1
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Huillet M, Lasserre F, Gratacap MP, Engelmann B, Bruse J, Polizzi A, Fougeray T, Martin CMP, Rives C, Fougerat A, Naylies C, Lippi Y, Garcia G, Rousseau-Bacquie E, Canlet C, Debrauwer L, Rolle-Kampczyk U, von Bergen M, Payrastre B, Boutet-Robinet E, Gamet-Payrastre L, Guillou H, Loiseau N, Ellero-Simatos S. Pharmacological activation of constitutive androstane receptor induces female-specific modulation of hepatic metabolism. JHEP Rep 2024; 6:100930. [PMID: 38149074 PMCID: PMC10749885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is a nuclear receptor that binds diverse xenobiotics and whose activation leads to the modulation of the expression of target genes involved in xenobiotic detoxification and energy metabolism. Although CAR hepatic activity is considered to be higher in women than in men, its sex-dependent response to an acute pharmacological activation has seldom been investigated. Methods The hepatic transcriptome, plasma markers, and hepatic metabolome, were analysed in Car+/+ and Car-/- male and female mice treated either with the CAR-specific agonist 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP) or with vehicle. Results Although 90% of TCPOBOP-sensitive genes were modulated in a sex-independent manner, the remaining 10% showed almost exclusive female liver specificity. These female-specific CAR-sensitive genes were mainly involved in xenobiotic metabolism, inflammation, and extracellular matrix organisation. CAR activation also induced higher hepatic oxidative stress and hepatocyte cytolysis in females than in males. Hepatic expression of flavin monooxygenase 3 (Fmo3) was almost abolished and was associated with a decrease in hepatic trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) concentration in TCPOBOP-treated females. In line with a potential role in the control of TMAO homeostasis, CAR activation decreased platelet hyper-responsiveness in female mice supplemented with dietary choline. Conclusions More than 10% of CAR-sensitive genes are sex-specific and influence hepatic and systemic responses such as platelet aggregation. CAR activation may be an important mechanism of sexually-dimorphic drug-induced liver injury. Impact and implications CAR is activated by many drugs and pollutants. Its pharmacological activation had a stronger impact on hepatic gene expression and metabolism in females than in males, and had a specific impact on liver toxicity and trimethylamine metabolism. Sexual dimorphism should be considered when testing and/or prescribing xenobiotics known to activate CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Huillet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Lasserre
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Gratacap
- INSERM, UMR-1297 and Université Toulouse III, Institut de Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), CHU-Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Beatrice Engelmann
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Justine Bruse
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Polizzi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Tiffany Fougeray
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Marie Pauline Martin
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Clémence Rives
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Fougerat
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Naylies
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Lippi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Géraldine Garcia
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Elodie Rousseau-Bacquie
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Canlet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Debrauwer
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Ulrike Rolle-Kampczyk
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- INSERM, UMR-1297 and Université Toulouse III, Institut de Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), CHU-Rangueil, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisa Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Gamet-Payrastre
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Ellero-Simatos
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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2
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Rakateli L, Huchzermeier R, van der Vorst EPC. AhR, PXR and CAR: From Xenobiotic Receptors to Metabolic Sensors. Cells 2023; 12:2752. [PMID: 38067179 PMCID: PMC10705969 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, xenobiotic receptors are known for their role in chemical sensing and detoxification, as receptor activation regulates the expression of various key enzymes and receptors. However, recent studies have highlighted that xenobiotic receptors also play a key role in the regulation of lipid metabolism and therefore function also as metabolic sensors. Since dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for various cardiometabolic diseases, like atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, it is of major importance to understand the molecular mechanisms that are regulated by xenobiotic receptors. In this review, three major xenobiotic receptors will be discussed, being the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Specifically, this review will focus on recent insights into the metabolic functions of these receptors, especially in the field of lipid metabolism and the associated dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonida Rakateli
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (L.R.); (R.H.)
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rosanna Huchzermeier
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (L.R.); (R.H.)
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Emiel P. C. van der Vorst
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (L.R.); (R.H.)
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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3
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Zhang J, Jia Q, Li Y, He J. The Function of Xenobiotic Receptors in Metabolic Diseases. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:237-248. [PMID: 36414407 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are a series of metabolic disorders that include obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. The increased prevalence of metabolic diseases has resulted in higher mortality and mobility rates over the past decades, and this has led to extensive research focusing on the underlying mechanisms. Xenobiotic receptors (XRs) are a series of xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors that regulate their downstream target genes expression, thus defending the body from xenobiotic and endotoxin attacks. XR activation is associated with the development of a number of metabolic diseases such as obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, thus suggesting an important role for XRs in modulating metabolic diseases. However, the regulatory mechanism of XRs in the context of metabolic disorders under different nutrient conditions is complex and remains controversial. This review summarizes the effects of XRs on different metabolic components (cholesterol, lipids, glucose, and bile acids) in different tissues during metabolic diseases. As chronic inflammation plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of metabolic diseases, we also discuss the impact of XRs on inflammation to comprehensively recognize the role of XRs in metabolic diseases. This will provide new ideas for treating metabolic diseases by targeting XRs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review outlines the current understanding of xenobiotic receptors on nutrient metabolism and inflammation during metabolic diseases. This work also highlights the gaps in this field, which can be used to direct the future investigations on metabolic diseases treatment by targeting xenobiotic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingyi Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinhan He
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Karpale M, Hukkanen J, Hakkola J. Nuclear Receptor PXR in Drug-Induced Hypercholesterolemia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030313. [PMID: 35159123 PMCID: PMC8833906 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major global health concern. The central modifiable risk factors and causative agents of the disease are high total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. To reduce morbidity and mortality, a thorough understanding of the factors that influence an individual’s cholesterol status during the decades when the arteria-narrowing arteriosclerotic plaques are forming is critical. Several drugs are known to increase cholesterol levels; however, the mechanisms are poorly understood. Activation of pregnane X receptor (PXR), the major regulator of drug metabolism and molecular mediator of clinically significant drug–drug interactions, has been shown to induce hypercholesterolemia. As a major sensor of the chemical environment, PXR may in part mediate hypercholesterolemic effects of drug treatment. This review compiles the current knowledge of PXR in cholesterol homeostasis and discusses the role of PXR in drug-induced hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Karpale
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Biocenter Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Janne Hukkanen
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Jukka Hakkola
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Biocenter Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland;
- Correspondence:
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5
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Activation of the Constitutive Androstane Receptor Inhibits Leukocyte Adhesiveness to Dysfunctional Endothelium. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179267. [PMID: 34502180 PMCID: PMC8431649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte cell recruitment into the vascular subendothelium constitutes an early event in the atherogenic process. As the effect of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) on leukocyte recruitment and endothelial dysfunction is poorly understood, this study investigated whether the role of CAR activation can affect this response and the underlying mechanisms involved. Under physiological flow conditions, TNFα-induced endothelial adhesion of human leukocyte cells was concentration-dependently inhibited by preincubation of human umbilical arterial endothelial cells with the selective human CAR ligand CITCO. CAR agonism also prevented TNFα induced VCAM-1 expression, as well as MCP-1/CCL-2 and RANTES/CCL-5 release in endothelial cells. Suppression of CAR expression with a small interfering RNA abrogated the inhibitory effects of CITCO on these responses. Furthermore, CITCO increased interaction of CAR with Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) and reduced TNFα-induced p38-MAPK/NF-κB activation. In vivo, using intravital microscopy in the mouse cremasteric microcirculation treatment with the selective mouse CAR ligand TCPOBOP inhibited TNFα-induced leukocyte rolling flux, adhesion, and emigration and decreased VCAM-1 in endothelium. These results reveal that CAR agonists can inhibit the initial inflammatory response that precedes the atherogenic process by targeting different steps in the leukocyte recruitment cascade. Therefore, CAR agonists may constitute a new therapeutic tool in controlling cardiovascular disease-associated inflammatory processes.
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6
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Schlezinger JJ, Puckett H, Oliver J, Nielsen G, Heiger-Bernays W, Webster TF. Perfluorooctanoic acid activates multiple nuclear receptor pathways and skews expression of genes regulating cholesterol homeostasis in liver of humanized PPARα mice fed an American diet. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 405:115204. [PMID: 32822737 PMCID: PMC7503133 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in their drinking water, food, air, dust, and by direct use of consumer products. Increased concentrations of serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol are among the endpoints best supported by epidemiology. The objectives of this study were to generate a new model for examining PFAS-induced dyslipidemia and to conduct molecular studies to better define mechanism(s) of action. We tested the hypothesis that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposure at a human-relevant level dysregulates expression of genes controlling cholesterol homeostasis in livers of mice expressing human PPARα (hPPARα). Female and male hPPARα and PPARα null mice were fed a diet based on the "What we eat in America" analysis and exposed to PFOA in drinking water (8 μM) for 6 weeks. This resulted in a serum PFOA concentration of 48 μg/ml. PFOA increased liver mass, which was associated with histologically-evident lipid accumulation. Pooled analyses of serum lipoprotein cholesterol suggest that PFOA increased serum cholesterol, particularly in male mice. PFOA induced PPARα and constitutive androstane receptor target gene expression in liver. Expression of genes in four pathways regulating cholesterol homeostasis were also measured. PFOA decreased expression of Hmgcr in a PPARα-dependent manner. PFOA decreased expression of Ldlr and Cyp7a1 in a PPARα-independent manner. Apob expression was not changed. Sex differences were evident. This novel study design (hPPARα mice, American diet, long term exposure) generated new insight on the effects of PFOA on cholesterol regulation in the liver and the role of hPPARα.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Schlezinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - H Puckett
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - J Oliver
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - G Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - W Heiger-Bernays
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - T F Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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7
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Vítek L. Bilirubin as a signaling molecule. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1335-1351. [PMID: 32017160 DOI: 10.1002/med.21660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
For long time bilirubin was only considered as a potentially dangerous sign of liver diseases, but it now appears clear that it is also a powerful signaling molecule. Together with potent antioxidant activities that were only reported in the last few decades, many other biological effects have now been clearly described. These include especially profound inhibitory effects on almost all effectors of the immune system, with their clinical consequences in the bilirubin-mediated protection against autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Separate from these, bilirubin activates various nuclear and cytoplasmic receptors, resembling the endocrine activities of actual hormonal substances. This is true for the "classical" hepatic nuclear receptors, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, or the constitutive androstane receptor; and also for some lesser-explored receptors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α and γ; Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor; or other signaling molecules including fatty acid binding protein 1, apolipoprotein D, or reactive oxygen species. All of these targets have broad metabolic effects, which in turn may offer protection against obesity, diabetes mellitus, and other metabolic diseases. The (mostly experimental) data are also supported by clinical evidence. In fact, data from the last three decades have convincingly demonstrated the protective effects of mildly elevated serum bilirubin concentrations against various "diseases of civilization." Additionally, even tiny, micromolar changes of serum bilirubin concentrations have been associated with substantial alteration in the risks of these diseases. It is highly likely that all of the biological activities of bilirubin have yet to be exhaustively explored, and thus we can expect further clinical discoveries about this evolutionarily old molecule into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Vítek
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General Faculty Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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8
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Kim KH, Choi JM, Li F, Dong B, Wooton-Kee CR, Arizpe A, Anakk S, Jung SY, Hartig SM, Moore DD. Constitutive Androstane Receptor Differentially Regulates Bile Acid Homeostasis in Mouse Models of Intrahepatic Cholestasis. Hepatol Commun 2018; 3:147-159. [PMID: 30620001 PMCID: PMC6312660 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acid (BA) homeostasis is tightly regulated by multiple transcription factors, including farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and small heterodimer partner (SHP). We previously reported that loss of the FXR/SHP axis causes severe intrahepatic cholestasis, similar to human progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 5 (PFIC5). In this study, we found that constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is endogenously activated in Fxr:Shp double knockout (DKO) mice. To test the hypothesis that CAR activation protects DKO mice from further liver damage, we generated Fxr;Shp;Car triple knockout (TKO) mice. In TKO mice, residual adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding cassette, subfamily B member 11 (ABCB11; alias bile salt export pump [BSEP]) function and fecal BA excretion are completely impaired, resulting in severe hepatic and biliary damage due to excess BA overload. In addition, we discovered that pharmacologic CAR activation has different effects on intrahepatic cholestasis of different etiologies. In DKO mice, CAR agonist 1,4‐bis[2‐(3,5‐dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP; here on TC) treatment attenuated cholestatic liver injury, as expected. However, in the PFIC2 model Bsep knockout (BKO) mice, TC treatment exhibited opposite effects that reflect increased BA accumulation and liver injury. These contrasting results may be linked to differential regulation of systemic cholesterol homeostasis in DKO and BKO livers. TC treatment selectively up‐regulated hepatic cholesterol levels in BKO mice, supporting de novo BA synthesis. Conclusion: CAR activation in DKO mice is generally protective against cholestatic liver injury in these mice, which model PFIC5, but not in the PFIC2 model BKO mice. Our results emphasize the importance of the genetic and physiologic background when implementing targeted therapies to treat intrahepatic cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | - Jong Min Choi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX.,Center for Drug Discovery Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | - Bingning Dong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | | | - Armando Arizpe
- School of Natural Science University of Texas Austin Austin TX
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX.,Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | - David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
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9
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Chen F, Coslo DM, Chen T, Zhang L, Tian Y, Smith PB, Patterson AD, Omiecinski CJ. Metabolomic Approaches Reveal the Role of CAR in Energy Metabolism. J Proteome Res 2018; 18:239-251. [PMID: 30336042 PMCID: PMC6805043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The constitutive androstane receptor
(CAR; NR1I3) contributes important
regulatory roles in biotransformation, xenobiotic transport function,
energy metabolism and lipid homeostasis. In this investigation, global
serum and liver tissue metabolomes were assessed analytically in wild
type and CAR-null transgenic mice using NMR, GC–MS and UPLC–MS/MS-based
metabolomics. Significantly, CAR activation increased serum levels
of fatty acids, lactate, ketone bodies and tricarboxylic acid cycle
products, whereas levels of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, amino
acids and liver glucose were decreased following short-term activation
of CAR. Mechanistically, quantitative mRNA analysis demonstrated significantly
decreased expression of key gluconeogenic pathways, and increased
expression of glucose utilization pathways, changes likely resulting
from down-regulation of the hepatic glucose sensor and bidirectional
transporter, Glut2. Short-term CAR activation also
resulted in enhanced fatty acid synthesis and impaired β-oxidation.
In summary, CAR contributes an expansive role regulating energy metabolism,
significantly impacting glucose and monocarboxylic acid utilization,
fatty acid metabolism and lipid homeostasis, through receptor-mediated
regulation of several genes in multiple associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Chen
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States.,Department of Pathology , Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
| | - Denise M Coslo
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Tao Chen
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Limin Zhang
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States.,CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Yuan Tian
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Philip B Smith
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Curtis J Omiecinski
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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10
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Tran M, Liu Y, Huang W, Wang L. Nuclear receptors and liver disease: Summary of the 2017 basic research symposium. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:765-777. [PMID: 30129636 PMCID: PMC6049066 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor superfamily contains important transcriptional regulators that play pleiotropic roles in cell differentiation, development, proliferation, and metabolic processes to govern liver physiology and pathology. Many nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate the expression of their target genes by modulating transcriptional activities and epigenetic changes. Additionally, the protein complex associated with nuclear receptors consists of a multitude of coregulators, corepressors, and noncoding RNAs. Therefore, acquiring new information on nuclear receptors may provide invaluable insight into novel therapies and shed light on new interventions to reduce the burden and incidence of liver diseases. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:765-777).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Tran
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute City of Hope National Medical Center Duarte CA
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute City of Hope National Medical Center Duarte CA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.,Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System West Haven CT.,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases Yale University New Haven CT
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11
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The Role of PPAR and Its Cross-Talk with CAR and LXR in Obesity and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041260. [PMID: 29690611 PMCID: PMC5979375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and atherosclerosis has substantially increased worldwide over the past several decades. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), as fatty acids sensors, have been therapeutic targets in several human lipid metabolic diseases, such as obesity, atherosclerosis, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and liver X receptors (LXRs) were also reported as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and atherosclerosis, respectively. Further clarification of the internal relationships between these three lipid metabolic nuclear receptors is necessary to enable drug discovery. In this review, we mainly summarized the cross-talk of PPARs-CAR in obesity and PPARs-LXRs in atherosclerosis.
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12
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Sui Y, Park SH, Wang F, Zhou C. Perinatal Bisphenol A Exposure Increases Atherosclerosis in Adult Male PXR-Humanized Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1595-1608. [PMID: 29425287 PMCID: PMC5939635 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a base chemical used extensively in numerous consumer products, and human exposure to BPA is ubiquitous. Higher BPA exposure has been associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in multiple human population-based studies. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the associations remain elusive. We previously reported that BPA activates the xenobiotic receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR), which has proatherogenic effects in animal models. Because BPA is a potent agonist for human PXR but does not affect rodent PXR activity, a suitable PXR-humanized apolipoprotein E-deficient (huPXR•ApoE-/-) mouse model was developed to study BPA's atherogenic effects. Chronic BPA exposure increased atherosclerosis in the huPXR•ApoE-/- mice. We report that BPA exposure can also activate human PXR signaling in the heart tubes of huPXR•ApoE-/- embryos, and perinatal BPA exposure exacerbated atherosclerosis in adult male huPXR•ApoE-/- offspring. However, atherosclerosis development in female offspring was not affected by perinatal BPA exposure. Perinatal BPA exposure did not affect plasma lipid levels but increased aortic and atherosclerotic lesional fatty acid transporter CD36 expression in male huPXR•ApoE-/- offspring. Mechanistically, PXR epigenetically regulated CD36 expression by increasing H3K4me3 levels and decreasing H3K27me3 levels in the CD36 promoter in response to perinatal BPA exposure. The findings from the present study contribute to our understanding of the association between BPA exposure and increased atherosclerosis or CVD risk in humans, and activation of human PXR should be considered for future BPA risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Sui
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Se-Hyung Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Correspondence: Changcheng Zhou, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 900 South Limestone Street, #517, Lexington, Kentucky 40536. E-mail:
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13
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Xu P, Hong F, Wang J, Dai S, Wang J, Zhai Y. The CAR agonist TCPOBOP inhibits lipogenesis and promotes fibrosis in the mammary gland of adolescent female mice. Toxicol Lett 2018; 290:29-35. [PMID: 29550551 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is a nuclear receptor that not only regulates drug-metabolizing enzymes but also influences energy metabolism. TC, 1, 4-bis [2-(3, 5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene (TCPOBOP) has been shown to inhibit lipogenesis in the liver and adipose tissues. The mammary gland is mainly composed of fat pads and duct systems in adolescent female mice. Here, activation of CAR by TC reduces the mammary gland weight, blocks lipid accumulation by inhibiting lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis, and accelerates collagen formation and fibrosis in the mammary fat pad of adolescent female mice. This information provides a reference for CAR activation, which may affect mammary gland development in adolescent females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Department of Biology Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher's College, Baotou, China
| | - Shu Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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14
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Brenachot X, Gautier T, Nédélec E, Deckert V, Laderrière A, Nuzzaci D, Rigault C, Lemoine A, Pénicaud L, Lagrost L, Benani A. Brain Control of Plasma Cholesterol Involves Polysialic Acid Molecules in the Hypothalamus. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:245. [PMID: 28515677 PMCID: PMC5414510 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The polysialic acid (PSA) is a large glycan that is added to cell-surface proteins during their post-translational maturation. In the brain, PSA modulates distances between cells and controls the plasticity of the nervous system. In the hypothalamus, PSA is involved in many aspects of energy balance including food intake, osmoregulation, circadian rhythm, and sleep. In this work, we investigated the role of hypothalamic PSA in the regulation of plasma cholesterol levels and distribution. We report that HFD consumption in mice rapidly increased plasma cholesterol, including VLDL, LDL, and HDL-cholesterol. Although plasma VLDL-cholesterol was normalized within the first week, LDL and HDL were still elevated after 2 weeks upon HFD. Importantly, we found that hypothalamic PSA removal aggravated LDL elevation and reduced HDL levels upon HFD. These results indicate that hypothalamic PSA controls plasma lipoprotein profile by circumventing the rise of LDL-to-HDL cholesterol ratio in plasma during overfeeding. Although mechanisms by which hypothalamic PSA controls plasma cholesterol homeostasis remains to be elucidated, these findings also suggest that low level of hypothalamic PSA might be a risk factor for dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Brenachot
- AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Thomas Gautier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale LNC, U1231, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Nédélec
- AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Valérie Deckert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale LNC, U1231, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Amélie Laderrière
- AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Danaé Nuzzaci
- AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Caroline Rigault
- AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Aleth Lemoine
- AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Laurent Lagrost
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale LNC, U1231, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Alexandre Benani
- AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
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15
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Cheng S, Zou M, Liu Q, Kuang J, Shen J, Pu S, Chen L, Li H, Wu T, Li R, Li Y, Jiang W, Zhang Z, He J. Activation of Constitutive Androstane Receptor Prevents Cholesterol Gallstone Formation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:808-818. [PMID: 28283178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol gallstone disease (CGD) is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases. Lithogenic hepatic bile secretion precedes the formation of cholesterol gallstones. Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), a member of nuclear family, plays an important role in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. To examine whether activation of CAR can prevent cholesterol gallstone formation, we treated C57BL6/J mice maintained on a lithogenic diet with CAR agonist 1,4-bis-[2-(3, 5-dichlorpyridyloxy)] benzene and performed bile duct cannulation to study the dynamics of biliary lipids. We report that activation of CAR decreases the biliary cholesterol concentration and prevents CGD formation. The lower biliary cholesterol level was largely attributed to suppressed Abcg5 and Abcg8 expression in CAR-activated mice. CAR activation also promoted cholesterol conversion into bile acids by increasing the expression of Cyp7a1, a rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid biosynthesis. Activation of CAR enhanced bile acid re-absorption via increasing the expression of bile acid transporters Asbt and Ostβ in the ileum. The hepatic steatosis was also improved in the liver of CAR-activated mice. Furthermore, activation of CAR protected the mice against the liver X receptor α-sensitized CGD through suppressing the expression of Abcg5/8. Collectively, CAR plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of cholesterol, bile acids, and triglycerides levels, and it might be a promising therapeutic target for preventing or treating CGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihai Cheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu; Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinhui Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiangying Kuang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyun Pu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jinhan He
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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16
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Caligiuri A, Gentilini A, Marra F. Molecular Pathogenesis of NASH. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091575. [PMID: 27657051 PMCID: PMC5037841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the main cause of chronic liver disease in the Western world and a major health problem, owing to its close association with obesity, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. NASH progression results from numerous events originating within the liver, as well as from signals derived from the adipose tissue and the gastrointestinal tract. In a fraction of NASH patients, disease may progress, eventually leading to advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Understanding the mechanisms leading to NASH and its evolution to cirrhosis is critical to identifying effective approaches for the treatment of this condition. In this review, we focus on some of the most recent data reported on the pathogenesis of NASH and its fibrogenic progression, highlighting potential targets for treatment or identification of biomarkers of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Caligiuri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze 50121, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Gentilini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze 50121, Italy.
| | - Fabio Marra
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze 50121, Italy.
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17
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PXR- and CAR-mediated herbal effect on human diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:1121-1129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Cave MC, Clair HB, Hardesty JE, Falkner KC, Feng W, Clark BJ, Sidey J, Shi H, Aqel BA, McClain CJ, Prough RA. Nuclear receptors and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:1083-1099. [PMID: 26962021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are transcription factors which sense changing environmental or hormonal signals and effect transcriptional changes to regulate core life functions including growth, development, and reproduction. To support this function, following ligand-activation by xenobiotics, members of subfamily 1 nuclear receptors (NR1s) may heterodimerize with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) to regulate transcription of genes involved in energy and xenobiotic metabolism and inflammation. Several of these receptors including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), the pregnane and xenobiotic receptor (PXR), the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), the liver X receptor (LXR) and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) are key regulators of the gut:liver:adipose axis and serve to coordinate metabolic responses across organ systems between the fed and fasting states. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease and may progress to cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is associated with inappropriate nuclear receptor function and perturbations along the gut:liver:adipose axis including obesity, increased intestinal permeability with systemic inflammation, abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance. Environmental chemicals may compound the problem by directly interacting with nuclear receptors leading to metabolic confusion and the inability to differentiate fed from fasting conditions. This review focuses on the impact of nuclear receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of NAFLD. Clinical trials including PIVENS and FLINT demonstrate that nuclear receptor targeted therapies may lead to the paradoxical dissociation of steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and obesity. Novel strategies currently under development (including tissue-specific ligands and dual receptor agonists) may be required to separate the beneficial effects of nuclear receptor activation from unwanted metabolic side effects. The impact of nuclear receptor crosstalk in NAFLD is likely to be profound, but requires further elucidation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Xenobiotic nuclear receptors: New Tricks for An Old Dog, edited by Dr. Wen Xie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Cave
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; The Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA; The KentuckyOne Health Jewish Hospital Liver Transplant Program, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Heather B Clair
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Josiah E Hardesty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - K Cameron Falkner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Wenke Feng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Barbara J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jennifer Sidey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Hongxue Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Bashar A Aqel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ 85054, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; The Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA; The KentuckyOne Health Jewish Hospital Liver Transplant Program, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Russell A Prough
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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19
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Meng ZX, Wang L, Chang L, Sun J, Bao J, Li Y, Chen YE, Lin JD. A Diet-Sensitive BAF60a-Mediated Pathway Links Hepatic Bile Acid Metabolism to Cholesterol Absorption and Atherosclerosis. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1658-69. [PMID: 26586440 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary nutrients interact with gene networks to orchestrate adaptive responses during metabolic stress. Here, we identify Baf60a as a diet-sensitive subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes in the mouse liver that links the consumption of fat- and cholesterol-rich diet to elevated plasma cholesterol levels. Baf60a expression was elevated in the liver following feeding with a western diet. Hepatocyte-specific inactivation of Baf60a reduced bile acid production and cholesterol absorption, and attenuated diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in mice. Baf60a stimulates expression of genes involved in bile acid synthesis, modification, and transport through a CAR/Baf60a feedforward regulatory loop. Baf60a is required for the recruitment of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes to facilitate an activating epigenetic switch on target genes. These studies elucidate a regulatory pathway that mediates the hyperlipidemic and atherogenic effects of western diet consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Xian Meng
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Lin Wang
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jingxia Sun
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jiangyin Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yaqiang Li
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jiandie D Lin
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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20
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Mo L, He J. Nuclear hormone receptors PXR and CAR and metabolic diseases. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 19:129-40. [PMID: 25390021 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2014-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) belong to a superfamily of evolutionarily related DNA-binding transcription factors that can be activated by steroid and thyroid hormones, and other lipid metabolites. Ligand activated NRs can regulate target gene expression by binding to DNA response elements present in the target gene promoters. Through this regulation, NRs are broadly implicated in physiology and metabolism. In this chapter, we will focus on the xenobiotic receptors and their recently discovered functions in metabolic diseases.
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21
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Kobayashi K, Hashimoto M, Honkakoski P, Negishi M. Regulation of gene expression by CAR: an update. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1045-55. [PMID: 25975989 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a well-known xenosensor that regulates hepatic drug metabolism and detoxification. CAR activation can be elicited by a large variety of xenobiotics, including phenobarbital (PB) which is not a directly binding CAR ligand. The mechanism of CAR activation is complex and involves translocation from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, followed by further activation steps in the nucleus. Recently, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been identified as a PB-responsive receptor, and PB activates CAR by inhibiting the EGFR signaling. In addition to regulation of drug metabolism, activation of CAR has multiple biological end points such as modulation of xenobiotic-elicited liver injury, and the role of CAR in endobiotic functions such as glucose metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis is increasingly recognized. Thus, investigations on the molecular mechanism of CAR activation are critical for the real understanding of CAR-mediated processes. Here, we summarize the current understanding of mechanisms by which CAR activators regulate gene expression through cellular signaling pathways and the roles of CAR on xenobiotic-elicited hepatocellular carcinoma, liver injury, glucose metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,
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22
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Zhou M, Fan C, Tian N. Effects of curcumin on the gene expression profile of L-02 cells. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:519-526. [PMID: 26171159 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin has been utilized in the treatment and prevention of disease, including cancer and cardiovascular disease, but the molecular mechanism behind such numerous effects remains unclear. To explore the molecular mechanism and action sites of curcumin at the cellular level, human hepatic L-02 cells were used to assess these effects. Microarray technology was employed to detect the gene expression of L-02 cells treated with curcumin. According to the microarray results and the data from the National Center for Biotechnology Information, the present study classified and concluded that these curcumin-sensitive genes were associated with diseases and their signaling pathway. The study supports the evidence for treating cancer and cardiovascular disease, and found certain potential marker genes for conducting systematic research into the effects of curcumin. A total of 80 genes were identified as significantly differentially expressed between samples treated with and without curcumin. Curcumin is capable of developing physiological reactions and functions by regulating the gene expression and affecting its signal transduction pathway. Tumor protein p63, MYC-associated factor X and certain other genes associated with tumors act on a potential therapeutic target, while apolipoprotein B receptor and oxysterol-binding protein-like 7, and their signaling pathways may be involved in the cardioprotective effects of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Zhou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Chunlei Fan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Nan Tian
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
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23
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Deciphering the roles of the constitutive androstane receptor in energy metabolism. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:62-70. [PMID: 25500869 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is initially defined as a xenobiotic nuclear receptor that protects the liver from injury. Detoxification of damaging chemicals is achieved by CAR-mediated induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. More recent research has implicated CAR in energy metabolism, suggesting a therapeutic potential for CAR in metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which CAR regulates energy metabolism will allow us to take advantage of its effectiveness while avoiding its side effects. This review summarizes the current progress on the regulation of CAR nuclear translocation, upstream modulators of CAR activity, and the crosstalk between CAR and other transcriptional factors, with the aim of elucidating how CAR regulates glucose and lipid metabolism.
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24
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Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), 2 closely related and liver-enriched members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a nonnuclear receptor transcription factor (TF), are major receptors/TFs regulating the expression of genes for the clearance and detoxification of xenobiotics. They are hence defined as "xenobiotic receptors". Recent studies have demonstrated that PXR, CAR and AhR also regulate the expression of key proteins involved in endobiotic responses such as the metabolic homeostasis of lipids, glucose, and bile acid, and inflammatory processes. It is suggested that the functions of PXR, CAR and AhR may be closely implicated in the pathogeneses of metabolic vascular diseases, such as hyperlipidemia, atherogenesis, and hypertension. Therefore, manipulation of the activities of these receptors may provide novel strategies for the treatment of vascular diseases. Here, we review the pathophysiological roles of PXR, CAR and AhR in the vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University
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25
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Kurakula K, Hamers AAJ, de Waard V, de Vries CJM. Nuclear Receptors in atherosclerosis: a superfamily with many 'Goodfellas'. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 368:71-84. [PMID: 22664910 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear Receptors form a superfamily of 48 transcription factors that exhibit a plethora of functions in steroid hormone signaling, regulation of metabolism, circadian rhythm and cellular differentiation. In this review, we describe our current knowledge on the role of Nuclear Receptors in atherosclerosis, which is a multifactorial disease of the vessel wall. Various cell types are involved in this chronic inflammatory pathology in which multiple cellular processes and numerous genes are dysregulated. Systemic risk factors for atherosclerosis are among others adverse blood lipid profiles, enhanced circulating cytokine levels, as well as increased blood pressure. Since many Nuclear Receptors modulate lipid profiles or regulate blood pressure they indirectly affect atherosclerosis. In the present review, we focus on the functional involvement of Nuclear Receptors within the atherosclerotic vessel wall, more specifically on their modulation of cellular functions in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and macrophages. Collectively, this overview shows that most of the Nuclear Receptors are athero-protective in atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondababu Kurakula
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Le May C, Berger JM, Lespine A, Pillot B, Prieur X, Letessier E, Hussain MM, Collet X, Cariou B, Costet P. Transintestinal cholesterol excretion is an active metabolic process modulated by PCSK9 and statin involving ABCB1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1484-93. [PMID: 23559630 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) is an alternate pathway to hepatobiliary secretion. Our study aimed at identifying molecular mechanisms of TICE. APPROACH AND RESULTS We studied TICE ex vivo in mouse and human intestinal explants, and in vivo after bile diversion and intestinal cannulation in mice. We provide the first evidence that both low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein deliver cholesterol for TICE in human and mouse jejunal explants at the basolateral side. Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9)(-/-) mice and intestinal explants show increased LDL-TICE, and acute injection of PCSK9 decreases TICE in vivo, suggesting that PCSK9 is a repressor of TICE. The acute repression was dependent on the LDL receptor (LDLR). Further, TICE was increased when mice were treated with lovastatin. These data point to an important role for LDLR in TICE. However, LDLR(-/-) mice showed increased intestinal LDL uptake, contrary to what is observed in the liver, and tended to have higher TICE. We interpret these data to suggest that there might be at least 2 mechanisms contributing to TICE; 1 involving LDL receptors and other unidentified mechanisms. Acute modulation of LDLR affects TICE, but chronic deficiency is compensated for most likely by the upregulation of the unknown mechanisms. Using mice deficient for apical multidrug active transporter ATP-binding cassette transporter B1 a and b, and its inhibitor, we show that these apical transporters contribute significantly to TICE. CONCLUSIONS TICE is operative in human jejunal explants. It is a metabolically active process that can be acutely regulated, inversely related to cholesterolemia, and pharmacologically activated by statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Le May
- INSERM, UMR 1087, CNRS UMR 6291, Nantes F-44000, France
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27
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Pearen MA, Muscat GEO. Orphan nuclear receptors and the regulation of nutrient metabolism: understanding obesity. Physiology (Bethesda) 2012; 27:156-66. [PMID: 22689791 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00007.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of eukaryotic ligand-dependent transcription factors that translate endocrine, metabolic, nutritional, developmental, and pathophysiological signals into gene regulation. Members of the NR superfamily (on the basis of sequence homology) that lack identified natural and/or synthetic ligands are/were classified as "orphan" NRs. These members of the NR superfamily are abundantly expressed in tissues associated with major metabolic activity, such as skeletal muscle, adipose, and liver. Subsequently, in vivo genetic studies on these orphan NRs and exploitation of novel natural and synthetic agonists has revealed that orphan NRs regulate 1) carbohydrate, lipid, and energy homeostasis in a tissue-specific manner, and 2) the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia, obesity, Type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. This review discusses key studies that have implicated the orphan NRs as organ-specific regulators of metabolism and mediators of adverse pathophysiological effects. The emerging discovery of novel endogenous orphan NR ligands and synthetic agonists has provided the foundation for therapeutic exploitation of the orphans in the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Pearen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
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28
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Targeting xenobiotic receptors PXR and CAR for metabolic diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:552-8. [PMID: 22889594 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are two closely related and liver-enriched nuclear hormone receptors originally defined as xenobiotic receptors. Recently, an increasing body of evidence suggests that PXR and CAR also have endobiotic functions that impact glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. These new findings suggest that PXR and CAR not only regulate the transcription of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters, but also orchestrate energy metabolism and immune responses to accommodate stresses caused by xenobiotic exposures. The effectiveness of targeting PXR and CAR in the treatment of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis, have been suggested in animal models. However, translation of these basic research results into clinical applications may require further investigation to determine the human relevance, and to obtain better understanding of the mechanisms through which PXR and CAR affect energy metabolism. Given a wide variety of natural or synthetic compounds that are PXR and CAR modulators, it is hoped that these two 'xenobiotic receptors' can be harnessed for therapeutic potentials in managing metabolic diseases.
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