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Saleh D, Jones RTL, Schroth SL, Thorp EB, Feinstein MJ. Emerging Roles for Dendritic Cells in Heart Failure. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1535. [PMID: 37892217 PMCID: PMC10605025 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of cardio-immunology has emerged from discoveries that define roles for innate and adaptive immune responses associated with myocardial inflammation and heart failure. Dendritic cells (DCs) comprise an important cellular compartment that contributes to systemic immune surveillance at the junction of innate and adaptive immunity. Once described as a singular immune subset, we now appreciate that DCs consist of a heterogeneous pool of subpopulations, each with distinct effector functions that can uniquely regulate the acute and chronic inflammatory response. Nevertheless, the cardiovascular-specific context involving DCs in negotiating the biological response to myocardial injury is not well understood. Herein, we review our current understanding of the role of DCs in cardiac inflammation and heart failure, including gaps in knowledge and clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish Saleh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | | | | | - Edward B. Thorp
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Matthew J. Feinstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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2
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Shin HH, Jeon ES, Lim BK. Macrophage-Specific Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor Deletion Enhances Macrophage M1 Polarity in CVB3-Induced Myocarditis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065309. [PMID: 36982385 PMCID: PMC10049483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is very well known as an epithelial tight junction and cardiac intercalated disc protein; it mediates attachment and infection via the coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and type 5 adenovirus. Macrophages play important roles in early immunity during viral infections. However, the role of CAR in macrophages is not well studied in relation to CVB3 infection. In this study, the function of CAR was observed in the Raw264.7 mouse macrophage cell line. CAR expression was stimulated by treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In thioglycollate-induced peritonitis, the peritoneal macrophage was activated and CAR expression was increased. The macrophage-specific CAR conditional knockout mice (KO) were generated from lysozyme Cre mice. The expression of inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β and TNF-α) was attenuated in the KO mice’s peritoneal macrophage after LPS treatment. In addition, the virus was not replicated in CAR-deleted macrophages. The organ virus replication was not significantly different in both wild-type (WT) and KO mice at days three and seven post-infection (p.i). However, the inflammatory M1 polarity genes (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1) were significantly increased, with increased rates of myocarditis in the heart of KO mice compared to those of WT mice. In contrast, type1 interferon (IFN-α and β) was significantly decreased in the heart of KO mice. Serum chemokine CXCL-11 was increased in the KO mice at day three p.i. compared to the WT mice. The attenuation of IFN-α and β in macrophage CAR deletion induced higher levels of CXCL-11 and more increased CD4 and CD8 T cells in KO mice hearts compared to those of WT mice at day seven p.i. These results demonstrate that macrophage-specific CAR deletion increased the macrophage M1 polarity and myocarditis in CVB3 infection. In addition, chemokine CXCL-11 expression was increased, and stimulated CD4 and CD8 T cell activity. Macrophage CAR may be important for the regulation of innate-immunity-induced local inflammation in CVB3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Hyeon Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun 28024, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Jeon
- Division of Cardiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon Dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kwan Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun 28024, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-830-8605
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3
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Liu Y, Cui J, Hoffman AR, Hu JF. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4G2 opens novel paths for protein synthesis in development, apoptosis and cell differentiation. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13367. [PMID: 36547008 PMCID: PMC9977666 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein translation is a critical regulatory event involved in nearly all physiological and pathological processes. Eukaryotic translation initiation factors are dedicated to translation initiation, the most highly regulated stage of protein synthesis. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G2 (eIF4G2, also called p97, NAT1 and DAP5), an eIF4G family member that lacks the binding sites for 5' cap binding protein eIF4E, is widely considered to be a key factor for internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs)-mediated cap-independent translation. However, recent findings demonstrate that eIF4G2 also supports many other translation initiation pathways. In this review, we summarize the role of eIF4G2 in a variety of cap-independent and -dependent translation initiation events. Additionally, we also update recent findings regarding the role of eIF4G2 in apoptosis, cell survival, cell differentiation and embryonic development. These studies reveal an emerging new picture of how eIF4G2 utilizes diverse translational mechanisms to regulate gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Cancer Center, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Jiuwei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Cancer Center, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Andrew R Hoffman
- Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Ji-Fan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Cancer Center, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China.,Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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4
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Ferreira LLC, Abreu MP, Costa CB, Leda PO, Behrens MD, Dos Santos EP. Curcumin and Its Analogs as a Therapeutic Strategy in Infections Caused by RNA Genome Viruses. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:120-137. [PMID: 35352306 PMCID: PMC8963406 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of natural resources for the prevention and treatment of diseases considered fatal to humanity has evolved. Several medicinal plants have nutritional and pharmacological potential in the prevention and treatment of viral infections, among them, turmeric, which is recognized for its biological properties associated with curcuminoids, mainly represented by curcumin, and found mostly in rhizomes. The purpose of this review was to compile the pharmacological activities of curcumin and its analogs, aiming at stimulating their use as a therapeutic strategy to treat infections caused by RNA genome viruses. We revisited its historical application as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral agent that combined with low toxicity, motivated research against viruses affecting the population for decades. Most findings concentrate particularly on arboviruses, HIV, and the recent SARS-CoV-2. As one of the main conclusions, associating curcuminoids with nanomaterials increases solubility, bioavailability, and antiviral effects, characterized by blocking the entry of the virus into the cell or by inhibiting key enzymes in viral replication and transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leide Lene C Ferreira
- Herbal Medicines Department, Vital Brazil Institute, Maestro José Botelho, 64, Santa Rosa, CEP 24.230-340, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
- Galenic Development Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marina P Abreu
- Herbal Medicines Department, Vital Brazil Institute, Maestro José Botelho, 64, Santa Rosa, CEP 24.230-340, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camila B Costa
- Technological Development and Innovation Laboratory, Vital Brazil Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo O Leda
- Laboratory of Natural Products for Public Health, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Dutra Behrens
- Laboratory of Natural Products for Public Health, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisabete Pereira Dos Santos
- Galenic Development Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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Li Y, Liu M, Yan Y, Wang Z, Dai Q, Yang X, Guo X, Li W, Chen X, Cao R, Zhong W. Molnupiravir and Its Active Form, EIDD-1931, Show Potent Antiviral Activity against Enterovirus Infections In Vitro and In Vivo. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061142. [PMID: 35746614 PMCID: PMC9227765 DOI: 10.3390/v14061142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus infections can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFDM), aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and acute flaccid myelitis, leading to death of infants and young children. However, no specific antiviral drug is currently available for the treatment of this type of infection. The Unites States and United Kingdom health authorities recently approved a new antiviral drug, molnupiravir, for the treatment of COVID-19. In this study, we reported that molnupiravir (EIDD-2801) and its active form, EIDD-1931, have broad-spectrum anti-enterovirus potential. Our data showed that EIDD-1931 could significantly reduce the production of EV-A71 progeny virus and the expression of EV-A71 viral protein at non-cytotoxic concentrations. The results of the time-of-addition assay suggest that EIDD-1931 acts at the post-entry step, which is in accordance with its antiviral mechanism. The intraperitoneal administration of EIDD-1931 and EIDD-2801 protected 1-day-old ICR suckling mice from lethal EV-A71 challenge by reducing the viral load in various tissues of the infected mice. The pharmacokinetics analysis indicated that the plasma drug concentration overwhelmed the EC50 for enteroviruses, suggesting the clinical potential of molnupiravir against enteroviruses. Thus, molnupiravir along with its active form, EIDD-1931, may be a promising drug candidate against enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexiang Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Yunzheng Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Zhuang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Qingsong Dai
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Xiaotong Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Xiaojia Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Wei Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Xingjuan Chen
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Ruiyuan Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-66930673 (R.C.); +86-10-66932624 (W.Z.)
| | - Wu Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.); (Z.W.); (Q.D.); (X.Y.); (X.G.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-66930673 (R.C.); +86-10-66932624 (W.Z.)
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6
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Pinkert S, Pryshliak M, Pappritz K, Knoch K, Hazini A, Dieringer B, Schaar K, Dong F, Hinze L, Lin J, Lassner D, Klopfleisch R, Solimena M, Tschöpe C, Kaya Z, El-Shafeey M, Beling A, Kurreck J, Van Linthout S, Klingel K, Fechner H. Development of a new mouse model for coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis by attenuating coxsackievirus B3 virulence in the pancreas. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 116:1756-1766. [PMID: 31598635 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) mouse myocarditis model is the standard model for investigation of virus-induced myocarditis but the pancreas, rather than the heart, is the most susceptible organ in mouse. The aim of this study was to develop a CVB3 mouse myocarditis model in which animals develop myocarditis while attenuating viral infection of the pancreas and the development of severe pancreatitis. METHODS AND RESULTS We developed the recombinant CVB3 variant H3N-375TS by inserting target sites (TS) of miR-375, which is specifically expressed in the pancreas, into the 3'UTR of the genome of the pancreo- and cardiotropic CVB3 variant H3. In vitro evaluation showed that H3N-375TS was suppressed in pancreatic miR-375-expressing EndoC-βH1 cells >5 log10, whereas its replication was not suppressed in isolated primary embryonic mouse cardiomyocytes. In vivo, intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of H3N-375TS to NMRI mice did not result in pancreatic or cardiac infection. In contrast, intravenous (i.v.) administration of H3N-375TS to NMRI and Balb/C mice resulted in myocardial infection and acute and chronic myocarditis, whereas the virus was not detected in the pancreas and the pancreatic tissue was not damaged. Acute myocarditis was characterized by myocardial injury, inflammation with mononuclear cells, induction of proinflammatory cytokines, and detection of replicating H3N-375TS in the heart. Mice with chronic myocarditis showed myocardial fibrosis and persistence of H3N-375TS genomic RNA but no replicating virus in the heart. Moreover, H3N-375TS infected mice showed distinctly less suffering compared with mice that developed pancreatitis and myocarditis after i.p. or i.v application of control virus. CONCLUSION In this study, we demonstrate that by use of the miR-375-sensitive CVB3 variant H3N-375TS, CVB3 myocarditis can be established without the animals developing severe systemic infection and pancreatitis. As the H3N-375TS myocarditis model depends on pancreas-attenuated H3N-375TS, it can easily be used in different mouse strains and for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pinkert
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 15533 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markian Pryshliak
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 15533 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathleen Pappritz
- Berlin-Brandenburger Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Föhrer Str. 15, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin-Charité, Oudenarder Straße 16, 13316 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Knoch
- Faculty of Medicine, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ahmet Hazini
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 15533 Berlin, Germany
| | - Babette Dieringer
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 15533 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Schaar
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 15533 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fengquan Dong
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin-Charité, Oudenarder Straße 16, 13316 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luisa Hinze
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 15533 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jie Lin
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin-Charité, Oudenarder Straße 16, 13316 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Lassner
- Institut Kardiale Diagnostik und Therapie (IKDT), Moltkestraße 31, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Kaiserswerther Str. 16-18, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michele Solimena
- Faculty of Medicine, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ziya Kaya
- Department of Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Muhammad El-Shafeey
- Berlin-Brandenburger Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Föhrer Str. 15, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Medical Biotechnology Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Antje Beling
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Kurreck
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 15533 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin-Brandenburger Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Föhrer Str. 15, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin-Charité, Oudenarder Straße 16, 13316 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Liebermeisterstr. 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Henry Fechner
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 15533 Berlin, Germany
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Hu Y, Kitamura N, Musharrafieh R, Wang J. Discovery of Potent and Broad-Spectrum Pyrazolopyridine-Containing Antivirals against Enteroviruses D68, A71, and Coxsackievirus B3 by Targeting the Viral 2C Protein. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8755-8774. [PMID: 34085827 PMCID: PMC9179928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The enterovirus genus of the picornavirus family contains many important human pathogens. EV-D68 primarily infects children, and the disease manifestations range from respiratory illnesses to neurological complications such as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). EV-A71 is a major pathogen for the hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children and can also lead to AFM and death in severe cases. CVB3 infection can cause cardiac arrhythmias, acute heart failure, as well as type 1 diabetes. There is currently no FDA-approved antiviral for any of these enteroviruses. In this study, we report our discovery and development of pyrazolopyridine-containing small molecules with potent and broad-spectrum antiviral activity against multiple strains of EV-D68, EV-A71, and CVB3. Serial viral passage experiments, coupled with reverse genetics and thermal shift binding assays, suggested that these molecules target the viral protein 2C. Overall, the pyrazolopyridine inhibitors represent a promising class of candidates for the urgently needed nonpolio enterovirus antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Rami Musharrafieh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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8
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Rroku A, Kottwitz J, Heidecker B. Update on myocarditis - what we know so far and where we may be heading. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR CARE 2021; 10:455–467. [PMID: 32319308 DOI: 10.1177/2048872620910109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Andi Rroku
- Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany
| | | | - Bettina Heidecker
- Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany
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9
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McMurray JC, May JW, Cunningham MW, Jones OY. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C), a Post-viral Myocarditis and Systemic Vasculitis-A Critical Review of Its Pathogenesis and Treatment. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:626182. [PMID: 33425823 PMCID: PMC7793714 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.626182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MIS-C is a newly defined post-viral myocarditis and inflammatory vasculopathy of children following COVID-19 infection. This review summarizes the literature on diagnosis, parameters of disease severity, and current treatment regimens. The clinical perspective was analyzed in light of potential immunopathogenesis and compared to other post-infectious and inflammatory illnesses of children affecting the heart. In this paradigm, the evidence supports the importance of endothelial injury and activation of the IL-1 pathway as a common determinant among MIS-C, Kawasaki disease, and Acute Rheumatic fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C. McMurray
- Department of Pediatrics, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joseph W. May
- Department of Pediatrics, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Madeleine W. Cunningham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Olcay Y. Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, WRNMMC, Bethesda, MD, United States
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10
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Circadian influence on inflammatory response during cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 57:60-70. [PMID: 33340915 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms follow a 24 h day and night cycle, regulate vital physiological processes, and are especially relevant to cardiovascular growth, renewal, repair, and remodeling. A recent flurry of clinical and experimental studies reveals a profound circadian influence on immune responses in cardiovascular disease. The first section of this review summarizes the importance of circadian rhythms for cardiovascular health and disease. The second section introduces the circadian nature of inflammatory responses. The third section combines these to elucidate a new role for the circadian system, influencing inflammation in heart disease, especially myocardial infarction. Particular focus is on circadian regulation of the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 inflammasome, neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and T cells involved in cardiac repair. A role for biological sex is noted. The final section explores circadian influences on inflammation in other major cardiovascular conditions. Circadian regulation of inflammation has profound implications for benefitting the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with cardiovascular disease.
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11
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Calhoun PJ, Phan AV, Taylor JD, James CC, Padget RL, Zeitz MJ, Smyth JW. Adenovirus targets transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms to limit gap junction function. FASEB J 2020; 34:9694-9712. [PMID: 32485054 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000667r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviruses are responsible for a spectrum of pathogenesis including viral myocarditis. The gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43, gene name GJA1) facilitates rapid propagation of action potentials necessary for each heartbeat. Gap junctions also propagate innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses, but how viruses may target these structures is not understood. Given this immunological role of Cx43, we hypothesized that gap junctions would be targeted during adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) infection. We find reduced Cx43 protein levels due to decreased GJA1 mRNA transcripts dependent upon β-catenin transcriptional activity during Ad5 infection, with early viral protein E4orf1 sufficient to induce β-catenin phosphorylation. Loss of gap junction function occurs prior to reduced Cx43 protein levels with Ad5 infection rapidly inducing Cx43 phosphorylation events consistent with altered gap junction conductance. Direct Cx43 interaction with ZO-1 plays a critical role in gap junction regulation. We find loss of Cx43/ZO-1 complexing during Ad5 infection by co-immunoprecipitation and complementary studies in human induced pluripotent stem cell derived-cardiomyocytes reveal Cx43 gap junction remodeling by reduced ZO-1 complexing. These findings reveal specific targeting of gap junction function by Ad5 leading to loss of intercellular communication which would contribute to dangerous pathological states including arrhythmias in infected hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Calhoun
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Allen V Phan
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | | | - Carissa C James
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rachel L Padget
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Michael J Zeitz
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - James W Smyth
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk U Knowlton
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT. University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
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13
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Park S, Kim N, Park JH, Lee SW, Song JH, Ko HJ, Chae HJ, Kim HR, Kim SH. Simultaneous determination of seven sesquiterpene lactone glucosides in Ixeris dentata by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and their antiviral activities. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2018.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SeonJu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Nanyoung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jun Hyung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyoung Song
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Sechool of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Chonbuk, Korea
| | | | - Seung Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
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14
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Pinkert S, Dieringer B, Klopfleisch R, Savvatis K, Van Linthout S, Pryshliak M, Tschöpe C, Klingel K, Kurreck J, Beling A, Fechner H. Early Treatment of Coxsackievirus B3-Infected Animals With Soluble Coxsackievirus-Adenovirus Receptor Inhibits Development of Chronic Coxsackievirus B3 Cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail 2019; 12:e005250. [PMID: 31718319 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.119.005250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coxsackie-B-viruses (CVB) are frequent causes of acute myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy, but an effective antiviral therapy is still not available. Previously, we and others have demonstrated that treatment with an engineered sCAR-Fc (soluble coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor fused to the carboxyl-terminus of human IgG) efficiently neutralizes CVB3 and inhibits the development of cardiac dysfunction in mice with acute CVB3-induced myocarditis. In this study, we analyzed the potential of sCAR-Fc for treatment of chronic CVB3-induced myocarditis in an outbred NMRI mouse model. METHODS NMRI mice were infected with the CVB3 strain 31-1-93 and treated with a sCAR-Fc expressing adeno-associated virus 9 vector 1, 3, and 7 days after CVB3 infection. Chronic myocarditis was analyzed on day 28 after infection. RESULTS Initial investigations showed that NMRI mice develop pronounced chronic myocarditis between day 18 and day 28 after infection with the CVB3 strain 31-1-93. Chronic cardiac infection was characterized by inflammation and fibrosis as well as persistence of viral genomes in the heart tissue and by cardiac dysfunction. Treatment of NMRI mice resulted in a distinct reduction of cardiac inflammation and fibrosis and almost complete elimination of virus RNA from the heart by day 28 after infection. Moreover, hemodynamic measurement revealed improved cardiac contractility and diastolic relaxation in treated mice compared with mice treated with a control vector (mean±SD; maximal pressure, 81.9±9.2 versus 69.4±8.6 mm Hg, P=0.02; left ventricular ejection fraction, 68.9±8.5 versus 54.2±11.5%, P=0.02; dP/dtmax, 7275.2±1674 versus 4432.6±1107 mm Hg/s, P=0.004; dP/dtmin, -4046.9±776 versus -3146.3±642 mm Hg/s, P=0.046). The therapeutic potential of sCAR-Fc is limited, however, since postponed start of sCAR-Fc treatment either 3 or 7 days after infection could not attenuate myocardial injury. CONCLUSIONS Early therapeutic employment of sCAR-Fc, initiated at the beginning of the primary viremia, inhibits the development of chronic CVB3-induced myocarditis and improves the cardiac function to a level equivalent to that of uninfected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pinkert
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, Germany (S.P., A.B.).,Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany (S.P., B.D., M.P., J.K., H.F.)
| | - Babette Dieringer
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany (S.P., B.D., M.P., J.K., H.F.)
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany (R.K.)
| | - Konstantinos Savvatis
- Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (K.S.).,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London (K.S.)
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Germany (S.V.L., C.T.)
| | - Markian Pryshliak
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany (S.P., B.D., M.P., J.K., H.F.)
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Germany (S.V.L., C.T.)
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany (K.K.)
| | - Jens Kurreck
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany (S.P., B.D., M.P., J.K., H.F.)
| | - Antje Beling
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (A.B.)
| | - Henry Fechner
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany (S.P., B.D., M.P., J.K., H.F.)
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15
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Polyamine Depletion Abrogates Enterovirus Cellular Attachment. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01054-19. [PMID: 31341056 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01054-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are small polycationic molecules with flexible carbon chains that are found in all eukaryotic cells. Polyamines are involved in the regulation of many host processes and have been shown to be implicated in viral replication. Depletion of polyamine pools in cells treated with FDA-approved drugs restricts replication of diverse RNA viruses. Viruses can exploit host polyamines to facilitate nucleic acid packaging, transcription, and translation, but other mechanisms remain largely unknown. Picornaviruses, including Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), are sensitive to the depletion of polyamines and remain a significant public health threat. We employed CVB3 as a model system to investigate a potential proviral role for polyamines using a forward screen. Passaging CVB3 in polyamine-depleted cells generated a mutation in capsid protein VP3 at residue 234. We show that this mutation confers resistance to polyamine depletion. Through attachment assays, we demonstrate that polyamine depletion limits CVB3 attachment to susceptible cells, which is rescued by incubating virus with polyamines. Furthermore, the capsid mutant rescues this inhibition in polyamine-depleted cells. More divergent viruses also exhibited reduced attachment to polyamine-depleted cells, suggesting that polyamines may facilitate attachment of diverse RNA viruses. These studies inform additional mechanisms of action for polyamine-depleting pharmaceuticals, with implications for potential antiviral therapies.IMPORTANCE Enteroviruses are significant human pathogens that can cause severe disease. These viruses rely on polyamines, small positively charged molecules, for robust replication, and polyamine depletion limits infection in vitro and in vivo The mechanisms by which polyamines enhance enteroviral replication are unknown. Here, we describe how Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) utilizes polyamines to attach to susceptible cells and initiate infection. Using a forward genetic screen, we identified a mutation in a receptor-binding amino acid that promotes infection of polyamine-depleted cells. These data suggest that pharmacologically inhibiting polyamine biosynthesis may combat virus infection by preventing virus attachment to susceptible cells.
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16
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Park JH, Park JH, Choi W, Lim BK. Specific elimination of coxsackievirus B3 infected cells with a protein engineered toxin-antitoxin system. Mol Cell Toxicol 2019; 15:425-430. [PMID: 32226459 PMCID: PMC7097453 DOI: 10.1007/s13273-019-0046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Backgrounds Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a member of the family Picornaviridae, and along with polio-viruses, belongs to the Enterovirus genus. The CVB3 genome is composed single-stranded RNA encoding polyproteins, which are cleaved to individual functional proteins by 2A and 3C proteases proteins which have been targeted for drug development. Here, we showed that protease activity required to activate a toxic protein may be used to prevent viral infection. Methods We modified the MazE-MazF antitoxin-toxin system of Escherichia coli to fuse a C-terminal fragment of MazE to the N-terminal end of toxin MazF with a linker having a specific protease cleavage site for CVB3. This fusion protein formed a stable dimer and was capable of inactivating the mRNA interferase activity of MazF which cleaves the ACA sequence in mRNA substrates. Results The incubation of 2A proteases with the fusion proteins induced cleavage between the MazE and MazF fragments from the fusion proteins; the subsequent release of MazF significantly inhibited virus replication. Additionally, we note that, CVB3 infected HeLa cells quickly died through a MazF toxin mediated effect before virus protein expression. Conclusion These findings suggest that the MazEF fusion protein has a strong potential to be developed as an anti-virus therapy following CVB3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Park
- 1Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, 28120 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Park
- 2Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk, 28024 Republic of Korea
| | - Wonho Choi
- 1Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, 28120 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kwan Lim
- 2Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk, 28024 Republic of Korea
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17
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Abstract
Viral infections of the heart cause serious clinical problems, either as infectious myocarditis, which usually is a consequence of acute infection or as idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, resulting rather from a chronic infection. This minireview presents an up-to-date view on pathomechanisms of viral infection of the heart tissues, the role of immune system in controlling infectious process at its various stages and current possibilities of recognizing viral infection of the heart with use of both cardiological and virological methods. Our goal was to present the variety of known viral agents causing heart infection, level of complexity in mutual virus-cell interactions, and consequent clinical scenarios.
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18
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Kaese S, Larbig R, Rohrbeck M, Frommeyer G, Dechering D, Olligs J, Schönhofer-Merl S, Wessely R, Klingel K, Seebohm G, Eckardt L. Electrophysiological alterations in a murine model of chronic coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28644868 PMCID: PMC5482483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is known to induce acute and chronic myocarditis. Most infections are clinically unapparent but some patients suffer from ventricular arrhythmias (VA) and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Studies showed that acute CVB3 infection may cause impaired function of cardiac ion channels, creating a proarrhythmic substrate. However, it is unknown whether low level CVB3+ expression in myocytes may cause altered cardiac electrophysiology leading to VA. METHODS Cellular electrophysiology was used to analyze cellular action potentials (APs) and occurrence of afterdepolarizations from isolated cardiomyocytes of wildtype (WT) and transgenic CVB3ΔVP0 (CVB3+) mice. Further, we studied surface ECGs, monophasic APs, ventricular effective refractory period (VERP) and inducibility of VAs in Langendorff-perfused whole hearts. All used cardiomyocytes and whole hearts originated from male mice. RESULTS Cellular action potential duration (APD) in WT and CVB3+ myocytes was unchanged. No difference in mean occurrence or amplitude of afterdepolarizations in WT and CVB3+ myocytes was found. Interestingly, resting membrane potential in CVB3+ myocytes was significantly hyperpolarized (WT: -90.0±2.2 mV, n = 7; CVB3+: -114.1±3.0 mV, n = 14; p<0.005). Consistently, in Langendorff-perfused hearts, APDs were also not different between WT and CVB3+ whole hearts. Within both groups, we found a heart rate dependent shortening of ADP90 with increasing heart rate in Langendorff-perfused hearts. VERP was significantly prolonged in CVB3+ hearts compared to WT (WT: 36.0±2.7 ms, n = 5; CVB3+: 47.0±2.0 ms, n = 7; p = 0.018). Resting heart rate (HR) in Langendorff-perfused hearts was not significantly different between both genotypes. Electrical pacing protocols induced no VA in WT and CVB3+ hearts. CONCLUSION In CVB3+ mice, prolonged ventricular refractoriness and hyperpolarized resting membrane potentials in presence of unchanged APD were observed, suggesting that low level CVB3 expression does not promote VA by altered cardiac electrophysiology in this type of chronic myocarditis. These findings may suggest that other mechanisms such as chronic myocardial inflammation or fibrosis may account for arrhythmias observed in patients with chronic enteroviral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kaese
- Division of Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert Larbig
- Division of Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Rohrbeck
- The IfGH-Myocellular Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerrit Frommeyer
- Division of Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Dechering
- Division of Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Olligs
- Division of Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sabine Schönhofer-Merl
- Deutsches Herzzentrum and Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, University of Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Wessely
- Deutsches Herzzentrum and Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, University of Technology, Munich, Germany
- Zentrum für Herz- und Gefäßmedizin, Im Mediapark 2, Köln, Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- The IfGH-Myocellular Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lars Eckardt
- Division of Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Wang F, Qiu Y, Zhang HM, Hanson P, Ye X, Zhao G, Xie R, Tong L, Yang D. Heat shock protein 70 promotes coxsackievirus B3 translation initiation and elongation via Akt-mTORC1 pathway depending on activation of p70S6K and Cdc2. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengping Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Ye Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Huifang M. Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Paul Hanson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Guangze Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Ronald Xie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Decheng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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Wan F, Yan K, Xu D, Qian Q, Liu H, Li M, Xu W. Vγ1 +γδT, early cardiac infiltrated innate population dominantly producing IL-4, protect mice against CVB3 myocarditis by modulating IFNγ + T response. Mol Immunol 2016; 81:16-25. [PMID: 27886550 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral myocarditis (VMC) is an inflammation of the myocardium closely associated with Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection. Vγ1+γδT cells, one of early cardiac infiltrated innate population, were reported to protect CVB3 myocarditis while the precise mechanism not fully addressed. To explore cytokine profiles and kinetics of Vγ1+γδT and mechanism of protection against VMC, flow cytometry was conducted on cardiac Vγ1 cells in C57BL/6 mice following CVB3 infection. The level of cardiac inflammation, transthoracic echocardiography and viral replication were evaluated after monoclonal antibody depletion of Vγ1γδT. We found that Vγ1+γδT cells infiltration peaked in the heart at day3 post CVB3 infection and constituted a minor source of IFN-γ but major producers for early IL-4. Vγ1γδT cells were activated earlier holding a higher IL-4-producing efficiency than CD4+Th cells in the heart. Depletion of Vγ1+γδT resulted in a significantly exacerbated cardiac infiltration, increased T, macrophage and neutrophil population in heart homogenates and worse cardiomyopathy; which was accompanied by a significant expansion of peripheral IFNγ+CD4+ and CD8+T cells. Neutralization of IL-4 in mice resulted in an exacerbated acute myocarditis confirming the IL-4-mediated protective mechanism of Vγ1. Our findings identify a unique property of Vγ1+γδT cells as one dominant early producers of IL-4 upon CVB3 acute infection which is a key mediator to protect mice against acute myocarditis by modulating IFNγ-secreting T response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wan
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Kepeng Yan
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Xu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Qian
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Relevance of mouse models of cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy in cardiac research. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 424:123-145. [PMID: 27766529 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Heart disease causing cardiac cell death due to ischemia-reperfusion injury is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Coronary heart disease and cardiomyopathies are the major cause for congestive heart failure, and thrombosis of the coronary arteries is the most common cause of myocardial infarction. Cardiac injury is followed by post-injury cardiac remodeling or fibrosis. Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by net accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the cardiac interstitium and results in both systolic and diastolic dysfunctions. It has been suggested by both experimental and clinical evidence that fibrotic changes in the heart are reversible. Hence, it is vital to understand the mechanism involved in the initiation, progression, and resolution of cardiac fibrosis to design anti-fibrotic treatment modalities. Animal models are of great importance for cardiovascular research studies. With the developing research field, the choice of selecting an animal model for the proposed research study is crucial for its outcome and translational purpose. Compared to large animal models for cardiac research, the mouse model is preferred by many investigators because of genetic manipulations and easier handling. This critical review is focused to provide insight to young researchers about the various mouse models, advantages and disadvantages, and their use in research pertaining to cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy.
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22
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Mao Q, Wang Y, Bian L, Xu M, Liang Z. EV-A71 vaccine licensure: a first step for multivalent enterovirus vaccine to control HFMD and other severe diseases. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e75. [PMID: 27436364 PMCID: PMC5141264 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are the most common viral agents in humans. Although most infections are mild or asymptomatic, there is a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that may be caused by EV infections with varying degrees of severity. Among these viruses, EV-A71 and coxsackievirus (CV) CV-A16 from group A EVs attract the most attention because they are responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Other EV-A viruses such as CV-A6 and CV-A10 were also reported to cause HFMD outbreaks in several countries or regions. Group B EVs such as CV-B3, CV-B5 and echovirus 30 were reported to be the main pathogens responsible for myocarditis and encephalitis epidemics and were also detected in HFMD patients. Vaccines are the best tools to control infectious diseases. In December 2015, China's Food and Drug Administration approved two inactivated EV-A71 vaccines for preventing severe HFMD.The CV-A16 vaccine and the EV-A71-CV-A16 bivalent vaccine showed substantial efficacy against HFMD in pre-clinical animal models. Previously, research on EV-B group vaccines was mainly focused on CV-B3 vaccine development. Because the HFMD pathogen spectrum has changed, and the threat from EV-B virus-associated severe diseases has gradually increased, it is necessary to develop multivalent HFMD vaccines. This study summarizes the clinical symptoms of diseases caused by EVs, such as HFMD, myocarditis and encephalitis, and the related EV vaccine development progress. In conclusion, developing multivalent EV vaccines should be strongly recommended to prevent HFMD, myocarditis, encephalitis and other severe diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunying Mao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yiping Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lianlian Bian
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Miao Xu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
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23
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Goyal V, Jassal DS, Dhalla NS. Pathophysiology and prevention of sudden cardiac death. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:237-44. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is known to occur in individuals with diverse diseases. Each disease state has a specific etiology and pathophysiology, and is diagnosed and treated differently. Etiologies for SCD include cardiac arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, congenital coronary artery anomalies, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, dilated cardiomyopathy, and aortic valve stenosis. A potential unifying mechanism of SCD in these diseases involves a massive stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system’s stress response and the subsequent elevation of circulating catecholamines. The diagnosis of cardiac diseases that contribute to an increased risk for SCD is accomplished by a combination of different techniques including electrocardiography, echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and invasive cardiac catheterization. Several therapies including anti-arrhythmic drugs, β-blockers, and antiplatelet agents may be used as medical treatment in patients for the prevention of SCD. Invasive therapies including percutaneous angioplasty, coronary artery bypass surgery, and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators are also used in the clinical management of SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Goyal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Davinder S. Jassal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Naranjan S. Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
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Serological detection and analysis of anti-VP1 responses against various enteroviruses (EV) (EV-A, EV-B and EV-C) in Chinese individuals. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21979. [PMID: 26917423 PMCID: PMC4768086 DOI: 10.1038/srep21979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The overall serological prevalence of EV infections based on ELISA remains unknown. In the present study, the antibody responses against VP1 of the EV-A species (enterovirus 71 (EV71), Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16), Coxsackievirus A5 (CA5) and Coxsackievirus A6 (CA6)), of the EV-B species (Coxsackievirus B3 (CB3)), and of the EV-C species (Poliovirus 1 (PV1)) were detected and analyzed by a NEIBM (novel evolved immunoglobulin-binding molecule)-based ELISA in Shanghai blood donors. The serological prevalence of anti-CB3 VP1 antibodies was demonstrated to show the highest level, with anti-PV1 VP1 antibodies at the second highest level, and anti-CA5, CA6, CA16 and EV71 VP1 antibodies at a comparatively low level. All reactions were significantly correlated at different levels, which were approximately proportional to their sequence similarities. Antibody responses against EV71 VP1 showed obvious differences with responses against other EV-A viruses. Obvious differences in antibody responses between August 2013 and May 2014 were revealed. These findings are the first to describe the detailed information of the serological prevalence of human antibody responses against the VP1 of EV-A, B and C viruses, and could be helpful for understanding of the ubiquity of EV infections and for identifying an effective approach for seroepidemiological surveillance based on ELISA.
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Aherrahrou Z, Schlossarek S, Stoelting S, Klinger M, Geertz B, Weinberger F, Kessler T, Aherrahrou R, Moreth K, Bekeredjian R, Hrabě de Angelis M, Just S, Rottbauer W, Eschenhagen T, Schunkert H, Carrier L, Erdmann J. Knock-out of nexilin in mice leads to dilated cardiomyopathy and endomyocardial fibroelastosis. Basic Res Cardiol 2015; 111:6. [PMID: 26659360 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-015-0522-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is one of the most common causes of chronic heart failure worldwide. Mutations in the gene encoding nexilin (NEXN) occur in patients with both hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM); however, little is known about the pathophysiological mechanisms and relevance of NEXN to these disorders. Here, we evaluated the functional role of NEXN using a constitutive Nexn knock-out (KO) mouse model. Heterozygous (Het) mice were inter-crossed to produce wild-type (WT), Het, and homozygous KO mice. At birth, 32, 46, and 22 % of the mice were WT, Het, and KO, respectively, which is close to the expected Mendelian ratio. After postnatal day 6, the survival of the Nexn KO mice decreased dramatically and all of the animals died by day 8. Phenotypic characterizations of the WT and KO mice were performed at postnatal days 1, 2, 4, and 6. At birth, the relative heart weights of the WT and KO mice were similar; however, at day 4, the relative heart weight of the KO group was 2.3-fold higher than of the WT group. In addition, the KO mice developed rapidly progressive cardiomyopathy with left ventricular dilation and wall thinning and decreased cardiac function. At day 6, the KO mice developed a fulminant DCM phenotype characterized by dilated ventricular chambers and systolic dysfunction. At this stage, collagen deposits and some elastin deposits were observed within the left ventricle cavity, which resembles the features of endomyocardial fibroelastosis (EFE). Overall, these results further emphasize the role of NEXN in DCM and suggest a novel role in EFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouhair Aherrahrou
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany. .,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck/Hamburg, Germany. .,University Heart Center Luebeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Saskia Schlossarek
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck/Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Stoelting
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck/Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Geertz
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck/Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Weinberger
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck/Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kessler
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Redouane Aherrahrou
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck/Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Moreth
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Raffi Bekeredjian
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 8, 85354, Freising, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingostädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Just
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rottbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck/Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Lucie Carrier
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck/Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck/Hamburg, Germany.,University Heart Center Luebeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
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26
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Cleavage of DAP5 by coxsackievirus B3 2A protease facilitates viral replication and enhances apoptosis by altering translation of IRES-containing genes. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:828-40. [PMID: 26586572 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) by enterovirus proteases during infection leads to the shutoff of cellular cap-dependent translation, but does not affect the initiation of cap-independent translation of mRNAs containing an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Death-associated protein 5 (DAP5), a structural homolog of eIF4G, is a translation initiation factor specific for IRES-containing mRNAs. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a positive single-stranded RNA virus and a primary causal agent of human myocarditis. Its RNA genome harbors an IRES within the 5'-untranslated region and is translated by a cap-independent, IRES-driven mechanism. Previously, we have shown that DAP5 is cleaved during CVB3 infection. However, the protease responsible for cleavage, cleavage site and effects on the translation of target genes during CVB3 infection have not been investigated. In the present study, we demonstrated that viral protease 2A but not 3C is responsible for DAP5 cleavage, generating 45- and 52-kDa N- (DAP5-N) and C-terminal (DAP5-C) fragments, respectively. By site-directed mutagenesis, we found that DAP5 is cleaved at amino acid G434. Upon cleavage, DAP5-N largely translocated to the nucleus at the later time points of infection, whereas the DAP5-C largely remained in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of these DAP5 truncates demonstrated that DAP5-N retained the capability of initiating IRES-driven translation of apoptosis-associated p53, but not the prosurvival Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) when compared with the full-length DAP5. Similarly, DAP5-N expression promoted CVB3 replication and progeny release; on the other hand, DAP5-C exerted a dominant-negative effect on cap-dependent translation. Taken together, viral protease 2A-mediated cleavage of DAP5 results in the production of two truncates that exert differential effects on protein translation of the IRES-containing genes, leading to enhanced host cell death.
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Cox AT, White S, Ayalew Y, Boos C, Haworth K, McKenna WJ. Myocarditis and the military patient. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2015; 161:275-82. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2015-000500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Pollack A, Kontorovich AR, Fuster V, Dec GW. Viral myocarditis--diagnosis, treatment options, and current controversies. Nat Rev Cardiol 2015; 12:670-80. [PMID: 26194549 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2015.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Myocarditis--a frequent cause of dilated cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death--typically results from cardiotropic viral infection followed by active inflammatory destruction of the myocardium. Characterization of this disease has been hampered by its heterogeneous clinical presentations and diverse aetiologies. Advances in cardiac MRI and molecular detection of viruses by endomyocardial biopsy have improved our ability to diagnose and understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of this elusive disease. However, therapeutic options are currently limited for both the acute and chronic phases of myocarditis. Several randomized, controlled trials have demonstrated potential benefit with immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies, but further investigations are warranted. In this Review, we explore the pathophysiology, natural history, and modes of diagnosis of myocarditis, as well as evidence-based treatment strategies. As novel imaging techniques and human in vitro models of the disease emerge, the landscape of therapies for myocarditis is poised to improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Pollack
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Amy R Kontorovich
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Valentin Fuster
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - G William Dec
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida L P Caforio
- Cardiology, Department of Cardiological Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Renzo Marcolongo
- Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Basso
- Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Cardiological, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sabino Iliceto
- Cardiology, Department of Cardiological Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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30
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Zhang O, Ji Q, Lin Y, Wang Z, Huang Y, Lu W, Liu X, Zhang J, Liu Y, Zhou YJ. Circulating chemerin levels elevated in dilated cardiomyopathy patients with overt heart failure. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 448:27-32. [PMID: 26057200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence demonstrated that the circulating concentrations of adipokine are related to the presence of heart failure secondary to ischemic heart disease and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, the plasma concentrations of chemerin in patients with DCM have yet to be investigated. METHODS The present study enrolled 109 DCM patients with typical symptoms of heart failure and 60 healthy controls and measured plasma concentrations of chemerin, IL-6 and TNF-α using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were measured using a GE ViVid E7 ultrasonography machine. RESULTS Plasma chemerin, IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations were significantly higher in DCM patients compared to the control group. A correlation analysis revealed that plasma chemerin concentrations were positively correlated with the concentrations of IL-6 (R=0.270, P=0.004), TNF-α (R=0.302, P=0.001), C-reactive protein (CRP) (R=0.256, P=0.004), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (R=0.386, P=0.000), and LVEDD (R=0.212, P=0.027) but negatively correlated with LVEF (R=-0.543, P=0.000). Furthermore, chemerin (OR 1.102, 95% CI 1.052 to 1.153; p=0.000) was independently associated with the presence of DCM before NT-proBNP was added in the multivariable regression model. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that chemerin is a novel biomarker of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qingwei Ji
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yingzhong Lin
- Department of Cardiology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Wensheng Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital of Ministry of Health, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuyang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu-jie Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China.
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31
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Zhao L, Xu K, Jiang W, Zhou L, Wang Y, Zhang X, Wu S, Liu X. Long-term outcomes of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in dilated cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2015; 190:227-32. [PMID: 25920033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The long-term outcomes, efficacy and safety of catheter ablation in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) have not been reported previously. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty nine patients with AF (59% longstanding persistent AF, LSP-AF) and DCM were enrolled. Circumferential pulmonary vein ablation (CPVA, paroxysmal AF), bidirectional block of lines and disappearance of complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs, persistent and LSP-AF) were the endpoints of the index and repeat procedures. Cumulative success rate reached 49% (mean, 1.4 procedures) during the first year, and dropped to 38% at median follow-up of 45 months (range, 36-64 months) for multiple procedures (mean, 1.9 ± 0.8 [1-4]). Incidence of procedural complications was similar to that of conventional procedures. In multivariate analysis, LSP-AF (OR, 7.40 [95% CI, 1.42-38.34]; P = 0.017) and larger left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (OR, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.01-1.52]; P = 0.034) were significant independent predictors of recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATa). Compared with patients with ATa recurrence, those free from ATa had better New York Heart Association functional class, 6-minute walk distance and left ventricular ejection fraction during long-term follow-up compared with pre-ablation, but this improvement was not sustained beyond 3 years. CONCLUSION In patients with DCM, current commonly used ablation strategies including CPVA, linear ablation and CFAE ablation are not associated with long-term AF treatment success up to five years. Freedom from ATa is associated with improved heart failure during but not beyond 3 years post ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Jiang
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanlong Wang
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaohui Wu
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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Garmaroudi FS, Marchant D, Hendry R, Luo H, Yang D, Ye X, Shi J, McManus BM. Coxsackievirus B3 replication and pathogenesis. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:629-53. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Viruses such as coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) are entirely host cell-dependent parasites. Indeed, they must cleverly exploit various compartments of host cells to complete their life cycle, and consequently launch disease. Evolution has equipped this pico-rna-virus, CVB3, to use different strategies, including CVB3-induced direct damage to host cells followed by a host inflammatory response to CVB3 infection, and cell death to super-additively promote target organ tissue injury, and dysfunction. In this update, the patho-stratagems of CVB3 are explored from molecular, and systems-level approaches. In summarizing recent developments in this field, we focus particularly on mechanisms by which CVB3 can harness different host cell processes including kinases, host cell-killing and cell-eating machineries, matrix metalloproteinases and miRNAs to promote disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid S Garmaroudi
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart & Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6Z, Canada
| | - David Marchant
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Reid Hendry
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart & Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6Z, Canada
| | - Decheng Yang
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart & Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6Z, Canada
| | - Xin Ye
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart & Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6Z, Canada
| | - Junyan Shi
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart & Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6Z, Canada
| | - Bruce M McManus
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart & Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6Z, Canada
- Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Lim BK, Kim JH. ORI2 inhibits coxsackievirus replication and myocardial inflammation in experimental murine myocarditis. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:1650-4. [PMID: 25273388 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We purified ORI2 [3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methoxycarbonylethyl ester] from an extract of the plant Isodon excisus. We tested the antiviral effect of ORI2 in a coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis model. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a common cause of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt signaling in virus-infected cells is essential for CVB3 replication. Antiviral compounds were screened by HeLa cell survival assay. Several purified natural compounds were added to HeLa cells cultured in 96-well plates for 30 min after 1 multiplicity of infection (m.o.i) CVB3 infection. ORI2 significantly improved HeLa cell survival in a dose-dependent manner. For in vivo studies, BALB/c mice (n=20) were infected with CVB3, then 10 of the mice were treated by daily intraperitoneal injections of ORI2 (100 mM) for 3 consecutive days. ORI2 treatment significantly improved early survival in the treated mice compared to untreated mice (85% vs. 50%, respectively). Organ virus titers and myocardial damage were significantly lower in the ORI2-treated mice than in untreated mice. These results demonstrate that ORI2, delivered by intraperitoneal injection after CVB3 infection, has a significant antiviral effect by markedly inhibiting virus replication, resulting in a decrease in organ virus titer and myocardial damage. ORI2 may be developed as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of CVB3 infections.
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Stein EA, Pinkert S, Becher PM, Geisler A, Zeichhardt H, Klopfleisch R, Poller W, Tschöpe C, Lassner D, Fechner H, Kurreck J. Combination of RNA Interference and Virus Receptor Trap Exerts Additive Antiviral Activity in Coxsackievirus B3-induced Myocarditis in Mice. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:613-22. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Werner B, Dittmann S, Funke C, Überla K, Piper C, Niehaus K, Horstkotte D, Farr M. Effect of lovastatin on coxsackievirus B3 infection in human endothelial cells. Inflamm Res 2013; 63:267-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Mucosal immunization with high-mobility group box 1 in chitosan enhances DNA vaccine-induced protection against coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1743-51. [PMID: 24027262 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00466-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a small single-stranded RNA virus, belongs to the Picornaviridae family. Its infection is the most common cause of myocarditis, with no vaccine available. Gastrointestinal mucosa is the major entry port for CVB3; therefore, the induction of local immunity in mucosal tissues may help control initial viral infections and alleviate subsequent myocardial injury. Here we evaluated the ability of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) encapsulated in chitosan particles to enhance the mucosal immune responses induced by the CVB3-specific mucosal DNA vaccine chitosan-pVP1. Mice were intranasally coimmunized with 4 doses of chitosan-pHMGB1 and chitosan-pVP1 plasmids, at 2-week intervals, and were challenged with CVB3 4 weeks after the last immunization. Compared with chitosan-pVP1 immunization alone, coimmunization with chitosan-pHMGB1 significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced CVB3-specific fecal secretory IgA levels and promoted mucosal T cell immune responses. In accordance, reduced severity of myocarditis was observed in coimmunized mice, as evidenced by significantly (P < 0.05) reduced viral loads, decreased myocardial injury, and increased survival rates. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that HMGB1 enhanced dendritic cell (DC) recruitment to mesenteric lymph nodes and promoted DC maturation, which might partly account for its mucosal adjuvant effect. This strategy may represent a promising approach to candidate vaccines against CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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Caforio ALP, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, Basso C, Gimeno-Blanes J, Felix SB, Fu M, Heliö T, Heymans S, Jahns R, Klingel K, Linhart A, Maisch B, McKenna W, Mogensen J, Pinto YM, Ristic A, Schultheiss HP, Seggewiss H, Tavazzi L, Thiene G, Yilmaz A, Charron P, Elliott PM. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 2013; 34:2636-48, 2648a-2648d. [PMID: 23824828 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2035] [Impact Index Per Article: 185.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this position statement of the ESC Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases an expert consensus group reviews the current knowledge on clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of myocarditis, and proposes new diagnostic criteria for clinically suspected myocarditis and its distinct biopsy-proven pathogenetic forms. The aims are to bridge the gap between clinical and tissue-based diagnosis, to improve management and provide a common reference point for future registries and multicentre randomised controlled trials of aetiology-driven treatment in inflammatory heart muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida L P Caforio
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiological Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy.
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Li Z, Yue Y, Xiong S. Distinct Th17 inductions contribute to the gender bias in CVB3-induced myocarditis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2013; 22:373-82. [PMID: 23523188 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral myocarditis is often caused by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection and occurs more frequently in males. So far, the mechanisms for this sex difference are not fully elucidated. As a new proinflammatory T cell population, Th17 cells are required for the development of CVB3-induced myocarditis, but their impact on the gender bias in viral myocarditis is still unknown. METHODS Male and female mice were intraperitoneally infected with CVB3; 7 days later, the frequency of splenic Th17 cells and the expression of associated cytokines and transcriptional factors were compared. Meanwhile, the impact of sex hormones on Th17 cell differentiation post CVB3 infection was also evaluated. RESULTS In infected male mice, Th17 cell frequency was remarkably increased and significantly higher than that in female mice. Accordingly, the expression of associated cytokines and transcriptional factors was also obviously augmented in males. When neutralizing interleukin-17 by monoclonal antibody, the male prevalence of myocarditis was obviously abolished, further confirming the effect of Th17 cells on gender bias in viral myocarditis. It was also found that estradiol significantly inhibited the Th17 differentiation post CVB3 infection both in vitro and in vivo. However, testosterone showed no such effects. CONCLUSIONS Th17 cells were predominantly induced in CVB3-infected males than females as the inhibitory effect of estrogen on Th17 differentiation and played an important role in the sex differences in the sensitivity to CVB3-induced myocarditis. This study may help us understand the role of Th17 cells in viral myocarditis and facilitate the development of corresponding therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenping Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
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Cerrato E, D'Ascenzo F, Biondi-Zoccai G, Calcagno A, Frea S, Grosso Marra W, Castagno D, Omedè P, Quadri G, Sciuto F, Presutti D, Frati G, Bonora S, Moretti C, Gaita F. Cardiac dysfunction in pauci symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus patients: a meta-analysis in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Eur Heart J 2013; 34:1432-6. [PMID: 23335603 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) has been associated with cardiac dysfunction that, if present, can negatively affect morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients. Unfortunately, many of the studies on this topic were performed before the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was established. Thus, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis to critically appraise the incidence of cardiac dysfunction in HIV-infected pauci symptomatic patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Medline, Cochrane Library, and Biomed Central were systematically screened for studies reporting on systolic and/or diastolic dysfunctions in HIV pauci-symptomatic patients. Baseline treatment and cardiac imaging data were appraised and pooled with random effect methods computing summary. At pooled analysis, including a total of 2242 patients from 11 studies, an overall average incidence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors was observed, while a low rate of previous coronary artery disease was reported. Incidence of systolic and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction was 8.33% (95% CI: 2.20-14.25) and 43.38% (95% CI: 31.73-55.03), respectively. Diastolic dysfunction was graded as first [31.85% (95% CI: 24.85-43.73)], second [8.53% (95% CI: 2.12-14.93)], and third degree [3.02% (95% CI: 1.78-4.27)]. At multivariate analysis, a high sensitivity C-reactive protein level >5 mg/L, active tobacco smoking and previous history of myocardial infarction were predictors of left ventricular systolic dysfunction [odd ratio 1.70 (95% CI: 1.03-2.77); 1.57 (95% CI: 1.03-2.34); and 15.90 (95% CI: 1.94-329.00), respectively]. Hypertension (OR = 2.30; 95% CI: 1.20-4.50) and older age (OR = 2.50 per 10 years increase; 95% CI: 1.70-3.60) were predictors of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (Figure 3). CONCLUSIONS Systolic and diastolic dysfunction represent a common finding in pauci symptomatic HIV-infected patients, regardless to HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Cerrato
- Division of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Cittá della Salute e della Scienza, Corso Bramante 88-90, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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Coxsackievirus B3 infects the bone marrow and diminishes the restorative capacity of erythroid and lymphoid progenitors. J Virol 2012; 87:2823-34. [PMID: 23269810 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03004-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is known to infect stem cells in the neonatal central nervous system. Here, we evaluated the effects of CVB3 infection on the major source and repository of stem cells, the bone marrow (BM). Viral genome was detectable in BM within 24 h of infection, and productive infection of BM cells was evident, peaking at 48 h postinfection (p.i.), when ∼1 to 2% of BM cells produced infectious virus particles. Beginning at 2 to 3 days p.i., a dramatic and persistent loss of immature erythroid cells, B and T lymphocytes, and neutrophils was observed in BM and, by day 3 to 4 p.i., the femoral BM stroma was largely destroyed. Analysis of peripheral blood revealed a modest neutrophilia, a loss of reticulocytes, and a massive lymphopenia. The abundance of multipotent progenitor cells (Lin(-)/c-kit(+)/Flt3(+)) in BM declined ∼10-fold during CVB3 infection and, consistent with a deficiency of primitive hematopoietic progenitors, serum levels of the hematopoietic growth factor Flt3 ligand were dramatically elevated. Therefore, we analyzed the regenerative capacity of BM from CVB3-infected mice. Granulocyte/macrophage progenitors displayed a relatively normal proliferative ability, consistent with the fact that the peripheral blood level of neutrophils-which are very short-lived cells-remained high throughout infection. However, erythroid and lymphoid hematopoietic progenitors in BM from CVB3-infected mice showed a markedly reduced colony-forming capacity, consonant with the observed loss of both lymphocytes and immature erythroid cells/reticulocytes from the BM and peripheral blood. In summary, CVB3 infects the BM and exerts differential effects on the various hematopoietic progenitor populations.
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Buskiewicz IA, Koenig A, Huber SA, Budd RC. Caspase-8 and FLIP regulate RIG-I/MDA5-induced innate immune host responses to picornaviruses. Future Virol 2012; 7:1221-1236. [PMID: 23503762 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Picornaviruses are small, nonenveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses, which cause a wide range of animal and human diseases, based on their distinct tissue and cell type tropisms. Myocarditis, poliomyelitis, hepatitis and the common cold are the most significant human illnesses caused by picornaviruses. The host response to picornaviruses is complex, and the damage to tissues occurs not only from direct viral replication within infected cells. Picornaviruses exhibit an exceptional ability to evade the early innate immune response, resulting in chronic infection and autoimmunity. This review discusses the detailed aspects of the early innate host response to picornaviruses infection mediated by RIG-I-like helicases, their adaptor, mitochondrial ant iviral signaling protein, innate immune-induced apoptosis, and the role of caspase-8 and its regulatory paralog, FLIP, in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona A Buskiewicz
- Department of Pathology, Vermont Center for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Caforio ALP, Marcolongo R, Jahns R, Fu M, Felix SB, Iliceto S. Immune-mediated and autoimmune myocarditis: clinical presentation, diagnosis and management. Heart Fail Rev 2012; 18:715-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-012-9364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Gautam
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Nishtala K, Phong TQ, Steil L, Sauter M, Salazar MG, Kandolf R, Kroemer HK, Felix SB, Völker U, Klingel K, Hammer E. Virus‐induced dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by increased levels of fibrotic extracellular matrix proteins and reduced amounts of energy‐producing enzymes. Proteomics 2011; 11:4310-20. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnatej Nishtala
- Interfakultäres Institut für Genetik und Funktionelle Genomforschung, Ernst‐Moritz‐Arndt‐Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Truong Q. Phong
- Interfakultäres Institut für Genetik und Funktionelle Genomforschung, Ernst‐Moritz‐Arndt‐Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Leif Steil
- Interfakultäres Institut für Genetik und Funktionelle Genomforschung, Ernst‐Moritz‐Arndt‐Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martina Sauter
- Abteilung Molekulare Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuela G. Salazar
- Interfakultäres Institut für Genetik und Funktionelle Genomforschung, Ernst‐Moritz‐Arndt‐Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Reinhard Kandolf
- Abteilung Molekulare Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heyo K. Kroemer
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan B. Felix
- Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfakultäres Institut für Genetik und Funktionelle Genomforschung, Ernst‐Moritz‐Arndt‐Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- Abteilung Molekulare Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Hammer
- Interfakultäres Institut für Genetik und Funktionelle Genomforschung, Ernst‐Moritz‐Arndt‐Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Chacko B, Peter JV, Pichamuthu K, Ramakrishna K, Moorthy M, Karthik R, John G. Cardiac manifestations in patients with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection needing intensive care. J Crit Care 2011; 27:106.e1-6. [PMID: 21737242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the cardiac manifestations in severe pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus [P(H1N1)2009v] infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit were recruited. Patients with an elevated troponin I (>1.5 ng/mL) and those requiring vasoactive agents had an echocardiogram. Myocardial injury was defined as elevated troponin I. Patients with reduced ejection fraction lower than 50% were diagnosed as having left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Myocarditis was presumed when myocardial injury was associated with global myocardial dysfunction. Myocardial injury and dysfunction were correlated with mortality and expressed as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Thirty-seven patients presented at 6.4 (SD 3.2) days of illness. Four patients had valvular heart disease and 1 preexisting ischemic heart disease. Seventeen (46%) patients had evidence of myocardial injury. Twenty of 28 patients in whom an echocardiogram was clinically indicated had left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Of these, 14 patients were diagnosed as having myocarditis, and most of them (12 patients) developed it early. Myocarditis was associated with longer duration of vasoactive agents (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.06-2.02) and mortality. Patients with elevated troponin I had an increased risk of death (OR 8.7, 95% CI 1.5-60). A higher mortality was observed in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (OR 9.6, 95% CI 1.7-58) compared with those in whom an echocardiogram was normal or not indicated. CONCLUSION In our cohort of severe P(H1N1)2009v infection, myocardial injury and dysfunction was frequent and associated with high mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binila Chacko
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore 632 004, India
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Cantera JL, Chen W, Yates MV. A fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based fluorometer assay for screening anti-coxsackievirus B3 compounds. J Virol Methods 2011; 171:176-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Effects of immunoadsorption and subsequent immunoglobulin G substitution on cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 2010; 159:809-16. [PMID: 20435190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data indicate that cardiac antibodies play an active role in the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and may contribute to cardiac dysfunction in patients with DCM. The present study investigated the influence of immunoadsorption with subsequent immunoglobulin G substitution (IA/IgG) on cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in patients with DCM. METHODS Sixty patients with DCM (New York Heart Association II-IV, left ventricular ejection fraction < or =45%) were included in this single-center university hospital-based case-control study. Patients either were treated with IA/IgG (n = 30) or were followed without IA/IgG (n = 30). At baseline and after 3 months, we compared echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function and spiroergometric exercise parameters. RESULTS In contrast to controls, left ventricular ejection fraction improved significantly in the IA/IgG group from 33.0% +/- 1.2% to 40.1% +/- 1.5% (P < .001). In the control group, spiroergometric exercise parameters did not change during follow-up. After 3 months, maximum achieved power increased in the treatment group from 114.2 +/- 7.4 to 141.9 +/- 7.9 W (P = .02). Total exercise time increased in the treatment group from 812 +/- 29 to 919 +/- 30 seconds (P < .05). Peak oxygen uptake (Vo(2)) increased from 17.3 +/- 0.9 to 21.8 +/- 1.0 mL min(-1) kg(-1) after IA/IgG (P < .01). Oxygen pulse (peak Vo(2)/maximum heart rate) increased in the treatment group (10.7 +/- 0.7 vs 13.6 +/- 0.7 mL beat(-1) min(-1), P < .01). The Vo(2) at the gas exchange anaerobic threshold increased after 3 months in the treatment group from 10.3 +/- 0.5 to 13.2 +/- 0.5 mL min(-1) kg(-1) (P < .001). The ventilatory response to exercise (V(E)/Vco(2) slope) decreased after IA/IgG therapy from 32.3 +/- 1.5 to 28.7 +/- 0.9 (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS In patients with DCM, IA/IgG therapy may induce improvement in echocardiographic and cardiopulmonary exercise parameters.
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Sharma N, Ogram SA, Morasco BJ, Spear A, Chapman NM, Flanegan JB. Functional role of the 5' terminal cloverleaf in Coxsackievirus RNA replication. Virology 2009; 393:238-49. [PMID: 19732932 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Using cell-free reactions, we investigated the role of the 5' cloverleaf (5'CL) and associated C-rich sequence in Coxsackievirus B3 RNA replication. We showed that the binding of poly(C) binding protein (PCBP) to the C-rich sequence was the primary determinant of RNA stability. In addition, inhibition of negative-strand synthesis was only observed when PCBP binding to both stem-loop 'b' and the C-rich sequence was inhibited. Taken together, these findings suggest that PCBP binding to the C-rich sequence was sufficient to support RNA stability and negative-strand synthesis. Mutational analysis of the three conserved structural elements in stem-loop 'd' showed that they were required for efficient negative- and positive-strand synthesis. Finally, we showed an RNA with a 5' terminal deletion (Delta49TD RNA), which was previously isolated from persistently infected cells, replicated at low but detectable levels in these reactions. Importantly, the critical replication elements identified in this study are still present in the Delta49TD RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Kallewaard NL, Zhang L, Chen JW, Guttenberg M, Sanchez MD, Bergelson JM. Tissue-specific deletion of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor protects mice from virus-induced pancreatitis and myocarditis. Cell Host Microbe 2009; 6:91-8. [PMID: 19616768 PMCID: PMC2761025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In cultured cells, infection by group B coxsackievirus (CVB) is mediated by the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), but the importance of this molecule in CVB-induced disease has not been determined. We generated mice with tissue-specific ablation of CAR within each of two major CVB target organs, the pancreas and heart. In the pancreas, deletion of CAR resulted in a significant reduction in both virus titers and virus-induced tissue damage. Similarly, cardiomyocyte-specific CAR deletion resulted in a marked reduction in virus titer, infection-associated cytokine production, and histopathology within the heart. Consistent with the in vivo phenotype, CAR-deficient cardiomyocytes resisted infection in vitro. These results demonstrate a critical function for CAR in the pathogenesis of CVB infection in vivo and in virus tropism for the heart and pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Kallewaard
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lili Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jin-Wen Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Marta Guttenberg
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
| | - Melissa D. Sanchez
- Department of Pathology and Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Jeffrey M. Bergelson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
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Zhang HM, Su Y, Guo S, Yuan J, Lim T, Liu J, Guo P, Yang D. Targeted delivery of anti-coxsackievirus siRNAs using ligand-conjugated packaging RNAs. Antiviral Res 2009; 83:307-16. [PMID: 19616030 PMCID: PMC3909712 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a common pathogen of myocarditis. We previously synthesized a siRNA targeting the CVB3 protease 2A (siRNA/2A) gene and achieved reduction of CVB3 replication by 92% in vitro. However, like other drugs under development, CVB3 siRNA faces a major challenge of targeted delivery. In this study, we investigated a novel approach to deliver CVB3 siRNAs to a specific cell population (e.g. HeLa cells containing folate receptor) using receptor ligand (folate)-linked packaging RNA (pRNA) from bacterial phage phi29. pRNA monomers can spontaneously form dimers and multimers under optimal conditions by base-pairing between their stem loops. By covalently linking a fluorescence-tag to folate, we delivered the conjugate specifically to HeLa cells without the need of transfection. We further demonstrated that pRNA covalently conjugated to siRNA/2A achieved an equivalent antiviral effect to that of the siRNA/2A alone. Finally, the drug targeted delivery was further evaluated by using pRNA monomers or dimers, which carried both the siRNA/2A and folate ligand and demonstrated that both of them strongly inhibited CVB3 replication. These data indicate that pRNA as a siRNA carrier can specifically deliver the drug to target cells via its ligand and specific receptor interaction and inhibit virus replication effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang M Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada
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