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Ang WF, Koh CY, Kini RM. From Snake Venoms to Therapeutics: A Focus on Natriuretic Peptides. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091153. [PMID: 36145374 PMCID: PMC9502559 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom is a cocktail of multifunctional biomolecules that has evolved with the purpose of capturing prey and for defense. These biomolecules are classified into different classes based on their functions. They include three-finger toxins, natriuretic peptides, phospholipases and metalloproteinases. The focus for this review is on the natriuretic peptide (NP), which is an active component that can be isolated from the venoms of vipers and mambas. In these venoms, NPs contribute to the lowering of blood pressure, causing a rapid loss of consciousness in the prey such that its mobility is reduced, paralyzing the prey, and often death follows. Over the past 30 years since the discovery of the first NP in the venom of the green mamba, venom NPs have shown potential in the development of drug therapy for heart failure. Venom NPs have long half-lives, different pharmacological profiles, and may also possess different functions in comparison to the mammalian NPs. Understanding their mechanisms of action provides the strategies needed to develop new NPs for treatment of heart failure. This review summarizes the venom NPs that have been identified over the years and how they can be useful in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fong Ang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Cho Yeow Koh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore
- Correspondence: (C.Y.K.); (R.M.K.); Tel.: +65-6601-1387 (C.Y.K.); +65-6516-5235 (R.M.K.)
| | - R. Manjunatha Kini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0614, USA
- Correspondence: (C.Y.K.); (R.M.K.); Tel.: +65-6601-1387 (C.Y.K.); +65-6516-5235 (R.M.K.)
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Physiological and Pathophysiological Effects of C-Type Natriuretic Peptide on the Heart. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060911. [PMID: 35741432 PMCID: PMC9219612 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is the third member of the natriuretic peptide family. Unlike atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), CNP was not previously regarded as an important cardiac modulator. However, recent studies have revealed the physiological and pathophysiological importance of CNP in the heart; in concert with its cognate natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPR-B), CNP has come to be regarded as the major heart-protective natriuretic peptide in the failed heart. In this review, I introduce the history of research on CNP in the cardiac field. Abstract C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is the third member of the natriuretic peptide family. Unlike other members, i.e., atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), which are cardiac hormones secreted from the atrium and ventricle of the heart, respectively, CNP is regarded as an autocrine/paracrine regulator with broad expression in the body. Because of its low expression levels compared to ANP and BNP, early studies failed to show its existence and role in the heart. However, recent studies have revealed the physiological and pathophysiological importance of CNP in the heart; in concert with the distribution of its specific natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPR-B), CNP has come to be regarded as the major heart-protective natriuretic peptide in the failed heart. NPR-B generates intracellular cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) upon CNP binding, followed by various molecular effects including the activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinases, which generates diverse cytoprotective actions in cardiomyocytes, as well as in cardiac fibroblasts. CNP exerts negative inotropic and positive lusitropic responses in both normal and failing heart models. Furthermore, osteocrin, the intrinsic and specific ligand for the clearance receptor for natriuretic peptides, can augment the effects of CNP and may supply a novel therapeutic strategy for cardiac protection.
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Kohlhaas J, Jäger MA, Lust L, De La Torre C, Hecker M, Korff T. Endothelial cells control vascular smooth muscle cell cholesterol levels by regulating 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase expression. Exp Cell Res 2021; 399:112446. [PMID: 33422461 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Communication of vascular cells is essential for the control of organotypic functions of blood vessels. In this context, vascular endothelial cells (EC) act as potent regulators of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) functions such as contraction and relaxation. However, the impact of ECs on the gene expression pattern of VSMCs is largely unknown. Here, we investigated changes of the VSMC transcriptome by utilizing 3D human vascular organoids organized as a core of VSMCs enclosed by a monolayer of ECs. Microarray-based analyses indicated that interaction with ECs for 48 h down-regulates expression of genes in VSMCs controlling rate-limiting steps of the cholesterol biosynthesis such as HMGCR, HMGCS1, DHCR24 and DHCR7. Protein analyses revealed a decrease in the abundance of DHCR24 (24-dehydrocholesterol reductase) and lower cholesterol levels in VSMCs co-cultured with ECs. On the functional level, the blockade of the DHCR24 activity impaired adhesion, migration and proliferation of VSMCs. Collectively, these findings indicate that ECs have the capacity to instruct VSMCs to shut down the expression of DHCR24 thereby limiting their cholesterol biosynthesis, which may support their functional steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kohlhaas
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Marius Andreas Jäger
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Leandra Lust
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Carolina De La Torre
- Center of Medical Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Thomas Korff
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Germany; European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany.
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Ueda Y, Hirota K, Yamauchi I, Hakata T, Yamashita T, Fujii T, Yasoda A, Inagaki N. Is C-type natriuretic peptide regulated by a feedback loop? A study on systemic and local autoregulatory effect. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240023. [PMID: 33002060 PMCID: PMC7529242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is a pivotal enhancer of endochondral bone growth and is expected to be a therapeutic reagent for impaired skeletal growth. Although we showed that CNP stimulates bone growth as a local regulator in the growth plate via the autocrine/paracrine system, CNP is abundantly produced in other various tissues and its blood concentration is reported to correlate positively with growth velocity. Therefore we investigated the systemic regulation of CNP levels using rodent models. In order to examine whether CNP undergoes systemic feedback regulation, we investigated blood CNP levels and local CNP expression in various tissues, including cartilage, of 4-week-old rats after systemic administration of sufficient amounts of exogenous CNP (0.5 mg/kg/day) for 3 days. This CNP administration did not alter blood NT-proCNP levels in male rats but decreased mRNA expression only in tissue that included cartilage. Decrease in expression and blood NT-proCNP were greater in female rats. To analyze the existence of direct autoregulation of CNP in the periphery as an autocrine/paracrine system, we estimated the effect of exogenous supplementation of CNP on the expression of endogenous CNP itself in the growth plate cartilage of extracted fetal murine tibias and in ATDC5, a chondrogenic cell line. We found no alteration of endogenous CNP expression after incubation with adequate concentrations of exogenous CNP for 4 and 24 hours, which were chosen to observe primary and later transcriptional effects, respectively. These results indicate that CNP is not directly autoregulated but indirectly autoregulated in cartilage tissue. A feedback system is crucial for homeostatic regulation and further studies are needed to elucidate the regulatory system of CNP production and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ueda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (YU); (AY)
| | - Keisho Hirota
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yamauchi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuro Hakata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yamashita
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kishiwada City Hospital, Kishiwada-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihito Fujii
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yasoda
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (YU); (AY)
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Taura D, Nakao K, Nakagawa Y, Kinoshita H, Sone M, Nakao K. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)/guanylate cyclase B (GC-B) system and endothelin-1(ET-1)/ET receptor A and B system in human vasculature. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:611-617. [PMID: 32268070 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To assess the physiological and clinical implications of the C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)/guanylyl cyclase B (GC-B) system in the human vasculature, we have examined gene expressions of CNP and its receptor, GC-B, in human vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and have also compared the endothelin-1(ET-1)/endothelin receptor-A (ETR-A) and endothelin receptor-B (ETR-B) system in human aortic ECs (HAECs) and vascular SMCs (HSMCs) in vitro. We also examined these gene expressions in human embryonic stem (ES)/induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)-derived ECs and mural cells (MCs). A little but significant amount of mRNA encoding CNP was detected in both human ES-derived ECs and HAECs. A substantial amount of GC-B was expressed in both ECs (iPS-derived ECs and HAECs) and SMCs (iPS-derived MCs and HSMCs). ET-1 was expressed solely in ECs. ETR-A was expressed in SMCs, while ETR-B was expressed in ECs. These results indicate the existence of a vascular CNP/GC-B system in the human vascular wall, indicating the evidence for clinical implication of the CNP/GC-B system in concert with the ET-1/ETR-A and ETR-B system in the human vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Taura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakao
- National Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular Research Center Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Nakagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kinoshita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Sone
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuwa Nakao
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
Natriuretic peptides are structurally related, functionally diverse hormones. Circulating atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are delivered predominantly by the heart. Two C-type natriuretic peptides (CNPs) are paracrine messengers, notably in bone, brain, and vessels. Natriuretic peptides act by binding to the extracellular domains of three receptors, NPR-A, NPR-B, and NPR-C of which the first two are guanylate cyclases. NPR-C is coupled to inhibitory proteins. Atrial wall stress is the major regulator of ANP secretion; however, atrial pressure changes plasma ANP only modestly and transiently, and the relation between plasma ANP and atrial wall tension (or extracellular volume or sodium intake) is weak. Absence and overexpression of ANP-related genes are associated with modest blood pressure changes. ANP augments vascular permeability and reduces vascular contractility, renin and aldosterone secretion, sympathetic nerve activity, and renal tubular sodium transport. Within the physiological range of plasma ANP, the responses to step-up changes are unimpressive; in man, the systemic physiological effects include diminution of renin secretion, aldosterone secretion, and cardiac preload. For BNP, the available evidence does not show that cardiac release to the blood is related to sodium homeostasis or body fluid control. CNPs are not circulating hormones, but primarily paracrine messengers important to ossification, nervous system development, and endothelial function. Normally, natriuretic peptides are not powerful natriuretic/diuretic hormones; common conclusions are not consistently supported by hard data. ANP may provide fine-tuning of reno-cardiovascular relationships, but seems, together with BNP, primarily involved in the regulation of cardiac performance and remodeling. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1211-1249, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bie
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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The Local CNP/GC-B system in growth plate is responsible for physiological endochondral bone growth. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10554. [PMID: 26014585 PMCID: PMC5395013 DOI: 10.1038/srep10554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies revealed C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and its receptor, guanylyl cyclase-B (GC-B) are potent stimulators of endochondral bone growth. As they exist ubiquitously in body, we investigated the physiological role of the local CNP/GC-B in the growth plate on bone growth using cartilage-specific knockout mice. Bones were severely shorter in cartilage-specific CNP or GC-B knockout mice and the extent was almost the same as that in respective systemic knockout mice. Cartilage-specific GC-B knockout mice were shorter than cartilage-specific CNP knockout mice. Hypertrophic chondrocyte layer of the growth plate was drastically reduced and proliferative chondrocyte layer, along with the proliferation of chondrocytes there, was moderately reduced in either cartilage-specific knockout mice. The survival rate of cartilage-specific CNP knockout mice was comparable to that of systemic CNP knockout mice. The local CNP/GC-B system in growth plate is responsible for physiological endochondral bone growth and might further affect mortality via unknown mechanisms.
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Espiner EA, Prickett TCR, Taylor RS, Reid RA, McCowan LM. Effects of pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction on C-type natriuretic peptide. BJOG 2015; 122:1236-43. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- EA Espiner
- Department of Medicine; University of Otago; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - TCR Prickett
- Department of Medicine; University of Otago; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - RS Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - RA Reid
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University of Otago; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - LM McCowan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
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Exogenous C-type natriuretic peptide infusion ameliorates unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis in rats. J Transl Med 2015; 95:263-72. [PMID: 25437644 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many experimental therapeutic roles for C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) have been documented in the field of cardiovascular and pulmonary-vascular disease, the therapeutic uses of CNP to nephropathies are not as well documented. In this study, we established a rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) to observe the beneficial effects of CNP on tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF). In UUO rats, CNP administration induced a significant increase in plasma CNP levels, and caused a significant decrease in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. In addition, CNP infusion also alleviated the pathological lesions and collagen IV accumulation in the obstructed kidneys through downregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and TIMP-2 expression. In conclusion, exogenous CNP infusion can ameliorate UUO-induced TIF in rats. However, the use of CNP as a therapeutic agent requires further evaluation before being considered for human TIF.
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Jin X, Zhang Y, Li X, Zhang J, Xu D. C-type natriuretic peptide ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury by inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress in rats. Life Sci 2014; 117:40-5. [PMID: 25283078 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Although atrial natriuretic peptide has been shown to attenuate ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced kidney injury, the effect of natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR)-B activation on IR-induced acute kidney injury is not well documented. The purpose of the present study was to identify the effect of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), a selective activator of NPR-B, on the IR-induced acute kidney injury and its mechanisms involved. MAIN METHODS Unilaterally nephrectomized rats were insulted by IR in their remnant kidney, and they were randomly divided into three groups: sham, vehicle+IR, and CNP+IR groups. CNP (0.2μg/kg/min) was administered intravenously at the start of a 45-min renal ischemia for 2h. Rats were then killed 24h after I/R, and the blood and tissue samples were collected to assess renal function, histology, TUNEL assay, and Western blot analysis of kidney Bax and Bcl-2 expressions. KEY FINDINGS The levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were significantly increased in rats after IR compared with vehicle-treated rats. IR elevated apoptosis, Bcl-2/Bax ratio, TUNEL positivity, oxidative stress parameters, malondialdehyde concentration, and superoxide dismutase activity. IR also induced epithelial desquamation of the proximal tubules and glomerular shrinkage. CNP significantly attenuated the IR-induced increase in BUN and serum creatinine. Furthermore, CNP restored the suppressed renal cyclic guanosine 3' 5'-monophosphate levels caused by IR insult. SIGNIFICANCE Study findings suggest that CNP could ameliorate IR-induced acute kidney injury through inhibition of apoptotic and oxidative stress pathways, possibly through NPR-B-cGMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiunan Jin
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji (133000), Jilin Province, China
| | - Youchen Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Yanbian University, Yanji (133000), Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiangdan Li
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Yanbian University, Yanji (133000), Jilin Province, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Yanbian University, Yanji (133000), Jilin Province, China
| | - Dongyuan Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Yanbian University, Yanji (133000), Jilin Province, China.
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Prickett TCR, Wellby M, Barrell GK, Richards AM, Espiner EA. Differential response of C-type natriuretic peptide to estrogen and dexamethasone in adult bone. Steroids 2014; 87:1-5. [PMID: 24880122 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is crucial in promoting endochondral bone growth in mammals including humans but whether this paracrine hormone participates in maintaining bone integrity in the mature skeleton is unknown. Accordingly we studied changes in plasma and bone tissue CNP in anoestrus adult ewes receiving short term anabolic (estrogen) or catabolic (dexamethasone) treatment for 7days. CNP and the aminoterminal fragment of the CNP prohormone (NTproCNP) were measured in plasma and extracts of cancellous bone excised from vertebral, iliac, tibial and marrow tissues. Concentrations of CNP peptides were much higher in vertebral and iliac extracts than those of tibial or marrow. Both plasma CNP and NTproCNP increased rapidly after estrogen followed by a later rise in bone alkaline phosphatase. Vertebral and iliac (but not tibial or marrow) CNP peptide content were significantly increased by estrogen. Consistent with a skeletal source, plasma NTproCNP was significantly associated with vertebral tissue CNP. In contrast, bone tissue CNP peptide content was unaffected by dexamethasone despite suppression of plasma CNP peptides and bone alkaline phosphatase. We postulate that increases in trabecular bone CNP reflect new endosteal bone formation in these estrogen responsive tissues whereas reduced plasma CNP peptides after dexamethasone, without change in cancellous bone content, reflects reductions in cortical bone turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C R Prickett
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Martin Wellby
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Graham K Barrell
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - A Mark Richards
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Eric A Espiner
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Sogawa C, Fujiwara Y, Tsukamoto S, Ishida Y, Yoshii Y, Furukawa T, Kunieda T, Saga T. Mutant phenotype analysis suggests potential roles for C-type natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR-B) in male mouse fertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:64. [PMID: 25012822 PMCID: PMC4105788 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) signaling through its receptor natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B) is a key molecule for mammalian reproduction, and known to play important roles in female fertility. However, the function of these peptides in mouse male reproduction remains largely unknown. To determine the role of CNP/NPR-B signaling in male reproduction we investigated phenotype of Npr2-deficient short-limbed-dwarfism (Npr2(slw/slw)) mice, which have been shown to have gastrointestinal (GI) abnormalities. FINDINGS In homozygous Npr2(slw/slw) mice, spermatogenesis is developmentally delayed at both 2 and 4 weeks of age, with vacuolation and degenerating apoptotic germ cells being observed at 3 weeks age. However, the adult Npr2(slw/slw) mice exhibited apparently normal spermatogenesis, albeit with some aberrant spermatids, suggesting that developmental delay was overcome. In addition, the adult Npr2(slw/slw) mice showed abnormal penile morphology (paraphimosis). CONCLUSIONS The potential role of CNP signaling via the NPR-B receptor in male fertility appears to be mediated not through germ-cell development, but may be through maintenance of normal penile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizuru Sogawa
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Fujiwara
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsukamoto
- Laboratory Animal and Genome Sciences Section, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yuka Ishida
- Laboratory Animal and Genome Sciences Section, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yukie Yoshii
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takako Furukawa
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kunieda
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Saga
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Prickett TCR, Olney RC, Cameron VA, Ellis MJ, Richards AM, Espiner EA. Impact of age, phenotype and cardio-renal function on plasma C-type and B-type natriuretic peptide forms in an adult population. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 78:783-9. [PMID: 22963390 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In contrast to the cardiac hormones, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), variations in plasma concentrations of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) in healthy adults are ill-defined, limiting their clinical application. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to define the effect of age, phenotype (gender, height, BMI), and cardiac and renal function on plasma CNPs in an adults population without renal or cardiovascular disease. DESIGN AND SETTING This was a prospective cross-sectional observational study of adult volunteers, aged 21-80 years, randomly selected from the electoral roll. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Plasma CNP and its associated aminoterminal propeptide (NTproCNP) were measured in 258 subjects and related to age, gender, height and plasma creatinine. Subgroup analyses seeking associations with cardiac function (plasma BNP and NTproBNP) and bone turnover bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bALP) were also determined. RESULTS Plasma concentrations of CNPs in men continued to decline from adolescent values to reach a nadir in the 5th decade after which values increased. Similar but less marked changes occurred in women. In both sexes, NTproCNP was inversely and independently correlated with height. In contrast to B-type natriuretic peptides (BNPs), NTproCNP was higher in men, significantly related to creatinine and positively related to bALP. CONCLUSIONS Gender- and age-specific changes affect CNPs in adults. Inverse associations of NTproCNP with adult height, positive correlation with creatinine - and in contrast to CNP - no association with BNP are further unique findings distinguishing NTproCNP, which need to be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C R Prickett
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Lee DH, Youn HJ, Choi YS, Lee JM, Park CS, Jung HO, Jeon HK, Lee MY. C-type natriuretic Peptide as a surrogate marker in variant angina pectoris. Korean Circ J 2013; 43:168-73. [PMID: 23613693 PMCID: PMC3629242 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2013.43.3.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the value of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) as a surrogate marker for detection of coronary artery spasm in variant angina pectoris (VAP). Subjects and Methods Sixty-six patients (mean age: 51±11 years, M : F=40 : 26) who underwent coronary angiography on suspicion of angina and who were diagnosed with VAP by the acetylcholine-induced spasm provocation test (SPT) were enrolled and divided into a SPT (-) group (n=23) and a SPT (+) group (n=43). Concentrations of CNP and other markers were determined by immunoassay in both groups. Results Plasma CNP and creatine kinase myoglobin band (CK-MB) concentrations were significantly increased in the SPT (+) group relative to the SPT (-) group (CNP, 5.268±1.800 pg/mL vs. 3.342±1.150 pg/mL, p=0.002; CK-MB, 2.54±1.03 ng/dL vs. 1.86±0.96 ng/dL, p=0.019, respectively) while plasma high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT pro-BNP) concentrations were not significantly different between the SPT (-) group and SPT (+) group (hs-CRP, 2.76±4.99 mg/L vs. 3.13±4.88 mg/L, p=0.789; NT pro-BNP, 49±47 pg/mL vs. 57±63 pg/mL, p=0.818, respectively). Plasma CNP concentration was independently associated with the VAP via SPT {odds ratio: 2.014 (95% confidence interval: 1.016-3.992), p=0.045}. A CNP cut-off value of 4.096 pg/mL was found to have a sensitivity of 68.2% and a specificity of 40.0% for predicting the probability of VAP via SPT. Conclusion Increased plasma CNP concentration in patients with VAP may have an impact on the regulation of endothelial function in accordance with the progression of atherosclerosis. Further analysis is warranted to develop clinical applications of this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyeon Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Sogawa C, Wakizaka H, Aung W, Jin ZH, Tsuji AB, Furukawa T, Kunieda T, Saga T. C-type natriuretic peptide specifically acts on the pylorus and large intestine in mouse gastrointestinal tract. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 182:172-9. [PMID: 23127564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) exerts its main biological effects by binding to natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B), a membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase receptor that produces cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). CNP is known to cause gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle relaxation. Experimental evidence suggests a connection between CNP signaling and GI function, with reactive regions in the GI tract possibly affecting transit; however, this relation has not yet been conclusively shown. Here, we show that CNP plays important region-specific roles in the GI tract of mice. We found that treatment with CNP (1 or 2 mg/kg) increased transient cGMP production in the pylorus, colon, and rectum, with the higher dose (2 mg/kg) enhancing gastric emptying in mice; this increase in cGMP levels was however absent in NPR-B-deficient short-limbed dwarfism (SLW) mouse. Furthermore, we found that NPR-B is highly expressed in the pylorus, colon, and rectum, being localized to nerve fibers and to the nuclei and cytoplasm of smooth muscle cells of the GI tract and blood vessels. Our in vivo findings showed that NPR-B-mediated cGMP production after CNP administration specifically acted on the pylorus, colon, and rectum and contributed to gastric emptying. CNP may thus be a potential therapeutic agent for GI motility/transit disorders such as ileus and pyloric stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizuru Sogawa
- Diagnostic Imaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
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Del Ry S, Cabiati M, Vozzi F, Battolla B, Caselli C, Forini F, Segnani C, Prescimone T, Giannessi D, Mattii L. Expression of C-type natriuretic peptide and its receptor NPR-B in cardiomyocytes. Peptides 2011; 32:1713-8. [PMID: 21723350 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) was recently found in myocardium at the mRNA and protein levels, but it is not known whether cardiomyocytes are able to produce CNP. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of CNP and its specific receptor NPR-B in cardiac cells, both in vitro and ex vivo. CNP, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR)-B mRNA expression were examined by RT-PCR in the H9c2 rat cardiac myoblast cell line, in neonatal rat primary cardiomyocytes and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as control. CNP protein expression was probed in cardiac tissue sections obtained from adult male minipigs by immunohistochemistry, and in H9c2 cells both by immunocytochemistry and by specific radioimmunoassay. The results showed that cardiac cells as well as endothelial cells were able to produce CNP. Unlike cardiomyocytes, as expected, in endothelial cells expression of BNP was not detected. NPR-B mRNA expression was found in both cell types. Production of CNP in the heart muscle cells at protein level was confirmed by radioimmunological determination (H9c2: CNP=0.86 ± 0.083 pg/mg) and by immunocytochemistry studies. By immunostaining of tissue sections, CNP was detected in both endothelium and cardiomyocytes. Expression of CNP in cardiac cells at gene and protein levels suggests that the heart is actively involved in the production of CNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Del Ry
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) by guanylate cyclase is of critical importance to gastrointestinal physiology. Tight regulation of cGMP concentration is necessary for proper intestinal secretion and intestinal epithelial cell proliferative and apoptotic homeostasis. This review focuses on recent work detailing the role of a subset of transmembrane guanylate cyclases in the pathophysiology of intestinal secretory and motility disorders and intestinal epithelial cell transformation. Also considered is the potential for therapeutic manipulation of intestinal guanylate cyclase/cGMP signaling for the correction of chronic constipation and gastrointestinal cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Recent work in mice and humans suggests a role for transmembrane guanylate cyclases in intestinal fluid secretion as well as hormonal enteric-renal signaling which mediates postprandial natriuresis. Transmembrane guanylate cyclases are also important in gastrointestinal transit rate and motility. Ongoing clinical trials have found that guanylate cyclase activating peptides are safe and effective in the treatment of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome and chronic constipation. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that membrane-associated guanylate cyclase receptors regulate intestinal epithelial cell homeostatic proliferation and apoptosis as well as gastrointestinal malignancy. The anticancer activity of cGMP signaling in animal studies suggests additional therapeutic applications for guanylate cyclase agonists. SUMMARY Progress toward understanding gastrointestinal transmembrane guanylate cyclase/cGMP physiology has recently accelerated due to definitive in-vitro studies and work using gene-targeted animal models and has facilitated the development of safe and effective drugs designed to regulate cGMP production in the intestine. Current work should be directed toward a detailed understanding of cGMP effector pathways and the manner in which subcellular concentrations of cGMP regulate them to influence intestinal health and disease.
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Inuzuka M, Tamura N, Yamada N, Katsuura G, Oyamada N, Taura D, Sonoyama T, Fukunaga Y, Ohinata K, Sone M, Nakao K. C-type natriuretic peptide as a new regulator of food intake and energy expenditure. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3633-42. [PMID: 20555027 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The physiological implication of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) including energy metabolism has not been elucidated, because of markedly short stature in CNP-null mice. In the present study we analyzed food intake and energy expenditure of CNP-null mice with chondrocyte-targeted CNP expression (CNP-Tg/Nppc(-/-) mice), in which marked skeletal dysplasia was rescued, to investigate the significance of CNP under minimal influences of skeletal phenotypes. In CNP-Tg/Nppc(-/-) mice, body weight and body fat ratio were reduced by 24% and 32%, respectively, at 20 wk of age, and decreases of blood glucose levels during insulin tolerance tests were 2-fold exaggerated at 17 wk of age, as compared with CNP-Tg/Nppc(+/+) mice. Urinary noradrenalin excretion of CNP-Tg/Nppc(-/-) mice was greater than that of CNP-Tg/Nppc(+/+) mice by 28%. In CNP-Tg/Nppc(-/-) mice, rectal temperature at 1600 h was higher by 1.1 C, and uncoupling protein-1 mRNA expression in the brown adipose tissue was 2-fold increased, which was canceled by propranolol administration, as compared with CNP-Tg/Nppc(+/+) mice. Oxygen consumption was significantly increased in CNP-Tg/Nppc(-/-) mice compared with that in CNP-Tg/Nppc(+/+) mice. Food intake of CNP-Tg/Nppc(-/-) mice upon ad libitum feeding and refeeding after 48 h starvation were reduced by 21% and 61%, respectively, as compared with CNP-Tg/Nppc(+/+) mice. This study unveiled a new aspect of CNP as a molecule regulating food intake and energy expenditure. Further analyses on precise mechanisms of CNP actions would lead to the better understanding of the significance of the CNP/guanylyl cyclase-B system in food intake and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Inuzuka
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Sogawa C, Abe A, Tsuji T, Koizumi M, Saga T, Kunieda T. Gastrointestinal tract disorder in natriuretic peptide receptor B gene mutant mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:822-8. [PMID: 20616347 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B), which has high affinity for C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and synthesizes intracellular cGMP, may be involved in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) regulation. A mutant allele of the NPR-B-encoding gene (Npr2) is responsible for the phenotype of the short-limb dwarfism (SLW) mouse. Homozygosity for this autosomal-recessive gene (slw/slw) leads to dwarfism and death before weaning because of milk retention in the stomach and intestinal distention. To elucidate the relationship between CNP/NPR-B signaling and GIT function, we investigated the association between Npr2 mutation and the GIT phenotype in slw/slw mice. The pylorus and large intestine of the mutants did not respond to CNP stimulation; further, they showed pyloric lumen narrowing with randomly aligned circular muscle cells. Comparison of the cGMP and neuronal marker distribution in GIT tissues confirmed cGMP expression in neuronal tissues. An Auerbach's plexus and submucosal tissues of the mutants didn't express cGMP and expressed Ca(2+). In contrast, those of normal mice (controls) expressed both cGMP and Ca(2+). Sequencing revealed that the causative Npr2 mutation was a 7-base deletion in exon 8, resulting in a frameshift and premature termination codon appearance. Therefore, the GIT phenotype of slw/slw mice is because of a CNP/NPR-B-signaling defect caused by an Npr2 mutation. These results facilitate better understanding of the role of CNP/NPR-B signaling in GIT motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizuru Sogawa
- Department of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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Caniffi C, Elesgaray R, Gironacci M, Arranz C, Costa MA. C-type natriuretic peptide effects on cardiovascular nitric oxide system in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Peptides 2010; 31:1309-18. [PMID: 20363270 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to study the effects of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the cardiovascular nitric oxide (NO) system in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and to investigate the signaling pathways involved in this interaction. SHR and WKY rats were infused with saline or CNP. MAP and nitrites and nitrates excretion (NO(x)) were determined. Catalytic NO synthase (NOS) activity and endothelial (eNOS), neuronal (nNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) were measured in the heart and aorta artery. NOS activity induced by CNP was determined in presence of: iNOS or nNOS inhibitors, NPR-A/B natriuretic peptide receptors blocker and Gi protein and calmodulin inhibitors. CNP diminished MAP and increased NO(x) in both groups. Cardiovascular NOS activity was higher in SHR than in WKY. CNP increased NOS activity, but this activation was lower in SHR. CNP had no effect on NOS isoforms expression. iNOS and nNOS inhibitors did not modify CNP-induced NOS activity. NPR-A/B blockade induced no changes in NOS stimulation via CNP in both tissues. Cardiovascular NOS response to CNP was reduced by Gi protein and calmodulin inhibitors in both groups. CNP interacts with NPR-C receptors, activating Ca-calmodulin eNOS via Gi protein. NOS response to CNP is impaired in the heart and aorta of SHR. Alterations in the interaction between CNP and NO would be involved in the maintenance of high blood pressure in this model of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Caniffi
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco, CONICET, Junín 956, Piso 7, 1113 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Young EWK, Simmons CA. Macro- and microscale fluid flow systems for endothelial cell biology. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:143-60. [PMID: 20066241 DOI: 10.1039/b913390a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in microfluidics have brought forth new tools for studying flow-induced effects on mammalian cells, with important applications in cardiovascular, bone and cancer biology. The plethora of microscale systems developed to date demonstrate the flexibility of microfluidic designs, and showcase advantages of the microscale that are simply not available at the macroscale. However, the majority of these systems will likely not achieve widespread use in the biological laboratory due to their complexity and lack of user-friendliness. To gain widespread acceptance in the biological research community, microfluidics engineers must understand the needs of cell biologists, while biologists must be made aware of available technology. This review provides a critical evaluation of cell culture flow (CCF) systems used to study the effects of mechanical forces on endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro. To help understand the need for various designs of CCF systems, we first briefly summarize main properties of ECs and their native environments. Basic principles of various macro- and microscale systems are described and evaluated. New opportunities are uncovered for developing technologies that have potential to both improve efficiency of experimentation as well as answer important biological questions that otherwise cannot be tackled with existing systems. Finally, we discuss some of the unresolved issues related to microfluidic cell culture, suggest possible avenues of investigation that could resolve these issues, and provide an outlook for the future of microfluidics in biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond W K Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Nakao K, Yasoda A, Ebihara K, Hosoda K, Mukoyama M. Translational research of novel hormones: lessons from animal models and rare human diseases for common human diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:1029-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Kuhn M. Function and dysfunction of mammalian membrane guanylyl cyclase receptors: lessons from genetic mouse models and implications for human diseases. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:47-69. [PMID: 19089325 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-68964-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Besides soluble guanylyl cyclase (GC), the receptor for NO, there are seven plasma membrane forms of guanylyl cyclase (GC) receptors, enzymes that synthesize the second-messenger cyclic GMP (cGMP). All membrane GCs (GC-A to GC-G) share a basic topology, which consists of an extracellular ligand binding domain, a short transmembrane region, and an intracellular domain that contains the catalytic (GC) region. Although the presence of the extracellular domain suggests that all these enzymes function as receptors, specific ligands have been identified for only four of them (GC-A through GC-D). GC-A mediates the endocrine effects of atrial and B-type natriuretic peptides regulating arterial blood pressure and volume homeostasis and also local antihypertrophic and antifibrotic actions in the heart. GC-B, the specific receptor for C-type natriuretic peptide, has a critical role in endochondral ossification. GC-C mediates the effects of guanylin and uroguanylin on intestinal electrolyte and water transport and epithelial cell growth and differentiation. GC-E and GC-F are colocalized within the same photoreceptor cells of the retina and have an important role in phototransduction. Finally, GC-D and GC-G appear to be pseudogenes in the human. In rodents, GC-D is exclusively expressed in the olfactory neuroepithelium, with chemosensory functions. GC-G is the last member of the membrane GC form to be identified. No other mammalian transmembrane GCs are predicted on the basis of gene sequence repositories. In contrast to the other orphan receptor GCs, GC-G has a broad tissue distribution in rodents, including the lung, intestine, kidney, skeletal muscle, and sperm, raising the possibility that there is another yet to be discovered family of cGMP-generating ligands. This chapter reviews the structure and functions of membrane GCs, with special focus on the insights gained to date from genetically modified mice and the role of alterations of these ligand/receptor systems in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kuhn
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 9, Würzburg, 97070, Germany.
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Li L, Terry CM, Shiu YTE, Cheung AK. Neointimal hyperplasia associated with synthetic hemodialysis grafts. Kidney Int 2008; 74:1247-61. [PMID: 18668026 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stenosis is a major cause of failure of hemodialysis vascular grafts and is primarily caused by neointimal hyperplasia (NH) at the anastomoses. The objective of this article is to provide a scientific review of the biology underlying this disorder and a critical review of the state-of-the-art investigational preventive strategies in order to stimulate further research in this exciting area. The histology of the NH shows myofibroblasts (that are probably derived from adventitial fibroblasts), extracellular matrices, pro-inflammatory cells including foreign-body giant cells, a variety of growth factors and cytokines, and neovasculature. The contributing factors of the pathogenesis of NH include surgical trauma, bioincompatibility of the synthetic graft, and the various mechanical stresses that result from luminal hypertension and compliance mismatch between the vessel wall and graft. These mechanical stimuli are focal in nature and may have a significant influence on the preferential localization of the NH. Novel mechanical graft designs and local drug delivery strategies show promise in animal models in preventing graft NH development. Successful prevention of graft stenosis would provide a superior alternative to the native fistula as hemodialysis vascular access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Ohkawara N, Ueda H, Shinozaki S, Kitajima T, Ito Y, Asaoka H, Kawakami A, Kaneko E, Shimokado K. Hepatocyte Growth Factor Fusion Protein Having Collagen-Binding Activity (CBD-HGF) Accelerates Re-endothelialization and Intimal Hyperplasia in Balloon-injured Rat Carotid Artery. J Atheroscler Thromb 2007; 14:185-91. [PMID: 17726293 DOI: 10.5551/jat.e503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is known to stimulate endothelial cell proliferation. However, re-endothelialization is not enhanced when the native protein is administered to the injured artery, probably due to the short half-life of HGF at the site of injury. Therefore, the effects of an HGF fusion protein having collagen-binding activity (CBD-HGF) on re-endothelialization and neointimal formation was studied in the balloon-injured rat carotid artery. METHODS The left common carotid artery of male Sprague-Dawley rats was injured with an inflated balloon catheter, and then treated with CBD-HGF 10 microg/mL), HGF (10 micro g/mL) or saline (control) for 15 min. After 14 days, the rats were injected with Evans blue and sacrificed. RESULTS The re-endothelialized area was significantly greater in the CBD-HGF- treated rats than in the control or HGF -treated rats. Neointimal formation was significantly more pronounced in the CBD-HGF treated rats than in other rat groups. Both HGF and CBD-HGF stimulated proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells as well as endothelial cells in vitro. Consistent with this, cultured smooth muscle cells were shown to express the HGF receptor (c-Met). CONCLUSION CBD-HGF accelerates re-endothelialization and neointimal formation in vivo. CBD fusion protein is a useful vehicle to deliver vascular growth factors to injured arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ohkawara
- Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Japan
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Del Ry S, Passino C, Emdin M, Giannessi D. C-type natriuretic peptide and heart failure. Pharmacol Res 2006; 54:326-33. [PMID: 16904335 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2006.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is a peptide produced by the vascular endothelium with vasodilative properties. It shares structural and physiological properties with the atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP), whose central role in the pathophysiology of heart failure (CHF) is firmly established. The role of CNP, first isolated from porcine brain, has not been yet completely determined. The transcription of the gene, that in man is located on chromosome 2, is regulated by factors such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1. Two mature forms of the peptide exist: CNP-53, that predominates in tissues and CNP-22, found mainly in plasma. As recently found, CNP is produced directly in the myocardium and an increase in plasma levels of this peptide and of its precursor was observed in CHF. The aim of this review was to examine the current literature relating to cardiovascular functions of CNP and in particular to its role in CHF. In fact, CNP may represent an important new local autocrine and endocrine mediator in CHF although further evaluations are required to define its full pathophysiological role in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Del Ry
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Kelsall CJ, Chester AH, Sarathchandra P, Singer DRJ. Expression and localization of C-type natriuretic peptide in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 45:368-73. [PMID: 16914388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2006.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) released by vascular endothelium relaxes smooth muscle and is important in the maintenance of vascular tone. Since it is not known whether other human vascular cell types produce CNP, we investigated its expression in human vascular smooth muscle. METHODS CNP expression was examined by RT-PCR in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) cultured from human saphenous vein (SV), internal mammary artery (IMA) and radial artery (RA), and CNP protein was probed using immunostaining, in tissue sections and in SMCs cultured from these vessels, respectively. RESULTS PCR for CNP produced a 334 bp product in all SMC cultures, as expressed in endothelial cells, although the band intensity was markedly less in SMCs. Myocardium from CNP-knockout mouse did not express CNP, while there was expression in wild-type mouse. CNP protein was detected by immunostaining in 100% of SMC cultures. By immunostaining of tissue sections, CNP was detected throughout the medial layer, but not adventitia, of all vessel types. CONCLUSIONS Expression of CNP at gene and protein level by human vascular SMCs suggests that CNP may have the capacity to regulate vascular tone independently of the endothelium.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelial Cells/chemistry
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mammary Arteries/chemistry
- Mammary Arteries/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/chemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocardium/chemistry
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/chemistry
- Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type/analysis
- Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Radial Artery/chemistry
- Radial Artery/cytology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Saphenous Vein/chemistry
- Saphenous Vein/cytology
- Tunica Media/chemistry
- Umbilical Veins/chemistry
- Umbilical Veins/cytology
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Miyashita K, Itoh H, Arai H, Suganami T, Sawada N, Fukunaga Y, Sone M, Yamahara K, Yurugi-Kobayashi T, Park K, Oyamada N, Sawada N, Taura D, Tsujimoto H, Chao TH, Tamura N, Mukoyama M, Nakao K. The neuroprotective and vasculo-neuro-regenerative roles of adrenomedullin in ischemic brain and its therapeutic potential. Endocrinology 2006; 147:1642-53. [PMID: 16384868 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a vasodilating hormone secreted mainly from vascular wall, and its expression is markedly enhanced after stroke. We have revealed that AM promotes not only vasodilation but also vascular regeneration. In this study, we focused on the roles of AM in the ischemic brain and examined its therapeutic potential. We developed novel AM-transgenic (AM-Tg) mice that overproduce AM in the liver and performed middle cerebral artery occlusion for 20 min (20m-MCAO) to examine the effects of AM on degenerative or regenerative processes in ischemic brain. The infarct area and gliosis after 20m-MCAO was reduced in AM-Tg mice in association with suppression of leukocyte infiltration, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the ischemic core. In addition, vascular regeneration and subsequent neurogenesis were enhanced in AM-Tg mice, preceded by increase in mobilization of CD34(+) mononuclear cells, which can differentiate into endothelial cells. The vasculo-neuro-regenerative actions observed in AM-Tg mice in combination with neuroprotection resulted in improved recovery of motor function. Brain edema was also significantly reduced in AM-Tg mice via suppression of vascular permeability. In vitro, AM exerted direct antiapoptotic and neurogenic actions on neuronal cells. Exogenous administration of AM in mice after 20m-MCAO also reduced the infarct area, and promoted vascular regeneration and functional recovery. In summary, this study suggests the neuroprotective and vasculo-neuro-regenerative roles of AM and provides basis for a new strategy to rescue ischemic brain through its multiple hormonal actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Miyashita
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Japan
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30
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Obineche EN, Pathan JY, Fisher S, Prickett TCR, Yandle TG, Frampton CM, Cameron VA, Nicholls MG. Natriuretic peptide and adrenomedullin levels in chronic renal failure and effects of peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 2006; 69:152-6. [PMID: 16374436 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plasma levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its N-terminal propeptide (NT-BNP) are elevated in renal impairment and provide a robust prognostic index. The effect of peritoneal dialysis on plasma NT-BNP, however, is unknown. Furthermore, no information exists regarding levels of the N-terminal propeptide for C-type natriuretic peptide (NT-CNP) in renal failure and the effects of peritoneal dialysis. Accordingly, we documented venous levels of these peptides, and adrenomedullin, across peritoneal dialysis. We measured venous BNP, NT-BNP, NT-CNP, adrenomedullin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine before, during and after completion of overnight peritoneal dialysis in 11 patients, and identical sampling was carried out in eight patients (controls) but between peritoneal dialysis treatments. Peptide levels were measured using well-validated, published methods. Baseline levels of NT-CNP (212, 150-303 pmol/l, median and 25th and 75th percentiles) were much higher than recorded previously in healthy volunteers or in heart failure, and correlated with plasma creatinine (rs=0.53, P<0.05). Peritoneal dialysis had no effect on plasma NT-CNP, nor on NT-BNP, BNP or adrenomedullin (all elevated above normal), whereas both BUN and creatinine levels, as expected, declined (P<0.001). We conclude that plasma levels of NT-CNP are grossly elevated in chronic renal failure and correlated with plasma creatinine, but are not altered by peritoneal dialysis. Likewise, BNP, NT-BNP and adrenomedullin are elevated but are not altered by peritoneal dialysis. This information is needed if levels of these hormones are to be used as prognostic indicators or as a guide to the management of patients with chronic renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Obineche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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31
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Kuhn M. Cardiac and intestinal natriuretic peptides: insights from genetically modified mice. Peptides 2005; 26:1078-85. [PMID: 15911075 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 08/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the original discovery of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) more than two decades ago, the application of gene targeting technology in mice has provided new insights into the diverse physiological functions of natriuretic peptides and their membrane guanylyl cyclase (GC) receptors. Disruption of the genes for ANP or its receptor, GC-A, demonstrated that this system is not only essential for the maintenance of normal blood pressure and volume, but in addition exerts local antihypertrophic effects in the heart. Disruption of the genes encoding B-type (BNP) or C-type natriuretic peptides (CNP) or the CNP-receptor, GC-B, demonstrated that these "natriuretic" peptides are in fact unlikely to physiologically regulate renal sodium excretion but instead exert important autocrine/paracrine cGMP-mediated effects on cellular proliferation and differentiation in various tissues. Notably, the intestinal peptide uroguanylin, which activates a third guanylyl cyclase receptor (GC-C), exerts diuretic/natriuretic activity and links the intestine and kidney in an endocrine way to modulate renal function in response to oral salt load. Reviewed here is the physiology of cardiac and intestinal natriuretic peptides and their guanylyl cyclase receptors, with special focus on the information gained to date from genetically modified mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kuhn
- Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 9, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany.
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32
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Saito T, Itoh H, Yamashita J, Doi K, Chun TH, Tanaka T, Inoue M, Masatsugu K, Fukunaga Y, Sawada N, Sakaguchi S, Arai H, Tojo K, Tajima N, Hosoya T, Nakao K. Angiotensin II suppresses growth arrest specific homeobox (Gax) expression via redox-sensitive mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 127:159-67. [PMID: 15680482 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2004] [Revised: 10/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is known to be involved in growth control of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We and others have demonstrated that angiotensin II (Ang II) has an important role in vascular remodeling. Several reports suggested that VSMC growth induced by Ang II was elicited by oxidative stress. Gax, growth arrest-specific homeobox is a homeobox gene expressed in the cardiovascular system. Over expression of Gax is demonstrated to inhibit VSMC growth. We previously reported that Ang II down-regulated Gax expression. To address the regulatory mechanism of Gax, we investigated the significance of oxidative stress in Ang II-induced suppression of Gax expression. We further examined the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which is crucial for cell growth and has shown to be activated by oxidative stress, on the regulation of Gax expression by Ang II. Ang II markedly augmented intracellular H2O2 production which was decreased by pretreatment with N-acetylcystein (NAC), an anti-oxidant. Ang II and H2O2 decreased Gax expression dose-dependently and these effects were blocked by administration of both NAC and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), another anti-oxidant. Ang II and H2O2 induced marked activation of extracellular signal-responsive kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), which was blocked by NAC. Ang II and H2O2 also activated p38MAPK, and they were blocked by pre-treatment with NAC. However, the level of activated p38MAPK was quite low in comparison with ERK1/2. Ang II- or H2O2 -induced Gax down-regulation was significantly inhibited by PD98059, an ERK1/2 inhibitor but not SB203580, a p38MAPK inhibitor. The present results demonstrated the significance of regulation of Gax expression by redox-sensitive ERK1/2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Saito
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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33
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Abstract
The present review will cover the mechanisms of release and the potential pathophysiological role of different natriuretic peptides in critically ill patients. By focusing on the cardiovascular system, possible implications of natriuretic peptides for diagnosis and treatment will be presented. In critical illness such as sepsis, trauma or major surgery, systemic hypotension and an intrinsic myocardial dysfunction occur. Impairment of the cardiovascular system contributes to poor prognosis in severe human sepsis. Natriuretic peptides have emerged as valuable marker substances to detect left ventricular dysfunction in congestive heart failure of different origins. Increased plasma levels of circulating natriuretic peptides, atrial natriuretic peptide, N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide and its N-terminal moiety N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide have also been found in critically ill patients. All of these peptides have been reported to reflect left ventricular dysfunction in these patients. The increased wall stress of the cardiac atria and ventricles is followed by the release of these natriuretic peptides. Furthermore, the release of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide might be triggered by members of the IL-6-related family and endotoxin in the critically ill. Apart from the vasoactive actions of circulating natriuretic peptides and their broad effects on the renal system, anti-ischemic properties and immunological functions have been reported for atrial natriuretic peptide. The early onset and rapid reversibility of left ventricular impairment in patients with good prognosis associated with a remarkably augmented plasma concentration of circulating natriuretic peptides suggest a possible role of these hormones in the monitoring of therapy success and the estimation of prognosis in the critically ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochus Witthaut
- Medizinische Klinik III, Klinikum Kroellwitz, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Rotmans JI, Verhagen HJM, Velema E, de Kleijn DPV, van den Heuvel M, Kastelein JJP, Pasterkamp G, Stroes ESG. Local overexpression of C-type natriuretic peptide ameliorates vascular adaptation of porcine hemodialysis grafts. Kidney Int 2004; 65:1897-905. [PMID: 15086933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outflow obstruction at the outflow tract of arteriovenous grafts contributes significantly to the poor patency rates of dialysis grafts in vivo. We addressed the potential of local periadventitial gene therapy at the outflow tract for improving access patency in a validated porcine model of arteriovenous grafts using an adenoviral vector encoding murine C-type natriuretic peptide (Ad.CNP). METHODS Gene transfer efficiency and optimal virus concentration were determined using Ad.LacZ on porcine jugular veins in vivo (N= 2). Next, in 14 pigs, arteriovenous grafts were implanted bilaterally between the carotid artery and the jugular vein, followed local venous transduction with Ad.CNP (right) and Ad.mock (left). Transduction efficiency of Ad.CNP was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) measurements (N= 2). Fourteen days after gene transfer, arteriovenous grafts were excised for histologic analysis (N= 12). RESULTS Ad.LacZ transduction (1 x 10E10 IU) of porcine veins resulted in evident expression of beta-galactosidase, mainly in the adventitia. At termination, intima/media ratio was decreased by 37% in CNP-treated veins, predominantly due to medial thickening (Ad.CNP 3.1 +/- 0.6 mm(2) vs. Ad.mock 1.70 +/- 0.3 mm(2); P < 0.01) rather than decreased intimal hyperplasia (NS). Adventitial delivery of CNP resulted in increased external elastic lamina (EEL) (Ad.CNP 11.8 +/- 1.4 mm vs. Ad.mock 9.4 +/- 1.0 mm; P= 0.04) and luminal area (Ad.CNP 10.7 +/- 1.4 mm(2) vs. Ad.mock 8.8 +/- 1.7 mm(2); P= 0.05) at the venous anastomosis. CONCLUSION Overexpression of CNP enhances venous medial thickening and increases outward remodeling in the outflow tract of porcine arteriovenous grafts. These findings underscore the potential of local gene-therapeutic interventions in preventing luminal narrowing at the outflow tract of hemodialysis grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris I Rotmans
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Tanaka T, Kanda T, Takahashi T, Saegusa S, Moriya J, Kurabayashi M. Interleukin-6-Induced Reciprocal Expression of SERCA and Natriuretic Peptides mRNA in Cultured Rat Ventricular Myocytes. J Int Med Res 2004; 32:57-61. [PMID: 14997707 DOI: 10.1177/147323000403200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression on sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) mRNA levels in cultured rat neonatal ventricular myocytes. IL-6 plays a key role in regulating cardiac hypertrophy and the development of heart failure, and SERCA, ANP and BNP are all cardiac hormones with regulatory properties. Compared with baseline measurements, treatment with 50 U/ml IL-6 significantly decreased SERCA gene expression, but significantly increased ANP and BNP gene expression in the cardiac myocytes. These results suggest that the clinical overproduction of IL-6 in response to infection, autoimmune disease and cancer might be responsible for cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiac hypertrophy may result from the imbalance of both natriuretic peptides and SERCA transciption levels, caused by elevated IL-6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tanaka
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
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36
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Kook H, Itoh H, Choi BS, Sawada N, Doi K, Hwang TJ, Kim KK, Arai H, Baik YH, Nakao K. Physiological concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide induces endothelial regeneration in vitro. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 284:H1388-97. [PMID: 12505872 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00414.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Both nitric oxide (NO) and natriuretic peptides produce apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells. However, there is evidence that NO induces endothelial cell proliferation, which suggests that there is a difference in the response of endothelial cells to natriuretic peptides. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on human endothelial cell survival. ANP within the physiological concentration (10(-11) mol/l) induced a 52% increase in the number of human coronary arterial endothelial cells and a 63% increase in human umbilical vein endothelial cells at a low concentration of serum. The increase in cell numbers was blocked by pretreatment with RP8-CPT-cGMP (RP8), a cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor, with wortmannin, an Akt/PKB inhibitor, and with PD-98059, an ERK1/2 inhibitor. In a Transwell migration test, ANP also increased the cell migration, and RP8, wortmannin, and PD-98059 blocked this increase. A wound healing assay was performed to examine the effects of ANP on regeneration in vitro. ANP increased both cell numbers and migration, but the effects were blocked by the above three kinase inhibitors. ANP increased the expression of phospho-Akt and of phospho-ERK1/2 within 1.5 h. These results suggest that ANP can potentiate endothelial regeneration by cGMP-dependent protein kinase stimulation and subsequent Akt and ERK1/2 activations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kook
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea
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37
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Yamahara K, Itoh H, Chun TH, Ogawa Y, Yamashita J, Sawada N, Fukunaga Y, Sone M, Yurugi-Kobayashi T, Miyashita K, Tsujimoto H, Kook H, Feil R, Garbers DL, Hofmann F, Nakao K. Significance and therapeutic potential of the natriuretic peptides/cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase pathway in vascular regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:3404-9. [PMID: 12621153 PMCID: PMC152305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0538059100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides (NPs), which consist of atrial, brain, and C-type natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, and CNP, respectively), are characterized as cardiac or vascular hormones that elicit their biological effects by activation of the cGMPcGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK) pathway. We recently reported that adenoviral gene transfer of CNP into rabbit blood vessels not only suppressed neointimal formation but also accelerated reendothelialization, a required step for endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and antithrombogenicity. Accordingly, we investigated the therapeutic potential of the NPscGMPcGK pathway for vascular regeneration. In transgenic (Tg) mice that overexpress BNP in response to hindlimb ischemia, neovascularization with appropriate mural cell coating was accelerated without edema or bleeding, and impaired angiogenesis by the suppression of nitric oxide production was effectively rescued. Furthermore, in BNP-Tg mice, inflammatory cell infiltration in ischemic tissue and vascular superoxide production were suppressed compared with control mice. Ischemia-induced angiogenesis was also significantly potentiated in cGK type I Tg mice, but attenuated in cGK type I knockout mice. NPs significantly stimulated capillary network formation of cultured endothelial cells by cGK stimulation and subsequent Erk12 activation. Furthermore, gene transfer of CNP into ischemic muscles effectively accelerated angiogenesis. These findings reveal an action of the NPscGMPcGK pathway to exert multiple vasculoprotective and regenerative actions in the absence of apparent adverse effects, and therefore suggest that NPs as the endogenous cardiovascular hormone can be used as a strategy of therapeutic angiogenesis in patients with tissue ischemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atrial Natriuretic Factor/genetics
- Atrial Natriuretic Factor/physiology
- Atrial Natriuretic Factor/therapeutic use
- Blood Vessels/drug effects
- Blood Vessels/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic GMP/physiology
- Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/physiology
- Gene Expression
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Humans
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Ischemia/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/genetics
- Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/physiology
- Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/therapeutic use
- Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type/genetics
- Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type/physiology
- Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type/therapeutic use
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Regeneration/drug effects
- Regeneration/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Yamahara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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38
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Miyashita K, Itoh H, Sawada N, Fukunaga Y, Sone M, Yamahara K, Yurugi T, Nakao K. Adrenomedullin promotes proliferation and migration of cultured endothelial cells. Hypertens Res 2003; 26 Suppl:S93-8. [PMID: 12630817 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.26.s93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a vasoactive hormone which exerts its action through cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP) /cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) cascade and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Recently, evidence has accumulated that AM plays a critical role in the regulation of vascular tone, remodeling and morphogenesis. And although numerous reports have examined the action of AM on cultured vascular cells, the results have not been consistent and have depended on the experimental conditions used. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of AM on the proliferation and migration of cultured endothelial cells. Our results revealed that AM promoted the growth and migration of endothelial cells (ECs). AM significantly promoted the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (56.0 +/- 8.7% over the controls at 10(-9) mol/l) and this stimulative effect was inhibited by two AM antagonists, AM(22-52) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) (8-37). The number of HUVECs migrated to the lower surface of the transwell apparatus was also increased dose-dependently in the AM group (30.4 +/- 4.2% over the controls at 10(-7) mol/l), and this increase was suppressed by the two AM antagonists and by two PKA antagonists, adenosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate Rp-isomer and myristoylated protein kinase A inhibitor amide 14-22. The promoting action of AM on endothelial migration was also suppressed by LY294002, an inhibitor for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, but not by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME), an antagonist for nitric oxide synthase (NOS). These results indicate that AM promotes proliferation and migration of ECs via a cAMP/PKA dependent pathway and lend support to the idea that AM exerts beneficial effects on vascular regeneration and might be used as a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Miyashita
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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39
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Hamuro M, Nakamura K, Yamada R, Matsuoka T, Kaminou T, Nishida N. Inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia by heat stress in an experimental model. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002; 13:1247-53. [PMID: 12471189 DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61972-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the potential effect of heat stress in inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia after angioplasty in an experimental model. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro, proliferation and migration of heat-stress-induced and noninduced cells were compared with use of an endothelial cell/smooth muscle cell coculture model (five culture dishes in each experiment). Mild heat stress was induced via exposure of cultures to a temperature of 42 degrees C for 2 hours. In vivo, the neointimal thickness of ear arteries of Japanese white rabbits 7 days after denudation of endothelium was histologically evaluated in the control and heat-stress-induced groups (three rabbits in each group). RESULTS Proliferation of heat-stress-induced smooth muscle cells declined significantly compared with that of noninduced cells in single-culture and coculture models. The migration rates of neither endothelial cells nor smooth muscle cells were significantly affected by heat stress. In vivo, the mean neointimal thickness was 13.8 micro m +/- 8.0 in the control group and 3.9 micro m +/- 2.1 in the induced group (P <.05). CONCLUSION Induction of mild heat stress has great potential to reduce neointimal hyperplasia after angioplasty because it inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation without inhibiting endothelial migration in vitro and suppresses neointimal growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Hamuro
- Department of Radiology, Osaka City University Medical School, 1-5-7 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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40
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Woodard GE, Rosado JA, Brown J. Expression and control of C-type natriuretic peptide in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 282:R156-65. [PMID: 11742834 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2002.282.1.r156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is a member of the natriuretic peptide family mainly distributed in the central nervous system. CNP is also produced and secreted by the endothelium and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. We have reported that endothelial damage stimulates only transiently vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in arteries due to the development of an autocrine neointimal system for CNP that modulates neointimal growth. The present study demonstrates the production and secretion of CNP in rat vascular smooth muscle cells in the absence of endothelium. In addition, these cells express atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and the natriuretic peptide receptors A, B, and C. The production and secretion of CNP in vascular smooth muscle cells is stimulated by transforming growth factor-beta, whereas basic fibroblast growth factor plays an inhibitory role. These data show that ANP and mainly CNP are coexpressed with the natriuretic peptide receptors in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. This provides evidence for a vascular natriuretic peptide autocrine system of physiological relevance in these cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Aorta/cytology
- Atrial Natriuretic Factor/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Arteries/cytology
- DNA Primers
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/genetics
- Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey E Woodard
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom.
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41
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Saito T, Itoh H, Chun TH, Fukunaga Y, Yamashita J, Doi K, Tanaka T, Inoue M, Masatsugu K, Sawada N, Sakaguchi S, Arai H, Mukoyama M, Tojo K, Hosoya T, Nakao K. Coordinate regulation of endothelin and adrenomedullin secretion by oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 281:H1364-71. [PMID: 11514308 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2001.281.3.h1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the significance of oxidative stress in the modulation of endothelial functions, we examined the effects of H(2)O(2) on the expression of two endothelium-derived vasoactive peptides, endothelin (ET) and adrenomedullin (Am), and their interaction. H(2)O(2) dose dependently suppressed ET secretion and ET-1 mRNA expression in bovine carotid endothelial cells (ECs). Menadion sodium bisulfate, a redox cycling drug, also decreased ET secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Catalase, a H(2)O(2) reductase, and dl-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) significantly inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced suppression of ET secretion. Downregulation of ET-1 mRNA under oxidative stress was regulated at the transcriptional level. In contrast, H(2)O(2) increased Am secretion (and its mRNA expression) accompanied by the augmentation of cAMP production. Am, as well as 8-bromo-cAMP and forskolin decreased ET secretion in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, an anti-Am monoclonal antibody that we developed abolished H(2)O(2)-induced suppression of ET secretion at 6-24 h after the addition of H(2)O(2). H(2)O(2) increased the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). Moreover, treatment with ionomycin, a Ca(2+) ionophore, and thapsigargin, an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum ATPase, decreased ET secretion dose dependently for 3 h. These results suggest that the production of ET was decreased via activation of the Am-cAMP pathway and by the elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) under oxidative stress. These findings elucidate the coordinate expression of two local vascular hormones, ET and Am, under oxidative stress, which may protect against vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Saito
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Fukunaga Y, Itoh H, Doi K, Tanaka T, Yamashita J, Chun TH, Inoue M, Masatsugu K, Sawada N, Saito T, Hosoda K, Kook H, Ueda M, Nakao K. Thiazolidinediones, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists, regulate endothelial cell growth and secretion of vasoactive peptides. Atherosclerosis 2001; 158:113-9. [PMID: 11500181 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance has been highlighted as a common causal factor for glucose intolerance, hypertension and dyslipidemia, all of which are cardiovascular risk factors. A new class of antidiabetic agents, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), has been developed and demonstrated to improve insulin sensitivity. TZDs are high affinity ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), the crucial transcription factor for adipocytes. Recent studies showed that PPARgamma is also expressed in monocytes/macrophages and is suggested to be involved in atherosclerosis. We could detect PPARgamma gene transcript in several cultured endothelial cells (human aortic endothelial cells (HAoECs), human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and bovine carotid artery endothelial cells (BAECs)) as well as human coronary arteries we examined. Since endothelial dysfunction is critical for atherosclerosis, we investigated the effects of TZDs, troglitazone (TRO) and pioglitazone (PIO), on endothelial cell growth and secretion of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), which we demonstrated as a novel endothelium-derived relaxing peptide, and endothelin (ET), a potent vasoconstrictor, using HAoECs, HCAECs, HUVECs and BAECs. When all these cultured endothelial cells were daily treated with TRO and PIO for 5 days, both TRO and PIO (10(-8)M) significantly stimulated (3)H-thymidine incorporation of all these endothelial cells. In contrast, higher dose of TRO and PIO (10(-5)M) significantly suppressed DNA synthesis. TRO and PIO also exerted the compatible effect on the increase of cell numbers. TRO and PIO significantly enhanced CNP secretion from BAECs. In contrast, ET secretion from BAECs was suppressed by both TRO and PIO in a dose-dependent manner. The results of the present study suggest that TZDs modulate endothelial functions, including regulation of endothelial cell growth and secretion of endothelium-derived vasoactive substances, which affect vascular tone and remodeling in the process of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fukunaga
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
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Silberbach M, Roberts CT. Natriuretic peptide signalling: molecular and cellular pathways to growth regulation. Cell Signal 2001; 13:221-31. [PMID: 11306239 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(01)00139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The natriuretic peptides (NPs) constitute a family of polypeptide hormones that regulate mammalian blood volume and blood pressure. The ability of the NPs to modulate cardiac hypertrophy and cell proliferation as well is now beginning to be recognized. The NPs interact with three membrane-bound receptors, all of which contain a well-characterized extracellular ligand-binding domain. The R1 subclass of NP receptors (NPR-A and NPR-B) contains a C-terminal guanylyl cyclase domain and is responsible for most of the NPs downstream actions through their ability to generate cGMP. The R2 subclass lacks an obvious catalytic domain and functions primarily as a clearance receptor. This review focuses on the signal transduction pathways initiated by ligand binding and other factors that help to determine signalling specificities, including allosteric factors modulating cGMP generation, receptor desensitization, the activation and function of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), and identification of potential nuclear or cytoplasmic targets such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling (MAPK) cascade. The inhibition of cardiac growth and hypertrophy may be an important but underappreciated action of the NP signalling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Silberbach
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, UHN-60, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, 97201, Portland, OR, USA.
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Mistry SK, Hawksworth GM, Struthers AD, McLay JS. Differential expression and synthesis of natriuretic peptides determines natriuretic peptide receptor expression in primary cultures of human proximal tubular cells. J Hypertens 2001; 19:255-62. [PMID: 11212968 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200102000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The natriuretic peptides and natriuretic peptide receptors may play a beneficial role in hypertension and heart failure and possibly in opposing associated detrimental cellular changes in the heart, vasculature and kidney. These responses may be, in part, modulated by the natriuretic peptide clearance receptor rather than the natriuretic peptide receptors (NPR-A or NPR-B). OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of the natriuretic peptide receptors (NPR-A,-B,-C) and the natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP) in primary cultures of human proximal tubular cells and the role played by endogenously released natriuretic peptides in natriuretic peptide receptor expression. RESULTS Northern analysis demonstrated that freshly isolated human proximal tubular cells express the NPR-C only. However, at confluence mRNA transcripts for both the NPR-A and -B were expressed, accompanied by a significant cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) response to ANP and CNP, indicating the development of functionally active receptors. A significant increase in immunoreactive ANP, BNP and CNP in the cell supernatant accompanied the appearance of these receptors. Incubation of freshly isolated cells with exogenous ANP, BNP, CNP or with the NPR-C specific ligand C(4.23)ANF induced similar changes in receptor expression, suggesting that these changes were mediated via the NPR-C rather than the NPR-A or -B. CONCLUSIONS Significant changes in peptide and receptor expression occur during cell culture and may be integrally linked, with functionally active NPR-A and -B occurring in response to an increase in the expression of the natriuretic peptides possibly acting at the NPR-C.
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MESH Headings
- Atrial Natriuretic Factor/analysis
- Atrial Natriuretic Factor/genetics
- Atrial Natriuretic Factor/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Guanylate Cyclase/genetics
- Humans
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/cytology
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/metabolism
- Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/analysis
- Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/genetics
- Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/pharmacology
- Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type/analysis
- Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type/genetics
- Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Mistry
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Aberdeen University Medical School, Foresterhill, UK
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Abstract
Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle is a tightly regulated process involving numerous endogenous substances and their intracellular second messengers. We examine the key role of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in mediating smooth muscle relaxation. We briefly review the current art regarding cGMP generation and degradation, while focusing on the recent identification of the molecular mechanisms underlying cGMP-mediated smooth muscle relaxation. cGMP-induced SM relaxation is mediated mainly by cGMP-dependent protein kinase activation. It involves several molecular events culminating in a reduction in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and a decrease in the sensitivity of the contractile system to Ca(2+). We propose that the cGMP-induced decrease in Ca(2+) sensitivity is a strategic way to achieve "active relaxation" of the smooth muscle. In summary, we present compelling evidence supporting a key role for cGMP as a mediator of smooth muscle relaxation in physiological and pharmacological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Carvajal
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Turk JR. Physiologic and pathophysiologic effects of natriuretic peptides and their implications in cardiopulmonary disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 216:1970-6. [PMID: 10863599 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.216.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Turk
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia 65205, USA
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Chun TH, Itoh H, Saito T, Yamahara K, Doi K, Mori Y, Ogawa Y, Yamashita J, Tanaka T, Inoue M, Masatsugu K, Sawada N, Fukunaga Y, Nakao K. Oxidative stress augments secretion of endothelium-derived relaxing peptides, C-type natriuretic peptide and adrenomedullin. J Hypertens 2000; 18:575-80. [PMID: 10826560 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200018050-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excess oxidative stress is one of the major metabolic abnormalities on vascular walls in hypertension and atherosclerosis. In order to further elucidate the endothelial function under oxidative stress, the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on expression of two novel endothelium-derived vasorelaxing peptides, C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and adrenomedullin (AM) from bovine carotid artery endothelial cells (BCAECs) was examined. METHODS BCAECs were treated with H2O2 (0.1-1.0 mmol/ l) and/or an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (5-10 mmol/l), and incubated for 48 h. The concentrations of CNP and AM were measured with the specific radioimmuno assays that we originally developed. CNP and AM mRNA expressions were also examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Treatment of BCAECs with 0.5 and 1 mmol/l H2O2 induced 9-and 10-fold increases of CNP concentration in the media. Addition of 10 mmol/l NAC significantly suppressed the effect of H2O2 by 52%. RT-PCR analysis showed that CNP mRNA expression in BCAECs was also rapidly augmented within 1 h with H2O2 (1 mmol/l) treatment, and reached a peak at 3 h to show a 10-fold increase. AM secretion from BCAECs also increased to two-fold with exposure to 0.5 mmol/l H2O2, accompanied with the augmented level of AM mRNA. NAC 10 mmol/l completely suppressed the effect of H2O2 on AM secretion. CONCLUSIONS In this study, it has been demonstrated that H2O2 augments endothelial secretion of the two endothelium-derived relaxing peptides, CNP and AM. Our findings suggest the increased secretion of CNP and AM from endothelium under oxidative stress may function to compensate the impaired nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxation in hypertension and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Chun
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Di Luozzo G, Bhargava J, Powell RJ. Vascular smooth muscle cell effect on endothelial cell endothelin-1 production. J Vasc Surg 2000; 31:781-9. [PMID: 10753286 DOI: 10.1067/mva.2000.103788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent mitogen secreted by endothelial cells (ECs) in culture and is a putative factor in vascular lesion development. The purpose of this study was to examine whether smooth muscle cells (SMCs) inhibit EC secretion of ET-1. The effect of SMCs on EC ET-1 and constitutively expressed nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity was examined by using a bilayer co-culture model. SMCs inhibited both EC ET-1 protein and RNA levels, compared with ECs cultured alone. SMCs increased EC NO production when compared with ECs cultured alone. In addition, SMC inhibition of EC ET-1 production could be blocked by the NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester. ECs stimulated SMC proliferation, and the ET-1 AB and B receptor blockers inhibited EC stimulation of SMC proliferation. The ET-1 A blocker had no effect on SMC proliferation. We conclude that SMCs regulate EC ET-1 and ecNOS synthase transcript levels and protein levels. SMC inhibition of ET-1 production by ECs may be mediated through SMC-modulated changes in EC NO activity. Finally, EC stimulation of SMC proliferation in bilayer co-culture is mediated by ET-1 through the ET-1 B receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Aorta
- Cattle
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Endothelin Receptor Antagonists
- Endothelin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Endothelin-1/biosynthesis
- Endothelin-1/genetics
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- RNA/analysis
- RNA/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- G Di Luozzo
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, USA
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Noubani A, Farookhi R, Gutkowska J. B-type natriuretic peptide receptor expression and activity are hormonally regulated in rat ovarian cells. Endocrinology 2000; 141:551-9. [PMID: 10650935 DOI: 10.1210/endo.141.2.7305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides form a family of structurally related peptides known to regulate salt and water homeostasis and to cause vasodilation. Synthesis of atrial (ANP), brain (BNP), and C-type (CNP) natriuretic peptides occurs mainly in the heart and brain and has been identified recently in the female reproductive tract. The expression of ANP and CNP as well as their cognate guanylyl cyclase receptors (NPR-A and NPR-B, respectively) have been detected in the rat ovary. We have shown previously that the expression of the natriuretic peptides and their receptors in the rat ovary appears to be modulated by the estrous cycle. In the present study we have evaluated the expression of the natriuretic peptide system (peptide and receptor) in ovarian cells (granulosa and thecal-interstitial cells) obtained from immature female rats treated with either diethylstilbestrol (DES), an estrogen analog, or equine CG (eCG), a gonadotropin that possesses both LH and FSH activity. Using a whole cell RRA, we found that CNP binding was increased by 2-fold in granulosa cells taken from animals treated with either DES or eCG. Semiquantitative RT-PCR revealed that granulosa cells from DES- or eCG-treated animals have increased levels of NPR-B messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts, which was in good agreement with the increased binding. The activity of the receptors was assessed by ligand-dependent stimulation of cGMP release. CNP, but not ANP, stimulated the release of cGMP from granulosa cells obtained from DES-treated, but not from eCG-treated, animals. The relative levels of CNP mRNA in granulosa cells were unaltered by either DES or eCG treatment. In contrast, CNP mRNA levels were increased more than 2-fold, but only in theca-interstitial from the eCG-treated animals. Our results indicate that CNP and NPR-B are expressed in the ovary, and their expression is responsive to hormonal treatments. Furthermore, expression of these components of the natriuretic peptide system appears to be compartmentalized, with CNP being derived from the extrafollicular compartment and acting, through NPR-B, on the granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Noubani
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Nakanishi K, Tajima F, Itoh H, Nakata Y, Hama N, Nakagawa O, Nakao K, Kawai T, Torikata C, Suga T, Takishima K, Aurues T, Ikeda T. Expression of C-type natriuretic peptide during development of rat lung. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:L996-L1002. [PMID: 10564186 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1999.277.5.l996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), recently found to be secreted from vascular endothelial cells, is now viewed as a novel endothelium-derived relaxing peptide. However, the distribution and expression of CNP during cardiopulmonary development is unclear. To follow changes in the expression of CNP during lung development, we examined rat embryos and neonates using Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization for CNP mRNA and radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry for CNP protein. A substantial expression of CNP mRNA was first detected on postnatal day 2, and it thereafter remained fairly steady. The level of CNP protein also increased rapidly after postnatal day 1, reaching a settled level on postnatal day 4. CNP protein and mRNA were detected in the endothelium and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels and in bronchial airway and alveolar epithelia. Immunoreactivity for CNP protein in the endothelium of blood vessels increased to an intense level after the saccular stage. These results suggest that the changes in CNP levels may be related to the occurrence of pulmonary vasodilation after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakanishi
- Division of Environmental Medicine, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan.
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