure, 16.7% had renal dysfunction, 53.7% had anemia, 27.7% had hypertriglyceridemia, 38.5% had elevated LDL, and 2.4% were HIV-infected. Nearly two-thirds of participants had uncontrolled blood pressure and 8.7% had orthostatic hypotension. Overall, 524 (43.6%) of participants had cognitive impairment. During bivariate analysis in a logistic regression model of 16 characteristics, 14 parameters showed association with cognitive functions. However, after controlling for confounders, multivariate analysis revealed ≤primary education (OR 3.5, 95%CI 2.4-5.2, p < 0.001), unemployed state (OR 1.7, 95%CI 1.2-2.6, p < 0.01), rural habitation (OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.1-2.9, p = 0.01) and renal dysfunction (OR 1.7, 95%CI 1.0-2.7, p = 0.04) to have independent association with cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION This present study underscore that cognitive decline is considerably prevalent among individuals with systemic hypertension. In view of this, it is pivotal to incorporate cognitive assessment in routine evaluation of hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pallangyo
- PédPäl Research Initiative, P.O Box 65066, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Directorate of Cardiology, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, P.O Box 65141, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Makrina Komba
- PédPäl Research Initiative, P.O Box 65066, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Lucy R. Mgopa
- PédPäl Research Initiative, P.O Box 65066, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Smita Bhalia
- Directorate of Cardiology, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, P.O Box 65141, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Henry Mayala
- Directorate of Clinical Support Services, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, P.O Box 65141, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Salma Wibonela
- Directorate of Nursing, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, P.O Box 65141, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Nsajigwa Misidai
- PédPäl Research Initiative, P.O Box 65066, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Jalack Millinga
- PédPäl Research Initiative, P.O Box 65066, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Directorate of Nursing, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, P.O Box 65141, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ester Chavala
- PédPäl Research Initiative, P.O Box 65066, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Directorate of Nursing, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, P.O Box 65141, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Peter R. Kisenge
- Directorate of Cardiology, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, P.O Box 65141, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Mohamed Janabi
- Directorate of Cardiology, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, P.O Box 65141, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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9
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Sánchez-Nieto JM, Rivera-Sánchez UD, Mendoza-Núñez VM. Relationship between Arterial Hypertension with Cognitive Performance in Elderly. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111445. [PMID: 34827445 PMCID: PMC8615390 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous systematic reviews report that arterial hypertension (AHT) is associated with lower performance in cognition in the elderly. However, some studies show that with higher blood pressure, a better cognitive performance is obtained. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between AHT with cognitive performance in the elderly. Methods: the review involved a search on PubMed, Scopus and PsycINFO databases from January 1990 to March, 2020 to identify the relationship among AHT and cognitive performance in older people. Results: 1170 articles were identified, 136 complete papers were reviewed, a qualitative analysis of 26 studies and a quantitative analysis of eight studies were carried out. It was found that people with AHT have a lower performance in processing speed SMD = 0.40 (95% CI: 0.25, 0.54), working memory SMD = 0.28 (95% CI: 0.15, 0.41) in short-term memory and learning SMD = −0.27 (95% CI: −0.37, −0.17) and delayed recall SMD = −0.20 (95% CI: −0.35, −0.05). Only one study found that higher blood pressure was associated with better memory performance. Conclusion: Our results suggest that high blood pressure primarily affects processing speed, working memory, short-term memory and learning and delayed recall.
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10
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Cognition in middle aged adults: A comparison between hypertensives and normotensives. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2021; 38:164-169. [PMID: 34602382 DOI: 10.1016/j.hipert.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The American Heart association in December 2016 published a position paper concluding that there was insufficient data to make evidence-based recommendations on the relationship between hypertension and cognition of a person. The aim of the study was to study the effect of increased blood pressure on cognitive function. METHODS A cross sectional study of hypertensives (cases) and normotensive (controls) was done between January 2018 and December 2019. Subjects were recruited by convenience sampling. Subjects who were known cases of hypertension and had been on antihypertensive drug therapy for at least more than six months were considered as cases. Controls were those subjects who were having normal blood pressure and not suffering from any disease known to affect cognition. Out of 413 subjects, data from 388 subjects was used in the study (200 cases, 188 controls). The subjects were allowed to rest for 5min before measuring their blood pressure. Blood pressure was measured with a mercury sphygmomanometer in the right arm with the subject in seated position. Neuropsychological battery consisted of tests for domains of memory (auditory, visual, spatial), learning ability, attention, visuo-spatial construction, working memory. RESULTS On the neuropsychological tests, patients with hypertension had lower scores in the different domains. Age, hypertension duration, and educational level were the best predictors of cognitive impairment in patients with hypertension. CONCLUSION Middle aged adults with hypertension have reduced cognitive functions as compared to normotensives.
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11
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Ingo C, Kurian S, Higgins J, Mahinrad S, Jenkins L, Gorelick P, Lloyd-Jones D, Sorond F. Vascular health and diffusion properties of normal appearing white matter in midlife. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab080. [PMID: 34494002 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we perform a region of interest diffusion tensor imaging and advanced diffusion complexity analysis of normal appearing white matter to determine the impact of vascular health on these diffusivity metrics in midlife adults. 77 participants (26 black, 35 female) at year 30 visit in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults longitudinal study were scanned with an advanced diffusion-weighted imaging and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery protocol. Fractional anisotropy and non-linear diffusion complexity measures were estimated. Cumulative measures across 30 years (9 study visits) of systolic blood pressure, body mass index, glucose, smoking and cholesterol were calculated as the area under the curve from baseline up to year 30 examination. Partial correlation analyses assessed the association between cumulative vascular health measures and normal appearing white matter diffusion metrics in these participants. Midlife normal appearing white matter diffusion properties were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with cumulative exposure to vascular risk factors from young adulthood over the 30-year time period. Higher cumulative systolic blood pressure exposure was associated with increased complexity and decreased fractional anisotropy. Higher cumulative body mass index exposure was associated with decreased fractional anisotropy. Additionally, in the normal appearing white matter of black participants (P < 0.05), who exhibited a higher cumulative vascular risk exposure, fractional anisotropy was lower and complexity was higher in comparison to normal appearing white matter in white participants. Higher burden of vascular risk factor exposure from young adulthood to midlife is associated with changes in the diffusion properties of normal appearing white matter in midlife. These changes which may reflect axonal disruption, increased inflammation and/or increased glial proliferation, were primarily observed in both anterior and posterior normal appearing white matter regions of the corpus callosum. These results suggest that microstructural changes in normal appearing white matter are sensitive to vascular health during young adulthood and are possibly therapeutic targets in interventions focused on preserving white matter health across life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson Ingo
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shawn Kurian
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James Higgins
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Simin Mahinrad
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lisanne Jenkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philip Gorelick
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Donald Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Farzaneh Sorond
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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12
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Forte G, Casagrande M. Effects of Blood Pressure on Cognitive Performance in Aging: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120919. [PMID: 33261205 PMCID: PMC7760512 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cognitive functions play a crucial role in daily functioning. Unfortunately, some cognitive abilities decline in the process of healthy aging. An increasing body of evidence has highlighted the role of lifestyle habits and cardiovascular diseases, such as high blood pressure, in increasing the risk of cognitive decline. Surprisingly, although hypertension is a modifiable risk factor for cerebrovascular damage, the role of hypertension on cognitive impairment development is not still clear. Several key questions remain unresolved, and there are many inconsistent results in studies considering this topic. This review is aimed to systematically analyze the results found by the studies that investigated whether high blood pressure, in both hypertensive and healthy people, is related to cognitive performance. Furthermore, it points to evaluate the role of age in this relationship. Method: The review process was conducted according to the PRISMA statement. Restrictions were made, selecting the studies in English and published in peer-review journals, including at least one cognitive measure and blood pressure measurement. Studies that included participants with medical conditions, dementia, psychiatric disorders, strokes, and brain injury were excluded. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were analyzed separately. Finally, blood pressure measured at young life (18–39 years), midlife (age 40–64 years), elderly (65–74 years), and old age (≥75 years) were considered. Results: The review allows 68 studies to be selected, which include 154,935 participants. The results provided evidence of an adverse effect of exposure to high blood pressure on cognitive performance. High blood pressure in midlife was linked with poorer cognitive functioning; this evidence was found in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. However, this association declines with increasing age and tends to become inconsistent. In older people, the relationship between blood pressure and cognitive performance is non-linear, highlighting a beneficial effect of high blood pressure on cognition. Conclusions: Despite some limitations, this review showed that cardiovascular and neuro-cognitive systems do not operate in isolation, but they are related. Blood pressure can be considered an early biomarker of cognitive impairment, and the necessity of early blood pressure measurement and control was underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Forte
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Casagrande
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Dinamica e Clinica, Università di Roma “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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13
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Diurnal blood pressure loads are associated with lower cognitive performances in controlled-hypertensive elderly individuals. J Hypertens 2020; 37:2168-2179. [PMID: 31429830 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension in midlife adults is associated with cognitive decline later in life. In individuals treated for hypertension, blood pressure (BP) loads have been associated with end organ damages. This study examines whether BP load inversely correlates with performance in cognitive tasks in normotensive or controlled hypertensive (CHT) individuals. METHODS Participants between 60 and 75 years old were divided into normotensive participants who did not receive antihypertensive treatment (n = 49) and CHT patients (n = 28). They were evaluated for BP using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and cognitive functions with tests assessing cognitive flexibility, working and episodic memory, and processing speed. RESULTS Analysis of covariance between normotensive and CHT participants revealed lower cognitive performances on immediate and delayed recall and total number of words of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (P < 0.001). Spearman's correlations between BP loads and cognitive performances revealed inversed associations between diurnal systolic (SBP) loads and performances on the Trail Making Test Part B (TMTB) (P = 0.009), the TMTB-TMT Part A (P = 0.013), the Switching Cost of the color-word interference test (P = 0.020) and the Digit-Symbol Substitution Score tests (P = 0.018) in CHT. Diurnal diastolic (DBP) loads were inversely correlated to the TMTB (P = 0.014) and TMTB-TMT Part A (P = 0.006). In normotensive subjects, diurnal SBP loads were associated with the delayed recall of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (P = 0.031) and to the three components of the digit span (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Diurnal BP loads are associated with lower cognitive performances in CHT individuals. These results suggest a lowering of target levels of diurnal BPs and/or its variability.
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14
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Effects of Blood Pressure on Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2019; 9:jcm9010034. [PMID: 31877865 PMCID: PMC7019226 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High blood pressure has been associated with an increased risk of developing cognitive impairment. However, this relationship is unclear. This study aims to systematically review the effects of blood pressure on executive functioning, language, memory, attention and processing speed. Methods: The review process was conducted according to the PRISMA-Statement, using the PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and MEDLINE databases. Restrictions were made by selecting studies, which included one or more cognitive measures and reported blood pressure recordings. Studies that included participants with medical conditions or people diagnosed with dementia, psychiatric disorders, stroke and head trauma were excluded. The review allows selecting fifty studies that included 107,405 participants. The results were reported considering different cognitive domains separately: global cognitive functioning, attention, processing speed, executive functions, memory and visuospatial abilities. Results: Higher blood pressure appears to influence cognitive performance in different domains in the absence of dementia and severe cardiovascular diseases, such as strokes. This relationship seems to be independent of demographic factors (gender and education), medical co-morbidity (diabetes), and psychiatric disorders (depression). Furthermore, it presents different patterns considering ageing. In the elderly, a sort of “cardiovascular paradox” is highlighted, which allows considering higher blood pressure as a protective factor for cognitive functioning. Conclusions: The results underline that higher blood pressure is associated with a higher risk of cognitive decline in people without dementia or stroke. These findings highlight the need to introduce early management of blood pressure, even in the absence of clinical hypertension, to prevent the risk of a decline of cognitive functioning typically associated with ageing.
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15
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Mahinrad S, Kurian S, Garner CR, Sedaghat S, Nemeth AJ, Moscufo N, Higgins JP, Jacobs DR, Hausdorff JM, Lloyd-Jones DM, Sorond FA. Cumulative Blood Pressure Exposure During Young Adulthood and Mobility and Cognitive Function in Midlife. Circulation 2019; 141:712-724. [PMID: 31747780 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.042502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High blood pressure (BP) is a known risk factor for mobility and cognitive impairment in older adults. This study tested the association of cumulative BP exposure from young adulthood to midlife with gait and cognitive function in midlife. Furthermore, we tested whether these associations were modified by cerebral white matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden. METHODS We included 191 participants from the CARDIA study (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults), a community-based cohort of young individuals followed over 30 years. Cumulative BP was calculated as the area under the curve (mm Hg×years) from baseline up to year 30 examination. Gait and cognition were assessed at the year 30 examination. Cerebral WMH was available at year 30 in a subset of participants (n=144) who underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the association of cumulative BP exposure with gait and cognition. To test effect modification by WMH burden, participants were stratified at the median of WMH and tested for interaction. RESULTS Higher cumulative systolic and diastolic BPs were associated with slower walking speed (both P=0.010), smaller step length (P=0.011 and 0.005, respectively), and higher gait variability (P=0.018 and 0.001, respectively). Higher cumulative systolic BP was associated with lower cognitive performance in the executive (P=0.021), memory (P=0.015), and global domains (P=0.010), and higher cumulative diastolic BP was associated with lower cognitive performance in the memory domain (P=0.012). All associations were independent of socio-demographics and vascular risk factors (body mass index, smoking, diabetes mellitus and total cholesterol). The association between cumulative BP and gait was moderated by WMH burden (interaction P<0.05). However, the relation between cumulative BP and cognitive function was not different based on the WMH burden (interaction P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to higher BP levels from young to midlife is associated with worse gait and cognitive performance in midlife. Furthermore, WMH moderates the association of cumulative BP exposure with gait, but not with cognitive function in midlife. The mechanisms underpinning the impact of BP exposure on brain structure and function must be investigated in longitudinal studies using a life course approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Mahinrad
- Departments of Neurology (S.M., S.K., C.R.G., A.J.N., F.A.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Shawn Kurian
- Departments of Neurology (S.M., S.K., C.R.G., A.J.N., F.A.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Chaney R Garner
- Departments of Neurology (S.M., S.K., C.R.G., A.J.N., F.A.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Sanaz Sedaghat
- Preventive Medicine (S.S., D.M.L.-J.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Alexander J Nemeth
- Departments of Neurology (S.M., S.K., C.R.G., A.J.N., F.A.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.,Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.N.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Nicola Moscufo
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.M.)
| | - James P Higgins
- Radiology and Biomedical Engineering (J.P.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - David R Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (D.R.J.Jr.)
| | - Jeffrey M Hausdorff
- Center for the Study of Movement Cognition and Mobility, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel (J.M.H.).,Sagol School of Neuroscience and Department of Physical Therapy, Tel Aviv University, Israel (J.M.H.).,Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University, Chicago, IL (J.M.H.)
| | - Donald M Lloyd-Jones
- Preventive Medicine (S.S., D.M.L.-J.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Farzaneh A Sorond
- Departments of Neurology (S.M., S.K., C.R.G., A.J.N., F.A.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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16
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Vazirinejad R, Mirmotalebi M, Bageri M, Kounis NG, Koniari I, Lilley JM, Gommnami N. Age-Related Effect of Antihypertensive Treatment on Cognitive Performance: Is it Better Preventing Dementia in Older Age? Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2019; 34:486-491. [PMID: 31315417 PMCID: PMC10653369 DOI: 10.1177/1533317519859197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of optimal antihypertensive medication on cognitive function. In this 6-month clinical trial, 248 adults were randomly selected by a registry of hypertensive-treated patients (based on a National Hypertension Treatment Program), followed health centers located in Rafsanjan County, Southeast, Iran. Blood pressure was measured 3 times in each appointment pre- and posttreatment. Mini-Mental State Examination was used for cognitive performance evaluation. Paired t test and multiple regression model showed significant correlation between "the differences of systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels" and "cognitive performance in treated patients more than 40 years old." Cognitive performance was not significantly different in patients less than 40 years old post antihypertensive treatment. Cognitive performance scores demonstrated significant increase in responders more than 40 years old post antihypertensive treatment. Antihypertensive treatment in responders with age equal or more than 40 years improves the level of cognitive performance significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Vazirinejad
- Social Determinants of Health Research Centre, Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mirmotalebi
- Social Medicine Department, Medical School, Rafsanjan University, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Monireh Bageri
- Social Medicine Department, Medical School, Rafsanjan University, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Nicholas G. Kounis
- Department of Cardiology, University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras, Achaia, Greece
| | - Ioanna Koniari
- Department of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Birmingham, England, UK
| | - Jeanette M. Lilley
- Applied Gerontology, Division of Rehabilitation and Ageing, The Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nasser Gommnami
- Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran
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17
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Ozaldemir I, Iyigun G, Malkoc M. Comparison of processing speed, balance, mobility and fear of falling between hypertensive and normotensive individuals. Braz J Phys Ther 2019; 24:503-511. [PMID: 31570266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension (HT) contributes substantially to poor physical function, cognitive dysfunction, cardiovascular problems and to all-cause mortality. Performance in activities requiring attention, speed and coordination might also be affected in individuals with HT. OBJECTIVE This study compared the processing speed, static and dynamic balance, functional mobility and fear of falling between individuals with hypertension (HT group) and normotensive individuals (NT group). METHODS One-hundred and twenty-eight individuals were included: NT group (n = 64) and HT group (n = 64). The Choice Stepping Reaction Time Test was used for the evaluation of processing speed, Single Leg Stance test for static balance evaluation, "Y" Balance Test for dynamic balance evaluation, Timed Up and Go test with single and dual tasking for the evaluation of functional mobility and Falls Efficacy Scale for assessing fear of falling. RESULTS The processing speed of the HT group was slower than that of the NT group; the total response time (RsT) in Stepping Reaction Test (SRT) (mean difference [MD] = -0.2, 95% CI = -0.3, 0), and Stroop Test (ST) [ST-A (MD = -0.4, 95% CI = -0.5, -0.2), ST-B (MD = -0.5, 95% CI = -0.7, -0.2) and ST-C (MD = -0.6, 95% CI = -0.8, -0.3). Additionally, the static [single leg stance, eyes open, right side (MD = 12.7, 95% CI = 6.3, 19.0) and left side (MD = 13.6, 95% CI = 7.2, 19.9)] and dynamic balance [Y balance test, composite score, right lower extremity (MD = 8.5, 95% CI = 4.4, 12.5) and left lower extremity (MD = 5.2, 95% CI = 1.5, 8.8) scores of the HT group were lower than those of the NT group. The HT group required a longer time to complete the functional mobility test measured with Timed Up And Go Test during both single task (MD = -0.8, 95% CI = -1.1, -0.4), cognitive dual task (MD = -1.5, 95% CI = -2.4, -0.5) and manual dual task (MD = -0.9, 95% CI = -1.3, -0.4) in comparison to the NT group. Also, the HT group had higher levels of fear of falling (MD = -7.6, 95% CI = -10.9, -4.2). CONCLUSION Hypertensive individuals present slower processing speed, reduced static and dynamic balance, decreased functional mobility and higher fear of falling in comparison to normotensive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isılay Ozaldemir
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Mersin, 10, Turkey
| | - Gozde Iyigun
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Mersin, 10, Turkey.
| | - Mehtap Malkoc
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Mersin, 10, Turkey
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18
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Saito Y, Kim JK, Davarian S, Hagedorn A, Crimmins EM. Cognitive Performance Among Older Persons in Japan and the United States. J Am Geriatr Soc 2019; 68:354-361. [PMID: 31509240 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare cognitive performance among Japanese and American persons, aged 68 years and older, using two nationally representative studies and to examine whether differences can be explained by differences in the distribution of risk factors or in their association with cognitive performance. DESIGN Nationally representative studies with harmonized collection of data on cognitive functioning. SETTING Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging and the US Health and Retirement Study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1953 Japanese adults and 2959 US adults, aged 68 years or older. MEASUREMENTS Episodic memory and arithmetic working memory are measured using immediate and delayed word recall and serial 7s. RESULTS Americans have higher scores on episodic memory than Japanese people (0.72 points on a 20-point scale); however, when education is controlled, American and Japanese people did not differ. Level of working memory was higher in Japan (0.36 on a 5-point scale) than in the United States, and the effect of education on working memory was stronger among Americans than Japanese people. There are no differences over the age of 85 years. CONCLUSION Even with large differences in educational attainment and a strong effect of education on cognitive functioning, the overall differences in cognitive functioning between the United States and Japan are modest. Differences in health appear to have little effect on national differences in cognition. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:354-361, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Saito
- College of Economics, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan.,Population Research Institute, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jung Ki Kim
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shieva Davarian
- Los Angeles County Public Health Department, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aaron Hagedorn
- School of Social Work, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Eileen M Crimmins
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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19
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Willeman MN, Chawla MK, Zempare MA, Biwer LA, Hoang LT, Uprety AR, Fitzhugh MC, De Both M, Coleman PD, Trouard TP, Alexander GE, Mitchell KD, Barnes CA, Hale TM, Huentelman M. Gradual hypertension induction in middle-aged Cyp1a1-Ren2 transgenic rats produces significant impairments in spatial learning. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14010. [PMID: 30916484 PMCID: PMC6436186 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major health concern in the developed world, and its prevalence increases with advancing age. The impact of hypertension on the function of the renal and cardiovascular systems is well studied; however, its influence on the brain regions important for cognition has garnered less attention. We utilized the Cyp1a1-Ren2 xenobiotic-inducible transgenic rat model to mimic both the age of onset and rate of induction of hypertension observed in humans. Male, 15-month-old transgenic rats were fed 0.15% indole-3-carbinol (I3C) chow to slowly induce renin-dependent hypertension over a 6-week period. Systolic blood pressure significantly increased, eventually reaching 200 mmHg by the end of the study period. In contrast, transgenic rats fed a control diet without I3C did not show significant changes in blood pressure (145 mmHg at the end of study). Hypertension was associated with cardiac, aortic, and renal hypertrophy as well as increased collagen deposition in the left ventricle and kidney of the I3C-treated rats. Additionally, rats with hypertension showed reduced savings from prior spatial memory training when tested on the hippocampus-dependent Morris swim task. Motor and sensory functions were found to be unaffected by induction of hypertension. Taken together, these data indicate a profound effect of hypertension not only on the cardiovascular-renal axis but also on brain systems critically important for learning and memory. Future use of this model and approach may empower a more accurate investigation of the influence of aging on the systems responsible for cardiovascular, renal, and neurological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari N. Willeman
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
- Neurogenomics DivisionThe Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen)PhoenixArizona
- Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenixArizona
| | - Monica K. Chawla
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
- Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenixArizona
| | - Marc A. Zempare
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
- Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenixArizona
| | - Lauren A Biwer
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of ArizonaCollege of Medicine – PhoenixPhoenixArizona
| | - Lan T. Hoang
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
- Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenixArizona
| | - Ajay R. Uprety
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
- Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenixArizona
| | - Megan C. Fitzhugh
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
- Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenixArizona
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
| | - Matthew De Both
- Neurogenomics DivisionThe Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen)PhoenixArizona
- Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenixArizona
| | - Paul D. Coleman
- Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenixArizona
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease ResearchBiodesign InstituteArizona State UniversityTempeArizona
| | - Theodore P. Trouard
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Medical ImagingUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
| | - Gene E. Alexander
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
- Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenixArizona
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
- Neuroscience and Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary ProgramsUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
| | - Kenneth D. Mitchell
- Department of PhysiologyTulane University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLos Angeles
| | - Carol A. Barnes
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
- Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenixArizona
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
| | - Taben M. Hale
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of ArizonaCollege of Medicine – PhoenixPhoenixArizona
| | - Matthew Huentelman
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
- Neurogenomics DivisionThe Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen)PhoenixArizona
- Arizona Alzheimer's ConsortiumPhoenixArizona
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Konda PR, Sharma PK, Gandhi AR, Ganguly E. Correlates of Cognitive Impairment among Indian Urban Elders. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY & GERIATRIC RESEARCH 2018; 7:489. [PMID: 31406631 PMCID: PMC6690611 DOI: 10.4172/2167-7182.1000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment among elderly is increasing owing to increases in life expectancy globally. The problem is multifactorial. The objective of the present paper was to study the correlates of cognitive impairment in an urban elderly population in India. METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted among 100 randomly selected urban elderly population. Data was collected upon household visits using a predesigned pretested questionnaire administered by a trained investigator. Measurements included cognitive function assessment using Mini Mental State Examination, depression assessment using Geriatric Depression Scale, blood pressure measurement and anthropometry. Cognitive impairment was defined at MMSE score <24. Logistic regression was done to identify independently associated factors with cognitive impairment. RESULTS Prevalence of cognitive impairment among elderly was 10%. Women had a higher prevalence than men. Higher age, no schooling, living single, lower weight, lower waist and hip ratios, difficulty in activities of daily living, poor self-reported health, bedridden and depression significantly associated with cognitive impairment. The independently associated factors upon logistic regression were increasing age, no schooling and bedridden status for past six months. CONCLUSION Although the current prevalence of cognitive impairment among Indian urban elderly is low, several associated factors exist in this population that may increase the burden in future. Geriatric health policy should address the modifiable risk factors to manage the problem of cognitive impairment and its consequent outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawan Kumar Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine, Mediciti Institute of Medical Sciences, Ghanpur, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, and Share India, Fogarty International NIH, USA
| | - Atul R Gandhi
- Consultant Statistician & Chief Manager-Monitoring and Evaluation, EdelGive Foundation, Edelweiss House, Mumbai, India
| | - Enakshi Ganguly
- Department of Community Medicine, Mediciti Institute of Medical Sciences, Ghanpur, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, and Share India, Fogarty International NIH, USA
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Kritz-Silverstein D, Laughlin GA, McEvoy LK, Barrett-Connor E. Sex and Age Differences in the Association of Blood Pressure and Hypertension with Cognitive Function in the Elderly: The Rancho Bernardo Study. JPAD-JOURNAL OF PREVENTION OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE 2018; 4:165-173. [PMID: 29182707 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2017.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines sex and age differences in associations of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), pulse pressure and hypertension with cognitive function in a community-dwelling population. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Research clinic visit in 1988-91. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 693 men and 1022 women aged 50-97 Measurements: Blood pressure was measured and 12 cognitive function tests were administered. RESULTS Average age was 73.8±9.9 in men and 73.2±9.3 in women; 62.6% of men and 63.4% of women were hypertensive (SBP≥140 mmHg, DBP≥90 mmHg, or antihypertensive medication use). Each 5-unit increment in SBP, DBP, or pulse pressure and categorical hypertension was associated with significantly increased odds of poor verbal fluency performance in men and poor Trails B performance in women, with strongest associations for hypertension (OR=1.97, CI:1.01,3.85 in men; OR=1.51, CI:1.01,2.26 in women). After age stratification, associations remained statistically significant in younger (<80 years ) but not older (≥80 years) participants. CONCLUSION Blood pressure as a continuous or categorical variable was associated with poor performance on cognitive function tests, but domains varied by sex and associations were found only in those younger than 80 years. The absent associations in those aged 80 years and older could support the hypothesis that increased blood flow is required to maintain cerebral perfusion with advancing age, or could reflect a survivor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kritz-Silverstein
- Dr. Donna Kritz-Silverstein, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0725, La Jolla, CA 92093-0725; Phone: 858-534-1818,
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Márquez-González M, Cabrera I, Losada A, Knight BG. Attentional avoidant biases as mediators in the association between experiential avoidance and blood pressure in dementia family caregivers. Aging Ment Health 2018; 22:669-677. [PMID: 28282722 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2017.1293003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Experiential avoidance in caregiving (EAC) has been found to be related with dementia family caregivers´ distress and blood pressure (BP). The association between EAC and avoidant attentional biases to emotional stimuli in dementia caregivers, and the potential mediating role of these attentional biases in the association between EAC and increased BP are explored. METHOD Seventy nine dementia family caregivers performed a dot-probe task with emotional pictures (distressing and positive) varying in content (general vs. caregiving-related (CR)) and time of exposure (100 vs. 500 ms). They also completed measures of EAC, anxiety, depression, alexithymia and rumination, and their BP was measured. RESULTS EAC was associated with avoidant attentional biases to CR emotional pictures and negative pictures in general at 100 ms. Experiential Avoidance in Caregiving Questionnaire (EACQ) 'avoidant behaviors' and EACQ 'intolerance of negativity' factors were associated with diastolic and systolic BP, respectively, with attentional avoidance of CR emotional pictures (distressing and positive, respectively) mediating this association. CONCLUSION Attentional avoidance of CR emotional stimuli may be the link between EAC and increased BP, as it prevents emotional processing and facilitates the maintenance of physiological activation. EAC may pose a risk for cardiovascular disease in dementia caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Márquez-González
- a Department of Biological and Health Psychology , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Isabel Cabrera
- a Department of Biological and Health Psychology , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Andrés Losada
- b Department of Psychology , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Bob G Knight
- c School of Psychology and Counselling, University of Southern Queensland , Toowoomba , Australia
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23
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Role of Cerebrovascular Disease in Cognition. NEURODEGENER DIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72938-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Compensatory functional reorganization may precede hypertension-related brain damage and cognitive decline: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Hypertens 2017; 35:1252-1262. [PMID: 28169883 PMCID: PMC5404398 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Objectives: Our study aimed at exploring structural and functional differences in the brain during higher cognitive processing between middle-aged hypertensive patients and controls matched for sex, age and years of education. Methods: Two groups of 20 patients took part in MRI examinations. This article reports the results of functional MRI during a Stroop color interference task and structural evaluations based on a modified Fazekas scale. Results: No intergroup differences were found in regards to the severity of white matter lesions (Mann–Whitney U test = 150.5, P > 0.1), nor from the task performance in the scanner (t(35) = 0.2, P > 0.1). However, brain activation patterns between patients and controls varied. Hypertensive patients involved significantly more cerebral areas during the processing, regardless of the task difficulty. Differences were found in 26 diverse regions of both primary and associative cortices (with a peak voxel located in the cuneus, Z = 6.94, P < 0.05 family-wise error corrected at voxel level). Conclusion: Our findings provide an insight into the brain mechanisms related to essential hypertension and suggest a functional reorganization (neuroplasticity) early in the course of the disease.
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25
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Pistikova A, Brozka H, Bencze M, Radostova D, Vales K, Stuchlik A. The effect of hypertension on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in young adult spontaneously hypertensive rats and Dahl rats. Physiol Res 2017; 66:881-887. [PMID: 28730828 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is one of the few places in the brain where neurogenesis occurs in adulthood. Nowadays, an increasing number of children and young adults are affected by hypertension, one of the factors in the development of cerebrovascular diseases and age-related cognitive deficits. Since these cognitive deficits are often hippocampus-dependent, it is possible that hypertension exerts this effect via decreasing adult neurogenesis which has been shown to be essential for a range of cognitive tasks. We used spontaneously hypertensive rats, which develop hypertension in the first weeks of life. Half of them were treated with the antihypertensive drug captopril. We found that the drug-induced lowering of blood pressure in this period did not affect the rate of adult neurogenesis. In a second experiment, we used another animal model of hypertension - salt-sensitive and salt-resistant strains of Dahl rats. A high-salt diet induces hypertension in the salt-sensitive strain, but not in the salt-resistant strain. The high-salt diet led to salt-induced hypertension, but did not affect the level of adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. We conclude that hypertension does not significantly affect the rate of hippocampal neurogenesis in young adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pistikova
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic. or
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Ragaeva DS, Tikhonova MA, Petrova OM, Igonina TN, Rozkova IN, Brusentsev EY, Amstislavskaya TG, Amstislavsky SY. Neonatal reflexes and behavior in hypertensive rats of ISIAH strain. Physiol Behav 2017; 175:22-30. [PMID: 28341233 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most common diseases in humans, and there is a special concern on the consequences of maternal hypertensive conditions for the health of newborns. An inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension (ISIAH) rat strain has been selected but only a few studies have addressed behavior in these rats. Body weight, neurodevelopmental reflexes, and neuronal density in the hippocampus were compared in ISIAH and normotensive WAG rats during their suckling period. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), adult rat performance in the open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM), and novel object recognition (NOR) tests were evaluated at the age of 12-14weeks old. Body weight in pups did not differ significantly during the suckling period, while adult ISIAH rats were heavier than age-matched WAG rats and possessed the increased SBP and DBP. ISIAH pups were developmentally more advanced than WAG as indicated by grasp reflex and negative geotaxis reaction scores. This was associated with higher neuronal density in CA1 and CA3 hippocampal areas in ISIAH pups on postnatal day 6 as compared to WAG rats. Adult ISIAH rats demonstrated an increased locomotor and exploratory activity in the OF and EPM tests as well as low levels of anxiety. The NOR test revealed no significant difference in recognition but confirmed higher exploratory activity in ISIAH rats compared to WAG rats. The results indicate that hypertensive ISIAH rats feature accelerated development during their suckling period, and as adults, they are more active and less anxious than normotensive WAG rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Ragaeva
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics", Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Maria A Tikhonova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics", Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine", Novosibirsk 630117, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Olga M Petrova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics", Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Tatjana N Igonina
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics", Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Irina N Rozkova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics", Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Eugeny Yu Brusentsev
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics", Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Tamara G Amstislavskaya
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics", Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine", Novosibirsk 630117, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Sergey Ya Amstislavsky
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics", Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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Jolly TA, Cooper PS, Rennie JL, Levi CR, Lenroot R, Parsons MW, Michie PT, Karayanidis F. Age-related decline in task switching is linked to both global and tract-specific changes in white matter microstructure. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:1588-1603. [PMID: 27879030 PMCID: PMC6866847 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Task-switching performance relies on a broadly distributed frontoparietal network and declines in older adults. In this study, they investigated whether this age-related decline in task switching performance was mediated by variability in global or regional white matter microstructural health. Seventy cognitively intact adults (43-87 years) completed a cued-trials task switching paradigm. Microstructural white matter measures were derived using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analyses on the diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequence. Task switching performance decreased with increasing age and radial diffusivity (RaD), a measure of white matter microstructure that is sensitive to myelin structure. RaD mediated the relationship between age and task switching performance. However, the relationship between RaD and task switching performance remained significant when controlling for age and was stronger in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. Variability in error and RT mixing cost were associated with RaD in global white matter and in frontoparietal white matter tracts, respectively. These findings suggest that age-related increase in mixing cost may result from both global and tract-specific disruption of cerebral white matter linked to the increased incidence of cardiovascular risks in older adults. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1588-1603, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A.D. Jolly
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of PsychologyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleAustralia
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of NewcastleNewcastleAustralia
- Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of NewcastleNewcastleAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNewcastleAustralia
| | - Patrick S. Cooper
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of PsychologyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleAustralia
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of NewcastleNewcastleAustralia
- Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of NewcastleNewcastleAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNewcastleAustralia
| | - Jaime L. Rennie
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of PsychologyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleAustralia
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of NewcastleNewcastleAustralia
- Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of NewcastleNewcastleAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNewcastleAustralia
| | - Christopher R. Levi
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of NewcastleNewcastleAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNewcastleAustralia
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleAustralia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Mark W. Parsons
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of NewcastleNewcastleAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNewcastleAustralia
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleAustralia
| | - Patricia T. Michie
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of PsychologyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleAustralia
- Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of NewcastleNewcastleAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNewcastleAustralia
| | - Frini Karayanidis
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of PsychologyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleAustralia
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of NewcastleNewcastleAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNewcastleAustralia
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Wade AT, Davis CR, Dyer KA, Hodgson JM, Woodman RJ, Keage HAD, Murphy KJ. A Mediterranean Diet to Improve Cardiovascular and Cognitive Health: Protocol for a Randomised Controlled Intervention Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:E145. [PMID: 28212320 PMCID: PMC5331576 DOI: 10.3390/nu9020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet has demonstrated efficacy for improving cardiovascular and cognitive health. However, a traditional Mediterranean diet delivers fewer serves of dairy and less dietary calcium than is currently recommended in Australia, which may limit long-term sustainability. The present study aims to evaluate whether a Mediterranean diet with adequate dairy and calcium can improve cardiovascular and cognitive function in an at-risk population, and thereby reduce risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cognitive decline. A randomised, controlled, parallel, crossover design trial will compare a Mediterranean diet supplemented with dairy foods against a low-fat control diet. Forty participants with systolic blood pressure above 120 mmHg and at least two other risk factors of CVD will undertake each dietary intervention for eight weeks, with an eight-week washout period between interventions. Systolic blood pressure will be the primary measure of interest. Secondary outcomes will include measures of cardiometabolic health, dietary compliance, cognitive function, assessed using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), psychological well-being and dementia risk. This research will provide empirical evidence as to whether the Mediterranean diet can be modified to provide recommended dairy and calcium intakes while continuing to deliver positive effects for cardiovascular and cognitive health. The findings will hold relevance for the field of preventative healthcare and may contribute to revisions of national dietary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra T Wade
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Courtney R Davis
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Kathryn A Dyer
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Jonathan M Hodgson
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Richard J Woodman
- Flinders Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Hannah A D Keage
- Cognitive Ageing and Impairment Neurosciences, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Karen J Murphy
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia.
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Muela HCS, Costa-Hong VA, Yassuda MS, Moraes NC, Memória CM, Machado MF, Macedo TA, Shu EBS, Massaro AR, Nitrini R, Mansur AJ, Bortolotto LA. Hypertension Severity Is Associated With Impaired Cognitive Performance. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e004579. [PMID: 28077386 PMCID: PMC5523638 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most evidence of target-organ damage in hypertension (HTN) is related to the kidneys and heart. Cerebrovascular and cognitive impairment are less well studied. Therefore, this study analyzed changes in cognitive function in patients with different stages of hypertension compared to nonhypertensive controls. METHODS AND RESULTS In a cross-sectional study, 221 (71 normotensive and 150 hypertensive) patients were compared. Patients with hypertension were divided into 2 stages according to blood pressure (BP) levels or medication use (HTN-1: BP, 140-159/90-99 or use of 1 or 2 antihypertensive drugs; HTN-2: BP, ≥160/100 or use of ≥3 drugs). Three groups were comparatively analyzed: normotension, HTN stage 1, and HTN stage 2. The Mini-Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and a validated comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests that assessed 6 main cognitive domains were used to determine cognitive function. Compared to the normotension and HTN stage-1, the severe HTN group had worse cognitive performance based on Mini-Mental State Examination (26.8±2.1 vs 27.4±2.1 vs 28.0±2.0; P=0.004) or Montreal Cognitive Assessment (23.4±3.7 vs 24.9±2.8 vs 25.5±3.2; P<0.001). On the neuropsychological tests, patients with hypertension had worse performance in language, processing speed, visuospatial abilities, and memory. Age, hypertension stage, and educational level were the best predictors of cognitive impairment in patients with hypertension in different cognitive domains. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive impairment was more frequent in patients with hypertension, and this was related to hypertension severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique C S Muela
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Agostinho Neto University, Luanda, Angola
| | - Valeria A Costa-Hong
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mônica S Yassuda
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália C Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia M Memória
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michel F Machado
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago A Macedo
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson B S Shu
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ayrton R Massaro
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alfredo J Mansur
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Bortolotto
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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Relation of ambulatory blood pressure measurement and cognitive functions in hypertensive elderly patients. Aging Clin Exp Res 2016; 28:699-704. [PMID: 26526029 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-015-0477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension is an important risk factor for dementia as much as the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease. Sustained hypertension is also more related to that risk. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and cognitive functions in elderly hypertensive patients without comorbid diseases which may deteriorate cognitive functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-one patients (21 male, 72.5 ± 8.1;70 female, 71.7 ± 7.7) above 60 years old previously diagnosed as hypertensive (HT) have been included to this study. The ABPM was performed after standardized mini mental test (sMMT) and geriatric depression scale (GDS) has been examined. The patients were divided into the groups as dipper/nondipper and regulated/nonregulated. The sMMT scores of the groups were compared. RESULTS There was no statistical difference in average sMMT scores and distribution of mini mental groups between the dipper and nondipper groups. Hypertension regulation and mini mental measurements of the studied groups were moderately suggestive in the same direction (r = 0.333, p = 0.001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION There is an association between tension regulation and cognitive functions in elderly patients who have primary HT, but no relationship have been found between being nondipper and low cognitive function. Our results suggested that this study is critically important by means of revealing that the studies which are perceived distinctly about HT and cognitive functions need further evaluation with subgroup analyses in selected patient groups.
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Efimova NY, Chernov VI, Efimova IY, Lishmanov YB. Influence of antihypertensive therapy on cerebral perfusion in patients with metabolic syndrome: relationship with cognitive function and 24-h arterial blood pressure monitoring. Cardiovasc Ther 2016; 33:209-15. [PMID: 25988865 DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the regional cerebral blood flow, cognitive function, and parameters of 24-h arterial blood pressure monitoring in patients with metabolic syndrome before and after combination antihypertensive therapy. METHODS The study involved 54 patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) investigated by brain single-photon emission computed tomography, 24-h blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), and comprehensive neuropsychological testing before and after 24 weeks of combination antihypertensive therapy. RESULTS Patients with metabolic syndrome had significantly poorer regional cerebral blood flow compared with control group: by 7% (P = 0.003) in right anterior parietal cortex, by 6% (P = 0.028) in left anterior parietal cortex, by 8% (P = 0.007) in right superior frontal lobe, and by 10% (P = 0.00002) and 7% (P = 0.006) in right and left temporal brain regions, correspondingly. The results of neuropsychological testing showed 11% decrease in mentation (P = 0.002), and 19% (P = 0.011) and 20% (P = 0.009) decrease in immediate verbal and visual memory in patients with MetS as compared with control group. Relationships between the indices of ABPM, cerebral perfusion, and cognitive function were found. Data showed an improvement of regional cerebral blood flow, ABPM parameters, and indicators of cognitive functions after 6 months of antihypertensive therapy in patients with MetS. CONCLUSION The study showed the presence of diffuse disturbances in cerebral perfusion is associated with cognitive disorders in patients with metabolic syndrome. Combination antihypertensive treatment exerts beneficial effects on the 24-h blood pressure profile, increases cerebral blood flow, and improves cognitive function in patients with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Y Efimova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute for Cardiology, Tomsk, Russia.,National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Chernov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute for Cardiology, Tomsk, Russia.,National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Irina Y Efimova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute for Cardiology, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Yuri B Lishmanov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute for Cardiology, Tomsk, Russia.,National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
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No Evidence of Causal Effects of Blood Pressure on Cognition in the Population at Large. Twin Res Hum Genet 2016; 19:17-26. [PMID: 26810864 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2015.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The large body of literature on the association between blood pressure (BP) and cognitive functioning has yielded mixed results, possibly due to the presence of non-linear effects across age, or because BP affects specific brain areas differently, impacting more on some cognitive skills than on others. If a robust association was detected among BP and specific cognitive tasks, the causal nature of reported associations between BP and cognition could be investigated in twin data, which allow a test of alternative explanations, including genetic pleiotropy. The present study first examines the association between BP and cognition in a sample of 1,140 participants with an age range between 10 and 86 years. Linear and quadratic effects of systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) on cognitive functioning were examined for 17 tests across five functions. Associations were corrected for effects of sex and linear and quadratic effects of age. Second, to test a causal model, data from 123 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs were analyzed to test whether cognitive functioning of the twins with the higher BP was different from that of the co-twins with lower BP. Associations between BP and cognitive functioning were absent for the majority of the cognitive tests, with the exception of a lower speed of emotion identification and verbal reasoning in subjects with high diastolic BP. In the MZ twin pair analyses, no effects of BP on cognition were found. We conclude that in the population at large, BP level is not associated with cognitive functioning in a clinically meaningful way.
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Deniz Ç, Çelik Y, Özdemir Gültekin T, Baran GE, Deniz Ç, Asil T. Evaluation and follow-up of cognitive functions in patients with minor stroke and transient ischemic attack. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:2039-48. [PMID: 27578977 PMCID: PMC4998017 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s102193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We aimed to examine the incidence of cognitive impairment among patients with stroke, the associated risk factors, progression of the cognitive impairment, and the association between the localization of the lesion(s) as detected by magnetic resonance imaging and the affected areas of cognitive function. METHODS A total of 40 patients over 18 years of age enduring a transient ischemic stroke or minor stroke within the past 3 months who had a minimum life expectancy of 1 year were included in this study. Same number, age-, and sex-matched individuals were included as controls. Patients were inquired on the presence of risk factors for stroke. A series of neuropsychological test batteries were administered in patient and control subjects for assessing cognitive functions. These tests were readministered at 6 and 12 months of follow-up to assess the progression of cognitive functions. RESULTS In this study among the patients with stroke, a significant impairment was seen in multiple cognitive functional tests following ischemic stroke as compared to control groups. The most common risk factors for stroke included hypertension (72.5%), hyperlipidemia, and cigarette smoking. The number of cognitive domains with an impairment was highest (in four cognitive tests) among those with coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation, followed by those who had a >50% stenosis in Doppler (three cognitive tests). These findings suggest that the frequency of risk factors associated with stroke does not correlate with the frequency of risk factors associated with cognitive dysfunction. The stroke localizations were classified among the patients with stroke and reviewed in accordance with cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION Neuropsychological tests, clinical findings, and imaging studies should be used to document the poststroke cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çiğdem Deniz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf University, ˙Istanbul
| | - Yahya Çelik
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne
| | | | - Gozde Eryiğit Baran
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf University, ˙Istanbul
| | - Çağla Deniz
- Department of Neurology, Avrupa Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Talip Asil
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf University, ˙Istanbul
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Chaves AS, Santos AMD, Alves MTSSDBE, Salgado Filho N. Associação entre declínio cognitivo e qualidade de vida de idosos hipertensos. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GERIATRIA E GERONTOLOGIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-9823.2015.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo:Analisar a associação entre o declínio cognitivo e a qualidade de vida de idosos hipertensos.Métodos:Pesquisa de abordagem quantitativa com delineamento analítico transversal, com 125 idosos hipertensos, de ambos os sexos, atendidos no Programa HIPERDIA, de São Luís-MA. Para a avaliação do declínio cognitivo, aplicou-se o Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e para avaliar a qualidade de vida, o Medical Outcomes Study 36 - Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). A normalidade dos dados foi testada por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk, utilizando-se ainda o teste de Mann Whitney (qualidade de vida). Para testar a associação entre declínio cognitivo e qualidade de vida, usou-se o coeficiente de Spearman.Resultados:A prevalência de declínio cognitivo foi de 20,80%, com predominância em idosos com baixa escolaridade (45,83%). Idosos hipertensos com declínio cognitivo apresentaram pior qualidade de vida, comparados aos idosos hipertensos sem declínio cognitivo. Houve associação positiva da função cognitiva com a qualidade de vida nos domínios: capacidade funcional (r=0,222; p=0,01), dor (r=0,1871; p=0,04) e aspectos emocionais (r=0,3136; p=0,0005).Conclusão:Os resultados encontrados neste estudo sugerem que o declínio cognitivo afeta diretamente a qualidade de vida do idoso hipertenso, na medida em que limita a capacidade de realização de atividades do cotidiano, principalmente se associado a quadros dolorosos e alterações emocionais.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anety Souza Chaves
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Brasil
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Nguyen LA, Haws KA, Fitzhugh MC, Torre GA, Hishaw GA, Alexander GE. Interactive effects of subjective memory complaints and hypertension on learning and memory performance in the elderly. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2015; 23:154-70. [PMID: 26185923 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2015.1063580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated whether the relation between subjective memory complaints and cognitive performance is influenced by the presence of hypertension in the elderly. One hundred and five healthy older adults, 70-89 years of age, with and without hypertension treatment or diagnosis, completed a scale of subjective memory complaints. Participants were divided into those with mild memory concerns and those with minimal or no complaints. All participants completed a battery of neuropsychological tests including measures of verbal and nonverbal memory. After controlling for differences in age, gender, education, and overall intellectual ability, there were significant main effects for memory concerns and significant interactions for memory complaints and hypertension on several measures of memory performance. There were no main effects for hypertension on memory performance. Simple effects analyses of the interactions showed that the hypertensive complainers demonstrated poorer performance on measures of long-term memory and greater reliance on short-term recall than the hypertensive non-complainers. There were no differences in memory performance for the non-hypertensive groups. Among healthy elderly community-dwelling adults, those with mild subjective memory complaints in the context of hypertension demonstrated greater objective cognitive difficulties than those without hypertension as well as a greater reliance on a less efficient learning strategy. These findings suggest that memory concerns in the presence of hypertension may be important when evaluating treatment efficacy in these individuals and for identifying differences in cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Nguyen
- a Department of Psychology , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona , USA.,b Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona , USA.,c Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Kari A Haws
- a Department of Psychology , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona , USA.,b Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona , USA.,c Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Megan C Fitzhugh
- a Department of Psychology , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona , USA.,b Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona , USA.,c Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Gabrielle A Torre
- a Department of Psychology , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona , USA.,c Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Georg A Hishaw
- d Department of Neurology , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona , USA
| | - Gene E Alexander
- a Department of Psychology , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona , USA.,b Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona , USA.,c Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium , Phoenix , Arizona , USA.,e Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona , USA.,f Neuroscience Graduate Interdisciplinary Program , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona , USA
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Szewieczek J, Dulawa J, Francuz T, Legierska K, Hornik B, Włodarczyk-Sporek I, Janusz-Jenczeń M, Batko-Szwaczka A. Mildly elevated blood pressure is a marker for better health status in Polish centenarians. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 37:9738. [PMID: 25637333 PMCID: PMC4312308 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The number of centenarians is projected to rise rapidly. However, knowledge of evidence-based health care in this group is still poor. Hypertension is the most common condition that leads to multiple organ complications, disability, and premature death. No guidelines for the management of high blood pressure (BP) in centenarians are available. We have performed a cross-sectional study to characterize clinical and functional state of Polish centenarians, with a special focus on BP. The study comprised 86 consecutive 100.9 ± 1.2 years old (mean ± SD) subjects (70 women and 16 men). The assessment included structured interview, physical examination, geriatric functional assessment, resting electrocardiography, and blood and urine sampling. The subjects were followed-up on the phone. Subjects who survived 180 days (83 %) as compared to non-survivors had higher systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DPB), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP), higher mini-mental state examination, Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living and Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale scores, higher serum albumin and calcium levels, and total iron-binding capacity, while lower serum creatinine, cystatin C, folate, and C-reactive protein levels. SBP ≥140 mm Hg, DBP ≥90 mm Hg, MAP ≥100 mm Hg, and PP ≥40 mm Hg were associated with higher 180-day survival probability. Results suggest that mildly elevated blood pressure is a marker for better health status in Polish centenarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Szewieczek
- Department of Geriatrics, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, SUM, Katowice, Poland,
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Cognitive impairment and cardiovascular diseases in the elderly. A heart-brain continuum hypothesis. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 18:41-52. [PMID: 25107566 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aging population is increasing and, therefore, a higher prevalence of cardiac disease is emerging; including hypertension, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation and chronic heart failure. Large cohort studies have revealed a relationship among increased risk for cognitive impairment and dementia in cardiovascular diseases probably due to embolic stroke or chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Thus, the aim of the present review is to overview the studies that investigate the presence and/or the development of cognitive impairments and dementia in patients with varied types of cardiovascular disease. Finally, a continuum among hypertension, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation and chronic heart failure with to the development of cognitive impairment and progression to dementia has been hypothesized.
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El cerebro y el daño neuropsiquiátrico de la hipertensión arterial. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hipert.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pramme L, Larra MF, Schächinger H, Frings C. Cardiac cycle time effects on mask inhibition. Biol Psychol 2014; 100:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Verdelho A. The Role of Cerebrovascular Disease in Cognitive Decline. NEURODEGENER DIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6380-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Spinelli C, De Caro MF, Schirosi G, Mezzapesa D, De Benedittis L, Chiapparino C, Serio G, Federico F, Nazzaro P. Impaired cognitive executive dysfunction in adult treated hypertensives with a confirmed diagnosis of poorly controlled blood pressure. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:771-8. [PMID: 24936139 PMCID: PMC4057488 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.8147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High blood pressure (BP) poses a major risk for cognitive decline. Aim of the study was to highlight the relationship between cognitive assessment scores and an effective therapeutic BP control. METHODS By medical visit and ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), we studied 302 treated hypertensives, subdivided according to office/daytime BP values into 120 with good (GC) and 98 poor (PC) BP control, 40 with "white coat hypertension" (WCH) and 44 a "masked-hypertension" phenomenon (MH). Patients underwent neuropsychological assessment to evaluate global cognitive scores at the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and attention/executive functions (Delayed Recall, Digit Span Forwards, Digit Span Backwards, Selective Attention, Verbal Fluency, Stroop Test and Clock Drawing). Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) served as the index of vascular damage. RESULTS There were no differences among the groups in terms of gender, age, education, metabolic assessment, clinical history and hypertension treatment. GC presented lower office and ambulatory BP values and IMT. PC performed worse than GC on global executive and attention functions, especially executive functions. In PC, office systolic BP (SBP) was significantly associated to the MMSE and FAB scores and, in particular, to Verbal Fluency, Stroop Errors and Clock Drawing tests. Office diastolic BP (DBP) was associated to Selective attention, nocturnal SBP to Digit Span backwards and Verbal Fluency. Worse cognitive assessment scores were obtained in WCH than GC. CONCLUSIONS The findings showed that in adult treated hypertensives, a poor BP control, as both doctor's office and daytime scores, is associated to impaired global cognitive and especially executive/attention functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Spinelli
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Division of Neurology-Stroke Unit, Hypertension, Medical School of Bari - University of Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Fara De Caro
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Division of Neurology-Stroke Unit, Hypertension, Medical School of Bari - University of Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Schirosi
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Division of Neurology-Stroke Unit, Hypertension, Medical School of Bari - University of Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Mezzapesa
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Division of Neurology-Stroke Unit, Hypertension, Medical School of Bari - University of Bari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo De Benedittis
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Division of Neurology-Stroke Unit, Hypertension, Medical School of Bari - University of Bari, Italy
| | - Concetta Chiapparino
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Division of Neurology-Stroke Unit, Hypertension, Medical School of Bari - University of Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Serio
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Division of Neurology-Stroke Unit, Hypertension, Medical School of Bari - University of Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Federico
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Division of Neurology-Stroke Unit, Hypertension, Medical School of Bari - University of Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Nazzaro
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Division of Neurology-Stroke Unit, Hypertension, Medical School of Bari - University of Bari, Italy
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Bender AR, Daugherty AM, Raz N. Vascular Risk Moderates Associations between Hippocampal Subfield Volumes and Memory. J Cogn Neurosci 2013; 25:1851-62. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Advanced age and vascular risk negatively affect episodic memory. The hippocampus (HC) is a complex structure, and little is known about the roles of different HC regions in age-related memory declines. Using data from an ongoing longitudinal study, we investigated whether memory functions are related to volumes of specific HC subregions (CA1-2, CA3-4/dentate gyrus, and subiculum). Furthermore, we inquired if arterial hypertension, a common age-related vascular risk factor, modifies age-related differences in HC regional volumes, concurrent memory performance, and improvement in memory over multiple administrations. Healthy adults (n = 49, 52–82 years old) completed associative recognition and free recall tasks. In grouped path models, covariance structures differed between hypertensive and normotensive participants. Whereas larger CA3-4/dentate gyrus volumes predicted greater improvement in associative memory over repeated tests regardless of vascular risk, CA1-2 volumes were associated with improvement in noun recall only in hypertensive participants. Only among hypertensive participants, CA1-2 volumes negatively related to age and CA3-4/dentate gyrus and CA1-2 volumes were associated with performance at the last measurement occasion. These findings suggest that relatively small regions of the HC may play a role in age-related memory declines and that vascular risk factors associated with advanced age may modify that relationship.
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Daulatzai MA. Neurotoxic Saboteurs: Straws that Break the Hippo’s (Hippocampus) Back Drive Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2013; 24:407-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Liu H, Gao S, Hall KS, Unverzagt FW, Lane KA, Callahan CM, Hendrie HC. Optimal blood pressure for cognitive function: findings from an elderly African-American cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2013; 61:875-881. [PMID: 23647314 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report the results from a prospective cohort study on the association between blood pressure (BP) and cognitive function in elderly African Americans. DESIGN Prospective cohort study conducted from 1997 to 2009. SETTING Community-based study in Indianapolis. PARTICIPANTS African Americans aged 65 years or older (N = 3,145). MEASUREMENTS At each assessment, participant cognitive function was measured using the Community Screening Interview for Dementia. Other measurements included BP, height, weight, education level, antihypertensive medication use, alcohol use, smoking, and history of chronic medical conditions. RESULTS Longitudinal assessments (n = 5,995) contributed by 2,721 participants with complete independent variables were analyzed using a semiparametric mixed-effects model. Systolic BP (SBP) of approximately 135 mmHg and diastolic BP (DBP) of approximately 80 mmHg were associated with optimal cognitive function after adjusting for other variables (P = .02). Weight loss with body mass index < 30.0 kg/m(2) was significantly related to poorer cognitive performance (P < .001). Older age at first assessment, lower education level; smoking; and history of depression, stroke, and diabetes mellitus were related to worse cognitive function; taking antihypertensive medication and drinking alcohol were associated with better cognitive function. CONCLUSION High and low BP were associated with poorer cognitive performance. A joint optimal region of SBP and DBP for cognitive function has been identified, which may provide useful clinical information on optimal BP control in cognitive health and lead to better quality of life for elderly adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Mitigation Strategies of Cognitive Deficits in Aging with HIV: Implications for Practice and Research. ISRN NURSING 2013; 2013:297173. [PMID: 23431469 PMCID: PMC3574749 DOI: 10.1155/2013/297173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy has given the chance to those living with HIV to keep on living, allowing them the opportunity to age and perhaps age successfully. Yet, there are severe challenges to successful aging with HIV, one of which is cognitive deficits. Nearly half of those with HIV experience cognitive deficits that can interfere with everyday functioning, medical decision making, and quality of life. Given that cognitive deficits develop with more frequency and intensity with increasing age, concerns mount that as people age with HIV, they may experience more severe cognitive deficits. These concerns become especially germane given that by 2015, 50% of those with HIV will be 50 and older, and this older cohort of adults is expected to grow. As such, this paper focuses on the etiologies of such cognitive deficits within the context of cognitive reserve and neuroplasticity. From this, evidence-based and hypothetical prevention (i.e., cognitive prescriptions), rehabilitation (i.e., speed of processing training), and mitigation (i.e., spaced retrieval method) strategies are reviewed. Implications for nursing practice and research are posited.
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Lim JH, Han AR, Ryu BJ, Pyun SB. Long-term Functional Outcome and Related Factors in Stroke Patients. BRAIN & NEUROREHABILITATION 2013. [DOI: 10.12786/bn.2013.6.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Lim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Ah Reum Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Byong Ju Ryu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahmyook Medical Center, Korea
| | - Sung Bom Pyun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea
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Bender AR, Raz N. Age-related differences in memory and executive functions in healthy APOE ɛ4 carriers: the contribution of individual differences in prefrontal volumes and systolic blood pressure. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:704-14. [PMID: 22245009 PMCID: PMC3309165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Advanced age and vascular risk are associated with declines in the volumes of multiple brain regions, especially the prefrontal cortex, and the hippocampus. Older adults, even unencumbered by declining health, perform less well than their younger counterparts in multiple cognitive domains, such as episodic memory, executive functions, and speed of perceptual processing. Presence of a known genetic risk factor for cognitive decline and vascular disease, the ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, accounts for some share of those declines; however, the extent of the joint contribution of genetic and physiological vascular risk factors on the aging brain and cognition is unclear. In a sample of healthy adults (age 19-77), we examined the effects of a vascular risk indicator (systolic blood pressure, SBP) and volumes of hippocampus (HC), lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC), and prefrontal white matter (pFWM) on processing speed, working memory (WM), and recognition memory. Using path analyses, we modeled indirect effects of age, SBP, and brain volumes on processing speed, WM, and memory and compared the patterns of structural relations among those variables in APOE ɛ4 carriers and ɛ3 homozygotes. Among ɛ4 carriers, age differences in WM were explained by increase in SBP, reduced FWM volume, and slower processing. In contrast, lPFC and FWM volumes, but not BP, explained a share of age differences in WM among ɛ3 homozygotes. Thus, even in healthy older carriers of the APOE ɛ4 allele, clinically unremarkable increase in vascular risk may be associated with reduced frontal volumes and impaired cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Bender
- Department of Psychology & Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, United States
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Decreased Cognitive/CNS Function in Young Adults at Risk for Hypertension: Effects of Sleep Deprivation. Int J Hypertens 2012; 2012:989345. [PMID: 22315669 PMCID: PMC3270424 DOI: 10.1155/2012/989345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension has been linked to impaired cognitive/CNS function, and some of these changes may precede development of frank essential hypertension. The stress and fatigue of sleep deprivation may exacerbate these cognitive changes in young adults at risk. We hypothesize that individuals at risk for hypertension will show significant declines in cognitive function during a night of sleep deprivation. Fifty-one young adults were recruited for 28-hour total sleep deprivation studies. Hypertension risk was assessed by mildly elevated resting blood pressure and by family history of hypertension. A series of cognitive memory tasks was given at four test sessions across the sleep deprivation period. Although initially comparable in cognitive performance, persons at risk showed larger declines across the night for several indices of working memory, including code substitution, category, and order recall. These results suggest that cognitive/CNS changes may parallel or precede blood pressure dysregulation in the early stages of hypertension development. The role of CNS changes in the etiology of essential hypertension is discussed.
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Sharifi F, Hedayat M, Fakhrzadeh H, Mahmoudi MJ, Ghaderpanahi M, Mirarefin M, Tajalizadekhoob Y, Badamchizade Z, Larijani B. Hypertension and Cognitive Impairment: Kahrizak Elderly Study. INT J GERONTOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijge.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Yeung SE, Thornton WL. Age-related effects of blood pressure on everyday cognitive function in community-dwelling women. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2011; 18:733-55. [PMID: 22010841 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2011.609882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Blood pressure is an indicator of vascular health that has been associated with cognition and quality of life in older age. Few studies have examined blood pressure across everyday cognitive tasks, which may have superior predictive functional utility than traditional cognitive measures. We explored blood pressure as a predictor of everyday problem solving (EPS) performance in middle-aged and older women. METHOD Community-dwelling women (age: 51-91) with low-normal blood pressure to mild hypertension underwent traditional and everyday cognitive testing. EPS was determined by the number of safe/effective solutions generated for real-world scenarios. RESULTS Analyses revealed that lower systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure were associated with worse EPS ability after controlling for age, education, and traditional cognitive abilities. DISCUSSION These results support that blood pressure may be an important predictor of everyday cognitive abilities in older age. Potential implications for real-world functioning are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Yeung
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. ,
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