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Buraczynska M, Drop B, Jacob J, Zaluska W. Association between p22PHOX gene C242T polymorphism and hypertension in end-stage kidney disease patients. J Hum Hypertens 2020; 35:49-54. [PMID: 32042072 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-020-0310-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in hypertension associated vascular damage. It is mediated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activation. The C242T polymorphism in the p22PHOX gene encoding essential subunit of NADPH oxidase was associated with CVD, hypertension, and endothelial function. The aim of this study was to assess a potential association of C242T polymorphism with hypertension in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients. DNA samples from 495 patients were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with subsequent cleavage with Rsa I restriction endonuclease. There were no significant differences in genotype and allele distribution between ESKD patients and healthy controls. When patients were stratified into male and female subgroups, there were no differences in the frequency of the T allele (0.35 and 0.34, respectively). Genotype and allele frequencies were also comparable between HY+ and HY- subgroups. We analyzed whether there were any differences between genders in the effect of C242T polymorphism on the presence of hypertension by comparing HY+ males with normotensive males and HY+ females with normotensive females. No difference in polymorphism distribution was found in female subgroup. The significant differences were observed in males. In HY+ subgroup, the frequencies of T allele and TT genotype were higher than in HY- males, with OR 1.91 (1.31-2.8), p = 0.0008 and OR 4.2 (1.67-10.6), p = 0.002, respectively. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate significant association of the p22PHOX gene polymorphism with hypertension in male ESKD patients, with T allele as a risk factor for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bartlomiej Drop
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerry Jacob
- Hope Medical Institute, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - Wojciech Zaluska
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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SAA1 increases NOX4/ROS production to promote LPS-induced inflammation in vascular smooth muscle cells through activating p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:15. [PMID: 31216990 PMCID: PMC6582534 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-019-0197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the effects of serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced inflammation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). SAA1 expression was detected in LPS induced VSMCs at different concentrations for different time by using Western blotting. After pre-incubation with recombinant SAA1 protein, VSMCs were treated with 1 μg/ml LPS for 24 h. The VSMCs were then divided into Control, SAA1 siRNA, Nox4 siRNA, LPS, LPS + SAA1 siRNA, LPS + Nox4 siRNA and LPS + SAA1 siRNA + Nox4 groups. MTT was performed to observe the toxicity of VSMCs. Lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence method was used to detect superoxide anion (O2−) production and NADPH oxidase activity. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to determine expressions of inflammatory factors. Western blotting was used to determine expressions of NOX-4 and p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway related proteins. Results LPS promoted SAA1 protein expression in a concentration−/time-dependent manner. Recombinant SAA1 protein could increase NOX4/ROS production and promote the release of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, TNF-α and MCP-1) in LPS (1 μg/ml) - induced VSMCs. Besides, both SAA1 siRNA and NOX-4 siRNA could not only enhance the O2− production and NADPH oxidase activity, but also up-regulate the protein expression of NOX4, the release of inflammatory factors, and the levels of p-p38 and p-NF-κB p65 in LPS-induced VSMCs. However, no significant differences in each index were observed between LPS group and LPS + SAA1 siRNA + Nox4 group. Conclusion SAA1-mediated NOX4/ROS pathway could activate p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway, thereby contributing to the release of inflammatory factors in LPS-induced VSMCs.
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Hu J, Luo J, Wang H, Wang C, Long R, Li A, Zhou Y, Fang Z, Chen Q. The active participation of p22phox-214T/C in the formation of intracranial aneurysm and the suppressive potential of edaravone. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2952-2960. [PMID: 30226557 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress reactions play an important role in the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysm (IA). p22phox is involved in the oxidative stress reaction, and it is a critical subunit of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. The present study investigated the association of genetic variants within the gene encoding p22phox‑214T/C with IA. The p22phox‑214T/C gene polymorphisms in 192 cases of IA and 112 controls were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction‑restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‑RFLP). The mRNA expression of NADPH oxidase was also analyzed by RT‑PCR. The results of RT‑PCR were validated by ELISA. In a rabbit model of elastase‑induced aneurysm, we used edaravone for anti‑oxidative stress treatment to observe the curative effects. In the clinical cases, a significant difference in p22phox‑214T/C allele frequencies in the IA group was observed compared with the control group (P<0.001). The expression level of NADPH oxidase was differed significantly between the IA group and the control group. In the rabbit model of elastase‑induced aneurysm, the success rate of the aneurysmal model in the edaravone group and the wound ulcer rate were lower than those in the control group. In addition, the diameter of the aneurysm was smaller than in the edaravone group than in the control group (3.26±0.13 mm vs. 3.85±0.07 mm), and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase‑9 (MMP‑9) was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.0001). Thus, these data suggest the active participation of p22phox‑214T/C in the formation of IA and the suppressive potential of edaravone against IA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Remin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 30060, P.R. China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Chaojia Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Rongpei Long
- Department of English, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Anrong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Zhicheng Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Qianxue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Remin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 30060, P.R. China
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Lambrinoudaki I, Chatzivasileiou P, Stergiotis S, Armeni E, Rizos D, Kaparos G, Augoulea A, Alexandrou A, Georgiopoulos G, Laina A, Stamatelopoulos K. Subclinical atherosclerosis and vascular stiffness in premenopausal women: association with NOS3 and CYBA polymorphisms. Heart Vessels 2018; 33:1434-1444. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-018-1198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Li YY, Gong G, Geng HY, Qian Y. p22phox C242T gene polymorphism and overt diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis of 1,452 participants. Korean J Intern Med 2017; 32:1045-1052. [PMID: 27926811 PMCID: PMC5668385 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2015.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The p22phox C242T gene polymorphism (rs4673) may be linked to an increased susceptibility for overt diabetic nephropathy (ODN), but the study results are still inconclusive. METHODS To explore the relationship between p22phox C242T gene polymorphism and ODN, the current meta-analysis of 707 ODN patients and 745 controls from five individual studies was conducted. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were evaluated by either a random or fixed effect model. RESULTS In our meta-analysis, a significant relationship between the p22phox C242T gene polymorphism and ODN was found under allelic (OR, 2.760; 95% CI, 1.400 to 5.450; p = 0.004), recessive (OR, 5.080; 95% CI, 1.020 to 25.430; p = 0.05), dominant (OR, 1.700; 95% CI, 1.167 to 2.477; p = 0.006), homozygous (OR, 3.900; 95% CI, 1.022 to 14.889; p = 0.046), heterozygous (OR, 1.523; 95% CI, 1.167 to 1.986; p = 0.002), and additive genetic models (OR, 2.019; 95% CI, 1.232 to 3.309; p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS A positive correlation between p22phox C242T gene polymorphism and ODN risk was found. The T allele carriers of p22phox C242T gene polymorphism might be predisposed to ODN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-yan Li
- Correspondence to Yan-yan Li, Ph.D Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Rd, Nanjing 210029, China Tel: +86-25-83718836 Fax: +86-25-83780170 E-mail:
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Meijles DN, Fan LM, Ghazaly MM, Howlin B, Krönke M, Brooks G, Li JM. p22phox C242T Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Inhibits Inflammatory Oxidative Damage to Endothelial Cells and Vessels. Circulation 2016; 133:2391-403. [PMID: 27162237 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.021993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NADPH oxidase, by generating reactive oxygen species, is involved in the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular diseases and represents a therapeutic target for the development of novel drugs. A single-nucleotide polymorphism, C242T of the p22(phox) subunit of NADPH oxidase, has been reported to be negatively associated with coronary heart disease and may predict disease prevalence. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS With the use of computer molecular modeling, we discovered that C242T single-nucleotide polymorphism causes significant structural changes in the extracellular loop of p22(phox) and reduces its interaction stability with Nox2 subunit. Gene transfection of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells showed that C242T p22(phox) significantly reduced Nox2 expression but had no significant effect on basal endothelial O2 (.-) production or the expression of Nox1 and Nox4. When cells were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α (or high glucose), C242T p22(phox) significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α-induced Nox2 maturation, O2 (.-) production, mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor κB activation, and inflammation (all P<0.05). These C242T effects were further confirmed using p22(phox) short-hairpin RNA-engineered HeLa cells and Nox2(-/-) coronary microvascular endothelial cells. Clinical significance was investigated by using saphenous vein segments from non-coronary heart disease subjects after phlebotomies. TT (C242T) allele was common (prevalence of ≈22%) and, in comparison with CC, veins bearing TT allele had significantly lower levels of Nox2 expression and O2 (.-) generation in response to high-glucose challenge. CONCLUSIONS C242T single-nucleotide polymorphism causes p22(phox) structural changes that inhibit endothelial Nox2 activation and oxidative response to tumor necrosis factor-α or high-glucose stimulation. C242T single-nucleotide polymorphism may represent a natural protective mechanism against inflammatory cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Meijles
- From Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, UK (D.N.M., G.B., J.-M.L.); Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, UK (D.N.M., M.M.G., B.H.); Department of Cardiology, Royal Berkshire Hospital, UK (L.M.F.); and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Germany (M.K.)
| | - Lampson M Fan
- From Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, UK (D.N.M., G.B., J.-M.L.); Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, UK (D.N.M., M.M.G., B.H.); Department of Cardiology, Royal Berkshire Hospital, UK (L.M.F.); and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Germany (M.K.)
| | - Maziah M Ghazaly
- From Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, UK (D.N.M., G.B., J.-M.L.); Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, UK (D.N.M., M.M.G., B.H.); Department of Cardiology, Royal Berkshire Hospital, UK (L.M.F.); and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Germany (M.K.)
| | - Brendan Howlin
- From Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, UK (D.N.M., G.B., J.-M.L.); Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, UK (D.N.M., M.M.G., B.H.); Department of Cardiology, Royal Berkshire Hospital, UK (L.M.F.); and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Germany (M.K.)
| | - Martin Krönke
- From Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, UK (D.N.M., G.B., J.-M.L.); Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, UK (D.N.M., M.M.G., B.H.); Department of Cardiology, Royal Berkshire Hospital, UK (L.M.F.); and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Germany (M.K.)
| | - Gavin Brooks
- From Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, UK (D.N.M., G.B., J.-M.L.); Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, UK (D.N.M., M.M.G., B.H.); Department of Cardiology, Royal Berkshire Hospital, UK (L.M.F.); and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Germany (M.K.)
| | - Jian-Mei Li
- From Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, UK (D.N.M., G.B., J.-M.L.); Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, UK (D.N.M., M.M.G., B.H.); Department of Cardiology, Royal Berkshire Hospital, UK (L.M.F.); and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Germany (M.K.).
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Violi F, Pignatelli P. Clinical Application of NOX Activity and Other Oxidative Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease: A Critical Review. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:514-32. [PMID: 24382131 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The oxidative stress theory of atherosclerosis is based on the assumption that the production of reactive oxidant species (ROS) by blood, as well as resident cells of the artery wall, elicits the formation of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL), which, in turn, promotes a series of inflammatory responses, ultimately leading to atherosclerotic plaque. This theory prompted the development of new laboratory methodologies that aimed at assessing the relationship between oxidative stress and clinical progression of human atherosclerosis. CRITICAL ISSUES Markers assessing the oxidation of phospholipid and protein components of LDL were among the first to be developed. Clinical trials included cross-sectional as well as retrospective and prospective studies that, however, provided equivocal results. Thus, clear evidence that oxidative biomarkers add more to the risk stratification by common atherosclerotic risk factors is still lacking. RECENT ADVANCES More recently, the analysis of oxidative stress focused on enzymatic pathways generating ROS, such as NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Experimental and clinical studies suggest that both enzymes may be implicated in promoting atherosclerotic disease. Novel laboratory methodologies have been, therefore, developed to study NADPH oxidase and MPO in patients with stable atherosclerosis as well as in patients with acute coronary and cerebro-vascular syndromes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review will analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the current methodology to study these enzymes in human atherosclerosis with particular regard to their clinical application in several settings of cardiovascular disease. Clinical methodology and results of previous studies with regard to markers of LDL oxidation have also been reviewed as a useful background for the future development of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Violi
- I Clinica Medica , Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pignatelli
- I Clinica Medica , Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Rome, Italy
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Li H, Horke S, Förstermann U. Vascular oxidative stress, nitric oxide and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:208-19. [PMID: 25244505 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the vascular wall, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by several enzyme systems including NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase, uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and the mitochondrial electron transport chain. On the other hand, the vasculature is protected by antioxidant enzyme systems, including superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidases and paraoxonases, which detoxify ROS. Cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus enhance ROS generation, resulting in oxidative stress. This leads to oxidative modification of lipoproteins and phospholipids, mechanisms that contribute to atherogenesis. In addition, oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin may cause eNOS uncoupling and thus potentiation of oxidative stress and reduction of eNOS-derived NO, which is a protective principle in the vasculature. This review summarizes the latest advances in the role of ROS-producing enzymes, antioxidative enzymes as well as NO synthases in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huige Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Horke
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Förstermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Mandegary A, Rahmanian-Koshkaki S, Mohammadifar MA, Pourgholi L, Mehdipour M, Etminan A, Ebadzadeh MR, Fazeli F, Azmandian J. Investigation of association between donors' and recipients' NADPH oxidase p22(phox) C242T polymorphism and acute rejection, delayed graft function and blood pressure in renal allograft recipients. Transpl Immunol 2014; 32:46-50. [PMID: 25173715 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thereby induction of oxidative stress seem to be one of the major mediators of inflammatory adverse outcomes after renal transplantation. p22(phox) is a polymorphic subunit of NAD(P)H-oxidase that is critical for activation and stabilization of the enzyme. This enzyme is involved in the production of superoxide that triggers inflammatory injuries to the kidney. So in this study, the association between donors and recipients' C242T polymorphism of p22(phox) and acute rejection (AR), delayed graft function (DGF), creatinine clearance (CrCl), and blood pressure in renal-allograft recipients was studied. METHODS One hundred ninety six donor-recipient pairs were studied. The C242T polymorphism of p22(phox) was determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). According to p22 genotype, the subjects were divided in wild-type (CC) and T allele carriers (CT+TT). Transplantation outcomes were determined using acute rejection and delayed graft function criteria. The mean arterial pressure was also measured monthly after transplantation. RESULTS There was a significant association between the recipients' p22(phox) polymorphism and DGF occurrence (OR=2.5, CI: 1.2-4.9, p=0.0009). No significant association was detected between donors' p22(phox) polymorphism and AR and DGF events. CrCl during the six months follow-up after transplantation was lower in the patients who received allograft from donors carrying 242T allele (B=-12.8, CI: -22.9-12.8 (-22.9 to -2.6)). Changes in the blood pressure were not different among the patients having different genotypes of p22(phox). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the recipients' p22(phox) C242T polymorphism may be a major risk factor for DGF in renal transplantation. Moreover, the donors' 242T allele seems to affect the rate of CrCl in the renal allograft recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mandegary
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sara Rahmanian-Koshkaki
- Department of Nephrology, Urology and Renal Transplantation, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Amir Mohammadifar
- Department of Nephrology, Urology and Renal Transplantation, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Leila Pourgholi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Molecular Pathology, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdipour
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Etminan
- Department of Nephrology, Urology and Renal Transplantation, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Ebadzadeh
- Department of Nephrology, Urology and Renal Transplantation, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Faramarz Fazeli
- Department of Nephrology, Urology and Renal Transplantation, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jalal Azmandian
- Physiology Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Nephrology, Urology and Renal Transplantation, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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RAFIQ ADNAN, ASLAM KHURSHEED, MALIK ROUF, AFROZE DIL. C242T polymorphism of the NADPH oxidase p22PHOX gene and its association with endothelial dysfunction in asymptomatic individuals with essential systemic hypertension. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1857-62. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Influence of the C242T polymorphism of the p22-phox gene (CYBA) on the interaction between urinary sodium excretion and blood pressure in an urban Brazilian population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81054. [PMID: 24339896 PMCID: PMC3855219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species are implicated in the physiopathogenesis of salt-induced hypertension and the C242T polymorphism of the p22-phox gene has been associated with higher superoxide production. This study investigated the impact of this polymorphism on the relationship between urinary sodium excretion (USE) and blood pressure levels in an urban Brazilian population. METHODS We cross-sectionally evaluated 1,298 subjects from the city of Vitoria-ES, located in the Southeast region of Brazil, by clinical history, physical examination, anthropometry, analysis of laboratory parameters, USE measurement and p22-phox C242T polymorphism genotyping. RESULTS No significant differences in studied parameters were detected between the studied genotype groups (CC vs. CT+TT). Systolic blood pressure exhibited significant correlation with USE only in T allele carriers (r = 0.166; p<0.001), while diastolic blood pressure and hypertension status correlated with USE in both genotypes albeit more weakly in subjects with CC genotype (r = 0.098; p = 0.021 and r = 0.105; p = 0.013, respectively) than in T carriers (r = 0.236; p<0.001 and r = 0.213; p<0.001, respectively). Regression analyses adjusted for confounding factors showed that USE remained independently associated with systolic (p<0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (p<0.001) and hypertension status (p = 0.004) only in T allele carriers. Finally, higher diastolic and systolic blood pressure levels were detected in T allele carriers than in CC genotype individuals in the highest tertile of USE. CONCLUSIONS The p22-phox 242T allele is associated with higher blood pressure levels among subjects with higher USE in an urban Brazilian population.
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Kayaaltı Z, Kaya D, Bacaksız A, Söylemez E, Söylemezoğlu T. An association between polymorphism of the NADH/NADPH oxidase p22phox (phagocyte oxidase) subunit and aging in Turkish population. Aging Clin Exp Res 2013; 25:511-6. [PMID: 23949976 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-013-0129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Aging is a complex and multifactorial process that is stimulated by a number of factors including genes and life-style. It is thought that the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the face of antioxidant enzymes and molecules is related to aging and age-related diseases. NAD(P)H oxidase system is the predominant cellular source of ROS, and p22phox, the major component of that system, is essential for the activation of NAD(P)H oxidase. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between p22phox C242T single nucleotide polymorphism and aging in Turkish population. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 332 volunteers between 18 and 95 years of age and were classified into three groups according to their ages as <65, 65-84 and ≥ 85. p22phox C242T polymorphism was genotyped by PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS CC genotype frequency in the C242T polymorphism is higher in older group (≥ 85) than younger groups (<65 and 65-85), whereas CT + TT genotype frequency is lower in older group. When the p22phox C242T polymorphism was compared with the mean ages and age groups, statistically significant associations were found. CONCLUSIONS We showed for the first time that human aging is significantly associated with p22phox C242T genotypes in Turkish population, being highest in CC, intermediate in CT, and lowest in TT homozygote. It is plausible to suggest that CC genotype might protect people from chronic inflammation, diseases as well as from oxidative stress and, thus, individuals with CC genotype might be more advantageous for aging as compared to those with CT + TT genotypes.
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Wu Z, Lou Y, Jin W, Liu Y, Lu L, Chen Q, Xie Y, Lu G. Relationship of the p22phox (CYBA) gene polymorphism C242T with risk of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70885. [PMID: 24039708 PMCID: PMC3764124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Observational and experimental studies have thus far been unable to resolve whether the CYBA C242T polymorphism is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). Therefore, we undertook a comprehensive meta-analysis to more precisely evaluate the influence of this polymorphism on CAD and potential biases. Methods We screened MEDLINE, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang and CBM up to January 2013 and extracted data from 22 studies with 9,279 CAD patients and 9,349 controls. A random-effects model was exploited to synthesize the inconsistent outcomes of the individual studies, while addressing between-study heterogeneity and publication bias. Results The CYBA C242T polymorphism conformed to Hard-Weinberg Equilibrium for all studies (P>0.05). Overall comparison of the T allele with the C allele produced a non-significant risk estimate for CAD but with striking heterogeneity (T versus C: P = 0.87, OR = 0.99, 95%CI 0.89–1.11, Pheterogeneity<0.0001, I2 = 67.8%). However, subgroup analysis by ethnicity documented that the T allele carriers had a marginal risk increase (21%) of CAD among Caucasians (recessive genetic model: P = 0.05, 95%CI 1.00–1.46, Pheterogeneity = 0.15, I2 = 29.1%). Then data were divided into study design, the significance of CAD risk increase was substantially strengthened in matched case-control studies (allele comparison: P = 0.02, OR = 1.13, 95%CI 1.02–1.26, Pheterogeneity = 0.24, I2 = 21.6%).Further meta-regression analysis identified that a large proportion of heterogeneity was explained by body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.03, OR = 1.07, 95%CI 1.01–1.15) and study design (P = 0.03, OR = 1.30, 95%CI 1.02–1.64).There was no obvious publication bias as verified by funnel plot and Egger's linear regression test (t = −0.25, P = 0.81 for allele comparison). Conclusion Taken together, our results suggested the CYBA C242T polymorphism might be a risk-conferring factor on developing CAD and BMI and study design were probable sources of between-study heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Zheykova TV, Golubenko MV, Buikin SV, Botkina OY, Tsimbaliuk IV, Maksimov VN, Voevoda MI, Puzyrev VP. Association between 242C>T polymorphism of NADPH oxidase p22phox gene (CYBA) and longevity in Russian population. RUSS J GENET+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795413020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Narne P, Ponnaluri KC, Singh S, Siraj M, Ishaq M. Relationship between NADPH oxidase p22phox C242T, PARP-1 Val762Ala polymorphisms, angiographically verified coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction in South Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thromb Res 2012; 130:e259-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Andreassi MG, Adlerstein D, Carpeggiani C, Shehi E, Fantinato S, Ghezzi E, Botto N, Coceani M, L'Abbate A. Individual and summed effects of high-risk genetic polymorphisms on recurrent cardiovascular events following ischemic heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2012; 223:409-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Schreiber R, Ferreira-Sae MC, Tucunduva AC, Mill JG, Costa FO, Krieger JE, Franchini KG, Pereira AC, Nadruz W. CYBA C242T polymorphism is associated with obesity and diabetes mellitus in Brazilian hypertensive patients. Diabet Med 2012; 29:e55-61. [PMID: 22268370 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The CYBA C242T polymorphism has been associated with cardiovascular phenotypes such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, but available data are conflicting. This report investigated the impact of this variant on hypertension and metabolic determinants of cardiovascular risk in a large Brazilian sample. METHODS We cross-sectionally evaluated 1856 subjects (826 normotensive subjects and 1030 hypertensive patients) by clinical history, anthropometry, laboratory analysis and genotyping of the CYBA C242T polymorphism. RESULTS Genotype frequencies in the whole population were consistent with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and genotype distributions were not different between hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Hypertensive patients with the CC genotype presented lower fasting plasma glucose levels (5.9 ± 0.1 vs. 6.2 ± 0.1 mmol/l, P = 0.020) and waist circumference (94.5 ± 0.6 vs. 96.3 ± 0.6 cm, P = 0.028) than CT + TT ones. Similarly, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and obesity was also lower in hypertensive patients carrying the CC genotype (16% vs. 21%, P = 0.041; 36% vs. 43%, P = 0.029, respectively). In addition, multiple and logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the CYBA C242T polymorphism was associated with glucose levels, waist circumference, obesity and diabetes mellitus in hypertensive patients independently of potential confounders. Conversely, in normotensive subjects, no significant difference in studied variables was detected between the genotype groups. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the T allele of the CYBA C242T polymorphism may be used as a marker for adverse metabolic features in Brazilian subjects with systemic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schreiber
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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de Oliveira Alvim R, Santos PCJL, Dias RG, Rodrigues MV, de Sa Cunha R, Mill JG, Junior WN, Krieger JE, Pereira AC. Association between the C242T polymorphism in the p22phox gene with arterial stiffness in the Brazilian population. Physiol Genomics 2012; 44:587-92. [PMID: 22496489 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00122.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase p22phox subunit is responsible for the production of reactive oxygen species in the vascular tissue. The C242T polymorphism in the p22phox gene has been associated with diverse coronary artery disease phenotypes, but the findings about the protective or harmful effects of the T allele are still controversial. Our main aim was to assess the effect of p22phox C242T genotypes on arterial stiffness, a predictor of late morbidity and mortality, in individuals from the general population. We randomly selected 1,178 individuals from the general population of Vitoria City, Brazil. Genotypes for the C242T polymorphism were detected by PCR-RFLP, and pulse wave velocity (PWV) values were measured with a noninvasive automatic device Complior. p22phox and TNF-α gene expression were quantified by real-time PCR in human arterial mammary smooth muscle cells. In both the entire and nonhypertensive groups: individuals carrying the TT genotype had higher PWV values and higher risk for increased arterial stiffness [odds ratio (OR) 1.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27-2.92 and OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.07-2.95, respectively] compared with individuals carrying CC+CT genotypes, even after adjustment for covariates. No difference in the p22phox gene expression according C242T genotypes was observed. However, TNF-α gene expression was higher in cells from individual carrying the T allele, suggesting that this genetic marker is associated with functional phenotypes at the gene expression level. In conclusion, we suggest that p22phox C242T polymorphism is associated with arterial stiffness evaluated by PWV in the general population. This genetic association shed light on the understanding of the genetic modulation on vascular dysfunction mediated by NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Oliveira Alvim
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute-InCor, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Yan JT, Zhang L, Xu YJ, Wang XJ, Wang CY, Wang DW. Polymorphisms of genes in nitric oxide-forming pathway associated with ischemic stroke in Chinese Han population. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:1357-63. [PMID: 21963893 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association of polymorphisms in four critical genes implicated in the NO-forming pathway with ischemic stroke (IS) in a Chinese Han population. METHODS DNA samples of 558 IS patients and 557 healthy controls from Chinese Han population were genotyped using the Taqman(TM) 7900HT Sequence Detection System. Six SNPs (rs841, rs1049255, rs2297518, rs1799983, rs2020744, rs4673) of the 4 related genes (eNOS, iNOS, GCH1, and CYBA) in the NO forming pathway were analyzed using the SPSS 13.0 software package for Windows. RESULTS One SNP located in the intron of GCH1 (rs841) was associated with IS independent of the traditional cardiovascular risk factors in co-dominant and dominant models (P=0.003, q=0.027; P=0.00006, q=0.0108; respectively). Moreover, the combination of rs1049255 CC+CT and rs841 GA+AA genotypes was associated with significantly higher risk for IS after adjustments (OR=1.73, 95% CI: 1.27-2.35, P<0.0001, q<0.0001). CONCLUSION The data suggest that genetic variants within the NO-forming pathway alter susceptibility to IS in Chinese Han population. Replication of the present results in other independent cohorts is warranted.
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Schreiber R, Ferreira-Sae MC, Ronchi JA, Pio-Magalhães JA, Cipolli JA, Matos-Souza JR, Mill JG, Vercesi AE, Krieger JE, Franchini KG, Pereira AC, Nadruz Junior W. The C242T polymorphism of the p22-phox gene (CYBA) is associated with higher left ventricular mass in Brazilian hypertensive patients. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 12:114. [PMID: 21884584 PMCID: PMC3182137 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species have been implicated in the physiopathogenesis of hypertensive end-organ damage. This study investigated the impact of the C242T polymorphism of the p22-phox gene (CYBA) on left ventricular structure in Brazilian hypertensive subjects. METHODS We cross-sectionally evaluated 561 patients from 2 independent centers [Campinas (n = 441) and Vitória (n = 120)] by clinical history, physical examination, anthropometry, analysis of metabolic and echocardiography parameters as well as p22-phox C242T polymorphism genotyping. In addition, NADPH-oxidase activity was quantified in peripheral mononuclear cells from a subgroup of Campinas sample. RESULTS Genotype frequencies in both samples were consistent with the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium. Subjects with the T allele presented higher left ventricular mass/height2.7 than those carrying the CC genotype in Campinas (76.8 ± 1.6 vs 70.9 ± 1.4 g/m2.7; p = 0.009), and in Vitória (45.6 ± 1.9 vs 39.9 ± 1.4 g/m2.7; p = 0.023) samples. These results were confirmed by stepwise regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, blood pressure, metabolic variables and use of anti-hypertensive medications. In addition, increased NADPH-oxidase activity was detected in peripheral mononuclear cells from T allele carriers compared with CC genotype carriers (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The T allele of the p22-phox C242T polymorphism is associated with higher left ventricular mass/height 2.7 and increased NADPH-oxidase activity in Brazilian hypertensive patients. These data suggest that genetic variation within NADPH-oxidase components may modulate left ventricular remodeling in subjects with systemic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Schreiber
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Piérola J, Alemany A, Yañez A, de-la-Peña M, Sánchez-de-la-Torre M, Esquinas C, Pérez-Gutierrez C, Burguera B, Barbé F, Barceló A. NADPH oxidase p22phox polymorphisms and oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Respir Med 2011; 105:1748-54. [PMID: 21872458 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) is associated with increased oxidative stress. NADPH oxidases are the main source of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the vasculature. Several polymorphisms related to NADPH oxidase expression or activity have been identified. We compared the distribution of the allelic frequencies of A-930G and C242T polymorphisms and their possible relationship with the levels of 8-isoprostanes as a marker of oxidative stress in patients with OSA and in a control group without OSA. METHODS This is a case-control study. We determined the A-930G and C242T p22phox genotypes in 427 patients with OSA and in 139 healthy subjects recruited from the Sleep Unit of Son Dureta University Hospital, (Palma de Mallorca, Spain). 8-Isoprostane was measured as an oxidative stress marker. RESULTS The distribution of the p22phox genotypes in OSA and in control subjects was different. The risk of OSA was associated with the presence of the G allele in the A-930G p22phox independently of age, gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), hypertension, dyslipemia and diabetes, but no association was found with the C242T polymorphism. The median level of 8-isoprostane was significantly higher in OSA patients. Synergic effect in 8-Isoprostane levels was observed when these two polymorphisms were analysed together. CONCLUSION the A-930G polymorphism of the p22phox gene may play an important role in genetic susceptibility to OSA. Furthermore, the C242T and A-930G polymorphisms of the p22phox gene have a synergic effect on the 8-isoprostane levels, suggesting that they may be involved in the development of oxidative stress in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Piérola
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Ctra Valldemossa 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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Sirker A, Zhang M, Shah AM. NADPH oxidases in cardiovascular disease: insights from in vivo models and clinical studies. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 106:735-47. [PMID: 21598086 PMCID: PMC3149671 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0190-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase family enzymes (or NOXs) are the major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are implicated in the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular diseases. These enzymes appear to be especially important in the modulation of redox-sensitive signalling pathways that underlie key cellular functions such as growth, differentiation, migration and proliferation. Seven distinct members of the family have been identified of which four (namely NOX1, 2, 4 and 5) may have cardiovascular functions. In this article, we review our current understanding of the roles of NOX enzymes in several common cardiovascular disease states, with a focus on data from genetic studies and clinical data where available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sirker
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London SE5 9PJ, UK
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Abu Tarboush N, Jensen LMR, Feng M, Tachikawa H, Wilmot CM, Davidson VL. Functional importance of tyrosine 294 and the catalytic selectivity for the bis-Fe(IV) state of MauG revealed by replacement of this axial heme ligand with histidine . Biochemistry 2010; 49:9783-91. [PMID: 20929212 DOI: 10.1021/bi101254p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diheme enzyme MauG catalyzes the posttranslational modification of a precursor protein of methylamine dehydrogenase (preMADH) to complete the biosynthesis of its protein-derived tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) cofactor. It catalyzes three sequential two-electron oxidation reactions which proceed through a high-valent bis-Fe(IV) redox state. Tyr294, the unusual distal axial ligand of one c-type heme, was mutated to His, and the crystal structure of Y294H MauG in complex with preMADH reveals that this heme now has His-His axial ligation. Y294H MauG is able to interact with preMADH and participate in interprotein electron transfer, but it is unable to catalyze the TTQ biosynthesis reactions that require the bis-Fe(IV) state. This mutation affects not only the redox properties of the six-coordinate heme but also the redox and CO-binding properties of the five-coordinate heme, despite the 21 Å separation of the heme iron centers. This highlights the communication between the hemes which in wild-type MauG behave as a single diheme unit. Spectroscopic data suggest that Y294H MauG can stabilize a high-valent redox state equivalent to Fe(V), but it appears to be an Fe(IV)═O/π radical at the five-coordinate heme rather than the bis-Fe(IV) state. This compound I-like intermediate does not catalyze TTQ biosynthesis, demonstrating that the bis-Fe(IV) state, which is stabilized by Tyr294, is specifically required for this reaction. The TTQ biosynthetic reactions catalyzed by wild-type MauG do not occur via direct contact with the Fe(IV)═O heme but via long-range electron transfer through the six-coordinate heme. Thus, a critical feature of the bis-Fe(IV) species may be that it shortens the electron transfer distance from preMADH to a high-valent heme iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafez Abu Tarboush
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, United States
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Feairheller DL, Brown MD, Park JY, Brinkley TE, Basu S, Hagberg JM, Ferrell RE, Fenty-Stewart NM. Exercise training, NADPH oxidase p22phox gene polymorphisms, and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 41:1421-8. [PMID: 19516159 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318199cee8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress that is mediated through NADPH oxidase activity plays a role in the pathology of hypertension, and aerobic exercise training reduces NADPH oxidase activity. The involvement of genetic variation in the p22phox (CYBA) subunit genes in individual oxidative stress responses to aerobic exercise training has yet to be examined in Pre and Stage 1 hypertensives. METHODS Ninety-four sedentary Pre and Stage 1 hypertensive adults underwent 6 months of aerobic exercise training at a level of 70% VO2max to determine whether the CYBA polymorphisms, C242T and A640G, were associated with changes in urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha (8-iso-PGF2alpha), urinary nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), and plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC). RESULTS Demographic and subject characteristics were similar among genotype groups for both polymorphisms. At baseline, a significant (P = 0.03) difference among the C2424T genotype groups in 8-iso-PGF2alpha levels was detected, with the TT homozygotes having the lowest levels and the CC homozygotes having the highest levels. However, no differences were found at baseline between the A640G genotype groups. After 6 months of aerobic exercise training, there was a significant increase in VO2max (P < 0.0001) in the entire study population. In addition, there were significant increases in both urinary 8-iso-PGF2alpha (P = 0.002) and plasma TAC (P=0.03) levels and a significant decrease in endogenous urinary NOx (P < 0.0001). Overall, aerobic exercise training elicited no significant differences among genotype groups in either CYBA variant for any of the oxidative stress variables. CONCLUSIONS We found that compared with CYBA polymorphisms C242T and A640G, it was aerobic exercise training that had the greatest influence on the selected biomarkers; furthermore, our results suggest that the C242T CYBA variant influences baseline levels of urinary 8-iso-PGF2alpha but not the aerobic exercise-induced responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Feairheller
- Hypertension, Molecular and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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Tu YC, Ding H, Wang XJ, Xu YJ, Zhang L, Huang CX, Wang DW. Exploring epistatic relationships of NO biosynthesis pathway genes in susceptibility to CHD. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:874-80. [PMID: 20581851 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the epistatic relationships of nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis pathway genes in susceptibility to coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS A total of 2142 subjects enrolled in two case-control studies was genotyped for 7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) within NO biosynthesis pathway genes using TaqMan assays. The association analyses were performed at both SNP and haplotype levels. Two-way SNP-SNP interactions and high-order interactions were tested using multiple unconditional logistic regression analyses and generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) analyses, respectively. RESULTS Two alleles (rs1049255*C and rs841*A) were identified that were significantly associated with increased risk of CHD after adjusting for all confounders (OR=1.21, 95% CI: 1.06-1.39, combined P=0.001, P(corr)=0.007 and OR=1.30, 95% CI 1.12-1.50, combined P<0.001, P(corr)<0.001, respectively). Significant two-way SNP-SNP interactions were found between SNP rs2297518 and these two significant polymorphisms, affecting the risk of CHD (P<0.001 for both). No significant high-order interactions were identified. CONCLUSION The results suggested that two-way SNP-SNP interactions of polymorphisms within NO biosynthesis pathway genes contribute to CHD risk.
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Association of the CYBA, PPARGC1A, PPARG3, and PPARD gene variants with coronary artery disease and metabolic risk factors of coronary atherosclerosis in a Russian population. Heart Vessels 2010; 25:229-36. [PMID: 20512451 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-009-1159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in lipid metabolism and enhanced oxidative stress are considered as major risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis. Functional genetic variations in genes whose products are involved in lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense could therefore modulate risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). In this study, we evaluate whether the PPARGC1A Gly482Ser, PPARG3 (-681)C/G, PPARD +294T/C, and CYBA +242C/T gene variants confer the risk of CAD in a Russian population. A total of 313 CAD patients and 132 controls with no clinical sign of CAD were studied. The polymorphic markers were tested using a TaqMan assay. Allele and genotype frequencies in CAD patients and controls were compared using the Yates chi(2) test. Association of the genetic markers with metabolic risk factors of arterial atherosclerosis was studied using the analysis of variance test and then adjusted for conventional risk factors in the multiple regression analysis. For CYBA +242C/T, both the allele T and genotype T/T showed significant association with higher risk of CAD (odds ratio =1.49 and 3.89, respectively). The allele C and genotype C/C of the +294T/C marker of PPARD were associated with increased risk of CAD providing an odds ratio of 2.12 and 2.78, respectively. The risk variants of CYBA +242C/T and PPARD +294T/C markers were associated with higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased total serum cholesterol, respectively. In conclusion, the CYBA +242C/T and PPARD +294T/C variants modulate risk of CAD through their associations with atherogenic serum lipid profiles.
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The effect of p22(phox) -930A/G, A640G and C242T polymorphisms of NADPH oxidase on peripheral and central pressures in healthy, normotensive individuals. Hypertens Res 2010; 33:814-8. [PMID: 20505675 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase produces superoxide, thus regulating redox state in the vessel wall. Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; -930A/G, A640G and C242T) of the p22(phox) subunit have been associated with hypertension; however, their role in peripheral and central pressures in normotensive individuals has not been addressed. A total of 210 healthy, normotensive individuals were studied. Genotypes for the -930A/G, A640G and C242T polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction. Peripheral pressures were measured by mercury sphygmomanometer and aortic pressures by a validated device using applanation tonometry. Both peripheral and central pressures differed across -930A/G genotypes. G allele carriers showed higher levels of peripheral systolic blood pressure (PSBP; AA: 113+/-12, GG/AG: 119+/-12 mm Hg; P<0.01) and peripheral diastolic blood pressure (AA: 70+/-9, GG/AG: 73+/-10 mm Hg; P<0.05). Regarding central pressures, AA homozygotes had lower central systolic blood pressure (CSBP; AA: 103+/-12, GG/AG: 108+/-12 mm Hg; P<0.01) and central diastolic blood pressure (AA: 71+/-9, GG/AG: 74+/-10 mm Hg; P<0.05). In multiple linear regression analysis, presence of the G allele (AG or GG) independently predicted CSBP. Blood pressure levels did not differ across A640G and C242T genotypes. The -930A/G polymorphism of p22(phox) is a determinant of peripheral and central pressures in normotensive individuals. The G allele is associated with higher blood pressure in the brachial artery, as well as in the aorta. These findings further elucidate the role of this polymorphism in the regulation of blood pressure. In contrast, the A640G and C242T SNPs do not influence peripheral and central pressures in normotensives.
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Macías-Reyes A, Rodríguez-Esparragón F, Caballero-Hidalgo A, Hernández-Trujillo Y, Medina A, Rodríguez-Pérez JC. Insight into the role of CYBA A640G and C242T gene variants and coronary heart disease risk. A case-control study. Free Radic Res 2009; 42:82-92. [DOI: 10.1080/10715760701796918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Macías-Reyes
- Research Unit, HUGC Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - A. Caballero-Hidalgo
- Research Unit, HUGC Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Universidad Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, HUGC Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - A. Medina
- Research Unit, HUGC Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Cardiology, HUGC Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - J. C. Rodríguez-Pérez
- Research Unit, HUGC Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Universidad Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, HUGC Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Nephrology Departments, HUGC Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Bedard K, Attar H, Bonnefont JÃ, Jaquet V, Borel C, Plastre O, Stasia MJ, Antonarakis SE, Krause KH. Three common polymorphisms in theCYBAgene form a haplotype associated with decreased ROS generation. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:1123-33. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Katakami N, Sakamoto K, Kaneto H, Matsuhisa M, Shimizu I, Ishibashi F, Osonoi T, Kashiwagi A, Kawamori R, Hori M, Yamasaki Y. Combined effect of oxidative stress-related gene polymorphisms on atherosclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 379:861-5. [PMID: 19126404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that oxidative stress plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In this study, we enrolled 1746 type 2 diabetic subjects, determined 4 common genetic variants related to oxidative stress (glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM) C-588T, myeloperoxidase G-463A, human paraoxonase 1 Gln192Arg and NAD(P)H oxidase p22phox C242T polymorphisms), and measured carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) as a surrogate marker for atherosclerosis. GCLM C-588T polymorphism was associated with average IMT (AveIMT) (r=0.090, p=0.0008), but the association between the other 3 polymorphisms and AveIMT did not reach the statistical significance. However, AveIMT was significantly greater as the total number of 4 concomitant "pro-oxidant alleles" in each subject was increased (r=0.108, p<0.0001). Furthermore, the number of "pro-oxidant alleles" was a risk factor for a high AveIMT independently of conventional risk factors (p=0.0003). In conclusion, accumulation of oxidative stress-associated alleles was associated with carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Katakami
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Violi F, Basili S, Nigro C, Pignatelli P. Role of NADPH oxidase in atherosclerosis. Future Cardiol 2009; 5:83-92. [DOI: 10.2217/14796678.5.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxidant species (ROS) seem to play a key role in the atherosclerotic process via a series of molecular changes that lead to macrophage infiltration in the endothelium and eventually to plaque formation. ROS are also implicated in arterial dysfunction via inactivation of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator and antiaggregating molecule produced by the endothelium. Owing to the relevance of endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation in the process of human atherosclerosis, a lot of effort has been directed towards discovering the ROS-generating pathways implicated in the ROS upregulation. Amongst the enzymatic pathways, NADPH oxidase is the most important enzyme responsible for ROS formation in human vessels. Experimental and clinical studies suggested a role for this enzyme in initiation and progression of atherosclerotic disease. The purpose of this review is to analyze whether the basic and clinical studies are consistent with this hypothesis and to point out if determination of NADPH oxidase is useful in the setting of the atherosclerosis to predict its progression and clinical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Violi
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Basili
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen Nigro
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pignatelli
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Kou B, Zhang J, Singer DRJ. Effects of cyclic strain on endothelial cell apoptosis and tubulogenesis are dependent on ROS production via NAD(P)H subunit p22phox. Microvasc Res 2008; 77:125-33. [PMID: 18801380 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are constantly exposed to blood flow associated forces such as cyclic strain due to blood pressure, which affects ECs survival and angiogenesis by producing ROS via NAD(P)H oxidase. NAD(P)H oxidase subunit p22phox is reported to be related to the development of atherosclerosis and increased levels of p22phox mRNA are correlated to ECs proliferation. However, the importance and signaling mechanism of p22phox on ECs survival and angiogenesis under cyclic strain are unclear. METHODS 5%-20% cyclic strain were applied by the Flexercell system to simulate in vivo environment of human ECs; the effect of p22phox on mechanical ECs survival mechanism and tubulogenesis was determined by western blot and 3-D tissue culture by knocking down p22phox expression via shRNA plasmid. RESULTS Knockdown of p22phox induced expression of cleaved caspase-3 and decreased cell viability ratio (CVR). 5% strain increased and 20% strain decreased CVR of shp22phox cells. There were complex biphasic effects of cyclic strain on ECs survival signaling. 5% strain continuously increased Akt phosphorylation; 20% strain increased after 10min stimulation and decreased Akt phosphorylation lately. 5% strain increased and 20% strain decreased eNOS phosphorylation. Knockdown of p22phox decreased Akt and eNOS phosphorylation with or without cyclic strain. ROS production was increasingly stimulated progressively by strain via the p22phox pathway. 5% strain increased and 20% strain decreased total NO production and vascular tubulogenesis via p22phox pathway. CONCLUSION ROS production is pivotal to responses to physiological or pathological strain. Physiological strain increases but pathological strain decreases ECs survival and tubulogenesis, and these effects occur via the NAD(P)H subunit p22phox pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baijun Kou
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Clinical Science Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX, UK.
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Kravchenko NA, Yarmysh NV. Regulation of the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and dysfunction of vascular endothelium in cardiovascular pathology. CYTOL GENET+ 2008. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452708040117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sheu ML, Chiang CK, Tsai KS, Ho FM, Weng TI, Wu HY, Liu SH. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase-related oxidative stress-triggered signaling by honokiol suppresses high glucose-induced human endothelial cell apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:2043-50. [PMID: 18423412 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiopathy is a major complication of diabetes. Abnormally high blood glucose is a crucial risk factor for endothelial cell damage. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) has been demonstrated as a mediated signaling in hyperglycemia or oxidative stress-triggered apoptosis of endothelial cells. Here we explored the efficacy of honokiol, a small molecular weight natural product, on NADPH oxidase-related oxidative stress-mediated NF-kappaB-regulated signaling and apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) under hyperglycemic conditions. The methods of morphological Hoechst staining and annexin V/propidium iodide staining were used to detect apoptosis. Submicromolar concentrations of honokiol suppressed the increases of NADPH oxidase activity, Rac-1 phosphorylation, p22(phox) protein expression, and reactive oxygen species production in high glucose (HG)-stimulated HUVECs. The degradation of IkappaBalpha and increase of NF-kappaB activity were inhibited by honokiol in HG-treated HUVECs. Moreover, honokiol (0.125-1 microM) also suppressed HG-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 upregulation and prostaglandin E(2) production in HUVECs. Honokiol could reduce increased caspase-3 activity and the subsequent apoptosis and cell death triggered by HG. These results imply that inhibition of NADPH oxidase-related oxidative stress by honokiol suppresses the HG-induced NF-kappaB-regulated COX-2 upregulation, apoptosis, and cell death in HUVECs, which has the potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent to prevent hyperglycemia-induced endothelial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meei Ling Sheu
- Institute of Medical Technology, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan
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36
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NADPH oxidase CYBA polymorphisms, oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008; 114:173-82. [PMID: 18184111 DOI: 10.1042/cs20070130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathophysiology of several major cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, stroke and diabetes. ROS (reactive oxygen species) affect multiple tissues either directly or through NO depletion. ROS induce cardiovascular dysfunction by modulating cell contraction/dilation, migration, growth/apoptosis and extracellular matrix protein turnover, which contribute to vascular and cardiac remodelling. Of the several sources of ROS within the cardiovascular system, a family of multisubunit NADPH oxidases appears to be a predominant contributor of superoxide anion. Recent findings suggest a significant role of the genetic background in NADPH oxidase regulation. Common genetic polymorphisms within the promoter and exonic sequences of CYBA, the gene that encodes the p22(phox) subunit of NADPH oxidase, have been characterized in the context of cardiovascular diseases. This review aims to present the current state of research into these polymorphisms in their relationship to cardiovascular diseases.
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Niemiec P, Zak I, Wita K. The 242T variant of the CYBA gene polymorphism increases the risk of coronary artery disease associated with cigarette smoking and hypercholesterolemia. Coron Artery Dis 2007; 18:339-46. [PMID: 17627182 DOI: 10.1097/mca.0b013e328241d97a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypercholesterolemia and cigarette smoking increase superoxide anion production, which is involved in many proatherosclerotic processes. NAD(P)H oxidases are the main source of superoxides in the vasculature, and the phagocyte oxidase (p22phox) encoded by the CYBA gene is a critical component of NAD(P)H oxidases. The 242T CYBA allele is associated with an increased low-density lipoprotein oxidation and superoxide production. This report focuses on the interactions between C242T CYBA polymorphism and traditional risk factors of coronary artery disease (CAD), such as cigarette smoking and hypercholesterolemia. METHODS We have studied 341 individuals, including 172 patients with angiographically confirmed CAD and 169 blood donors with no known history of cardiovascular disease. The C242T CYBA polymorphism was genotyped using the PCR-restriction fragment-length polymorphism method. To determine the possible interactions between CYBA genotypes and the traditional risk factors for CAD, we used multivariate logistic regression analysis (cumulative effects) and the 4 x 2 table approach (synergistic/antagonistic effects). RESULTS We have found a strong cumulative effect of the 242T allele carrier state and cigarette smoking and hypercholesterolemia. The risk of CAD associated with the presence of cigarette smoking and hypercholesterolemia was stronger in 242T carriers (odds ratio=17.88, P<0.00000) than in CC homozygotes (odds ratio=3.75, P<0.00000). Estimated CAD risk associated with the presence of the 242T allele and both traditional risk factors was approximately 500% greater than the risk predicted by assuming additivity of effects (synergy index, 5.08). CONCLUSION The 242T allele interacts with cigarette smoking and hypercholesterolemia to increase the risk of CAD; this risk is probably associated with the cumulative/synergistic effect of the 242T allele and both the traditional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Niemiec
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
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38
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He MA, Cheng LX, Jiang CZ, Zeng HS, Wang J, Wang F, Chen Y, Yang M, Tan H, Zheng HY, Hu FB, Wu TC. Associations of polymorphism of P22(phox) C242T, plasma levels of vitamin E, and smoking with coronary heart disease in China. Am Heart J 2007; 153:640.e1-6. [PMID: 17383305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The C242T polymorphisms of P22(phox) and plasma vitamin E have been associated with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in several studies, but the results have been inconsistent. In this study, we sought to examine potential interactions between P22(phox) genotypes, plasma vitamin E concentrations, and smoking in relation to CHD risk. METHODS We determined C242T genotype frequency in the P22(phox) gene and plasma levels of vitamin E in 565 Chinese patients with CHD and 609 control subjects. Logistic regression was used to control for potential confounders in multivariate analyses. RESULTS Compared with subjects with a CC genotype, subjects with a CT or TT genotype had a lower risk of CHD (multivariate-adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.45, 95% CI 0.28-0.74, P = .001). Plasma concentrations of vitamin E were lower in case patients than in control subjects (multivariate-adjusted OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.50-0.86, P = .025). Compared with nonsmokers with a CC genotype, nonsmokers with a CT or TT genotype had a decreased risk of CHD (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.12-0.53), but smokers with a CT or TT genotype had an increased risk (OR 2.04, 95% CI 0.74-5.61, P for interaction = .039). Smokers with a lower vitamin E concentration had a >3.0-fold greater risk of CHD than did nonsmokers with a higher vitamin E concentration (OR 3.52, 95% CI 2.36-5.24, P for interaction = .041). CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that P22(phox) genotypes are significantly associated with CHD risk in a Chinese population and suggest potential interactions among smoking, P22(phox) genotypes, and vitamin E in relation to CHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-An He
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Grahl DA, Axelsson J, Nordfors L, Heimburger O, Bárány P, Gao YZ, Qureshi AR, Kato S, Watanabe M, Suliman M, Riella MC, Lindholm B, Stenvinkel P, Pecoits-Filho R. Associations between the CYBA 242C/T and the MPO –463G/A Polymorphisms, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Blood Purif 2007; 25:210-8. [PMID: 17337886 DOI: 10.1159/000100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variations in the NADPH/MPO system in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients might lead to altered activity of these enzymes, and thus to altered risk for oxidative stress (OS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We evaluated the impact of 242C/T CYBA and -463G/A MPO polymorphisms on OS and CVD mortality in stage 5 CKD patients starting dialysis. Two hundred and fifty-seven patients were genotyped using Pyrosequencing. Plasmalogen [dimethylacetal (DMA) 16/C16:0] was used as OS marker. CVD was assessed from patient history and clinical symptoms. Prevalence of CVD was higher (35%) in GG patients (MPO) compared to AG (26%) and AA (0%) patients (p < 0.01). Patients with CC genotype (CYBA) had lower levels of DMA 16/C16:0 (ratio 0.071 +/- 0.003) compared to TT patients (0.089 +/- 0.006; p < 0.05). These patients also had increased CVD mortality compared to CT and TT patients (chi(2) 2.19; p < 0.05). We conclude that genetic variations in the NADPH/MPO system are associated with OS, presence of CVD and CVD-related mortality in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora A Grahl
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bedard K, Krause KH. The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2007; 87:245-313. [PMID: 17237347 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4840] [Impact Index Per Article: 284.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, superoxide generation by an NADPH oxidase was considered as an oddity only found in professional phagocytes. Over the last years, six homologs of the cytochrome subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase were found: NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2. Together with the phagocyte NADPH oxidase itself (NOX2/gp91(phox)), the homologs are now referred to as the NOX family of NADPH oxidases. These enzymes share the capacity to transport electrons across the plasma membrane and to generate superoxide and other downstream reactive oxygen species (ROS). Activation mechanisms and tissue distribution of the different members of the family are markedly different. The physiological functions of NOX family enzymes include host defense, posttranlational processing of proteins, cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and cell differentiation. NOX enzymes also contribute to a wide range of pathological processes. NOX deficiency may lead to immunosuppresion, lack of otoconogenesis, or hypothyroidism. Increased NOX activity also contributes to a large number or pathologies, in particular cardiovascular diseases and neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the functions of NOX enzymes in physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bedard
- Biology of Ageing Laboratories, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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41
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Kim KI, Na JE, Kang SY, Cho YS, Choi DJ, Kim CH, Kim HS, Oh BH, Choi YH, Kwon IS, Park SC. Impact of NAD(P)H oxidase p22 phox gene polymorphism on vascular aging in Korean centenarian and nonagenarian. Int J Cardiol 2007; 123:18-22. [PMID: 17307262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress, the imbalance between production and removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is implicated in the process of cardiovascular aging. Membrane-associated NAD(P)H oxidase system is the most important source of ROS in vascular cells. p22(phox), a critical component of the NAD(P)H oxidase, has a polymorphic site on exon 4, associated with variable enzyme activity. The goal of this study is to investigate the effect of the p22(phox) C242T polymorphism on cardiovascular aging. METHODS We investigated, in a cross-sectional study, the distribution of the p22(phox) genotypes and its impact on vascular aging in elderly Korean subjects (N=123, mean age+/-SD: 97.0+/-5.0). p22(phox) C242T polymorphism was determined by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The p22(phox) genotype and allele frequencies were also compared with younger Korean subjects (N=363, mean age+/-SD: 49.0+/-10.3). RESULTS No significant difference was identified in p22(phox) genotype frequency according to the subject's age. However, the prevalence of CT+TT genotype was significantly less frequent in normotensive extremely elderly compared with younger subjects. Furthermore, the prevalence of the CT+TT genotype was significantly more frequent in hypertensive subjects (21.9%) than in the normotensive group (6.0%, P=0.016) in extremely elderly subject. The association was more significant in systolic hypertension rather than diastolic hypertension. Mean systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure were also significantly higher in subjects with CT+TT genotype. In contrast, there was no significant association between p22(phox) genotype and hypertension in younger-aged group. CONCLUSION These results suggest an association between the p22(phox) C242T polymorphism and vascular aging, which might be mediated by the increase of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Fan M, Kähönen M, Rontu R, Lehtinen R, Viik J, Niemi M, Nieminen T, Niemelä K, Pörsti I, Kööbi T, Turjanmaa V, Lehtimäki T. The p22phox C242T gene polymorphism is associated with a reduced risk of angiographically verified coronary artery disease in a high-risk Finnish Caucasian population. The Finnish Cardiovascular Study. Am Heart J 2006; 152:538-42. [PMID: 16923427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2006.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 02/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is a major source of the superoxide anion, which may play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). The p22phox, a component of the NADPH oxidase, is essential for the activation of this enzyme, and intensive expression of the p22phox has been reported in human atherosclerotic arteries. However, studies on the association of the C242T polymorphism in the p22phox gene with CAD have produced conflicting results, and the relation of this polymorphism with CAD is not well known in a population with acquired risk factors enhancing the NADPH-dependent superoxide production. METHODS As part of the Finnish Cardiovascular Study, a case-control study was conducted with 402 high-risk Finnish Caucasian patients undergoing coronary angiography. Genotyping was performed using the 5' nuclease TaqMan assay. RESULTS The prevalence of the T allele (TT + TC genotypes) was significantly lower among angiographically verified CAD patients (n = 250) than among control subjects (n = 152, P = .013). In contrast to subjects with the CC genotype, the T allele was found protective against CAD (odds ratio = 0.531, 95% CI 0.331-0.852, P = .009), and the results remained significant after adjustment for other significant coronary risk factors. CONCLUSIONS The T allele in the C242Tpolymorphism of the p22phox gene had a protective effect against the development of CAD despite the exposure of study subjects to risk factors related to excessive NADPH-dependent superoxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Fan
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis Genetics, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University Medical School, Tampere, Finland.
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Moreno MU, San José G, Fortuño A, Beloqui O, Díez J, Zalba G. The C242T CYBA polymorphism of NADPH oxidase is associated with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 2006; 24:1299-306. [PMID: 16794479 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000234110.54110.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress is implicated in hypertension. The reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases are the main source of superoxide in phagocytic and vascular cells. The C242T polymorphism of CYBA, the human gene that encodes p22phox, has been found to be functionally associated with vascular NADPH oxidase activity in atherosclerotic patients. We investigated the association of the C242T polymorphism with hypertension and its potential impact on NADPH oxidase activity. We also analysed the interaction of C242T polymorphism with the -930A/G CYBA variant. DESIGN Case-control study in a random sample of 623 subjects (326 hypertensive patients and 297 normotensive controls) from the general population. METHODS CYBA polymorphisms were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) or allelic discrimination. NADPH oxidase activity and p22phox expression were quantified in phagocytic cells by chemiluminescence and by northern and western blots, respectively. RESULTS The prevalence of the CC genotype and the C allele frequency were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in hypertensives than in normotensives. CC genotype remained associated with hypertension after adjusting for potential confounders in a logistic regression analysis. Increased phagocytic NADPH oxidase activity was observed in CC hypertensives compared with CT and TT hypertensives (P < 0.05). Enhanced plasma levels of von Willebrand factor were found in CC hypertensives compared with TT hypertensives (P < 0.05). The C242T polymorphism was not in linkage disequilibrium with the -930A/G CYBA promoter variation, which also associates with hypertension. CONCLUSION The C242T CYBA polymorphism is associated with essential hypertension. Furthermore, hypertensives carrying the CC genotype of this polymorphism exhibit features of NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress and endothelial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- María U Moreno
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Applied Medical Research, Spain
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44
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Rollo CD. Radiation and the regulatory landscape of neo2-Darwinism. Mutat Res 2006; 597:18-31. [PMID: 16414092 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Several recently revealed features of eukaryotic genomes were not predicted by earlier evolutionary paradigms, including the relatively small number of genes, the very large amounts of non-functional code and its quarantine in heterochromatin, the remarkable conservation of many functionally important genes across relatively enormous phylogenetic distances, and the prevalence of extra-genomic information associated with chromatin structure and histone proteins. All of these emphasize a paramount role for regulatory evolution, which is further reinforced by recent perspectives highlighting even higher-order regulation governing epigenetics and development (EVO-DEVO). Modern neo2-Darwinism, with its emphasis on regulatory mechanisms and regulatory evolution provides new vision for understanding radiation biology, particularly because free radicals and redox states are central to many regulatory mechanisms and free radicals generated by radiation mimic and amplify endogenous signalling. This paper explores some of these aspects and their implications for low-dose radiation biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C David Rollo
- Department of Biology, Life Sciences Building, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ont., Canada L8S 4K1.
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Sung HJ, Eskin SG, Sakurai Y, Yee A, Kataoka N, McIntire LV. Oxidative stress produced with cell migration increases synthetic phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells. Ann Biomed Eng 2006; 33:1546-54. [PMID: 16341922 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-005-7545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) is important in vascular pathogenesis. Understanding how these factors relate to cell migration can improve design of therapeutic interventions to control vascular disease. We compared the proliferation, protein content and migration of cultured aortic VSMC from wild type (WT) versus transgenic mice (Tgp22phox), in which overexpression of p22phox was targeted to VSMC. Also, we compared H2O2 generation and expression of specific phenotypic markers of non-migrating with migrating WT versus Tgp22phox VSMC in an in vitro wound scratch model. Enhanced H2O2 production in Tgp22phox versus WT VSMC (p < 0.005) significantly correlated with increased protein content, proliferation, and migration. VSMC migrating across the wound edge produced more H2O2 than non-migrating VSMC (p < 0.05). The expression of synthetic phenotypic markers, tropomyosin 4 and myosin heavy chain embryonic (SMemb), was enhanced significantly, while the expression of contractile marker, smooth muscle alpha-actin, was reduced significantly in migrating versus non-migrating cells, and also in Tgp22phox versus WT (p < 0.005) VSMC. These results are consistent with increased production of ROS accelerating the switch from the contractile to the synthetic phenotype, characterized by increases in proliferation, migration, and expression of TM4 and SMemb and decreased alpha-actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Joon Sung
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Ginsburg GS, Donahue MP, Newby LK. Prospects for Personalized Cardiovascular Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46:1615-27. [PMID: 16256859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Revised: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sequencing of the human genome has ushered in prospects for individualizing cardiovascular health care. There is growing evidence that the practice of cardiovascular medicine might soon have a new toolbox to predict and treat disease more effectively. The Human Genome Project has spawned several important "omic" technologies that allow "whole genome" interrogation of sequence variation (re-sequencing, genotyping, comparative genome hybridization), transcription (expression profiling, tissue arrays), proteins (gas or liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectroscopy [MS]), and metabolites (MS or nuclear magnetic resonance profiling); deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, protein, and metabolic approaches all provide more exacting detail of cardiovascular disease mechanisms and, in some cases, are redefining its taxonomy. Pharmacogenomic approaches are emerging across broad classes of cardiovascular therapeutics to assist practitioners in making more precise decisions about which drugs to give to which patients to optimize the benefit-to-risk ratio. Molecular imaging is developing chemical and biological probes that can sense molecular pathway mechanisms that will allow us to monitor health and disease. Together, these tools will enable a paradigm shift from genetic medicine--on the basis of the study of individual inherited characteristics, most often single genes--to genomic medicine, which by its nature is comprehensive and focuses on the functions and interactions of multiple genes and gene products, among themselves and with their environment. The information gained from such analyses, in combination with clinical data, is now allowing us to assess individual risks and guide clinical management and decision-making, all of which form the basis for cardiovascular genomic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Center for Genomic Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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47
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Shin MJ, Cho EY, Jang Y, Lee JH, Shim WH, Cho SY, Rim SJ, Kang SM, Ha JW, Ko YG, Kim SS, Park HY, Chung N. A beneficial effect of simvastatin on DNA damage in 242T allele of the NADPH oxidase p22phox in hypercholesterolemic patients. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 360:46-51. [PMID: 15936011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Revised: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of simvastatin on DNA damage in hypercholesterolemic patients was investigated, and the relationship between the C242T polymorphism of the NADPH oxidase p22phox gene and the antioxidant effects of simvastatin was examined. METHODS Simvastatin (20-40 mg /day) was administered for 8 weeks in 72 hypercholesterolemic patients. DNA damage in lymphocytes was quantified using single-cell gel electrophoresis (COMET assay) by measuring tail DNA (%), tail length (microm) and tail moment (tail length x % tail DNA/100). RESULTS Simvastatin significantly reduced DNA damage as expressed by tail DNA (%, p< 0.001), tail length (mum, p<0.001) and tail moment on the DNA in lymphocytes (p<0.001) after 8 weeks. The frequencies of the C242T genotypes for CC, TC, and TT were 75.0%, 23.6% and 1.4% in the subjects. In the presence of the 242T allele, there were higher levels of baseline DNA damage and also a greater improvement in the DNA damage after 8 week simvastatin treatment compared with the CC homozygotes. CONCLUSION Simvastatin significantly reduced DNA damage of hypercholesterolemic patients. This study showed that simvastatin has a beneficial effect on the improvement of DNA damage in patients with the 242T allele of NADPH oxidase p22phox gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jeong Shin
- Yonsei Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Jones
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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49
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Zalba G, San José G, Moreno MU, Fortuño A, Díez J. NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress: genetic studies of the p22(phox) gene in hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7:1327-36. [PMID: 16115038 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2005.7.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Increased vascular production of reactive oxygen species, especially superoxide anion, significantly contributes to the oxidative stress associated with hypertension. An enhanced superoxide production causes an increased inactivation of nitric oxide that diminishes nitric oxide bioavailability, thus contributing to endothelial dysfunction and hypertrophy of vascular cells. It has been shown that NADPH oxidases play a major role as the most important sources of superoxide anion in phagocytic and vascular cells. Several experimental observations have described an enhanced superoxide generation as a result of NADPH oxidase activation in hypertension. Although these enzymes respond to stimuli such as vasoactive factors, growth factors, and cytokines, recent data suggest a significant role of the genetic background in the modulation of the expression of its different components. Several polymorphisms have been identified in the promoter and in the coding region of CYBA, the gene that encodes the essential subunit of the NADPH oxidase p22phox, some of which seem to influence significantly the activity of these enzymes in the context of cardiovascular diseases. Among CYBA polymorphisms, genetic investigations have provided a novel marker, the -930(A/G) polymorphism, which determines the genetic susceptibility of hypertensive patients to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Zalba
- Area of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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50
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Chen SN, Ballantyne CM, Gotto AM, Tan Y, Willerson JT, Marian AJ. A common PCSK9 haplotype, encompassing the E670G coding single nucleotide polymorphism, is a novel genetic marker for plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and severity of coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45:1611-9. [PMID: 15893176 PMCID: PMC2910256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Revised: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the effects of PCSK9 variants on plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, severity of coronary atherosclerosis, and response to statin therapy in the Lipoprotein Coronary Atherosclerosis Study (LCAS) population. BACKGROUND Mutations in PCSK9 cause autosomal-dominant hypercholesterolemia. We hypothesized that PCSK9 variants could affect plasma LDL-C in individuals with polygenic hypercholesterolemia. METHODS We sequenced all 12 exons and boundaries to detect novel polymorphisms, and genotyped 372 subjects in LCAS and 319 subjects in a second independent population for six polymorphisms, including novel leucine repeats, by fluorescently tagged markers. We reconstructed haplotypes using a Bayesian algorithm. RESULTS Permutation test results showed statistically significant differences in global haplotype distribution among the tertiles of LDL-C (odds ratio [OR]: 2.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.90 to 4.32, p = 0.005) and minimum lumen diameter of coronary lesions (OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.01 to 3.55, p = 0.045). Regression analysis identified haplotype 3 as an independent determinant of LDL-C levels (adjusted R2 = 2.2%, F = 9.37, p = 0.002). Haplotype structure analysis identified E670G as the determinant variant, exerting a dose effect (GG > EG > EE) and accounting for 3.5% of plasma LDL-C variability (F = 14.6, p < 0.001). Plasma total cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein (a) levels were also associated with the E670G variant. Distributions of the E670G genotypes in an independent normolipidemic and the hyperlipidemic LCAS populations were significantly different (F = 7.2, p = 0.027). No significant treatment-by-genotype interactions were detected. The false positive report probability was between 2% and 8%. CONCLUSIONS Haplotype 3 encompassing the E670G variant is an independent determinant of plasma LDL-C levels and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suet N. Chen
- Sections of Cardiology and Atherosclerosis, Center for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Christie M. Ballantyne
- Sections of Cardiology and Atherosclerosis, Center for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Yanli Tan
- Sections of Cardiology and Atherosclerosis, Center for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Ali J. Marian
- Sections of Cardiology and Atherosclerosis, Center for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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