1
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Zorova LD, Abramicheva PA, Andrianova NV, Babenko VA, Zorov SD, Pevzner IB, Popkov VA, Semenovich DS, Yakupova EI, Silachev DN, Plotnikov EY, Sukhikh GT, Zorov DB. Targeting Mitochondria for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:444. [PMID: 38675106 PMCID: PMC11054825 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing accumulation of data on the exceptional importance of mitochondria in the occurrence and treatment of cancer, and in all lines of evidence for such participation, there are both energetic and non-bioenergetic functional features of mitochondria. This analytical review examines three specific features of adaptive mitochondrial changes in several malignant tumors. The first feature is characteristic of solid tumors, whose cells are forced to rebuild their energetics due to the absence of oxygen, namely, to activate the fumarate reductase pathway instead of the traditional succinate oxidase pathway that exists in aerobic conditions. For such a restructuring, the presence of a low-potential quinone is necessary, which cannot ensure the conventional conversion of succinate into fumarate but rather enables the reverse reaction, that is, the conversion of fumarate into succinate. In this scenario, complex I becomes the only generator of energy in mitochondria. The second feature is the increased proliferation in aggressive tumors of the so-called mitochondrial (peripheral) benzodiazepine receptor, also called translocator protein (TSPO) residing in the outer mitochondrial membrane, the function of which in oncogenic transformation stays mysterious. The third feature of tumor cells is the enhanced retention of certain molecules, in particular mitochondrially directed cations similar to rhodamine 123, which allows for the selective accumulation of anticancer drugs in mitochondria. These three features of mitochondria can be targets for the development of an anti-cancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubava D. Zorova
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina A. Abramicheva
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
| | - Nadezda V. Andrianova
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
| | - Valentina A. Babenko
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Savva D. Zorov
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina B. Pevzner
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily A. Popkov
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry S. Semenovich
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
| | - Elmira I. Yakupova
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
| | - Denis N. Silachev
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
| | - Egor Y. Plotnikov
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady T. Sukhikh
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry B. Zorov
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.D.Z.); (P.A.A.); (V.A.B.); (S.D.Z.); (I.B.P.); (V.A.P.); (D.S.S.); (E.I.Y.); (D.N.S.); (E.Y.P.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Liu H, Liu T, Qin Q, Li B, Li F, Zhang B, Sun W. The importance of and difficulties involved in creating molecular probes for a carbon monoxide gasotransmitter. Analyst 2023; 148:3952-3970. [PMID: 37522849 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00849e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
As one of the triumvirate of recognized gasotransmitter molecules, namely NO, H2S, and CO, the physiological effects of CO and its potential as a biomarker have been widely investigated, garnering particular attention due to its reported hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties, making it a promising therapeutic agent. However, the development of CO molecular probes has remained relatively stagnant in comparison with the fluorescent probes for NO and H2S, owing to its inert molecular state under physiological conditions. In this review, starting from elucidating the definition and significance of CO as a gasotransmitter, the imperative for the advancement of CO probes, especially fluorescent probes, is expounded. Subsequently, the current state of development of CO probe methodologies is comprehensively reviewed, with an overview of the challenges and prospects in this burgeoning field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanying Liu
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Qian Qin
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Bingyu Li
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Fasheng Li
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Boyu Zhang
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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Is the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (∆Ψ) Correctly Assessed? Intracellular and Intramitochondrial Modifications of the ∆Ψ Probe, Rhodamine 123. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010482. [PMID: 35008907 PMCID: PMC8745654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψ) is the driving force providing the electrical component of the total transmembrane potential of hydrogen ions generated by proton pumps, which is utilized by the ATP synthase. The role of ∆Ψ is not limited to its role in bioenergetics since it takes part in other important intracellular processes, which leads to the mandatory requirement of the homeostasis of ∆Ψ. Conventionally, ∆Ψ in living cells is estimated by the fluorescence of probes such as rhodamine 123, tetramethylrodamine, etc. However, when assessing the fluorescence, the possibility of the intracellular/intramitochondrial modification of the rhodamine molecule is not taken into account. Such changes were revealed in this work, in which a comparison of normal (astrocytic) and tumor (glioma) cells was conducted. Fluorescent microscopy, flow cytometry, and mass spectrometry revealed significant modifications of rhodamine molecules developing over time, which were prevented by amiodarone apparently due to blocking the release of xenobiotics from the cell and their transformation with the participation of cytochrome P450. Obviously, an important role in these processes is played by the increased retention of rhodamines in tumor cells. Our data require careful evaluation of mitochondrial ∆Ψ potential based on the assessment of the fluorescence of the mitochondrial probe.
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Verma G, Dixit A, Nunemaker CS. A Putative Prohibitin-Calcium Nexus in β-Cell Mitochondria and Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:7814628. [PMID: 33354575 PMCID: PMC7737164 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7814628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of mitochondria in apoptosis is well known; however, the mechanisms linking mitochondria to the proapoptotic effects of proinflammatory cytokines, hyperglycemia, and glucolipotoxicity are not completely understood. Complex Ca2+ signaling has emerged as a critical contributor to these proapoptotic effects and has gained significant attention in regulating the signaling processes of mitochondria. In pancreatic β-cells, Ca2+ plays an active role in β-cell function and survival. Prohibitin (PHB), a mitochondrial chaperone, is actively involved in maintaining the architecture of mitochondria. However, its possible interaction with Ca2+-activated signaling pathways has not been explored. The present review aims to examine potential crosstalk between Ca2+ signaling and PHB function in pancreatic β-cells. Moreover, this review will focus on the effects of cytokines and glucolipotoxicity on Ca2+ signaling and its possible interaction with PHB. Improved understanding of this important mitochondrial protein may aid in the design of more targeted drugs to identify specific pathways involved with stress-induced dysfunction in the β-cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Verma
- Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö -21428, Sweden
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, -110067, New Delhi, India
| | - Aparna Dixit
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, -110067, New Delhi, India
| | - Craig S. Nunemaker
- HCOM-Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens Camp, US-45701 Ohio, USA
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5
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Zorov DB, Vorobjev IA, Popkov VA, Babenko VA, Zorova LD, Pevzner IB, Silachev DN, Zorov SD, Andrianova NV, Plotnikov EY. Lessons from the Discovery of Mitochondrial Fragmentation (Fission): A Review and Update. Cells 2019; 8:E175. [PMID: 30791381 PMCID: PMC6406845 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five years ago, we described fragmentation of the mitochondrial population in a living cell into small vesicles (mitochondrial fission). Subsequently, this phenomenon has become an object of general interest due to its involvement in the process of oxidative stress-related cell death and having high relevance to the incidence of a pathological phenotype. Tentatively, the key component of mitochondrial fission process is segregation and further asymmetric separation of a mitochondrial body yielding healthy (normally functioning) and impaired (incapable to function in a normal way) organelles with subsequent decomposition and removal of impaired elements through autophagy (mitophagy). We speculate that mitochondria contain cytoskeletal elements, which maintain the mitochondrial shape, and also are involved in the process of intramitochondrial segregation of waste products. We suggest that perturbation of the mitochondrial fission/fusion machinery and slowdown of the removal process of nonfunctional mitochondrial structures led to the increase of the proportion of impaired mitochondrial elements. When the concentration of malfunctioning mitochondria reaches a certain threshold, this can lead to various pathologies, including aging. Overall, we suggest a process of mitochondrial fission to be an essential component of a complex system controlling a healthy cell phenotype. The role of reactive oxygen species in mitochondrial fission is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry B Zorov
- A.N.Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Ivan A Vorobjev
- A.N.Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Vasily A Popkov
- A.N.Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Valentina A Babenko
- A.N.Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Ljubava D Zorova
- A.N.Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Irina B Pevzner
- A.N.Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Denis N Silachev
- A.N.Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Savva D Zorov
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
| | - Nadezda V Andrianova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
| | - Egor Y Plotnikov
- A.N.Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117997, Russia.
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119146, Russia.
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6
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Real-time multiparameter study of mitochondrial functions: Instrumental and analytical approaches. Anal Biochem 2018; 552:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Li S, Ling X, Lin Y, Qin A, Gao M, Tang BZ. In situ generation of photoactivatable aggregation-induced emission probes for organelle-specific imaging. Chem Sci 2018; 9:5730-5735. [PMID: 30079182 PMCID: PMC6050595 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01887a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoactivatable fluorescent probes are ideal tools for organelle study with a significant advantage of high spatiotemporal resolution. However, conventional photo-caged fluorophores for organelle-specific imaging suffer from several drawbacks, such as aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ), instability under ambient light, low photoactivation efficiency, and toxic photo-cleavage byproducts. Herein, we propose a strategy for in situ generation of photoactivatable aggregation-induced emission (AIE) probes of 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-benzothiazolines from easily available disulfide and thiol substrates through tandem S-S bond reduction and intramolecular cyclization reaction. Because the photoactivatable AIE probes can be in situ generated in a quantitative yield, they can be directly used for bio-imaging without complicated separation steps. Under both one- and NIR two-photon irradiation, excellent spatiotemporal resolution and high photoactivation efficiency were achieved for specific imaging of lipid droplets and lysosomes, respectively. Based on their in situ generation and adjustable organelle-targeting ability, the photoactivatable AIE probes could become an easy-to-use imaging tool in the study of the biological functions of organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwu Li
- Guangdong Innovative Research Team , Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission , State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China.,School of Medicine , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Xia Ling
- Guangdong Innovative Research Team , Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission , State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Yuhan Lin
- Guangdong Innovative Research Team , Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission , State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Anjun Qin
- Guangdong Innovative Research Team , Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission , State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Meng Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China .
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Guangdong Innovative Research Team , Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission , State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China.,Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China .
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Luan F, Tang L, Zhang L, Zhang S, Monteagudo MC, Cordeiro MD. A further development of the QNAR model to predict the cellular uptake of nanoparticles by pancreatic cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 112:571-580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Recent Advances in Macrocyclic Fluorescent Probes for Ion Sensing. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020200. [PMID: 28125069 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule fluorescent probes play a myriad of important roles in chemical sensing. Many such systems incorporating a receptor component designed to recognise and bind a specific analyte, and a reporter or transducer component which signals the binding event with a change in fluorescence output have been developed. Fluorescent probes use a variety of mechanisms to transmit the binding event to the reporter unit, including photoinduced electron transfer (PET), charge transfer (CT), Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), excimer formation, and aggregation induced emission (AIE) or aggregation caused quenching (ACQ). These systems respond to a wide array of potential analytes including protons, metal cations, anions, carbohydrates, and other biomolecules. This review surveys important new fluorescence-based probes for these and other analytes that have been reported over the past five years, focusing on the most widely exploited macrocyclic recognition components, those based on cyclam, calixarenes, cyclodextrins and crown ethers; other macrocyclic and non-macrocyclic receptors are also discussed.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. New
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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11
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Popkov VA, Plotnikov EY, Lyamzaev KG, Silachev DN, Zorova LD, Pevzner IB, Jankauskas SS, Zorov SD, Babenko VA, Zorov DB. Mitodiversity. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:532-41. [PMID: 26071770 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791505003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Here, in addition to the previously coined term "mitobiota", we introduce the term "mitodiversity" for various phenotypic and genetic heterogeneities of mitochondria within the same cell or organ. Based on data on the mitochondrial transmembrane potential determined both in situ and in vitro under normal conditions and after organ ischemia/reperfusion, such heterogeneity is most evident under pathologic conditions. Herein, a part of the mitochondrial population with transmembrane potential typical of the normal state is sustained even under a pathological condition that, perhaps, underlies the development of ways of reversing pathology back to the normal state. The membrane potentials of isolated mitochondria were shown to directly correlate with the magnitude of side-scattered light depicting internal structure of mitochondria. We analyzed possible interpretations of data on mitochondrial membrane potential obtained using fluorescent probes. We suggest a possible mechanism underlying retention of fluorescent probes inside the cells and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Popkov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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12
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Carradori D, Barreau K, Eyer J. The carbocyanine dye DiD labels in vitro and in vivo neural stem cells of the subventricular zone as well as myelinated structures following in vivo injection in the lateral ventricle. J Neurosci Res 2015; 94:139-48. [PMID: 26566852 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbocyanines are fluorescent lipophilic cationic dyes used since the early 1980s as neuronal tracers. Several applications of these compounds have been developed thanks to their low cell toxicity, lateral diffusion within the cellular membranes, and good photostability. 1,1'-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate (DiD) is an interesting component of this family because, in addition to the classic carbocyanine properties, it has a longer wavelength compared with its analogues. That makes DiD an excellent carbocyanine for labeling cells and tissues with significant intrinsic fluorescence. Drug encapsulation, drug delivery, and cellular transplantation are also fields using DiD-based systems where having detailed knowledge about its behavior as a single entity is important. Recently, promising studies concerned neural stem cells from the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle in the brain (their natural niche) and their potential therapeutic use. Here, we show that DiD is able to label these stem cells in vitro and present basilar information concerning its pharmacokinetics, concentrations, and microscope protocols. Moreover, when DiD is injected in vivo in the cerebrospinal fluid present in the lateral ventricle of rat, it also labels stem cells as well as myelinated structures of the caudoputamen. This analysis provides a database to consult when planning experiments concerning DiD and neural stem cells from the subventricular zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Carradori
- Laboratoire Neurobiologie and Transgenèse, LUNAM, INSERM, UPRES-EA3143, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Bâtiment PBH-IRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
| | - Kristell Barreau
- Laboratoire Neurobiologie and Transgenèse, LUNAM, INSERM, UPRES-EA3143, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Bâtiment PBH-IRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
| | - Joël Eyer
- Laboratoire Neurobiologie and Transgenèse, LUNAM, INSERM, UPRES-EA3143, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Bâtiment PBH-IRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
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13
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Pickles S, Arbour N, Vande Velde C. Immunodetection of outer membrane proteins by flow cytometry of isolated mitochondria. J Vis Exp 2014:51887. [PMID: 25285411 DOI: 10.3791/51887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods to detect and monitor mitochondrial outer membrane protein components in animal tissues are vital to study mitochondrial physiology and pathophysiology. This protocol describes a technique where mitochondria isolated from rodent tissue are immunolabeled and analyzed by flow cytometry. Mitochondria are isolated from rodent spinal cords and subjected to a rapid enrichment step so as to remove myelin, a major contaminant of mitochondrial fractions prepared from nervous tissue. Isolated mitochondria are then labeled with an antibody of choice and a fluorescently conjugated secondary antibody. Analysis by flow cytometry verifies the relative purity of mitochondrial preparations by staining with a mitochondrial specific dye, followed by detection and quantification of immunolabeled protein. This technique is rapid, quantifiable and high-throughput, allowing for the analysis of hundreds of thousands of mitochondria per sample. It is applicable to assess novel proteins at the mitochondrial surface under normal physiological conditions as well as the proteins that may become mislocalized to this organelle during pathology. Importantly, this method can be coupled to fluorescent indicator dyes to report on certain activities of mitochondrial subpopulations and is feasible for mitochondria from the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) as well as liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pickles
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, CRCHUM
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Zorov DB, Juhaszova M, Sollott SJ. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced ROS release. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:909-50. [PMID: 24987008 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3328] [Impact Index Per Article: 332.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Byproducts of normal mitochondrial metabolism and homeostasis include the buildup of potentially damaging levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca(2+), etc., which must be normalized. Evidence suggests that brief mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) openings play an important physiological role maintaining healthy mitochondria homeostasis. Adaptive and maladaptive responses to redox stress may involve mitochondrial channels such as mPTP and inner membrane anion channel (IMAC). Their activation causes intra- and intermitochondrial redox-environment changes leading to ROS release. This regenerative cycle of mitochondrial ROS formation and release was named ROS-induced ROS release (RIRR). Brief, reversible mPTP opening-associated ROS release apparently constitutes an adaptive housekeeping function by the timely release from mitochondria of accumulated potentially toxic levels of ROS (and Ca(2+)). At higher ROS levels, longer mPTP openings may release a ROS burst leading to destruction of mitochondria, and if propagated from mitochondrion to mitochondrion, of the cell itself. The destructive function of RIRR may serve a physiological role by removal of unwanted cells or damaged mitochondria, or cause the pathological elimination of vital and essential mitochondria and cells. The adaptive release of sufficient ROS into the vicinity of mitochondria may also activate local pools of redox-sensitive enzymes involved in protective signaling pathways that limit ischemic damage to mitochondria and cells in that area. Maladaptive mPTP- or IMAC-related RIRR may also be playing a role in aging. Because the mechanism of mitochondrial RIRR highlights the central role of mitochondria-formed ROS, we discuss all of the known ROS-producing sites (shown in vitro) and their relevance to the mitochondrial ROS production in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry B Zorov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Magdalena Juhaszova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven J Sollott
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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15
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Yonemaru Y, Yamanaka M, Smith NI, Kawata S, Fujita K. Saturated Excitation Microscopy with Optimized Excitation Modulation. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:743-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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16
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Daddysman MK, Tycon MA, Fecko CJ. Photoinduced damage resulting from fluorescence imaging of live cells. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1148:1-17. [PMID: 24718791 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0470-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The widespread application of fluorescence microscopy to study live cells has led to a greater understanding of numerous biological processes. Many techniques have been developed to uniquely label structures and track metabolic pathways using fluorophores in live cells. However, the photochemistry of nonnative compounds and the deposition of energy into the cell during imaging can result in unexpected and unwanted side effects. Herein, we examine potential live cell damage by first discussing common imaging considerations and modalities in fluorescence microscopy. We then consider several mechanisms by which various photochemical and photophysical phenomena cause cellular damage and introduce techniques that have leveraged these phenomena to intentionally create damage inside cells. Reviewing conditions under which intentional damage occurs can allow one to better predict when unintentional damage may be important. Finally, we delineate ways of checking for and reducing photochemical and photophysical damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Daddysman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
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17
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18
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Komatsu H, Shindo Y, Kawashima SA, Yamatsugu K, Oka K, Kanai M. Intracellular activation of acetyl-CoA by an artificial reaction promoter and its fluorescent detection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2876-8. [PMID: 23443073 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc40616d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of a new rhodamine-based fluorescent probe, RH-NH2 3 and an acyl transfer promoter, PBu3, to Hela cells induced a time-dependent increase in fluorescence in the mitochondria, which was most likely due to acetylation of RH-NH2 3 with activated acetyl-CoA by the artificial reaction promoter in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Komatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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19
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A comprehensive tutorial on in vitro characterization of new photosensitizers for photodynamic antitumor therapy and photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:840417. [PMID: 23762860 PMCID: PMC3671303 DOI: 10.1155/2013/840417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In vitro research performed on eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell cultures usually represents the initial step for characterization of a novel photosensitizer (PS) intended for application in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer or photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of microorganisms. Although many experimental steps of PS testing make use of the wide spectrum of methods readily employed in cell biology, special aspects of working with photoactive substances, such as the autofluorescence of the PS molecule or the requirement of light protection, need to be considered when performing in vitro experiments in PDT/PDI. This tutorial represents a comprehensive collection of operative instructions, by which, based on photochemical and photophysical properties of a PS, its uptake into cells, the intracellular localization and photodynamic action in both tumor cells and microorganisms novel photoactive molecules may be characterized for their suitability for PDT/PDI. Furthermore, it shall stimulate the efforts to expand the convincing benefits of photodynamic therapy and photodynamic inactivation within both established and new fields of applications and motivate scientists of all disciplines to get involved in photodynamic research.
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20
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Tietze LF, Behrendt F, Pestel GF, Schuberth I, Mitkovski M. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and live cell imaging of novel fluorescent duocarmycin analogs. Chem Biodivers 2012; 9:2559-70. [PMID: 23161634 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
For a better understanding of the mode of action of duocarmycin and its analogs, the novel fluorescent duocarmycin derivatives 13-15 and 17b-19b were synthesized, and their bioactivity as well as their cellular uptake investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in live-cell imaging experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz F Tietze
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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21
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Zaobornyj T, Ghafourifar P. Strategic localization of heart mitochondrial NOS: a review of the evidence. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H1283-93. [PMID: 23023869 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00674.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heart mitochondria play a central role in cell energy provision and in signaling. Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical with primary regulatory functions in the heart and involved in a broad array of key processes in cardiac metabolism. Specific NO synthase (NOS) isoforms are confined to distinct locations in cardiomyocytes. The present article reviews the chemical reactions through which NO interacts with biomolecules and exerts some of its crucial roles. Specifically, the article discusses the reactions of NO with mitochondrial targets and the subcellular localization of NOS within the myocardium and analyzes the available data about heart mitochondrial NOS activity and identity. The article also describes the regulation of heart mtNOS by the distinctive mitochondrial environment by showing the effects of Ca(2+), O(2), l-arginine, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and the metabolic states on heart mitochondrial NO production. The article depicts the effects of NO on heart function and highlights the relevance of NO production within mitochondria. Finally, the evidence on the functional implications of heart mitochondrial NOS is delineated with emphasis on chronic hypoxia and ischemia-reperfusion studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zaobornyj
- Laboratory of Free Radical Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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22
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Zorov DB, Plotnikov EY, Jankauskas SS, Isaev NK, Silachev DN, Zorova LD, Pevzner IB, Pulkova NV, Zorov SD, Morosanova MA. The phenoptosis problem: What is causing the death of an organism? Lessons from acute kidney injury. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:742-53. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912070073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Cardiac optical mapping has proven to be a powerful technology for studying cardiovascular function and disease. The development and scientific impact of this methodology are well-documented. Because of its relevance in cardiac research, this imaging technology advances at a rapid pace. Here, we review technological and scientific developments during the past several years and look toward the future. First, we explore key components of a modern optical mapping set-up, focusing on: (1) new camera technologies; (2) powerful light-emitting-diodes (from ultraviolet to red) for illumination; (3) improved optical filter technology; (4) new synthetic and optogenetic fluorescent probes; (5) optical mapping with motion and contraction; (6) new multiparametric optical mapping techniques; and (7) photon scattering effects in thick tissue preparations. We then look at recent optical mapping studies in single cells, cardiomyocyte monolayers, atria, and whole hearts. Finally, we briefly look into the possible future roles of optical mapping in the development of regenerative cardiac research, cardiac cell therapies, and molecular genetic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Herron
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, USA
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24
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Akopova O, Kolchinskaya L, Nosar V, Bouryi V, Mankovska I, Sagach V. Cytochrome c as an amplifier of ROS release in mitochondria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.15407/fz58.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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26
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Camara AKS, Bienengraeber M, Stowe DF. Mitochondrial approaches to protect against cardiac ischemia and reperfusion injury. Front Physiol 2011; 2:13. [PMID: 21559063 PMCID: PMC3082167 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion is a vital component in cellular energy metabolism and intracellular signaling processes. Mitochondria are involved in a myriad of complex signaling cascades regulating cell death vs. survival. Importantly, mitochondrial dysfunction and the resulting oxidative and nitrosative stress are central in the pathogenesis of numerous human maladies including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and retinal diseases, many of which are related. This review will examine the emerging understanding of the role of mitochondria in the etiology and progression of cardiovascular diseases and will explore potential therapeutic benefits of targeting the organelle in attenuating the disease process. Indeed, recent advances in mitochondrial biology have led to selective targeting of drugs designed to modulate or manipulate mitochondrial function, to the use of light therapy directed to the mitochondrial function, and to modification of the mitochondrial genome for potential therapeutic benefit. The approach to rationally treat mitochondrial dysfunction could lead to more effective interventions in cardiovascular diseases that to date have remained elusive. The central premise of this review is that if mitochondrial abnormalities contribute to the etiology of cardiovascular diseases (e.g., ischemic heart disease), alleviating the mitochondrial dysfunction will contribute to mitigating the severity or progression of the disease. To this end, this review will provide an overview of our current understanding of mitochondria function in cardiovascular diseases as well as the potential role for targeting mitochondria with potential drugs or other interventions that lead to protection against cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou K S Camara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA
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27
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Loudet A, Ueno Y, Wu L, Jose J, Barhoumi R, Burghardt R, Burgess K. Organelle-selective energy transfer: a fluorescent indicator of intracellular environment. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1849-51. [PMID: 21316231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A dye cassette fluoresces green (ca 520 nm) in the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and lysosomes, but red in mitochondria, that is, it illustrates 'organelle specific energy transfer'. This phenomenon may open new horizons in intracellular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Loudet
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA
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28
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Sánchez-Álvarez M, Sánchez-Hernández N, Suñé C. Spatial Organization and Dynamics of Transcription Elongation and Pre-mRNA Processing in Live Cells. GENETICS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:626081. [PMID: 22567362 PMCID: PMC3335512 DOI: 10.4061/2011/626081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During the last 30 years, systematic biochemical and functional studies have significantly expanded our knowledge of the transcriptional molecular components and the pre-mRNA processing machinery of the cell. However, our current understanding of how these functions take place spatiotemporally within the highly compartmentalized eukaryotic nucleus remains limited. Moreover, it is increasingly clear that “the whole is more than the sum of its parts” and that an understanding of the dynamic coregulation of genes is essential for fully characterizing complex biological phenomena and underlying diseases. Recent technological advances in light microscopy in addition to novel cell and molecular biology approaches have led to the development of new tools, which are being used to address these questions and may contribute to achieving an integrated and global understanding of how the genome works at a cellular level. Here, we review major hallmarks and novel insights in RNA polymerase II activity and pre-mRNA processing in the context of nuclear organization, as well as new concepts and challenges arising from our ability to gather extensive dynamic information at the single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Sánchez-Álvarez
- Dynamical Cell Systems Team, Section of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
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29
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Tietze LF, Behrendt F, Major F, Krewer B, von Hof JM. Synthesis of Fluorescence-Labelled Glycosidic Prodrugs Based on the Cytotoxic Antibiotic Duocarmycin. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Lyon AR, Joudrey PJ, Jin D, Nass RD, Aon MA, O'Rourke B, Akar FG. Optical imaging of mitochondrial function uncovers actively propagating waves of mitochondrial membrane potential collapse across intact heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 49:565-75. [PMID: 20624394 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) is critical for normal mitochondrial function and cellular energetics. Mitochondrial dysfunction, manifesting as disrupted DeltaPsi(m) polarization (i.e. depolarization or hyperpolarization), underlies several important and highly prevalent diseases, including a variety of cardiac and neurological disorders. As such, DeltaPsi(m) instability might form a unifying mechanism for a class of metabolic disorders affecting excitable tissues. Here, we measured the spatio-temporal kinetics of DeltaPsi(m) changes across the intact heart using high-resolution optical DeltaPsi(m) imaging and uncovered surprisingly complex spatial patterns and dynamically fluctuating changes in DeltaPsi(m) that developed into actively propagating waves of mitochondrial depolarization during global ischemia. Our data further indicated that the recovery of DeltaPsi(m) upon reperfusion is dictated by the duration of the preceding ischemic insult. Post-ischemic electrical and functional recovery was dependent on early DeltaPsi(m) recovery but independent of overall cellular injury measured using a standard assay of lactate dehydrogenase release. These findings reveal a novel mechanism by which instabilities in cellular energetic properties that are independent of irreversible cellular injury can scale to the level of the intact organ via an organized process of active conduction involving the multi-cellular network. This highlights the importance of investigating cellular metabolic properties in the context of the intact organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Lyon
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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31
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Webb SE, Rogers KL, Karplus E, Miller AL. The use of aequorins to record and visualize Ca(2+) dynamics: from subcellular microdomains to whole organisms. Methods Cell Biol 2010; 99:263-300. [PMID: 21035690 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374841-6.00010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe the practical aspects of measuring [Ca(2+)] transients that are generated in a particular cytoplasmic domain, or within a specific organelle or its periorganellar environment, using bioluminescent, genetically encoded and targeted Ca(2+) reporters, especially those based on apoaequorin. We also list examples of the organisms, tissues, and cells that have been transfected with apoaequorin or an apoaequorin-BRET complex, as well as of the organelles and subcellular domains that have been specifically targeted with these bioluminescent Ca(2+) reporters. In addition, we summarize the various techniques used to load the apoaequorin cofactor, coelenterazine, and its analogs into cells, tissues, and intact organisms, and we describe recent advances in the detection and imaging technologies that are currently being used to measure and visualize the luminescence generated by the aequorin-Ca(2+) reaction within these various cytoplasmic domains and subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Webb
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology Section and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Division of Life Science, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
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32
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Mitochondrial dynamics in heart cells: Very low amplitude high frequency fluctuations in adult cardiomyocytes and flow motion in non beating Hl-1 cells. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2009; 41:195-214. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-009-9214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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33
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Kuznetsov AV, Hermann M, Saks V, Hengster P, Margreiter R. The cell-type specificity of mitochondrial dynamics. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:1928-39. [PMID: 19703655 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in mitochondrial imaging have revealed that in many cells mitochondria can be highly dynamic. They can undergo fission/fusion processes modulated by various mitochondria-associated proteins and also by conformational transitions in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Moreover, precise mitochondrial distribution can be achieved by their movement along the cytoskeleton, recruiting various connector and motor proteins. Such movement is evident in various cell types ranging from yeast to mammalian cells and serves to direct mitochondria to cellular regions of high ATP demand or to transport mitochondria destined for elimination. Existing data also demonstrate that many aspects of mitochondrial dynamics, morphology, regulation and intracellular organization can be cell type-/tissue-specific. In many cells like neurons, pancreatic cells, HL-1 cells, etc., complex dynamics of mitochondria include fission, fusion, small oscillatory movements of mitochondria, larger movements like filament extension, retraction, fast branching in the mitochondrial network and rapid long-distance intracellular translocation of single mitochondria. Alternatively, mitochondria can be rather fixed in other cells and tissues like adult cardiomyocytes or skeletal muscles with a very regular organelle organization between myofibrils, providing the bioenergetic basis for contraction. Adult cardiac cells show no displacement of mitochondria with only very small-amplitude rapid vibrations, demonstrating remarkable, cell type-dependent differences in the dynamics and spatial arrangement of mitochondria. These variations and the cell-type specificity of mitochondrial dynamics could be related to specific cellular functions and demands, also indicating a significant role of integrations of mitochondria with other intracellular systems like the cytoskeleton, nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Kuznetsov
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Center of Operative Medicine, Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University (IMU), Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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34
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Srivastava N, Brennan JS, Renzi RF, Wu M, Branda SS, Singh AK, Herr AE. Fully Integrated Microfluidic Platform Enabling Automated Phosphoprofiling of Macrophage Response. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3261-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8024224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Srivastava
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
| | - James S. Brennan
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Ronald F. Renzi
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Meiye Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Steven S. Branda
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Anup K. Singh
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Amy E. Herr
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
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35
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Philosophical basis and some historical aspects of systems biology: from Hegel to Noble - applications for bioenergetic research. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:1161-92. [PMID: 19399243 PMCID: PMC2672024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10031161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We live in times of paradigmatic changes for the biological sciences. Reductionism, that for the last six decades has been the philosophical basis of biochemistry and molecular biology, is being displaced by Systems Biology, which favors the study of integrated systems. Historically, Systems Biology - defined as the higher level analysis of complex biological systems - was pioneered by Claude Bernard in physiology, Norbert Wiener with the development of cybernetics, and Erwin Schrödinger in his thermodynamic approach to the living. Systems Biology applies methods inspired by cybernetics, network analysis, and non-equilibrium dynamics of open systems. These developments follow very precisely the dialectical principles of development from thesis to antithesis to synthesis discovered by Hegel. Systems Biology opens new perspectives for studies of the integrated processes of energy metabolism in different cells. These integrated systems acquire new, system-level properties due to interaction of cellular components, such as metabolic compartmentation, channeling and functional coupling mechanisms, which are central for regulation of the energy fluxes. State of the art of these studies in the new area of Molecular System Bioenergetics is analyzed.
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36
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Colletti EJ, Airey JA, Liu W, Simmons PJ, Zanjani ED, Porada CD, Almeida-Porada G. Generation of tissue-specific cells from MSC does not require fusion or donor-to-host mitochondrial/membrane transfer. Stem Cell Res 2008; 2:125-38. [PMID: 19383418 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) hold great promise for cellular replacement therapies. Despite their contributing to phenotypically distinct cells in multiple tissues, controversy remains regarding whether the phenotype switch results from a true differentiation process. Here, we studied the events occurring during the first 120 h after human MSC transplantation into a large animal model. We demonstrate that MSC, shortly after engrafting different tissues, undergo proliferation and rapidly initiate the differentiative process, changing their phenotype into tissue-specific cells. Thus, the final level of tissue-specific cell contribution is not determined solely by the initial level of engraftment of the MSC within that organ, but rather by the proliferative capability of the ensuing tissue-specific cells into which the MSC rapidly differentiate. Furthermore, we show that true differentiation, and not cell fusion or transfer of mitochondria or membrane-derived vesicles between transplanted and resident cells, is the primary mechanism contributing to the change of phenotype of MSC upon transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Colletti
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, University of Nevada at Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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37
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Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway provides cells with the means to interpret external signal cues or conditions, and respond accordingly. This cascade regulates many cell functions such as differentiation, proliferation and migration. Through modulation of both the amplitude and duration of MAPK signalling, cells can control their responses to the multiple activators of the pathway. In addition, recent work has highlighted the importance of the cellular compartment from which the signalling occurs. Cells have developed intricate systems that enable them to localise MAPK components to specific subcellular domains in response to a particular stimulus. Consequently, different factors can activate the same kinase in separate locations. Crucial to this ability are molecular scaffolds, which act as signalling modules for MAPKs, confining them to the desired compartment. The participation of the MAPK network in fundamental physiological processes, such as cell proliferation and inflammation, and the derangement of the homeostasis that occurs in disease processes, renders MAPK a highly desirable target for therapeutic intervention. As we enhance our comprehension of scaffolds and other regulatory molecules, novel targets for drug design may be discovered that will afford selective and specific MAPK modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Brown
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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38
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Zorov DB, Isaev NK, Plotnikov EY, Zorova LD, Stelmashook EV, Vasileva AK, Arkhangelskaya AA, Khrjapenkova TG. The mitochondrion as janus bifrons. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2008; 72:1115-26. [PMID: 18021069 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The signaling function of mitochondria is considered with a special emphasis on their role in the regulation of redox status of the cell, possibly determining a number of pathologies including cancer and aging. The review summarizes the transport role of mitochondria in energy supply to all cellular compartments (mitochondria as an electric cable in the cell), the role of mitochondria in plastic metabolism of the cell including synthesis of heme, steroids, iron-sulfur clusters, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Mitochondria also play an important role in the Ca(2+)-signaling and the regulation of apoptotic cell death. Knowledge of mechanisms responsible for apoptotic cell death is important for the strategy for prevention of unwanted degradation of postmitotic cells such as cardiomyocytes and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Zorov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
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39
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Plotnikov EY, Kazachenko AV, Vyssokikh MY, Vasileva AK, Tcvirkun DV, Isaev NK, Kirpatovsky VI, Zorov DB. The role of mitochondria in oxidative and nitrosative stress during ischemia/reperfusion in the rat kidney. Kidney Int 2007; 72:1493-502. [PMID: 17914353 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reoxygenation following ischemia causes tissue oxidative stress. We studied the role of oxidative stress caused by kidney ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) on the mitochondria of renal tissue slices. I/R caused the mitochondria to be swollen, fragmented, and have lower membrane potential. The mitochondria generated more reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in situ as measured by fluorescence of ROS- and NO-sensitive probes. Infusion of lithium ion, an inhibitor of glycogen kinase synthase-3, caused phosphorylation of its Ser-9 and restored the membrane potential and decreased ROS production of the mitochondrial fraction. Ischemic kidney and hypoxic rat preconditioning improved mitochondrial membrane potential and lowered ROS production caused by subsequent I/R similar to lithium ion infusion. Preconditioning normalized NO production in mitochondria as well. The drop in the mitochondrial membrane potential was prevented by NO synthase inhibition, demonstrating a strong contribution of NO to changes in mitochondrial energy metabolism during the I/R transition. Mitochondria in the I/R-stressed kidney contained less cytochrome c and more pro-apoptotic Bax, consistent with apoptotic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Plotnikov
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Structure and Functions, AN Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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40
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Kaul Z, Yaguchi T, Harada JI, Ikeda Y, Hirano T, Chiura HX, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. An antibody-conjugated internalizing quantum dot suitable for long-term live imaging of cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 85:133-40. [PMID: 17464353 DOI: 10.1139/o06-205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QD) are fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals that are emerging as superior alternatives to the conventional organic dyes used in biological applications. Although QDs offer several advantages over conventional fluorescent dyes, including greater photostability and a wider range of excitation and (or) emission wavelengths, their toxicity has been an issue in its wider use as an analytic, diagnostic and therapeutic tool. We prepared a conjugate QD with an internalizing antibody and demonstrated that the QD-antibody conjugate is efficiently internalized into cells and is visible even after multiple divisions. We demonstrate that the internalized QD is nontoxic to cells and provides a sensitive tool for long-term molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeenia Kaul
- International Christian University, Division of Natural Sciences, 3-10-2 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
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41
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Abstract
Mitochondrial research has made an enormous leap since mitochondrial DNA mutations were identified as a primary cause for human diseases in 1988 and the organelle’s crucial role in apoptosis was identified during the 1990s. Considerable progress has been made in identifying the molecular components of the mitochondrial machinery responsible for life and cell death; however, effective therapies for diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction remain elusive. An impediment to manipulating, probing and assessing the functional components of mammalian mitochondria within living cells is their limited accessibility to direct physical, biochemical and pharmacological manipulation. Recent advances in nanotechnology hold the promise of helping to overcome these obstacles. New tools will undoubtedly emerge, creating new avenues for the diagnosis and therapy of mitochondrial disorders. This review briefly discusses current efforts to merge nanobiotechnology with mitochondrial medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkmar Weissig
- Northeastern University, Bouve College of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA.
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42
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Kaul Z, Yaguchi T, Chiura HX, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. Quantum dot-based mortalin staining as a visual assay for detection of induced senescence in cancer cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1100:368-72. [PMID: 17460200 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1395.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are fluorescent nanocrystals that are emerging as fine alternatives to the conventional organic dyes. They have several advantages including greater photostability and a wider range of excitation-emission wavelengths. By using mortalin staining as a model, we initially demonstrated that the QDs are more stable and provide better resolution in protein imaging in fixed cells. With the help of an internalizing antibody, we generated internalizing QD (i-QD) and demonstrated its inertness to cell replication, structure, and viability. Based on the superior resolution, stability and inertness, we propose the use of QD staining of mortalin as a cell-based visual assay to screen for senescence-inducing drugs, proteins, and siRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeenia Kaul
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 8562, Japan
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43
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Abstract
Mitochondria are central for various cellular processes that include ATP production, intracellular Ca(2+) signaling, and generation of reactive oxygen species. Neurons critically depend on mitochondrial function to establish membrane excitability and to execute the complex processes of neurotransmission and plasticity. While much information about mitochondrial properties is available from studies on isolated mitochondria and dissociated cell cultures, less is known about mitochondrial function in intact neurons in brain tissue. However, a detailed description of the interactions between mitochondrial function, energy metabolism, and neuronal activity is crucial for the understanding of the complex physiological behavior of neurons, as well as the pathophysiology of various neurological diseases. The combination of new fluorescence imaging techniques, electrophysiology, and brain slice preparations provides a powerful tool to study mitochondrial function during neuronal activity, with high spatiotemporal resolution. This review summarizes recent findings on mitochondrial Ca(2+) transport, mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)), and energy metabolism during neuronal activity. We will first discuss interactions of these parameters for experimental stimulation conditions that can be related to the physiological range. We will then describe how mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction develops during pathological neuronal activity, focusing on temporal lobe epilepsy and its experimental models. The aim is to illustrate that 1) the structure of the mitochondrial compartment is highly dynamic in neurons, 2) there is a fine-tuned coupling between neuronal activity and mitochondrial function, and 3) mitochondria are of central importance for the complex behavior of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kann
- Institut für Neurophysiologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Tucholskystrasse 2, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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44
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N/A, 李 相. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:1799-1804. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i18.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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45
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Zorov DB, Juhaszova M, Sollott SJ. Mitochondrial ROS-induced ROS release: an update and review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2006; 1757:509-17. [PMID: 16829228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1036] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2006] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Unstable mitochondrial membrane potential and redox transitions can occur following insults including ischemia/reperfusion injury and toxin exposure, with negative consequences for mitochondrial integrity and cellular survival. These transitions can involve mechanisms such as the recently described process, "Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-induced ROS-release" (RIRR), and be generated by circuits where the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore and the inner membrane anion channel (IMAC) are involved. The exposure to excessive oxidative stress results in an increase in ROS reaching a threshold level that triggers the opening of one of the requisite mitochondrial channels. In turn, this leads to the simultaneous collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential and a transient increased ROS generation by the electron transfer chain. Generated ROS can be released into cytosol and trigger RIRR in neighboring mitochondria. This mitochondrion-to-mitochondrion ROS-signaling constitutes a positive feedback mechanism for enhanced ROS production leading to potentially significant mitochondrial and cellular injury. This review and update considers a variety of RIRR mechanisms (involving MPT, IMAC and episodes of mitochondrial transient hyperpolarization). RIRR could be a general cell biology phenomenon relevant to the processes of programmed mitochondrial destruction and cell death, and may contribute to other mechanisms of post-ischemic pathologies, including arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry B Zorov
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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46
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Saks V, Dzeja P, Schlattner U, Vendelin M, Terzic A, Wallimann T. Cardiac system bioenergetics: metabolic basis of the Frank-Starling law. J Physiol 2006; 571:253-73. [PMID: 16410283 PMCID: PMC1796789 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.101444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental principle of cardiac behaviour is described by the Frank-Starling law relating force of contraction during systole with end-diastolic volume. While both work and respiration rates increase linearly with imposed load, the basis of mechano-energetic coupling in heart muscle has remained a long-standing enigma. Here, we highlight advances made in understanding of complex cellular and molecular mechanisms that orchestrate coupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation with ATP utilization for muscle contraction. Cardiac system bioenergetics critically depends on an interrelated metabolic infrastructure regulating mitochondrial respiration and energy fluxes throughout cellular compartments. The data reviewed indicate the significance of two interrelated systems regulating mitochondrial respiration and energy fluxes in cells: (1) the creatine kinase, adenylate kinase and glycolytic pathways that communicate flux changes generated by cellular ATPases within structurally organized enzymatic modules and networks; and (2) a secondary system based on mitochondrial participation in cellular calcium cycle, which adjusts substrate oxidation and energy-transducing processes to meet increasing cellular energy demands. By conveying energetic signals to metabolic sensors, coupled phosphotransfer reactions provide a high-fidelity regulation of the excitation-contraction cycle. Such integration of energetics with calcium signalling systems provides the basis for 'metabolic pacing', synchronizing the cellular electrical and mechanical activities with energy supply processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdur Saks
- Structural and Quantitative Bioenergetics Research Group, Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Joseph Fourier University, 2280, Rue de la Piscine, BP53X -38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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Choi HY, Veal DA, Karuso P. Epicocconone, A New Cell-Permeable Long Stokes' Shift Fluorescent Stain for Live Cell Imaging and Multiplexing. J Fluoresc 2005; 16:475-82. [PMID: 16328703 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-005-0010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 09/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Epicocconone is a heterocyclic natural product from the fungus Epicoccum nigrum that fluoresces weakly in the green (520 nm). However, cells exposed to epicocconone rapidly absorb the dye and become bright orange fluorescent because the natural product reacts reversibly with proteins. The orange fluorescence is enhanced in lipophilic environments, allowing the visualization of membranous organelles and lipid rafts but does not stain oligonucleotides. As the unconjugated dye has no orange fluorescence, there is no need to wash out the excess fluorophore. Epicocconone is a neutral, non-toxic, small molecule that appears to diffuse readily into live of fixed cells without the need for permeabilization. These features enable the real-time imaging of live cells and the study of organelle movements. Cells stained with epicocconone are excitable by common lasers (UV, 405, 488, and 532 nm) and its long Stokes' shift allows multiplexing applications with more common short Stokes' fluorophores using a single light source.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Choi
- FLUOROtechnics Pty Ltd., Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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48
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Weissleder R, Kelly K, Sun EY, Shtatland T, Josephson L. Cell-specific targeting of nanoparticles by multivalent attachment of small molecules. Nat Biotechnol 2005; 23:1418-23. [PMID: 16244656 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 627] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials with precise biological functions have considerable potential for use in biomedical applications. Here we investigate whether multivalent attachment of small molecules can increase specific binding affinity and reveal new biological properties of such nanomaterials. We describe the parallel synthesis of a library comprising 146 nanoparticles decorated with different synthetic small molecules. Using fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles, we rapidly screened the library against different cell lines and discovered a series of nanoparticles with high specificity for endothelial cells, activated human macrophages or pancreatic cancer cells. Hits from the last-mentioned screen were shown to target pancreatic cancer in vivo. The method and described materials could facilitate development of functional nanomaterials for applications such as differentiating cell lines, detecting distinct cellular states and targeting specific cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Bldg. 149, 13th Street, Room 5403, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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49
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Zorov DB, Bannikova SY, Belousov VV, Vyssokikh MY, Zorova LD, Isaev NK, Krasnikov BF, Plotnikov EY. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: Friends or foes? BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005; 70:215-21. [PMID: 15807661 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical and physiological functions of molecular oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and existing equilibrium between pools of pro-oxidants and anti-oxidants providing steady state ROS level vital for normal mitochondrial and cell functioning are reviewed. The presence of intracellular oxygen and ROS sensors is postulated and few candidates for this role are suggested. Possible involvement of ROS in the process of fragmentation of mitochondrial reticulum made of long mitochondrial filaments serving in the cell as "electric cables", as well as the role of ROS in apoptosis and programmed mitochondrial destruction (mitoptosis) are reviewed. The critical role of ROS in destructive processes under ischemia/reoxygenation and ischemic preconditioning is discussed. Mitochondrial permeability transition gets special consideration as a possible component of the apoptotic cascade, resulting in excessive "ROS-induced ROS release".
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Zorov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
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