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Park JW, Lee KT, Jeon BJ, Pyon JK, Bang SI, Mun GH. Effects of Antihypertensive Drugs on Outcomes of Breast Reconstruction. Ann Surg Oncol 2019; 26:1712-1719. [PMID: 30863940 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-019-07293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), a commonly used antihypertensive drug, is reported to affect wound healing and flap survival in animal models. However, this has not been elucidated in a clinical series. This study aimed to investigate the impact that perioperative use of ARB has on outcomes after breast reconstruction. METHODS Patients who underwent immediate breast reconstruction using a tissue expander or a deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap were reviewed. The patients were categorized according to the types of antihypertensive medications as follows: the ARB group consisted of hypertensive patients treated with ARB alone or a combination of ARB and other drugs; the non-ARB group included those receiving drugs other than ARB; and the control group did not receive any medication. The effects of antihypertensive drugs on the development of complications were evaluated. RESULTS The study analyzed 1390 cases including 999 cases of tissue-expander insertion and 391 cases of DIEP flap reconstruction. With regard to tissue-expander reconstruction, the rates of seroma, reoperation, reconstruction failure, and overall complications were significantly higher in the ARB group than in the other two groups. Compared with no medication, ARB use was an independent risk factor for these complications. With regard to DIEP flap reconstruction, the ARB group showed a significantly higher rate of fat necrosis and significantly greater odds for the development of overall perfusion-related complications and fat necrosis than the control group after adjustment for other variables. CONCLUSIONS Perioperative administration of ARB might be associated with adverse outcomes after breast reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyeong-Tae Lee
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung-Joon Jeon
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jai-Kyong Pyon
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sa Ik Bang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Goo-Hyun Mun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Pesce M, Franceschelli S, Ferrone A, De Lutiis MA, Patruno A, Grilli A, Felaco M, Speranza L. Verbascoside down-regulates some pro-inflammatory signal transduction pathways by increasing the activity of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in the U937 cell line. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1548-56. [PMID: 25807993 PMCID: PMC4511353 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are the major components of many traditional herbal remedies, which exhibit several beneficial effects including anti-inflammation and antioxidant properties. Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) is a redox sensitive protein tyrosine phosphatase that negatively influences downstream signalling molecules, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases, thereby inhibiting inflammatory signalling induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Because a role of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1) in the upstream regulation of JNK molecule has been well demonstrated, we conjectured that SHP-1 could mediate the anti-inflammatory effect of verbascoside through the regulation of TAK-1/JNK/AP-1 signalling in the U937 cell line. Our results demonstrate that verbascoside increased the phosphorylation of SHP-1, by attenuating the activation of TAK-1/JNK/AP-1 signalling. This leads to a reduction in the expression and activity of both COX and NOS. Moreover, SHP-1 depletion deletes verbascoside inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory molecules induced by LPS. Our data confirm that SHP-1 plays a critical role in restoring the physiological mechanisms of inducible proteins such as COX2 and iNOS, and that the down-regulation of TAK-1/JNK/AP-1 signalling by targeting SHP-1 should be considered as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Pesce
- Department of Psychological, Humanistic and Territorial Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Franceschelli
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessio Ferrone
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria Anna De Lutiis
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonia Patruno
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alfredo Grilli
- Department of Psychological, Humanistic and Territorial Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mario Felaco
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lorenza Speranza
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
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Dhande I, Ma W, Hussain T. Angiotensin AT2 receptor stimulation is anti-inflammatory in lipopolysaccharide-activated THP-1 macrophages via increased interleukin-10 production. Hypertens Res 2014; 38:21-9. [PMID: 25209104 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages have an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and associated end-organ damage via the activation of the Toll-like receptors, such as Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4). Accumulating evidence suggests that the angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) has a protective role in pathological conditions involving inflammation and tissue injury. We have recently shown that AT(2)R stimulation is renoprotective, which occurs in part via increased levels of anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) production in renal epithelial cells; however, the role of AT(2)R in the inflammatory activity of macrophages is not known. The present study was designed to investigate whether AT(2)R activation stimulates an anti-inflammatory response in TLR4-induced inflammation. The effects of the anti-inflammatory mechanisms that occurred following pre-treatment with the AT(2)R agonist Compound 21 (C21) (1 μmol ml(-1)) on the cytokine profiles of THP-1 macrophages after activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 μg ml(-1)) were studied. The AT(2)R agonist dose-dependently attenuated LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-6 production but increased IL-10 production. IL-10 was critical for the anti-inflammatory effects of AT(2)R stimulation because the IL-10-neutralizing antibody dose-dependently abolished the AT(2)R-mediated decrease in TNF-α levels. Further, enhanced IL-10 levels were associated with a sustained, selective increase in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) but not p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Blocking the activation of ERK1/2 before C21 pre-treatment completely abrogated this increased IL-10 production in response to the AT(2)R agonist C21, while there was a partial reduction in IL-10 levels following the inhibition of p38. We conclude that AT(2)R stimulation exerts a novel anti-inflammatory response in THP-1 macrophages via enhanced IL-10 production as a result of sustained, selective ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which may have protective roles in hypertension and associated tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Dhande
- 1] Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heart and Kidney Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA [2] Department of Pharmacal Sciences, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Wanshu Ma
- Department of Pharmacal Sciences, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Tahir Hussain
- 1] Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heart and Kidney Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA [2] Department of Pharmacal Sciences, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Tao X, Fan J, Kao G, Zhang X, Su L, Yin Y, Zrenner B. Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates angiotensin II-induced signalling associated with activation of a tyrosine phosphatase in Sprague-Dawley rats cardiac fibroblasts. Biol Cell 2014; 106:182-92. [PMID: 24641355 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Angiotensin-(1-7) [ANG-(1-7)] mediates vasodilation, antiproliferation, anti-apoptosis and antifibrosis, therefore, it opposes the effects of angiotensin II (ANG II). However, the detailed signal transduction mechanism following the Mas receptor activated by ANG-(1-7) is still poorly understood. Src homology2-containing inositol phosphatase 1 (SHP-1), a redoxsensitive protein tyrosine phosphatase, negatively influences downstream signalling molecules, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), through dephosphorylation, thereby inhibiting proliferative and profibrotic signalling induced by ANG II. Therefore, we hypothesised that SHP-1 may mediate the antiproliferative signalling of ANG-(1-7) through the regulation of the dynamic balance of MAPKs and SHP-1 in isolated cardiac fibroblasts. Primary culture of neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats cardiac fibroblasts was treated separately with different interventions to investigate this issue. RESULTS Our data revealed that ANG II increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (p-ERK1/2) and the ratio of (p-ERK1/2)/(ERK1/2), but ANG-(1-7) decreased them. The effects of ANG-(1-7) on the phosphorylation p-ERK1/2 were blocked by the Mas receptor antagonist A-779. Unlike ANG II, which decreased the activity of SHP-1, ANG-(1-7) increased its activity. Overexpression of SHP-1 attenuated the ANG II-stimulated phosphorylation of c-Src, its downstream molecules ERK1/2, α-smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). These effects were also inhibited by the specific inhibitor of SHP-1, sodium stibogluconate. ANG-(1-7) had no significant effects on the gene expression of TGF-β1, collagen I or collagen III, but was found to antagonise the stimulatory effects of ANG II on them. CONCLUSIONS ANG-(1-7), through Mas receptor, activates SHP-1 in cardiac fibroblasts, which can negatively modulate ANG II-induced phosphorylation of c-Src and MAPKs, and inhibits profibrotic factors TGF-β1 and collagen production. ANG-(1-7) can thereby serve as a protective role by counteracting the effects of ANG II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, The Chongqing Cardiac Arrhythmias Service Center, Chongqing, 400010, China
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Forbes K, Skinner L, Aplin JD, Westwood M. The tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 negatively regulates cytotrophoblast proliferation in first-trimester human placenta by modulating EGFR activation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:4029-40. [PMID: 22797910 PMCID: PMC11115170 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) influence placental cell (cytotrophoblast) kinetics. We recently reported that the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) SHP-2 positively regulates IGF actions in the placenta. In other systems, the closely related PTP, SHP-1, functions as a negative regulator of signaling events but its role in the placenta is still unknown. We examined the hypothesis that SHP-1 negatively regulates IGF actions in the human placenta. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis demonstrated that SHP-1 is abundant in cytotrophoblast. SHP-1 expression was decreased in first-trimester placental explants using siRNA; knockdown did not alter IGF-induced proliferation but it significantly enhanced proliferation in serum-free conditions, revealing that placental growth is endogenously regulated. Candidate regulators were determined by using antibody arrays, Western blotting, and IHC to examine the activation status of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in SHP-1-depleted explants; amongst the alterations observed was enhanced activation of EGFR, suggesting that SHP-1 may interact with EGFR to inhibit proliferation. The EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor PD153035 reversed the elevated proliferation seen in the absence of SHP-1. This study demonstrates a role for SHP-1 in human trophoblast turnover and establishes SHP-1 as a negative regulator of EGFR activation. Targeting placental SHP-1 expression may provide therapeutic benefits in common pregnancy conditions with abnormal trophoblast proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Forbes
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St Mary's Hospital, University of Manchester, School of Biomedicine, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK,
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Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) constitutes one of the most important hormonal systems in the physiological regulation of blood pressure through renal and nonrenal mechanisms. Indeed, dysregulation of the RAS is considered a major factor in the development of cardiovascular pathologies, including kidney injury, and blockade of this system by the inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) or blockade of the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) by selective antagonists constitutes an effective therapeutic regimen. It is now apparent with the identification of multiple components of the RAS within the kidney and other tissues that the system is actually composed of different angiotensin peptides with diverse biological actions mediated by distinct receptor subtypes. The classic RAS can be defined as the ACE-Ang II-AT1R axis that promotes vasoconstriction, water intake, sodium retention, and other mechanisms to maintain blood pressure, as well as increase oxidative stress, fibrosis, cellular growth, and inflammation in pathological conditions. In contrast, the nonclassical RAS composed primarily of the AngII/Ang III-AT2R pathway and the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-AT7R axis generally opposes the actions of a stimulated Ang II-AT1R axis through an increase in nitric oxide and prostaglandins and mediates vasodilation, natriuresis, diuresis, and reduced oxidative stress. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that these non-classical RAS components contribute to the therapeutic blockade of the classical system to reduce blood pressure and attenuate various indices of renal injury, as well as contribute to normal renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Chappell
- The Hypertension & Vascular Disease Center, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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Zhu L, Carretero OA, Xu J, Wang L, Harding P, Rhaleb NE, Yang JJ, Sumners C, Yang XP. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor-stimulated activation of plasma prekallikrein and bradykinin release: role of SHP-1. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H2553-9. [PMID: 22523247 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01157.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ANG II type 2 receptors (AT(2)R) elicit cardioprotective effects in part by stimulating the release of kinins; however, the mechanism(s) responsible have not been fully explored. We demonstrated previously that overexpression of AT(2)R increased expression of prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP; a plasma prekallikrein activator) and release of bradykinin by mouse coronary artery endothelial cells (ECs). In the present study we hypothesized that the AT(2)R-stimulated increase in PRCP is mediated by the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, which in turn activates the PRCP-dependent prekallikrein-kallikrein pathway and releases bradykinin. We found that activation of AT(2)R using the specific agonist CGP42112A increased SHP-1 activity in ECs, which was blocked by the AT(2)R antagonist PD123319. Activation of AT(2)R also enhanced conversion of plasma prekallikrein to kallikrein, and this effect was blunted by a small interfering RNA (siRNA) to SHP-1 and abolished by the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate. Treating cells with a siRNA to PRCP also blunted AT(2)R-stimulated prekallikrein activation and bradykinin release. Furthermore, blocking plasma kallikrein with soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) abolished AT(2)R-stimulated bradykinin release. These findings support our hypothesis that stimulation of AT(2)R activates a PRCP-dependent plasma prekallikrein pathway, releasing bradykinin. Activation of SHP-1 may also play an important role in AT(2)R-induced PRCP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhu
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202-2689, USA
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Guimond MO, Gallo-Payet N. How does angiotensin AT(2) receptor activation help neuronal differentiation and improve neuronal pathological situations? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:164. [PMID: 23267346 PMCID: PMC3525946 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin type 2 (AT(2)) receptor of angiotensin II has long been thought to be limited to few tissues, with the primary effect of counteracting the angiotensin type 1 (AT(1)) receptor. Functional studies in neuronal cells have demonstrated AT(2) receptor capability to modulate neuronal excitability, neurite elongation, and neuronal migration, suggesting that it may be an important regulator of brain functions. The observation that the AT(2) receptor was expressed in brain areas implicated in learning and memory led to the hypothesis that it may also be implicated in cognitive functions. However, linking signaling pathways to physiological effects has always proven challenging since information relative to its physiological functions has mainly emerged from indirect observations, either from the blockade of the AT(1) receptor or through the use of transgenic animals. From a mechanistic standpoint, the main intracellular pathways linked to AT(2) receptor stimulation include modulation of phosphorylation by activation of kinases and phosphatases or the production of nitric oxide and cGMP, some of which are associated with the Gi-coupling protein. The receptor can also interact with other receptors, either G protein-coupled such as bradykinin, or growth factor receptors such as nerve growth factor or platelet-derived growth factor receptors. More recently, new advances have also led to identification of various partner proteins, thus providing new insights into this receptor's mechanism of action. This review summarizes the recent advances regarding the signaling pathways induced by the AT(2) receptor in neuronal cells, and discussed the potential therapeutic relevance of central actions of this enigmatic receptor. In particular, we highlight the possibility that selective AT(2) receptor activation by non-peptide and selective agonists could represent new pharmacological tools that may help to improve impaired cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease and other neurological cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Gallo-Payet
- *Correspondence: Nicole Gallo-Payet, Service d’Endocrinologie, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4. e-mail:
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AT₂receptors recruit c-Src, SHP-1 and FAK upon activation by Ang II in PND15 rat hindbrain. Neurochem Int 2011; 60:199-207. [PMID: 22120166 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The functional role of AT(2) receptors is unclear and it activates unconventional signaling pathways, which in general do not involve a classical activation of a G-protein. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the transduction mechanism of AT(2) Ang II receptors in PND15 rat hindbrain membrane preparations, which represents a physiological developmental condition. To determine whether Ang II AT(2) receptors induced association to SHP-1 in rat hindbrain, co-immunoprecipitation assays were performed. Stimulation of Ang II AT(2) receptors induced both a transient tyr-phosphorylation and activation of SHP-1. The possible participation of c-Src in Ang II-mediated SHP-1 activation, we demonstrated by recruitment of c-Src in immunocomplexes obtained with anti AT(2) or anti-SHP-1 antibodies. The association of SHP-1 to c-Src was inhibited by PD123319 and the c-Src inhibitor PP2. Similarly, SHP-1 activity determined in AT(2)-immunocomplexes was inhibited by PD123319 and the c-Src inhibitor PP2. Following stimulation with Ang II, AT(2) receptors recruit c-Src, which was responsible for SHP-1 tyr-phosphorylation and activation. Since AT(2) receptors are involved in neuron migration, we tested the presence of FAK in immunocomplexes. Surprisingly, AT(2)-immunocomplexes contained mainly the 85kDa fragment of FAK. Besides, p125FAK associated to SHP-1. In summary, we demonstrated the presence of an active signal transduction mechanism in PND15 rat hindbrain, a developmental stage critical for cerebellar development. In this model, we showed a complex containing AT(2)/SHP-1/c-Src/p85FAK, suggesting a potential role of Ang II AT(2) receptors in cerebellar development and neuronal differentiation.
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Naito T, Ma LJ, Yang H, Zuo Y, Tang Y, Han JY, Kon V, Fogo AB. Angiotensin type 2 receptor actions contribute to angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker effects on kidney fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 298:F683-91. [PMID: 20042458 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00503.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker (ARB) ameliorates progression of chronic kidney disease. Whether this protection is due solely to blockade of AT1, or whether diversion of angiotensin II from the AT1 to the available AT2 receptor, thus potentially enhancing AT2 receptor effects, is not known. We therefore investigated the role of AT2 receptor in ARB-induced treatment effects in chronic kidney disease. Adult rats underwent 5/6 nephrectomy. Glomerulosclerosis was assessed by renal biopsy 8 wk later, and rats were divided into four groups with equivalent glomerulosclerosis: no further treatment, ARB, AT2 receptor antagonist, or combination. By week 12 after nephrectomy, systolic blood pressure was decreased in all treatment groups, but proteinuria was decreased only with ARB. Glomerulosclerosis increased significantly in AT2 receptor antagonist vs. ARB. Kidney cortical collagen content was decreased in ARB, but increased in untreated 5/6 nephrectomy, AT2 receptor antagonist, and combined groups. Glomerular cell proliferation increased in both untreated 5/6 nephrectomy and AT2 receptor antagonist vs. ARB, and phospho-Erk2 was increased by AT2 receptor antagonist. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 mRNA and protein were increased at 12 wk by AT2 receptor antagonist in contrast to decrease with ARB. Podocyte injury is a key component of glomerulosclerosis. We therefore assessed effects of AT1 vs. AT2 blockade on podocytes and interaction with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Cultured wild-type podocytes, but not plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 knockout, responded to angiotensin II with increased collagen, an effect that was completely blocked by ARB with lesser effect of AT2 receptor antagonist. We conclude that the benefical effects on glomerular injury achieved with ARB are contributed to not only by blockade of the AT1 receptor, but also by increasing angiotensin effects transduced through the AT2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Naito
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561, USA
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Lemarié CA, Schiffrin EL. The angiotensin II type 2 receptor in cardiovascular disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2009; 11:19-31. [PMID: 19861349 DOI: 10.1177/1470320309347785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is considered the major final mediator of the renin-angiotensin system. The actions of Ang II have been implicated in many cardiovascular conditions, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, restenosis, and heart failure. Ang II can act through two different receptors: Ang II type 1 (AT(1)) receptor and Ang II type 2 (AT(2)) receptor. The AT(1) receptor is ubiquitously expressed in the cardiovascular system and mediates most of the physiological and pathophysiological actions of Ang II. The AT(2) receptor is highly expressed in the developing foetus, but its expression is very low in the cardiovascular system of the normal adult. Expression of the AT(2) receptor can be modulated by pathological states associated with tissue remodelling or inflammation such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. The precise role of the AT(2) receptor remains under debate. However, it appears that the AT(2) receptor plays a vasodilatory role, and may be enhanced as a countervailing mechanism in cardiac hypertrophy, and in presence of vascular injury in hypertension and atherosclerosis. Signalling pathways induced by the stimulation of the AT(2) receptor are poorly understood, but three main mechanisms have been described: (a) activation of protein phosphatases causing protein dephosphorylation; (b) activation of bradykinin/nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate pathway; and (c) stimulation of phospholipase A(2) and release of arachidonic acid. Vasodilatory effects of the AT(2) receptor, probably the only well-established role of the AT(2) receptor, have been attributed to the second of these mechanisms. The participation of the AT(2) receptor in cardiovascular remodelling and inflammation is more controversial. In vitro, AT(2) receptor stimulation clearly inhibits cardiac and vascular smooth muscle growth and proliferation, and stimulates apoptosis. In vivo, the situation is less clear, and depending on the studies, the AT(2) receptor appears to be required for cardiac hypertrophic growth or contrariwise, the AT(2) receptor has demonstrated no effects on cardiac hypertrophy. Similar controversial findings have been reported in atherosclerosis. Here we discuss the role of the AT(2) receptor on cardiovascular structure and disease, and the signalling pathways induced by its activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Lemarié
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Blanchette J, Abu-Dayyeh I, Hassani K, Whitcombe L, Olivier M. Regulation of macrophage nitric oxide production by the protein tyrosine phosphatase Src homology 2 domain phosphotyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1). Immunology 2009; 127:123-33. [PMID: 18793215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent molecule involved in the cytotoxic effects mediated by macrophages (MØ) against microorganisms. We previously reported that Src homology 2 domain phosphotyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1)-deficient cells generate a greater amount of NO than wild-type cells in response to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). We also reported that the Leishmania-induced MØ SHP-1 activity is needed for the survival of the parasite within phagocytes through the attenuation of NO-dependent and NO-independent mechanisms. In the present study, we investigated the role of SHP-1 in regulating key signalling molecules important in MØ NO generation. Janus tyrosine kinase 2 (JAK2), mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase kinase (MEK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (Erk1/Erk2) mitogen-activated protein kinases, p38 and stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinases/c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) were examined in immortalized bone marrow-derived MØ (BMDM) from both SHP-1-deficient motheaten mice (me-3) and their respective littermates (LM-1). The results indicated that Erk1/Erk2 and SAPK/JNK are the main kinases regulated by SHP-1 because the absence of SHP-1 caused an increase in their phosphorylation. Moreover, only Apigenin, the specific inhibitor of Erk1/Erk2, was able to block IFN-gamma-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) transcription and translation in me-3 cells. Transcription factor analyses revealed that in the absence of SHP-1, activator protein-1 (AP-1) was activated. The activation of AP-1, and not nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) or signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 alpha (STAT-1 alpha), may explain the enhanced NO generation in SHP-1-deficient cells. These observations emphasize the involvement of the MAPKs Erk1/Erk2 and SAPK/JNK in NO generation via AP-1 activation. Collectively, our findings suggest that SHP-1 plays a pivotal role in the negative regulation of signalling events leading to iNOS expression and NO generation. Furthermore, our observations underline the importance of SHP-1-mediated negative regulation in maintaining NO homeostasis and thus preventing the abnormal generation of NO that can be detrimental to the host.
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Chow L, Rezmann L, Imamura K, Wang L, Catt K, Tikellis C, Louis WJ, Frauman AG, Louis SNS. Functional angiotensin II type 2 receptors inhibit growth factor signaling in LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cell lines. Prostate 2008; 68:651-60. [PMID: 18288685 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is clear evidence of a tissue-based renin-angiotensin system in the prostate and studies to date suggest that AT(1)-receptor blocking drugs inhibit the growth of some prostate cancer cell lines and delay the development of prostate cancer. The present studies examine the action of Ang II in two prostate cancer cell lines and report the presence of functional AT(2)-receptors that regulate the actions of growth factors. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to identify the presence of Ang II and QPCR techniques to examine AT(1)- and AT(2)-receptor mRNA expression in androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and independent (PC3) cell lines. The effects of AT(1)- and AT(2)-receptor activation upon EGF-induced DNA synthesis and ERK2 phosphorylation in these cells were also examined. RESULTS Functional AT(2)-receptors together with Ang II were identified in both cell lines and stimulation of these receptors inhibited EGF-induced DNA synthesis and ERK2 phosphorylation. AT(1)-receptors, although present in both cell lines, were only functional in LNCaP cells where activation stimulated DNA synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Functional AT(2)-receptors are present and have the capacity to inhibit EGF-induced prostate cancer cell growth in LNCaP and fast growing androgen-independent PC3 cell lines, whereas functional AT(1)-receptors are found only in LNCaP cells where their activation stimulates DNA synthesis.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA/biosynthesis
- DNA/drug effects
- Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Humans
- Male
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chow
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Okada H, Inoue T, Kikuta T, Watanabe Y, Kanno Y, Ban S, Sugaya T, Horiuchi M, Suzuki H. A possible anti-inflammatory role of angiotensin II type 2 receptor in immune-mediated glomerulonephritis during type 1 receptor blockade. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:1577-89. [PMID: 17071582 PMCID: PMC1780194 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockade attenuates renal inflammation/fibrogenesis in immune-mediated glomerulonephritis via angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R). In the present study, further in vivo experiments revealed that AT2R was expressed in tubular epithelial cells of nephritic kidneys in mice, and feedback activation of the renin-angiotensin system during AT1R blockade significantly reduced p-ERK, but not intranuclear nuclear factor-kappaB, levels via AT2R. This led to reduction in mRNA levels of the proinflammatory mediator monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and overall interstitial inflammation and subsequent fibrogenesis. Specific blockade of ERK expression in tubular epithelium by anti-sense oligodeoxynucleotides also attenuated interstitial inflammation, mimicking the anti-inflammatory action of AT2R in nephritic kidneys. Alternatively, we succeeded in confirming such an AT(2)R function by demonstrating that AT1R blockade did not confer renoprotection in nephritic, AT2R gene-deficient mice. Additional in vitro experiments revealed that AT2R activation did not affect nuclear factor-kappaB activation by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in cultured tubular epithelial cells, although it inhibited ERK phosphorylation, which reduced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA levels. These results suggest that feedback activation of AT2Rs in tubular epithelium of nephritic kidneys plays an important role in attenuating interstitial inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology
- Animals
- Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease/immunology
- Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease/pathology
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Epithelium/drug effects
- Epithelium/pathology
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Inflammation/immunology
- Kidney Tubules/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/deficiency
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Okada
- Department of Nephrology, Saitama Medical School, 38 Morohongo, Irumagun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
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18
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Plouffe B, Guimond MO, Beaudry H, Gallo-Payet N. Role of tyrosine kinase receptors in angiotensin II AT2 receptor signaling: involvement in neurite outgrowth and in p42/p44mapk activation in NG108-15 cells. Endocrinology 2006; 147:4646-54. [PMID: 16809450 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NG108-15 cells, which have a rounding-up morphology when cultured in serum-supplemented medium, extend neurites when stimulated for 3 d with angiotensin II (Ang II). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether growth factor receptors are necessary for mediating the effects of Ang II. A 3-d treatment with AG879, an inhibitor of nerve growth factor receptor TrkA, strongly affected neurite outgrowth and phosphorylation of p42/p44(mapk) induced by Ang II. PD168393, an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor slightly decreased Ang II-induced neurite outgrowth, whereas AG213, an inhibitor of both platelet-derived growth factor receptor and EGF receptor, stimulated neurite outgrowth and p42/p44(mapk) phosphorylation on its own, without affecting further stimulation with Ang II. Moreover, Ang II induced the phosphorylation of TrkA (maximum at 5 min of incubation in the presence of serum or at 20 min in cells depleted in serum for 2 h) and a rapid increase in Rap1 activity, both effects abolished in cells preincubated with 10 microm AG879. In summary, the present results demonstrate that AT(2) receptor-induced sustained activation of p42/p44(mapk) and corresponding neurite outgrowth are mediated by phosphorylation of the nerve growth factor TrkA receptor. However, the results also point out that the presence of other growth factors, such as EGF or PDFG, may interfere with the effect of Ang II. Altogether, the current findings clearly indicate that the effects of the AT(2) receptor on neurite outgrowth dynamics are modulated by the presence of growth factors in the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Plouffe
- Service of Endocrinology, and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4
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19
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Phillippe M, Bradley DF, Engle D, Sweet L. SHP protein tyrosine phosphatase expression in rat uterine tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:338-42. [PMID: 16814162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLCgamma1) is associated with increased spontaneous contractile activity. PLCgamma1 phosphorylation is regulated by cellular protein tyrosine kinases and tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). The studies in this report were undertaken to characterize the expression of two PTPs known to bind to PLCgamma1: Src-homology phosphatase type-1 (SHP-1) and type-2 (SHP-2). METHODS Uterine and other tissues were obtained from non-pregnant (estrus) and pregnant (gestational day 12 through day 1 postpartum) Sprague-Dawley rats. PTP activity in myometrial homogenates was determined using an in vitro fluorometric PTP assay with and without bpV(phen) (a nonselective PTP inhibitor), or PTP-Inhibitor 1 (PTP-I1, a SHP selective inhibitor). Western blots were performed using polyclonal antibodies to SHP-1 and SHP-2. Immunoprecipitation studies were performed to demonstrate an association between PLCgamma1 and the SHP proteins. RESULTS The in vitro PTP assays demonstrated comparable enzyme activity in myometrium from estrus and pregnant animals. BpV(phen) produced a 93% reduction in PTP activity (P <.05); similarly, PTP-I1 produced an 86% reduction in enzyme activity (P <.05). Western blots confirmed robust expression of both SHP-1 and SHP-2 protein in rat uterus. SHP-1 expression decreased significantly at the end of gestation; in contrast, SHP-2 levels remained stable. Immunoprecipitation studies confirmed an association between the SHP proteins and PLCgamma1. CONCLUSION These studies have demonstrated that SHP-1 and SHP-2 are expressed in rat myometrium and appear to be responsible for the PTP activity in this tissue, thereby providing a molecular mechanism for the modulation of PLCgamma1 phosphotyrosine levels in the rat uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Phillippe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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20
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Seki N, Hashimoto N, Suzuki Y, Yagui K, Saito Y. Differential effects of RAS inhibitors associated with ACE gene polymorphisms in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006; 72:135-41. [PMID: 16290123 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2005.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Blood pressure and genetic factors are important factors for diabetic nephropathy. We investigated the relationship between the efficacy of renin angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotypes. Patients with type 2 diabetes without proteinuria, were treated with RAS inhibitors, the first being an ACE inhibitor (ACEI) and the second, an angiotensin II (ATII) receptor blocker (ARB) for 8 weeks each. There was no significant difference (except serum ACE activity) between the two treatments. However, by analysis segregated with ACE gene polymorphism, ARB significantly decreased transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta) compared to ACEI in patients with the I/I genotype but not in patients with the D/I+D/D genotype. DeltaATII and DeltaTGF-beta have a negative correlation with the I/I genotype and a positive correlation with the D/I+D/D genotypes. These correlation coefficients are significantly different. We suggest that in I/I patients, TGF-beta was reduced by ARB via effects on (ATII) type 2 receptors (AT2). In our experiments, the effect of ARB on TGF-beta reduction was only detected by segregation of ACE genotypes. This indicates that the selection of medicine in light of a patient's genotype is important in treating diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Seki
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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21
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Zhao J, Brooks DM, Lurie DI. Lipopolysaccharide-activated SHP-1-deficient motheaten microglia release increased nitric oxide, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta. Glia 2006; 53:304-12. [PMID: 16265671 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests a deleterious role for activated microglia in facilitating neuronal death by producing neurocytotoxic substances during injury, infection, or neurodegenerative diseases. After cochlear ablation, abnormal microglial activation accompanied by increased neuronal loss within the auditory brainstem occurs in motheaten (me/me) mice deficient in the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. To determine whether abnormally activated microglia contribute to neuronal death in me/me mice, primary microglial cultures from me/me and wild-type mouse cortices were stimulated by the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to evaluate the secretion of the neurotoxic mediators nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). Me/me microglia release significantly greater amounts of all three mediators compared with wild-type microglia. However, the increased release of these compounds in microglia lacking SHP-1 does not appear to occur through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 kinase subgroups of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, or increases in NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK). These results suggest that abnormal microglial activation and release of neurotoxic compounds may potentiate neuronal death in deafferented cells and can thus potentiate neurodegeneration in the me/me brainstem. Our data also indicate that SHP-1 is engaged in signaling pathways in LPS-activated microglia, but not through regulation of the ERK and p38 MAP kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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22
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Fritz RD, Radziwill G. The scaffold protein CNK1 interacts with the angiotensin II type 2 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338:1906-12. [PMID: 16289034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The scaffold protein CNK1 mediates proliferative as well as antiproliferative responses including differentiation and apoptosis. The angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor belongs to the class of G protein-coupled receptors and also promotes antiproliferative effects. Here we report that CNK1 binds through the sterile alpha motif (SAM) and the conserved region in CNK (CRIC) to the AT2 receptor. The exchange of a conserved leucine residue with arginine in the CRIC domain increases the binding affinity of CNK1 to the AT2 receptor. The insertion of a negatively charged amino acid stretch into the linker region between the N- and the C-terminal part of CNK1 strengthens the interaction between CNK1 and the AT2 receptor in a Ras-regulated manner. The biological significance of the interaction was supported by coprecipitation of CNK1 and the AT2 receptor in mouse heart extracts. Thus, CNK1 may play a role in the AT2 receptor-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael D Fritz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Deshayes F, Nahmias C. Angiotensin receptors: a new role in cancer? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2005; 16:293-9. [PMID: 16061390 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that Angiotensin II (AngII), a major regulator of blood pressure and cardiovascular homeostasis, is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammation and tissue remodeling, which suggests that this peptide might also play a role in cancer. This review focuses on the expression and function of Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) and AngII receptors in various aspects of cancer. Recent experimental data suggests that ACE inhibitors and AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonists have beneficial effects on tumor progression, vascularization and metastasis, and that the AngII type 2 receptor (AT2R) subtype has a potential role in cancer. An overview of the major intracellular signaling pathways associated with AT1R and AT2R activation in cancer cells, as well as in endothelial and inflammatory cells, is presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Deshayes
- Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104-INSERM U567, Departement de Biologie Cellulaire, 22 rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France
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24
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Kurdi M, De Mello WC, Booz GW. Working outside the system: an update on the unconventional behavior of the renin–angiotensin system components. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:1357-67. [PMID: 15833268 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in regulating arterial pressure, blood volume, thirst, cardiac function, and cellular growth. Both a circulating and multiple tissue-localized systems have been identified, and are generally portrayed as a series of reactions that occur sequentially with a single outcome: angiotensinogen is cleaved by renin to form angiotensin I, which in turn is processed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to angiotensin II, which then activates either the AT1 or the AT2 plasma membrane receptor. Evidence has emerged, however, showing that some RAS components play important roles outside of this canonical scheme. This article provides an overview of some recently identified extra-system functions. In addition to forming angiotensin II, ACE is a multifunctional enzyme equally important in the metabolism of vasodilator and antifibrotic peptides. As the membrane-bound form, ACE functions as a "receptor" that initiates intracellular signaling leading to gene expression. Both angiotensin I and II may lead to actions that are independent of, or even oppose, those of the RAS via their metabolism by the novel ACE-homologue ACE2. The two angiotensin II receptor types have ligand-independent roles that influence cellular signaling and growth, some of which may result from the ability to form hetero-dimers with other 7-transmembrane receptors. Finally, intracellular angiotensin II has been demonstrated to have actions on cell-communication, gene expression, and cellular growth, through both receptor-dependent and independent means. A greater understanding of these extra-system functions of the RAS components may aid in the development of novel treatments for hypertension, myocardial ischemia, and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Kurdi
- Department of Medicine, The Cardiovascular Research Institute of the Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Scott and White Hospital, Temple, TX 76504, USA
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25
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Takeda H, Katagata Y, Hozumi Y, Kondo S. Effects of angiotensin II receptor signaling during skin wound healing. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:1653-62. [PMID: 15509535 PMCID: PMC1618671 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The tissue angiotensin (Ang) system, which acts independently of the circulating renin Ang system, is supposed to play an important role in tissue repair in the heart and kidney. In the skin, the role of the system for wound healing has remained to be ascertained. Our study demonstrated that oral administration of selective AngII type-1 receptor (AT(1)) blocker suppressed keratinocyte re-epithelization and angiogenesis during skin wound healing in rats. Immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis indicated the existence of AT(1) and AngII type-2 receptor (AT(2)) in cultured keratinocytes and myofibroblasts. In a bromodeoxyuridine incorporation study, induction of AT(1) signaling enhanced the incorporation into keratinocytes and myofibroblasts. Wound healing migration assays revealed that induction of AT(1) signaling accelerated keratinocyte re-epithelization and myofibroblasts recovering. In these experiments, induction of AT(2) signaling acted vice versa. Taken together, our study suggests that skin wound healing is regulated by balance of opposing signals between AT(1) and AT(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Takeda
- Department of Dermatology, Yamagata University, School of Medicine, 2-2-2, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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26
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Zhao J, Lurie DI. Cochlear ablation in mice lacking SHP-1 results in an extended period of cell death of anteroventral cochlear nucleus neurons. Hear Res 2004; 189:63-75. [PMID: 14987753 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5955(03)00370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2003] [Revised: 11/06/2003] [Accepted: 11/06/2003] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cochlear ablation results in the death of anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) neurons from birth to approximately postnatal day 14 (P14) in the murine brainstem. It is not known whether microglial activation contributes to AVCN neuronal death following deafferentation. In order to determine whether microglial activation helps to define the period of neuronal susceptibility within AVCN, we performed unilateral cochlear ablation on mice lacking the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 (me/me). These mice have been shown to have an exaggerated microglial response following ischemic injury. In the present study, the glial and neuronal response to deafferentation within AVCN was examined in wild-type and me/me mice at P5, P14, and P21. Lack of SHP-1 results in robust microglial but not astrocyte activation within the ablated P14 me/me AVCN. These mice also exhibit approximately 28% neuronal death at P14, a time when normal wild-type littermate controls show little cell death. Glial activation and neuronal loss at P5 and P21 were similar between the two phenotypes, suggesting a role of activated microglia in inducing neuronal death beyond P14 but not P21. These results indicate that activated microglia may participate in determining whether neurons in AVCN live or die following deafferentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, 59812, USA
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27
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Nouet S, Amzallag N, Li JM, Louis S, Seitz I, Cui TX, Alleaume AM, Di Benedetto M, Boden C, Masson M, Strosberg AD, Horiuchi M, Couraud PO, Nahmias C. Trans-inactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases by novel angiotensin II AT2 receptor-interacting protein, ATIP. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:28989-97. [PMID: 15123706 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403880200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative regulation of mitogenic pathways is a fundamental process that remains poorly characterized. The angiotensin II AT2 receptor is a rare example of a 7-transmembrane domain receptor that negatively cross-talks with receptor tyrosine kinases to inhibit cell growth. In the present study, we report the molecular cloning of a novel protein, ATIP1 (AT2-interacting protein), which interacts with the C-terminal tail of the AT2 receptor, but not with those of other receptors such as angiotensin AT1, bradykinin BK2, and adrenergic beta(2) receptor. ATIP1 defines a family of at least four members that possess the same domain of interaction with the AT2 receptor, contain a large coiled-coil region, and are able to dimerize. Ectopic expression of ATIP1 in eukaryotic cells leads to inhibition of insulin, basic fibroblast growth factor, and epidermal growth factor-induced ERK2 activation and DNA synthesis, and attenuates insulin receptor autophosphorylation, in the same way as the AT2 receptor. The inhibitory effect of ATIP1 requires expression, but not ligand activation, of the AT2 receptor and is further increased in the presence of Ang II, indicating that ATIP1 cooperates with AT2 to transinactivate receptor tyrosine kinases. Our findings therefore identify ATIP1 as a novel early component of growth inhibitory signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Nouet
- Department of Cell Biology, Institut Cochin, INSERM U567-CNRS UMR8104, 22 rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France
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28
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Wu L, Iwai M, Li Z, Shiuchi T, Min LJ, Cui TX, Li JM, Okumura M, Nahmias C, Horiuchi M. Regulation of Inhibitory Protein-κB and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 by Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor-Activated Src Homology Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-1 in Fetal Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Mol Endocrinol 2004; 18:666-78. [PMID: 14684844 DOI: 10.1210/me.2003-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we examined the effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) type 2 (AT(2)) receptor stimulation on AT(1) receptor-mediated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression and the possible mechanisms of AT(2) receptor-mediated signaling in cultured rat fetal vascular smooth muscle cells, which express both AT(1) and AT(2) receptors. Ang II stimulation induced MCP-1 mRNA expression as well as an increase in nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) binding to the corresponding cis DNA element of the MCP-1 promoter region and a decrease in the cytosolic inhibitory protein-kappaB (IkappaB) protein level via AT(1) receptor stimulation, whereas stimulation of the AT(2) receptor decreased Ang II-induced MCP-1 expression, NF-kappaB DNA binding, and IkappaB degradation, suggesting that activation of the AT(2) receptor attenuated AT(1) receptor-mediated MCP-1 expression via a decrease in NF-kappaB DNA binding and an increase in IkappaB stability. Moreover, we demonstrated that AT(2) receptor stimulation attenuated TNFalpha-mediated NF-kappaB activation and MCP-1 expression. A tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, orthovanadate, attenuated the AT(2) receptor-mediated increase in IkappaB protein. Moreover, we observed that two IkappaB subunits (IkappaBalpha and IkappaBbeta) were tyrosine-phosphorylated after Ang II stimulation. Transfection of a dominant-negative Src homology protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 mutant into vascular smooth muscle cells inhibited the AT(2) receptor-mediated increase in IkappaB, leading to a significant increase in AT(1) receptor-induced NF-kappaB activation and MCP-1 expression. Taken together, our results demonstrated that AT(2) receptor stimulation attenuated MCP-1 expression via IkappaB stabilization, and Src homology protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 might play a critical role in the transcriptional regulation of MCP-1 expression through the control of IkappaB protein stability.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/antagonists & inhibitors
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers
- Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Cytosol/drug effects
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- I-kappa B Proteins/drug effects
- I-kappa B Proteins/genetics
- I-kappa B Proteins/metabolism
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/embryology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Mutation
- NF-kappa B
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Protein Phosphatase 1
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/drug effects
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/drug effects
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/drug effects
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ehime University School of Medicine, Shigenobu, Onsen-gun, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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29
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Widdop RE, Jones ES, Hannan RE, Gaspari TA. Angiotensin AT2 receptors: cardiovascular hope or hype? Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140:809-24. [PMID: 14530223 PMCID: PMC1574085 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2003] [Revised: 06/30/2003] [Accepted: 07/10/2003] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 140, 809–824. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705448
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Widdop
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Yu J, Prado GN, Taylor L, Pal-Ghosh R, Polgar P. Hybrid formation between the intracellular faces of the bradykinin B2 and angiotensin II AT1 receptors and signal transduction. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2:1807-22. [PMID: 12489795 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(02)00177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Most frequently, the physiologic functions of the angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) and bradykinin B2 receptor (BKB2R) are antagonistic, particularly with respect to the regulation of vascular tone. Despite major differences in their physiologic actions, the receptors share sequence similarities. Both link to Galpha(i) and Galpha(q) and transduce very similar signal paths, not only those relating to the traditional G-protein associated second messengers, but also those involved in transactivation mechanisms involving receptor tyrosine kinases. With respect to these paths, some differences in signaling may be accounted for by cell type specificity. However, alternative signal cascades for these two receptors are becoming increasingly evident. One such is the recruitment of signaling molecules upon receptor translocation and internalization. The AT1R translocates into clathrin-coated pits and internalizes upon recruitment of beta-arrestin 2 which then recruits ASK1 and JNK3. The BKB2R translocates and internalizes mainly via caveolae. Another signaling divergence may be due to the direct activation of small G-proteins by both receptors. AT1R activates the RhoA, Rac1, Cdc42 while BKB2R couples only with Rac1 and Cdc42. Both receptors may serve as docking stations for intracellular proteins. One such example is the YIPP motif within the C-terminus of the ATIR which associates with the JAK/STAT pathway. Another potential alternative is the activation of tyrosine/serine kinase phosphatases by BK. This mechanism may directly oppose some of the protein tyrosine/ serine kinase paths activated by AT1R. These alternative mechanisms in sum are potentially responsible for the diversion in signal transduction between these two receptors. Regardless of the route of action, our results suggest that in Rat-1 fibroblasts stably transfected with BKB2R, BK slightly decreases connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA level while in ATIR transfected cells Ang II increases CTGF mRNA markedly. To determine whether mutant hybrids can be formed between these two receptors which encompass some of the function of the donor receptor but bind the ligand of the recipient receptor, a series of hybrids were formed with BKB2R the recipient and AT1R the donor receptor. Some of these hybrids show resistance to exchanges with the AT1R and form receptors which either do not bind (IC1 exchanges) or demonstrate poor function but normal internalization (proximal C-terminus exchanges). However, other hybrids have proven very functional. For example, the IC2, IC3 and distal C-terminus of the BKB2R IC face can be replaced simultaneously with the AT1R resulting in an hybrid which binds BK, continues to signal, is internalized and resensitized. Formation of this and other less extensive hybrids is discussed. Some of these hybrids possess the capacity to function as the AT1R as exemplified by their ability to upregulate CTGF expression as wild-type (WT) AT1R.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
- Receptor, Bradykinin B2
- Receptors, Angiotensin/genetics
- Receptors, Angiotensin/metabolism
- Receptors, Angiotensin/physiology
- Receptors, Bradykinin/genetics
- Receptors, Bradykinin/metabolism
- Receptors, Bradykinin/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, 80 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Feng YH, Sun Y, Douglas JG. Gbeta gamma -independent constitutive association of Galpha s with SHP-1 and angiotensin II receptor AT2 is essential in AT2-mediated ITIM-independent activation of SHP-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:12049-54. [PMID: 12221292 PMCID: PMC129396 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.192404199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional mode of activation of SH2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) by a single transmembrane (TM) inhibitory receptor such as killer cell inhibitory receptor, Fcgamma receptor type IIb1, and paired Ig-like receptors of inhibitory types requires tyrosine phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory (ITIM) motifs in the cytoplasmic domains of the inhibitory receptors. Contrary to this paradigm, AT(2), a G protein-coupled 7TM receptor that does not undergo tyrosine phosphorylation in response to angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulation, also activates SHP-1. Here we show that SHP-1 constitutively and physically associates with AT(2) receptor in transfected COS-7 cells. On stimulation by Ang II, SHP-1 becomes activated and dissociated from AT(2) receptor, independent of pertussis toxin. Cotransfection of transducin G(betagamma) inhibits SHP-1/AT(2) association and the SHP-1 activation, whereas cotransfection of C-terminal of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase, which abrogates G(betagamma) signaling, facilitates SHP-1 activation. Surprisingly, SHP-1/AT(2) association and the SHP-1 activation requires the presence of G(alphas) as shown by differential coimmunoprecipitation, dominant negative G(alphas), constitutively active G(alphas), and G(alpha) peptides. A mutant AT(2) receptor D141A-R142L that is inactive in G(alpha) protein activation constitutively associates with SHP-1 and activates it. Together, these results indicate that G(alphas) alone, rather than exclusively in the form of G(alphabetagamma) heterotrimer may facilitate signal transduction for G protein-coupled receptors, suggesting a novel mechanism distinct from the classic paradigm of heterotrimeric G proteins. The AT(2)-mediated ITIM-independent activation of SHP-1 that is distinct from the conventional mode of activation, may represent a general paradigm for activation of SHP-1/2-class tyrosine phosphatases by G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hong Feng
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, and University Hospital of Cleveland, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4982, USA.
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Matsubara H. [Angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor signal and cardiovascular action]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2002; 119:95-102. [PMID: 11862763 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.119.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to the discovery of nonpeptic ligands, the receptors for angiotensin (Ang) II are classified into two subtypes (AT1-R and AT2-R). AT1-R mediates most of the cardiovascular actions of Ang II. AT2-R is expressed at very high levels in the developing fetus. Its expression is very low in the cardiovascular system of the adult. The expression of AT2-R can be modulated by pathological states associated with tissue remodeling or inflammation. In failing hearts or neointima formation after vascular injury, AT2-R is reexpressed in cells proliferating in interstitial regions or neointima and exerts an inhibitory effect on Ang II-induced mitogen signals or synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins, resulting in attenuation of the tissue remodeling. An extreme form of cell growth inhibition ends in programmed cell death, and this process, which is initiated by the withdrawal of growth factors, is also enhanced by AT2-R. Cardiac myocyte- or vascular smooth muscle-specific mice that overexpress AT2-R display an inhibition of Ang II-induced chronotropic or pressor actions, suggesting the role of AT2-R on the activity of cardiac pacemaker cells and the maintenance of vascular resistance. AT2-R also activates the kinin/nitric oxide/cGMP system in the cardiovascular and renal systems, resulting in AT2-R-mediated cardioprotection, vasodilation and pressure natriuresis. These effects, transmitted by AT2-R, are mainly exerted by stimulation of protein tyrosine or serine/threonine phosphatases in a Gi-protein-dependent manner. The expression level of AT2-R is much higher in human hearts than in rodent hearts, and the AT2-R-mediated actions are likely enhanced, especially by clinical application of AT1-R antagonists. Thus, in this review, the regulation of AT2-R expression, its cellular localization, its pathological role in cardiovascular and kidney diseases, and pharmacotherapeutic effects of AT2-R stimulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Matsubara
- Department of Medicine II, Cardiovascular Center, Kansai Medical University, Fumizonocho 10-15, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8507, Japan.
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