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Chen Y, Xu Y, Pan D, Li H, Cai J, Li Y, Shen Q, Tang Y. Progression rate of radiation-induced carotid stenosis in head and neck cancer survivors after statin treatment: a retrospective cohort study. J Neurol 2024; 271:2573-2581. [PMID: 38332351 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Whether statin treatment is effective in retarding the progression of radiation-induced carotid stenosis (RICS) in head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors has not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to assess the association of statin treatment with RICS progression rate in HNC survivors after radiotherapy. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China. Between January 2010 and December 2021, we screened HNC survivors whose carotid ultrasound scans had shown stenosis of the common and/or internal carotid arteries. The primary outcome was the RICS progression rate. We compared eligible patients treated with statins with those who did not in multivariable Cox regression models. RESULTS A total of 200 patients were included in this study, of whom 108 received statin treatment and 92 did not. Over a mean follow-up time of 1.5 years, 56 (28.0%) patients showed RICS progression, 24 (42.9%) and 32 (57.1%) in the statin and control groups, respectively. The statin group showed less RICS progression than the control group (adjusted-HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.30-0.80, P = 0.005). In the subgroup analysis, there was no significant interaction in the effect of statins on lowering RICS progression rate in the subgroups stratified by baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (P for interaction = 0.53) or baseline degrees of stenosis (P for interaction = 0.50). CONCLUSIONS Statin treatment was associated with a lower risk of RICS progression in patients with HNC after radiotherapy, regardless of baseline LDL-C level and baseline stenosis degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Chen
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yongteng Xu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Dong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, SunYat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 528406, China
| | - Honghong Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jinhua Cai
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Qingyu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Yamei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Chen WH, Chen CH, Hsu MC, Chang RW, Wang CH, Lee TS. Advances in the molecular mechanisms of statins in regulating endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability: Interlocking biology between eNOS activity and L-arginine metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116192. [PMID: 38262153 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Statins, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A, are widely used to treat hypercholesterolemia. In addition, statins have been suggested to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events owing to their pleiotropic effects on the vascular system, including vasodilation, anti-inflammation, anti-coagulation, anti-oxidation, and inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. The major beneficial effect of statins in maintaining vascular homeostasis is the induction of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability by activating endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in endothelial cells. The mechanisms underlying the increased NO bioavailability and eNOS activation by statins have been well-established in various fields, including transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, kinase-dependent phosphorylation and protein-protein interactions. However, the mechanism by which statins affect the metabolism of L-arginine, a precursor of NO biosynthesis, has rarely been discussed. Autophagy, which is crucial for energy homeostasis, regulates endothelial functions, including NO production and angiogenesis, and is a potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. In this review, in addition to summarizing the molecular mechanisms underlying increased NO bioavailability and eNOS activation by statins, we also discuss the effects of statins on the metabolism of L-arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hua Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Man-Chen Hsu
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Wen Chang
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Wang
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tzong-Shyuan Lee
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Mashayekhi M, Beckman JA, Nian H, Garner EM, Mayfield D, Devin JK, Koethe JR, Brown JD, Cahill KN, Yu C, Silver H, Niswender K, Luther JM, Brown NJ. Comparative effects of weight loss and incretin-based therapies on vascular endothelial function, fibrinolysis and inflammation in individuals with obesity and prediabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:570-580. [PMID: 36306151 PMCID: PMC10306232 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To test the hypothesis that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists have beneficial effects on vascular endothelial function, fibrinolysis and inflammation through weight loss-independent mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Individuals with obesity and prediabetes were randomized to 14 weeks of the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide, hypocaloric diet or the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin in a 2:1:1 ratio. Treatment with drug was double blind and placebo-controlled. Measurements were made at baseline, after 2 weeks prior to significant weight loss and after 14 weeks. The primary outcomes were measures of endothelial function: flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). RESULTS Eighty-eight individuals were studied (liraglutide N = 44, diet N = 22, sitagliptin N = 22). Liraglutide and diet reduced weight, insulin resistance and PAI-1, while sitagliptin did not. There was no significant effect of any treatment on endothelial vasodilator function measured by FMD. Post hoc subgroup analyses in individuals with baseline FMD below the median, indicative of greater endothelial dysfunction, showed an improvement in FMD by all three treatments. GLP-1R antagonism with exendin (9-39) increased fasting blood glucose but did not change FMD or PAI-1. There was no effect of treatment on UACR. Finally, liraglutide, but not sitagliptin or diet, reduced the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). CONCLUSION Liraglutide and diet reduce weight, insulin resistance and PAI-1. Liraglutide, sitagliptin and diet do not change FMD in obese individuals with prediabetes with normal endothelial function. Liraglutide alone lowers the pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic chemokine MCP-1, indicating that this beneficial effect is independent of weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mashayekhi
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nashville, TN
| | - Joshua A. Beckman
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Hui Nian
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Biostatistics, Nashville, TN
| | - Erica M. Garner
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nashville, TN
| | - Dustin Mayfield
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Nashville, TN
| | - Jessica K. Devin
- UCHealth Endocrinology, Yampa Valley Medical Center, Steamboat Springs, CO
| | - John R. Koethe
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Nashville, TN
| | - Jonathan D. Brown
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Katherine N. Cahill
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Chang Yu
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Population Health, New York, NY
| | - Heidi Silver
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Nashville, TN
| | - Kevin Niswender
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nashville, TN
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - James M. Luther
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Nashville, TN
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Heikkilä P, Niskanen L, But A, Sorsa T, Haukka J. Oral health associated with incident diabetes but not other chronic diseases: A register-based cohort study. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:956072. [PMID: 36060115 PMCID: PMC9433743 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.956072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral infectious diseases are common chronic oral diseases characterized by a chronic inflammatory condition. We investigated chronic oral diseases as potential risk factors for systemic chronic diseases, diabetes mellitus, connective tissue diseases, seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease, as well as severe psychotic and other severe mental disorders. Methods The cohort comprised 68,273 patients aged ≥ 29 years with at least one dental visit to the Helsinki City Health Services between 2001 and 2002. The cohort was linked to the data on death (Statistics Finland), cancer (Finnish Cancer Registry), and drug reimbursement (Finnish Social Insurance Institution) and followed until death or the end of 2013. The outcomes of interest were the incidences of chronic diseases measured starting with special refund medication, which means Social Insurance Institution partly or fully reimburses medication costs. Outcomes of interest were diabetes mellitus, connective tissue diseases, seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and severe mental disorders. Results The mean follow-up time was 9.8 years. About 25% of the study population had periodontitis, 17% caries, over 70% apical periodontitis, and 9% <24 teeth at the start of follow-up. Diabetes was the only chronic systemic condition associated with oral health variables. Having 24 to 27 teeth was associated with a higher incidence rate ratio (IRR) (1.21, 95% confidence interval 1.09-1.33) compared to having 28 or more teeth; the IRR for having 23 or less was 1.40 (1.22-1.60). Having periodontitis (1.10, 1.01-1.20), caries (1.12, 1.01-1.23), or apical periodontitis (1.16, 1.04-1.30) is also associated with a higher risk of diabetes. Conclusion Our epidemiological 10 years follow-up study suggests that the association exists between chronic oral diseases and diabetes, warranting close collaboration among patient's healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Heikkilä
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leo Niskanen
- Internal Medicine, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital Hospital and Universities of Helsinki and Eastern Finland, Lahti, Finland
| | - Anna But
- Department of Public Health, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jari Haukka
- Department of Public Health, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Su H, Lu Y, Ma C, Li H, Su X. Impact of atorvastatin on erectile dysfunction: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14408. [PMID: 35224753 DOI: 10.1111/and.14408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin may be an effective treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED). The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine whether atorvastatin therapy is effective in the treatment of ED. All published research on atorvastatin in the treatment of ED patients in EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane were investigated till 30 October 2021. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was done to investigate the efficacy of atorvastatin and placebo in the treatment of ED. Moreover, we also performed a meta-analysis based on single-arm trials (SATs) to explore the atorvastatin treatment on the efficacy of ED. In a meta-analysis based on RCTs, the weighted mean difference of the change of International Index for Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) score in the atorvastatin treatment group with or without treatment was 4.53 (95 per cent confidence interval [CI] of 3.28-5.79) higher than in the control group. In an SAT-based meta-analysis, the ES of the change in IIEF-5 score in the atorvastatin treatment group before and after treatment was 3.22 (95 per cent CI of 1.32-5.12). Atorvastatin is an effective therapeutic drug for patients with ED. However, we expect that more multicentre clinical trials will be conducted to support this assertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Su
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengquan Ma
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhe Su
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Morris G, Puri BK, Olive L, Carvalho A, Berk M, Walder K, Gustad LT, Maes M. Endothelial dysfunction in neuroprogressive disorders-causes and suggested treatments. BMC Med 2020; 18:305. [PMID: 33070778 PMCID: PMC7570030 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01749-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potential routes whereby systemic inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction may drive the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, even in an environment of low cholesterol, are examined. MAIN TEXT Key molecular players involved in the regulation of endothelial cell function are described, including PECAM-1, VE-cadherin, VEGFRs, SFK, Rho GEF TRIO, RAC-1, ITAM, SHP-2, MAPK/ERK, STAT-3, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, eNOS, nitric oxide, miRNAs, KLF-4 and KLF-2. The key roles of platelet activation, xanthene oxidase and myeloperoxidase in the genesis of endothelial cell dysfunction and activation are detailed. The following roles of circulating reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the development of endothelial cell dysfunction are then described: paracrine signalling by circulating hydrogen peroxide, inhibition of eNOS and increased levels of mitochondrial ROS, including compromised mitochondrial dynamics, loss of calcium ion homeostasis and inactivation of SIRT-1-mediated signalling pathways. Next, loss of cellular redox homeostasis is considered, including further aspects of the roles of hydrogen peroxide signalling, the pathological consequences of elevated NF-κB, compromised S-nitrosylation and the development of hypernitrosylation and increased transcription of atherogenic miRNAs. These molecular aspects are then applied to neuroprogressive disorders by considering the following potential generators of endothelial dysfunction and activation in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: NF-κB; platelet activation; atherogenic miRs; myeloperoxidase; xanthene oxidase and uric acid; and inflammation, oxidative stress, nitrosative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Finally, on the basis of the above molecular mechanisms, details are given of potential treatment options for mitigating endothelial cell dysfunction and activation in neuroprogressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Lisa Olive
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Andre Carvalho
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, the Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Ken Walder
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lise Tuset Gustad
- Department of Circulation and medical imaging, Norwegian University of Technology and Science (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger Hospital, Levanger, Norway
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, King Chulalongkorn University Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Aznaouridis K, Masoura C, Vlachopoulos C, Tousoulis D. Statins in Stroke. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6174-6185. [PMID: 31218948 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190620104539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability in modern societies. Statins are effective medications in decreasing cardiovascular events through lipid lowering and pleiotropic effects. OBJECTIVE To summarize current evidence regarding the role of statins in the prevention and management of stroke. METHODS A narrative review of current evidence regarding the effect of statins in stroke management. Electronic searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Databases were performed. RESULTS In primary prevention of stroke in patients with risk factors but no established cardiovascular disease, potent statins such as atorvastatin and rosuvastatin have shown some benefits, but the clinical relevance of this effect is questionable. In populations at higher risk of stroke, such as patients with established coronary heart disease, the majority of relevant studies have shown a beneficial effect of statins in preventing stroke. Similarly, in patients with a previous cerebrovascular event, there is a clear benefit of statins for the prevention of recurrent events. The use of statins is not associated with an increased risk of intracranial bleeding in primary prevention studies. There may be an increased incidence of non-fatal hemorrhagic stroke with high dose statins in patients with a previous cerebrovascular event. Patients who experience a stroke while on statins should not discontinue statins. In addition, statins are associated with better survival and improved functional outcome when administered during the acute phase of stroke in statin-naive patients. In contrast, statins do not confer any benefit in patients with acute ischemic stroke who receive thrombolysis. CONCLUSION Treatment with statins prevents ischemic stroke, especially in patients with high cardiovascular risk and established atherosclerotic disease. It seems that both lipid lowering and pleiotropic effects contribute to these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Constantina Masoura
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter N Durán
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ (W.N.D.); and Instituto de Inmunología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile (F.A.S.).
| | - Fabiola A Sánchez
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ (W.N.D.); and Instituto de Inmunología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile (F.A.S.)
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Atorvastatin enhances endothelial adherens junctions through promoting VE-PTP gene transcription and reducing VE-cadherin-Y731 phosphorylation. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 117:7-14. [PMID: 29894844 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) is essential for endothelial cells (ECs) adherens junction and vascular homeostasis; however, the regulatory mechanism of VE-PTP transcription is unknown, and a drug able to promote VE-PTP expression in ECs has not yet been reported in the literature. In this study, we used human ECs as a model to explore small molecule compounds able to promote VE-PTP expression, and found that atorvastatin, a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor widely used in the clinic to treat hypercholesterolemia-related cardiovascular diseases, strongly promoted VE-PTP transcription in ECs through activating the VE-PTP promoter and upregulating the expression of the transcription factor, specificity protein 1 (SP1). Additionally, atorvastatin markedly reduced VE-cadherin-Y731 phosphorylation induced by cigarette smoke extract and significantly enhanced stability of endothelial adherens junctions. Together, our findings reveal that atorvastatin up-regulates VE-PTP expression, increases VE-cadherin protein levels, and decreases VE-cadherin-Y731 phosphorylation to strengthen EC adherens junctions and maintain vascular cell monolayer integrity, offering a new mechanism of atorvastatin against CSE-induced disruption of vascular integrity and relevant cardio-cerebrovascular disease.
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10
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Konishi T, Funayama N, Yamamoto T, Hotta D, Nomura R, Nakagaki Y, Murahashi T, Kamiyama K, Yoshimoto T, Aoki T, Tanaka S. Stabilization of symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaques by statins: a clinico-pathological analysis. Heart Vessels 2018; 33:1311-1324. [PMID: 29789903 PMCID: PMC6208692 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-018-1193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human and animal studies have revealed a stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques by statins. However, the stabilization of human carotid plaques has not been thoroughly described pathologically. This analysis explored the relationship between statin therapy and plaque stability in carotid endarterectomy (CEA) specimens. We analyzed specimens harvested between May 2015 and February 2017, from 79 consecutive patients presenting with > 70% carotid artery stenoses, of whom 66 were untreated (group 1) and 13 treated (group 2) with a statin. Immunohistochemistry was performed, using an endothelial specific antibody to CD31, CD34 and platelet derived growth factor receptor-β. The prevalence of plaque ruptures (P = 0.009), lumen thrombi (P = 0.009), inflammatory cells (P = 0.008), intraplaque hemorrhages (P = 0.030) and intraplaque microvessels (P < 0.001) was significantly lower in group 2 than in group 1. Among 66 patients presenting with strokes and infarct sizes > 1.0 cm3 on magnetic resonance imaging, the mean infarct volume was significantly smaller (P = 0.031) in group 2 (4.2 ± 2.5 cm3) than in group 1 (8.2 ± 7.1 cm3). The difference in mean concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol between group 1 (121 ± 32 mg/dl) and group 2 (105 ± 37 mg/dl) was non-significant (P = 0.118). This analysis of plaques harvested from patients undergoing CEA suggests that statin therapy mitigates the plaque instability, which, in patients presenting with strokes, might decrease infarct volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Konishi
- Department of Cardiology, Hokkaido Cardiovascular Hospital, 1-30, West 13, South 27, Chuou-ku, Sapporo, 064-8622, Japan. .,Department of Cancer Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Naohiro Funayama
- Department of Cardiology, Hokkaido Cardiovascular Hospital, 1-30, West 13, South 27, Chuou-ku, Sapporo, 064-8622, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiology, Hokkaido Cardiovascular Hospital, 1-30, West 13, South 27, Chuou-ku, Sapporo, 064-8622, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hotta
- Department of Cardiology, Hokkaido Cardiovascular Hospital, 1-30, West 13, South 27, Chuou-ku, Sapporo, 064-8622, Japan
| | - Ryota Nomura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakagaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeo Murahashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kamiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kashiwaba Neurosurgical Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Aoki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido Neurosurgical Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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11
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Endothelial function estimated by digital reactive hyperemia in patients with atherosclerotic risk factors or coronary artery disease. Heart Vessels 2018; 33:706-712. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-018-1118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Conflicting effects of atazanavir therapy on atherosclerotic risk factors in stable HIV patients: A randomized trial of regimen switch to atazanavir. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181993. [PMID: 29023508 PMCID: PMC5638209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin acts as a potent endogenous antioxidant, with higher concentrations associated with lower rates of CVD; the antiretroviral drug atazanavir (ATV) increases bilirubin levels but may also increase von Willebrand factor levels. We tested the hypothesis that increasing endogenous bilirubin using ATV would improve cardiometabolic risk factors and vascular function in older patients with HIV. Ninety participants were enrolled in two study protocols. In protocol 1, we evaluated markers of inflammation, thrombosis, and conduit artery endothelial function in subjects on non-ATV containing regimens. Participants were randomly assigned to continue baseline treatment or switch to an ATV-based regimen. Measurements were made at baseline and 28 days. In the protocol 2, we enrolled 30 subjects who received atazanavir for more than one year and were compared to the aim 1 protocol subjects at baseline. 60 subjects were enrolled in the first protocol (mean age 53, +/- 6 years), with 31 randomized to ATV and 29 continuing baseline treatment. Atazanavir significantly increased serum total bilirubin levels (p<0.001) and acutely but not chronically plasma total antioxidant capacity (p<0.001). An increase in von Willebrand Factor (p<0.001) and reduction in hs-CRP (p = 0.034) were noted. No changes were seen in either flow-mediated endothelium-dependent or vasodilation. In cross-sectional analysis (second protocol), similar findings were seen in the baseline attributes of non-atazanavir-based and long-term atazanavir users. Increasing serum bilirubin levels with atazanavir in subjects with HIV reduces hs-CRP, temporarily reduces oxidative stress, but increases von Willebrand Factor. Atazanavir does not improve endothelial function of conduit arteries. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03019783.
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Simvastatin enhances the hippocampal klotho in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced cognitive decline. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 72:87-94. [PMID: 27687042 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brain oxidative status is a crucial factor in the development of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Klotho, an anti-aging protein, diminishes oxidative stress by the induction of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Thus, the substances that increase klotho expression could be considered as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease when the oxidative imbalance is present. Statins are suggested to up-regulate klotho expression. We examined the effect of simvastatin (5mg/kg, daily for 3weeks) on hippocampal klotho and MnSOD expression in the cognitive declined animal model induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV)-streptozotocin (STZ) administration. Cognitive assessment was performed by the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. The results indicated that mean escape latency and distance were prolonged in the ICV-STZ group compared with the control group. The expression of klotho and MnSOD were also down regulated in the hippocampus. Furthermore, improved spatial performance was observed in simvastatin-treated animals. This effect could be related to increase in oxidative stress tolerance as evidenced by klotho and MnSOD up-regulation. Our current study indicates that klotho upregulation may be a neuroprotective mechanism of simvastatin against cognitive decline in AD.
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Kumari M, Martande SS, Pradeep AR. Subgingivally delivered 1.2% atorvastatin in the treatment of chronic periodontitis among smokers: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 8. [PMID: 26988864 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Statins are known to have a beneficial effect in the treatment of chronic periodontitis (CP). The current study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of a 1.2% atorvastatin (ATV) local drug delivery system as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of intrabony defects (IBD) in CP among smokers. METHODS Seventy-one smokers with CP were categorized into two treatment groups: SRP + 1.2% ATV gel and SRP + placebo gel. Clinical parameters, modified sulcus bleeding index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level were recorded at baseline before SRP and at 3, 6, and 9 months. At baseline, 6 months, and 9 months, the percentage of radiographic defect depth reduction was determined using computer-aided software. RESULTS The mean probing depth reduction and mean clinical attachment level gain were found to be greater in the ATV group than the placebo group at 3, 6, and 9 months. A significantly greater mean percentage of radiographic defect depth reduction was found in the ATV group compared to the placebo group after 9 months. CONCLUSION The ATV local drug delivery as an adjunct to SRP can be used in the treatment of IBD in CP among smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Kumari
- Department of Periodontics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Santosh S Martande
- Department of Periodontics, Dr D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Avani R Pradeep
- Department of Periodontics, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
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DOBIAŠ L, PETROVÁ M, VOJTKO R, ULIČNÁ O, VANČOVÁ O, KRISTOVÁ V. Effect of Sulodexide on Vascular Responses and Liver Mitochondrial Function in Diabetic Rats. Physiol Res 2015; 64:S497-505. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of long-term treatment with sulodexide (SLX) on norepinephrine (NE)-induced contractions, acetylcholine(Ach)-induced relaxations, acute cyclooxygenase blockade by diclofenac (DIC) in isolated femoral arteries (FA) and the parameters of oxidative phosporylation in liver mitochondria. 15-weeks old Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (C; injected with saline solution), treated control (C+SLX), diabetic (DM) and treated diabetic (DM+SLX). Diabetes was induced with a single i.v. dose of streptozotocin (STZ) 45 mg.kg-1. SLX was administered i.p., at dose 100 IU.kg-1 daily for 5 weeks. Vascular responses of isolated femoral arteries were measured using Mulvany-Halpern myograph. Respiratory function of the mitochondria was determined using voltamperometric method on oxygraph Gilson. In diabetic rats the amplitude of maximal response to NE was elevated. DIC pretreatment decreased the amplitudes of NE-induced contractions in all groups of rats. SLX treatment decreased sensitivity of FA to NE and caused higher relaxatory responses to Ach in C and DM. Oxygen consumption and phosphorylation rates ([QO2(S3)], [QO2(S4)] and (OPR)) and respiratory control ratio (RCR) were decreased in the mitochondria of DM rats. Mitochondria of C rats were not affected with SLX treatment. Administration of SLX in DM rats was associated with increase of RCR, other parameters were not affected. Our findings suggest that SLX treatment might be associated with vasculoprotective effects during diabetes and improvement of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. DOBIAŠ
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Milian J, Goldfine AB, Zuflacht JP, Parmer C, Beckman JA. Atazanavir improves cardiometabolic measures but not vascular function in patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:709-15. [PMID: 25563478 PMCID: PMC4496330 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0708-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Vascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). We previously demonstrated that patients with T1DM have impaired endothelial function, a forme fruste of atherosclerosis, as a result of increased oxidative stress. Bilirubin has emerged as a potent endogenous antioxidant with higher concentrations associated with lower rates of myocardial infarction and stroke. METHODS We tested the hypothesis that increasing endogenous bilirubin using atazanavir would improve cardiometabolic risk factors and vascular function in patients with T1DM to determine whether targeting bilirubin may be a novel therapeutic approach to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in this population. In this single-arm, open-label study, we evaluated blood pressure, lipid profile, and conduit artery function in fifteen subjects (mean age 45 ± 9 years) with T1DM following a 4-day treatment with atazanavir. RESULTS As anticipated, atazanavir significantly increased both serum total bilirubin levels (p < 0.0001) and plasma total antioxidant capacity (p < 0.0001). Reductions in total cholesterol (p = 0.04), LDL cholesterol (p = 0.04), and mean arterial pressure (p = 0.04) were also observed following atazanavir treatment. No changes were seen in either flow-mediated endothelium-dependent (p = 0.92) or nitroglycerine-mediated endothelium-independent (p = 0.68) vasodilation, measured by high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography at baseline and post-treatment. CONCLUSION Increasing serum bilirubin levels with atazanavir in subjects with T1DM over 4 days favorably reduces LDL and blood pressure but is not associated with improvements in endothelial function of conduit arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Milian
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Jonah P. Zuflacht
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caitlin Parmer
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua A. Beckman
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Nguyen PL, Jarolim P, Basaria S, Zuflacht JP, Milian J, Kadivar S, Graham PL, Hyatt A, Kantoff PW, Beckman JA. Androgen deprivation therapy reversibly increases endothelium-dependent vasodilation in men with prostate cancer. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:jah3918. [PMID: 25896892 PMCID: PMC4579953 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.001914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a standard treatment for patients with aggressive prostate cancer. Although ADT improves survival, it increases the risk of diabetes. Emerging evidence suggests that ADT increases adverse cardiovascular events as early as 3 months after initiation in patients with cardiovascular disease, but the mechanism is unknown. We hypothesized that ADT may impair endothelium‐dependent vasodilation due to increases in lipids and insulin resistance and may provide a link for heightened cardiovascular risk in this population. Methods and Results We prospectively evaluated conduit artery endothelium‐dependent and ‐independent vasodilation, lipids, and insulin resistance in 16 consecutively treated men (mean age 66±7 years; 25% with diabetes) with prostate cancer before and after 3 months of ADT. High‐resolution B‐mode ultrasound was used to assess flow‐mediated (endothelium‐dependent) and nitroglycerine‐mediated (endothelium‐independent) brachial artery vasodilation. ADT significantly increased insulin resistance, total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL. Endothelium‐dependent vasodilation was greater at 3 months than at baseline (10.8% [interquartile range: 7.7% to 14.6%] versus 8.9% [interquartile range: 4.0% to 12.6%], respectively; P=0.046, allometric P=0.037). Nitroglycerine‐mediated vasodilation did not change from baseline (P>0.2). The subset of participants on ADT for 6 months returned for reevaluation at 1 year. In this group, endothelium‐dependent vasodilation increased from baseline to 3 months and returned to baseline 6 months after ADT withdrawal (9.4% [interquartile range: 6.9% to 10.9%], 11.6% [interquartile range: 7.9% to 15.2%], and 9.0% [interquartile range: 5.1% to 12.5%], respectively; P=0.05). Conclusions In contrast to our expectation, ADT improved endothelium‐dependent vasodilation and its cessation returned endothelium‐dependent vasodilation to baseline. Determining the mechanism of this change requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Nguyen
- Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (P.L.N., P.L.G., A.H.)
| | - Petr Jarolim
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.J.)
| | - Shehzad Basaria
- Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.B.)
| | - Jonah P Zuflacht
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (J.P.Z., J.M., S.K., J.A.B.)
| | - Jessica Milian
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (J.P.Z., J.M., S.K., J.A.B.)
| | - Samoneh Kadivar
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (J.P.Z., J.M., S.K., J.A.B.)
| | - Powell L Graham
- Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (P.L.N., P.L.G., A.H.)
| | - Andrew Hyatt
- Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (P.L.N., P.L.G., A.H.)
| | - Philip W Kantoff
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (P.W.K.)
| | - Joshua A Beckman
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (J.P.Z., J.M., S.K., J.A.B.)
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Combination therapy reduces the incidence of no-reflow after primary per-cutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2015; 12:135-42. [PMID: 25870616 PMCID: PMC4394328 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background No-reflow is associated with an adverse outcome and higher mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and is considered a dynamic process characterized by multiple pathogenetic components. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a combination therapy for the prevention of no-reflow in patient with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing primary PCI. Methods A total of 621 patients with STEMI who underwent emergency primary PCI were enrolled in this study. Patients with high risk of no-reflow (no-flow score ≥ 10, by using a no-flow risk prediction model, n = 216) were randomly divided into a controlled group (n = 108) and a combination therapy group (n = 108). Patients in the controlled group received conventional treatment, while patients in combination therapy group received high-dose (80 mg) atorvastatin pre-treatment, intracoronary administration of adenosine (140 µg/min per kilogram) during PCI procedure, platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist (tirofiban, 10µg/kg bolus followed by 0.15 µg/kg per minute) and thrombus aspiration. Myocardial contrast echocardiography was performed to assess the myocardial perfusion 72 h after PCI. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were followed up for six months. Results Incidence of no-reflow in combination therapy group was 2.8%, which was similar to that in low risk group 2.7% and was significantly lower than that in control group (35.2%, P < 0.01). The myocardial perfusion (A × β) values were higher in combination therapy group than that in control group 72 h after PCI. After 6 months, there were six (6.3%) MACE events (one death, two non-fatal MIs and three revascularizations) in combination therapy group and 12 (13.2%) (four deaths, three non-fatal MIs and five revascularizations, P < 0.05) in control group. Conclusions Combination of thrombus aspiration, high-dose statin pre-treatment, intracoronary administration of adenosine during PCI procedure and platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist reduce the incidence of no-reflow after primary PCI in patients with acute myocardial infarction who are at high risk of no-reflow.
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Mordi I, Tzemos N. Is reversal of endothelial dysfunction still an attractive target in modern cardiology? World J Cardiol 2014; 6:824-835. [PMID: 25228961 PMCID: PMC4163711 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i8.824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the endothelium has a number of important functions, the term endothelial dysfunction is commonly used to describe impairment in its vasodilatory capacity. There have been numerous studies evaluating the relationship between endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, however assessment of endothelial function is perhaps still primarily thought of as a research tool and has not reached widespread clinical acceptance. In this review we explore the relationship between endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, its prognostic significance, methods of pharmacological reversal of endothelial dysfunction, and ask the question, is reversal of endothelial dysfunction still an attractive target in modern cardiology?
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Cui Y, Zong H, Yan H, Zhang Y. The Effect of Statins on Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. J Sex Med 2014; 11:1367-75. [DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Nohria A, Kinlay S, Buck JS, Redline W, Copeland-Halperin R, Kim S, Beckman JA. The effect of salsalate therapy on endothelial function in a broad range of subjects. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000609. [PMID: 24390146 PMCID: PMC3959688 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Inflammation is fundamental to the development of atherosclerosis. We examined the effect of anti‐inflammatory doses of salicylate on endothelium‐dependent vasodilation, a biomarker of cardiovascular risk, in a broad range of subjects. Methods and Results We performed a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover trial evaluating the effects of 4 weeks of high‐dose salsalate (disalicylate) therapy on endothelium‐dependent flow‐mediated and endothelium‐independent vasodilation. Fifty‐eight subjects, including 17 with metabolic syndrome, 13 with atherosclerosis, and 28 healthy controls, were studied. Among all subjects, endothelium‐dependent flow‐mediated vasodilation decreased after salsalate compared with placebo therapy (P=0.01), whereas nitroglycerin‐mediated, endothelium‐independent vasodilation was unchanged (P=0.97). Endothelium‐dependent flow‐mediated vasodilation after salsalate therapy was impaired compared with placebo therapy in subjects with therapeutic salicylate levels (n=31, P<0.02) but not in subjects with subtherapeutic levels (P>0.2). Conclusions Salsalate therapy, particularly when therapeutic salicylate levels are achieved, impairs endothelium‐dependent vasodilation in a broad range of subjects. These data raise concern about the possible deleterious effects of anti‐inflammatory doses of salsalate on cardiovascular risk. Clinical Trial Registration URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique Identifiers: NCT00760019 and NCT00762827.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Nohria
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and vagal activity in the endothelial protection of atorvastatin in ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013; 61:391-400. [PMID: 23364605 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318286baf3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial dysfunction plays a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Statins, developed as lipid-lowering drugs, partially restore vagal activity and exhibit pleiotropic effects. This study was aimed at determining the effect of atorvastatin (ATV) on endothelial dysfunction in peripheral resistance arteries after I/R injury. After pretreatment with ATV (10 mg·kg·d) or its vehicle for 3 days, the superior mesenteric artery was occluded for 60 minutes and reperfusion for 90 minutes or the rats were anesthetized without being subjected to ischemia. In the ATV-treated I/R group, the increased contractions to KCl and 5-hydroxytryptamine induced by I/R were ameliorated, and attenuated endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine (ACh) were normalized. The restored relaxation to ACh was abolished by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. ATV prevented the structural damage of vascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, the activities of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, Akt, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase were elevated in mesenteric arteries after ATV treatment. In addition, I/R-induced increment of endothelial cells apoptosis was also attenuated by ATV. Intriguingly, ATV also increased baroreflex sensitivity and serum ACh content after I/R. In conclusion, the endothelial protective effect of ATV in peripheral arteries is associated with the activated phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway and restored vagal activity.
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Fang SY, Roan JN, Luo CY, Tsai YC, Lam CF. Pleiotropic vascular protective effects of statins in perioperative medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 51:120-6. [PMID: 24148741 DOI: 10.1016/j.aat.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor (statins) is one of the most commonly prescribed agents for controlling hyperlipidemia. Apart from their lipid-lowering property, statins are well known for their pleiotropic effects, such as improvement of vascular endothelial dysfunction, attenuation of inflammatory responses, stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, inhibition of vascular smooth muscle proliferation, and modulation of procoagulant activity and platelet function. The vasculo-protective effect of statins is mainly mediated by inhibition of the mevalonate pathway and oxidized low-density lipoprotein generation, thereby enhancing the biosynthesis of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Accumulating clinical evidence strongly suggests that administration of statins reduces overall mortality, the development myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation, and length of hospital stay after a major cardiac/noncardiac surgery. This review updates the clinical pharmacology and therapeutic applications of statins during major operations, and highlights the anesthesia considerations for perioperative statin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Yuan Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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Tan VP, Chung A, Yan BP, Gibson PR. Venous and arterial disease in inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28:1095-113. [PMID: 23662785 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Awareness is increasing that risk of venous thromboembolism and development of atherosclerosis is elevated in patients with some chronic inflammatory diseases. This review aimed to examine the risk of vascular disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to identify potential pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. An extensive literature search was conducted using MEDLINE database, Cochrane Library and international conference abstracts for studies pertaining to venous and arterial thromboembolism in adult IBD patients. There is a 1.1-3.6 fold risk of venothromboembolism in IBD, affecting 0.55-6.15% of patients. Risks are increased during a flare or with chronically active inflammation. Evidence is building that there may be a modestly increased risk of arterial disease overall, despite evidence that traditional risk factors may be reduced. Multiple pathogenic factors have been identified including endothelial dysfunction, inflammation-mediated calcium deposition in the media of arteries, hyperhomocysteinemia, platelet activation, and altered coagulation and fibrinolysis. The key to active and preventive therapy is to effectively treat inflammation. Recommendations for prophylaxis of venothromboembolism have followed guidelines where they exist and have been extrapolated from studies of other at-risk conditions, as have those for arterial disease, where screening for risk factors and actively treating abnormalities is encouraged. In conclusion, patients with IBD are at considerably increased risk of venothromboembolism and probably of arterial disease, in particular mesenteric ischemia and ischemic heart disease. Increased penetration of gaps between this knowledge and clinical therapeutic action to prevent thromboembolic events into IBD clinical practice is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria P Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Fukui T, Ii M, Shoji T, Matsumoto T, Mifune Y, Kawakami Y, Akimaru H, Kawamoto A, Kuroda T, Saito T, Tabata Y, Kuroda R, Kurosaka M, Asahara T. Therapeutic effect of local administration of low-dose simvastatin-conjugated gelatin hydrogel for fracture healing. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:1118-31. [PMID: 22275312 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Several reports have shown the therapeutic effect of statins on bone formation and neovascularization. However, the effect of the systemic administration of statins is limited due to its metabolism in the liver and clearance in the digestive system. In addition, high-dose administration may cause adverse side effects. To avoid low-efficacy/frequent side effects of high-dose statin treatment, we utilized biodegradable gelatin hydrogel as a drug delivery system of statin for fracture healing. A femoral fracture was created in rats with periosteum cauterization leading to nonunion at 8 weeks postfracture. Rats received local administration of either simvastatin-conjugated gelatin hydrogel (ST-Gel group) or gelatin hydrogel alone (Gel group). Approximately 70% of animals in the ST-Gel group achieved fracture union radiographically and histologically, while only 7% of animals achieved fracture healing in the Gel group. Functional bone healing was also significantly greater with increased angiogenesis- and osteogenesis-related growth factor expressions in periosteal granulation tissue in the ST-Gel group than in the Gel group. Simvastatin locally applied with gelatin hydrogel to fracture sites at a dose similar to that used in clinical settings successfully induced fracture union in a rat unhealing bone fracture model via its effect on both angiogenesis and osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Fukui
- Group of Vascular Regeneration, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
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The effect of simvastatin on asymmetric dimethylarginine and flow-mediated vasodilation after optimizing the LDL level — A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 56:122-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Gokce Mİ, Gülpınar Ö, Öztürk E, Güleç S, Yaman Ö. Effect of atorvastatin on erectile functions in comparison with regular tadalafil use. A prospective single-blind study. Int Urol Nephrol 2012; 44:683-7. [PMID: 22252217 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-012-0126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common problem for elderly males. Higher serum lipid levels have important role in the pathogenesis, and in this prospective randomized trial, it is aimed to identify the effect of atorvastatin on erectile functions in comparison with regular tadalafil use. MATERIALS AND METHODS 120 patients with a minimum 3-months history of moderate-to-severe ED were involved. The patients were randomized to receive atorvastatin 10 mg/day, tadalafil 20 mg 3 times/week or no medication. Baseline serum testosterone, lipid levels IEEF and NPT test were performed and repeated after 3 months of treatment, and the 3 groups were compared. RESULTS Mean age of the whole population was 56 years (31-70). The 3 groups were well balanced for the baseline characteristics. Mean improvement of IIEF score was significantly higher in tadalafil group compared to atorvastatin (P = 0.01) and control group (P = 0.0001). Also atorvastatin showed significantly better improvement compared to control group (P = 0.001). Positive NPT test results in tadalafil group was significantly higher than atorvastatin group (25/40 (62.5%) vs. 16/41 (39%), P = 0.003) and compared to control group (25/40 (62.5%) vs. 3/39 (7.6%), P = 0.0001). At the same time, the difference between group 1 and group 3 was statistically significant (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Tadalafil 20 mg three times/week shows better results than 10 mg atorvastatin daily. Atorvastatin alone seems to improve EF compared to not using any medication, and this significance is more prominent in patients with supranormal serum lipid levels. Further studies with subgroups of different serum lipid levels should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet İlker Gokce
- Department of Urology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Adnan Saygun Caddesi, Altındağ, Ankara, Turkey.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will summarize contemporary data regarding the cardiovascular effects of tobacco exposure. In particular, this review will highlight recent data that focuses on the magnitude of continued exposure both in the United States and abroad, the cardiovascular risks of tobacco exposure despite improvements in medical therapy, and the important effects of low levels of exposure including secondhand smoke (SHS). RECENT FINDINGS Recent data demonstrates that the current burden of tobacco exposure both in the United States and worldwide remains large. Despite improvements in medical therapy for cardiovascular disease the cardiovascular effects of tobacco exposure are substantial. Recent data also demonstrates that even intermittent smoking and exposure to SHS have important cardiovascular effects. SUMMARY The cardiovascular effects of tobacco exposure, including even low levels from SHS, remain important. Continued efforts to reduce exposure to our patients are critical for improved cardiovascular health.
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Verma N, Figueredo VM. Statins in non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy: an update on our current clinical and pathophysiological understanding. Int J Clin Pract 2011; 65:1156-64. [PMID: 21851514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are a cornerstone in reducing cardiovascular events. Studies show that statins are beneficial even in patients with normal or low cholesterol levels, indicating pleiotropic mechanisms of therapeutic benefit apart from their antihyperlipidemic effect. Non-randomised, observational and retrospective studies suggest that statins are associated with better outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF) of both ischaemic and non-ischaemic aetiologies. While cholesterol reduction and plaque stabilisation likely play a role in reducing cardiovascular events in ischaemic HF patients, the mechanisms underlying the benefit in non-ischaemic HF patients is less clear. This review suggests the pleiotropic effects of statin therapy can beneficially alter the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the clinical benefit observed in non-ischaemic HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Verma
- Institute for Heart & Vascular Health, Albert Einstein Medical Center, PA 19141, USA
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Chitalia N, Recio-Mayoral A, Kaski JC, Banerjee D. Vitamin D deficiency and endothelial dysfunction in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients. Atherosclerosis 2011; 220:265-8. [PMID: 22071357 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular (CV) events are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) but inadequately explained by traditional risk factors. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in CKD and has been proposed to be a non-traditional risk factor, but its relationship with vascular function is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between vitamin D levels and endothelial function in non-diabetes patients with mild to moderate CKD. Endothelial function was measured non-invasively using brachial artery flow mediated dilation (FMD). 25 hydroxy vitamin D levels were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. In 50 CKD patients (age 56±11 years, BMI 25±4kg/m(2), 46% females, 14% smokers, 86% hypertensives, 52% with dyslipidaemia) the mean vitamin D level was 53±33nmol/L (21±13ng/L). The mean FMD was 3.8±2.4%. Decreasing 25 hydroxy vitamin D levels were associated with decreasing FMD [r=0.44, p=0.001]. In multivariate analysis the association remained independent after adjustment with traditional risk factors (adjusted beta 0.451; t=3.46; p<0.002). Patients with low vitamin D (≤37.5nmol/L) demonstrated low FMD compared to patients with vitamin D values >37.5nmol/L (4.4±2.5% vs. 2.5±1.6%; p=0.007); however the traditional risk factors were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION This is the first demonstration of an association of vitamin D deficiency with abnormal vascular endothelial function in non-dialysis CKD patients. Further studies with intervention and exploration of the mechanism are needed to establish a cause effect relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihil Chitalia
- Renal and Transplantation Unit, St Georges Healthcare NHS Trust and Cardiovascular Sciences Research Centre, St Georges, University of London, Blackshaw Road, Tooting, London SW17 0QT, UK
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Kondo T, Osugi S, Shimokata K, Honjo H, Morita Y, Maeda K, Yamashita K, Muramatsu T, Shintani S, Matsushita K, Murohara T. Smoking and smoking cessation in relation to all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in 25,464 healthy male Japanese workers. Circ J 2011; 75:2885-92. [PMID: 21979146 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-11-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is still a major health problem among males in Japan. The effects of smoking and quitting on mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) need updating. METHODS AND RESULTS This was a prospective cohort study with a median follow-up of 7.5 years of a total of 25,464 healthy male Japanese workers aged 20-61 years who were not on any medication. The adjusted hazard ratios (HR; 95% confidence interval) for all-cause death were 1.51 (0.73, 2.94), 1.68 (1.07, 2.70), 1.30 (0.70, 2.34), and those for total CVD events 1.91 (0.72, 4.67), 2.94 (1.65, 5.63), and 3.25 (1.69, 6.54) for light smokers (1-10 cigarettes/day), moderate smokers (11-20/day), and heavy smokers (≥ 21/day) compared to never-smokers, respectively. Total CVD events increased dose-dependently as the number of cigarettes/day increased. Acute myocardial infarction was increased at any level of smoking. Stroke was increased at a moderate level of smoking. Quitting for ≥ 4 years, compared with continuing smokers, reduced the HR for all-cause death to 0.64 (0.38, 1.01), and total CVD events to 0.34 (0.17, 0.62). CONCLUSIONS In healthy young- and middle-aged Japanese males, a significant increase in HR for total CVD events was confirmed for a smoking level of 11-20 cigarettes/day. Quitting reduced the HR for total CVD events, with quitting for ≥ 4 years being statistically significant. A similar trend was observed for all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Kondo
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Mizuno Y, Jacob RF, Mason RP. Inflammation and the development of atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18:351-8. [PMID: 21427505 DOI: 10.5551/jat.7591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease causally associated with multiple cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidemia. Without effective intervention, atherosclerosis becomes evidenced clinically as coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease, both of which remain the leading causes of death worldwide. Multiple lines of investigation indicate a central role for inflammation in atherosclerotic plaque progression, vulnerability and thrombogenicity. Randomized clinical trials have documented the benefit of lipid-lowering therapy for both primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Statins, a class of drugs that lower cholesterol levels by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, have been shown to slow the progression of the atheroma and the frequency of associated clinical events to an extent that cannot be attributed solely to LDL reduction. The non-LDL or pleiotropic effects of statins are attributed to anti-inflammatory activity, enhanced endothelial function, and inhibition of oxidative stress. In this review, we discuss the role of inflammation in atherogenesis along with the effects of statins in slowing this process through LDL-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Mizuno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Wustmann K, Klaey M, Burow A, Shaw SG, Hess OM, Allemann Y. Additive Effect of Homocysteine- and Cholesterol-Lowering Therapy on Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiovasc Ther 2011; 30:277-86. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Bard RL, Dvonch JT, Kaciroti N, Lustig SA, Brook RD. Is acute high-dose secondhand smoke exposure always harmful to microvascular function in healthy adults? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:175-9. [PMID: 20860641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7141.2010.00074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Prev Cardiol. Long-term exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is associated with impaired vascular function. The authors investigated the vascular and blood pressure (BP) reactions to acute SHS exposure. Twenty-five healthy nonsmoking adults underwent a 1-hour exposure to SHS (mean fine particulate matter < 2.5 μm level = 315 ± 116 μg/m(3) ). Microvascular endothelial-dependent vasodilatation (EDV) (EndoPAT, Itamar Medical, Caesarea, Israel) and aortic hemodynamics/compliance (SphygmoCor, AtCor Medical, West Ryde, Australia) were measured before and after the SHS exposure with BP measured every 15 minutes during and for a 24-hour period before and after the exposure. SHS exposure did not change EDV, aortic hemodynamics, arterial compliance, or 24-hour BP. However, diastolic BP significantly increased during the SHS exposure period by 3.4 ± 5.6 mm Hg. Our brief SHS exposure did not impair microvascular endothelial function or arterial compliance in healthy nonsmoking adults, but brachial diastolic BP increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Bard
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Reriani MK, Dunlay SM, Gupta B, West CP, Rihal CS, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Effects of statins on coronary and peripheral endothelial function in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:704-16. [DOI: 10.1177/1741826711398430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Reriani
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shannon M Dunlay
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bhanu Gupta
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Colin P West
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Charanjit S Rihal
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Impact of smoking on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease receiving contemporary medical therapy (from the Treating to New Targets [TNT] and the Incremental Decrease in End Points Through Aggressive Lipid Lowering [IDEAL] trials). Am J Cardiol 2011; 107:145-50. [PMID: 21129718 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To define the incremental risk of cigarette smoking in patients with coronary disease receiving contemporary medical therapy, we performed a post hoc analysis of 18,885 patients by combining data from the Treating to New Targets (TNT) and the Incremental Decrease in End Points through Aggressive Lipid Lowering (IDEAL) trials. These studies compared high-dose treatment (atorvastatin 80 mg/day) to moderate-dose treatment (atorvastatin 10 mg/day in TNT and simvastatin 20 to 40 mg/day in IDEAL) in patients with established coronary heart disease. The primary end point of this pooled analysis was major cardiovascular events, a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. At baseline 4,196 patients had never smoked, 11,513 were ex-smokers, and 3,176 were current smokers. The adjusted hazard ratio for current smokers compared to never smokers was 1.68 (95% confidence interval 1.46 to 1.94) and that for current smokers compared to ex-smokers was 1.57 (95% confidence interval 1.41 to 1.76). Event rates for current smokers compared to ex-smokers were similarly increased in each treatment group. The difference in absolute event rates between current and ex-smokers in this pooled analysis was 4.5%, which is >2 times as large as the decrease in absolute event rates between high-dose and moderate-dose statin therapy found in the IDEAL (1.7%) and TNT (2.2%) trials, respectively. In conclusion, in patients with coronary disease receiving modern medical therapy, smoking cessation is of substantial benefit with a number needed to treat of 22 to prevent a major cardiovascular event over 5 years. Smoking cessation deserves greater emphasis in secondary prevention.
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Heffernan KS, Karas RH, Patvardhan EA, Kuvin JT. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation is associated with exercise capacity in smokers and non-smokers. Vasc Med 2011; 15:119-25. [PMID: 20233906 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x09358750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is an established cardiovascular risk factor that impairs endothelial function and reduces exercise capacity. Peripheral vascular endothelial function correlates with exercise capacity, but whether this association prevails in smokers is unknown. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the association between endothelial function and exercise capacity in chronic smokers and non-smoking controls. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD, endothelium-dependent) following 5 minutes of upper arm occlusion was compared in 26 smokers (age 58 +/- 2 years; 15 female; BMI (body mass index) = 28 +/- 1) and 39 non-smokers (age 58 +/- 2 years; 24 female; BMI = 28 +/- 1) using ultrasound. Exercise treadmill time (ETT) was recorded from a standard Bruce protocol during symptom limited stress testing. There was found to be a significant positive association between FMD and ETT in smokers (r = 0.60, p < 0.05) and non-smokers (r = 0.28, p < 0.05). FMD was significantly lower in smokers versus non-smokers (8.9 +/- 0.9 vs 12.6 +/- 0.7%, p < 0.05). ETT was significantly lower in smokers (425 +/- 35 seconds) versus non-smokers (522 +/- 25 seconds, p < 0.05). After adjusting for FMD, there were no longer group differences in ETT. When patients were matched according to FMD, there were no differences in ETT between smokers and non-smokers. In conclusion, peripheral endothelial dysfunction is a correlate of low exercise capacity in smokers and non-smokers alike. Future research is needed to examine if improving endothelial function will lead to concomitant increases in exercise capacity in chronic smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Heffernan
- Vascular Function Study Group, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Toda N, Toda H. Nitric oxide-mediated blood flow regulation as affected by smoking and nicotine. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 649:1-13. [PMID: 20868673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, cerebral and coronary vascular diseases, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Chronic smoking impairs endothelial function by decreasing the formation of nitric oxide and increasing the degradation of nitric oxide via generation of oxygen free radicals. Nitric oxide liberated from efferent nitrergic nerves is also involved in vasodilatation, increased regional blood flow, and hypotension that are impaired through nitric oxide sequestering by smoking-induced factors. Influence of smoking on nitric oxide-induced blood flow regulation is not necessarily the same in all organs and tissues. However, human studies are limited mainly to the forearm blood flow measurement that assesses endothelial function under basal and stimulated conditions and also determination of penile tumescence and erection in response to endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide. Therefore, information about blood flow regulation in other organs, such as the brain and placenta, has been provided mainly from studies on experimental animals. Nicotine, a major constituent of cigarette smoke, acutely dilates cerebral arteries and arterioles through nitric oxide liberated from nitrergic neurons, but chronically interferes with endothelial function in various vasculatures, both being noted in studies on experimental animals. Cigarette smoke constituents other than nicotine also have some vascular actions. Not only active but also passive smoking is undoubtedly harmful for both the smokers themselves and their neighbors, who should bear in mind that they can face serious diseases in the future, which may result in lengthy hospitalization, and a shortened lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Toda
- Toyama Institute for Cardiovascular Research, 7-13, 1-Chome, Azuchi-machi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0052, Japan.
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Allou N, Augustin P, Dufour G, Tini L, Ibrahim H, Dilly MP, Montravers P, Wallace J, Provenchère S, Philip I. Preoperative Statin Treatment Is Associated With Reduced Postoperative Mortality After Isolated Cardiac Valve Surgery in High-Risk Patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2010; 24:921-6. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Alagona P. Pitavastatin: evidence for its place in treatment of hypercholesterolemia. CORE EVIDENCE 2010; 5:91-105. [PMID: 21468365 PMCID: PMC3065553 DOI: 10.2147/ce.s8008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Statins, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, are the most potent pharmacologic agents for lowering total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). They have become an accepted standard of care in the treatment of patients with known atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (secondary prevention) and also those at increased risk of cardiovascular events. There are currently six statin drugs commercially available in the US. Although they are chemically similar and have the same primary mechanisms of action in lowering TC and LDL-C, there are differences in their efficacy or potency, metabolism, drug-drug interactions, and individual tolerability. Considering the numbers of patients who need LDL-C-lowering therapy and questions of individual tolerance and therapeutic response, having a variety of agents to choose from is beneficial for patient care. This paper presents background information on statin treatment and reviews data regarding a new agent, pitavastatin, which has recently been approved for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Alagona
- Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Endothelial Function Predicts Positive Arterial-Venous Fistula Remodeling in Subjects with Stage IV and V Chronic Kidney Disease. J Vasc Access 2010; 11:329-34. [DOI: 10.5301/jva.2010.5833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The maturation of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) requires remodeling of the arterial inflow and the venous outflow limbs to sustain flows sufficient to support hemodialysis. However, factors influencing remodeling of AVF are poorly understood. We hypothesized that AVF remodeling was an endothelium-dependent process. Methods This is a prospective cohort study of patients (n=25) undergoing autologous AVF formation. Brachial artery vasoreactivity studies were performed pre-operatively to assess endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD). High-resolution ultrasound was used to assess venous and arterial diameters intraoperatively, and at 3 months. Results The mean age was 64.5 ± 13.6 yrs. Twelve patients (48%) had diabetes. The mean FMD for the entire cohort was (mean ± SEM) 5.82 ± 0.9%, (range) 0–17.3%. The vein increased in size 3.19 ± .28 to 6.11 ± .41 mm, 108.4 ± 17.9%, p=.0001, while the artery increased from 3.29 ± .14 to 4.48 ± .30 mm, 20.47 ± 10.8%, p=.013. There was a significant positive correlation between the degree of arterial and venous remodeling, r=.52, p=.023. Brachial artery FMD most strongly correlated with the magnitude of arterial remodeling, r=.47, p=.038. Patients with diabetes failed to undergo venous remodeling to the same extent as did those without diabetes, 59.2 ± 24.4% vs. 141.5 ± 25.4%, p=.04. Conclusion Impairment of endothelial function is associated with decreased arterial remodeling and final venous lumen diameter attained at 3 months. Further investigation is needed to determine whether modulation of endothelial function in this cohort can improve AVF maturation.
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Wanner A, Mendes ES. Airway endothelial dysfunction in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a challenge for future research. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:1344-51. [PMID: 20709816 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201001-0038pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction in the extrapulmonary circulation has been linked to cardiovascular disease. Recent investigations have revealed that in the airway circulation, cigarette smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma are also accompanied by endothelial dysfunction. Inhaled glucocorticosteroids can partially or fully restore normal endothelium-dependent vasodilation in these conditions, thereby identifying the airway endothelium as a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of airway disease. The role of the defective endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the pathophysiology in asthma and COPD is still subject to speculation. However, there appears to be an association between COPD and extrapulmonary vascular dysfunction, and the possibility exists that the use of inhaled glucocorticosteroids has a beneficial effect on cardiovascular disease in COPD as suggested by database studies showing that inhaled glucocorticosteroids reduce the incidence of nonfatal and fatal cardiovascular events in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Wanner
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida 33136, USA.
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Vladimirova-Kitova LG, Deneva-Koycheva T. Asymmetric dimethylarginine—a determinant of the effect of the high dose Simvastatin. Clin Biochem 2010; 43:843-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Li J, Sun YM, Wang LF, Li ZQ, Pan W, Cao HY. Comparison of effects of simvastatin versus atorvastatin on oxidative stress in patients with coronary heart disease. Clin Cardiol 2010; 33:222-7. [PMID: 20394043 DOI: 10.1002/clc.20724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have antiatherogenic effects beyond their cholesterol-lowing effect. Whether atorvastatin has a stronger antioxidant effect than other statins is uncertain. HYPOTHESIS To determine the effects of simvastatin and atorvastatin on markers of oxidative stress in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS This study was comprised of 164 patients with CHD and a control population of 122 healthy subjects. The patients with CHD were divided into 2 groups and treated with either simvastatin 20 mg/day or atorvastatin 10 mg/day. The markers of oxidative stress were measured before and after 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS The effects of atorvastatin on reducing oxidative stress were significantly greater compared with those of simvastatin (P < 0.05). The changes in the markers of oxidative stress did not correlate with the changes in the plasma lipid profile (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that atorvastatin reduces oxidative stress more effectively than simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Cardiac Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Effect of Atorvastatin and Ezetimibe Treatment on Serum Lipid Profile and Oxidative State in Rats Fed With a High-Cholesterol Diet. Am J Med Sci 2010; 339:448-52. [DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e3181d4eb71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hiatt WR, Hirsch AT, Creager MA, Rajagopalan S, Mohler ER, Ballantyne CM, Regensteiner JG, Treat-Jacobson D, Dale RA. Effect of niacin ER/lovastatin on claudication symptoms in patients with peripheral artery disease. Vasc Med 2010; 15:171-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1358863x09360579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD), statins may improve the symptoms of claudication. The Intermittent Claudication Proof of Principle (ICPOP) study tested the hypothesis that the combination of extended release niacin plus lovastatin would improve exercise performance in patients with PAD and claudication compared with a diet intervention. A phase 3 double-blind, parallel-group, multi-center, 28-week multi-national study evaluated subjects with a history of claudication who had an ankle—brachial index (ABI) ≤ 0.90, a reproducible peak treadmill walking time (PWT) of 1—20 minutes, and a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol level < 160 mg/dl (< 4.1 mmol/l). Subjects were randomly assigned to low-dose niacin 1000 mg plus lovastatin 40 mg (low niacin—statin), high-dose niacin 2000 mg plus lovastatin 40 mg (high niacin—statin), or diet intervention (diet). The co-primary efficacy endpoint of percent change in PWT and claudication onset time (COT) at 28 weeks was assessed using a graded treadmill protocol. At completion, 385 subjects were analyzed for safety and 370 subjects were analyzed for efficacy. The primary efficacy analysis showed no statistical significance for overall treatment effect at week 28 for the co-primary endpoint of PWT and COT. The PWT component of the primary endpoint increased 26.5% on diet, 37.8% on high niacin—statin ( p = 0.137) and 38.6% on low niacin—statin ( p = 0.096). Flushing as the most common event leading to discontinuation and treatment was associated with increases in liver enzymes, fasting blood glucose concentration and a decrease in platelet count.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Hiatt
- Section of Vascular Medicine, Divisions of Geriatrics and Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, and the Colorado Prevention Center, Denver, CO, USA,
| | - Alan T Hirsch
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark A Creager
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Emile R Mohler
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease Division, Section of Vascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Section of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center Houston, TX, USA
| | - Judith G Regensteiner
- Section of Vascular Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, and the Center for Women's Health Research, Denver, CO, USA
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47
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Lacchini R, Silva PS, Tanus-Santos JE. A pharmacogenetics-based approach to reduce cardiovascular mortality with the prophylactic use of statins. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 106:357-61. [PMID: 20210789 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is the main endothelial-derived relaxation factor and plays a major role in cardiovascular homeostasis. This key signalling molecule is synthesised by a family of nitric oxide synthases (NOS), and the endothelial isoform (eNOS) is the most important for nitric oxide formation in the cardiovascular system. Cardiovascular drugs including statins increase eNOS expression and up-regulate NO formation, and this effect may be responsible for protective, pleiotropic effects produced by statins. However, the genetic background may also affect NO formation in the cardiovascular system, and recent studies have shown that genetic polymorphisms in the eNOS gene modify endogenous NO formation and the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. For example, cases with the CC genotype for the T(-786)C polymorphism in the eNOS gene are at increased cardiovascular risk when compared with those with the TT genotype. Interestingly, pharmacogenetic studies have recently indicated that atorvastatin improves NO formation more clearly in these individuals. However, it is not known whether this polymorphism really increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and whether atorvastatin or other statins attenuate the morbidity and mortality rates in cases with the CC genotype. If proved true, then statins-induced up-regulation of eNOS and increased NO formation could compensate for a genetic 'disadvantage' in cases with the CC genotype. This could be a significant advance in the prevention of cardiovascular events. It is necessary although to validate this hypothesis with clinical trials which will require a long follow-up to assess relevant clinical events and not only surrogate biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Lacchini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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48
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Vladimirova-Kitova LG, Terzieva DD, Nikolov FP. Asymmetric dimethylarginine determines the effect of simvastatin on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in severe hypercholesterolemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.09.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Comparison of the Effects of Simvastatin versus Atorvastatin on Oxidative Stress in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 55:21-5. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181bfb1df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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50
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Yoshida O, Kondo T, Kureishi-Bando Y, Sugiura T, Maeda K, Okumura K, Murohara T. Pitavastatin, an HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor, Ameliorates Endothelial Function in Chronic Smokers. Circ J 2010; 74:195-202. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-09-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yoshida
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takahisa Kondo
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Tomonori Sugiura
- Department of Cardio-Renal Medicine and Hypertension, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science
| | - Kengo Maeda
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kenji Okumura
- Department of Cardiovascular Research Medicine, Nagoya University School of Medicine
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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