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Guan X, Hu Y, Hao J, Lu M, Zhang Z, Hu W, Li D, Li C. Stress, Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype and Atherosclerosis: Novel Insight into Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Transition in Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2024; 26:411-425. [PMID: 38814419 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-024-01220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Our work is to establish more distinct association between specific stress and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) phenotypes to alleviate atherosclerotic plaque burden and delay atherosclerosis (AS) progression. RECENT FINDING In recent years, VSMCs phenotypic transition has received significant interests. Different stresses were found to be associated with VSMCs phenotypic transition. However, the explicit correlation between VSMCs phenotype and specific stress has not been elucidated clearly yet. We discover that VSMCs phenotypic transition, which is widely involved in the progression of AS, is associated with specific stress. We discuss approaches targeting stresses to intervene VSMCs phenotypic transition, which may contribute to develop innovative therapies for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuya Guan
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Yuanlong Hu
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Jiaqi Hao
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Mengkai Lu
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Wenxian Hu
- Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Chao Li
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
- Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Qingdao, 266000, China.
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Godinho N, Morato M, Albino-Teixeira A, Caldas Afonso A, Sousa T, Correia-Costa L. Gender-related differences in cardiometabolic risk factors and oxidative stress among prepubertal children with obesity. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2024; 37:42-51. [PMID: 38054937 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2023-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gender-related differences in oxidative stress, nitric oxide bioavailability, and cardiometabolic risk factors were examined in a cross-sectional study involving 313 prepubertal children (8-9 years old) from the generation XXI birth-cohort. METHODS Anthropometric measurements, cardiometabolic variables, and redox markers were assessed, including plasma and urinary isoprostanes (P-Isop, U-Isop), plasma total antioxidant status (P-TAS), serum myeloperoxidase (MPO), plasma and urinary nitrates and nitrites (P-NOX, U-NOX), and urinary hydrogen peroxide (U-H2O2). RESULTS Girls showed higher levels of total/non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) compared to boys. Notably, U-H2O2 values were lower in girls. When stratifying by body mass index (BMI) and gender, both girls and boys exhibited higher MPO concentration and U-Isop values. Uric acid concentration was higher in overweight and obese girls than in normal weight girls, while no significant differences were observed among boys across BMI categories. Furthermore, U-NOX values differed only in boys, with higher levels observed in overweight and obese individuals compared to those with normal weight. Multivariate analysis, adjusted for age and BMI z-score, demonstrated inverse associations between U-H2O2 and pulse wave velocity values, as well as between U-NOX and total or non-HDL cholesterol, exclusively in boys. In girls, a positive association between U-Isop and HOMA-IR values was observed. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, gender differentially impacts oxidative stress, nitric oxide bioavailability, and cardiometabolic risk factors in prepubertal children. Prepubertal girls appear more susceptible to oxidative stress-induced metabolic dysfunction, while in boys, elevated levels of redox and nitric oxide bioavailability markers seem to provide protection against arterial stiffness and lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Godinho
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Morato
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Departamento de Ciências do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto (FFUP), Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Albino-Teixeira
- MedInUP - Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biomedicina - Unidade de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Caldas Afonso
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica, Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Sousa
- MedInUP - Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biomedicina - Unidade de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liane Correia-Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica, Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, Porto, Portugal
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Sun ZH, Liu F, Kong LL, Ji PM, Huang L, Zhou HM, Sun R, Luo J, Li WZ. Interruption of TRPC6-NFATC1 signaling inhibits NADPH oxidase 4 and VSMCs phenotypic switch in intracranial aneurysm. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114480. [PMID: 37002575 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is a frequent cerebrovascular disorder with unclear pathogenesis. The vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) phenotypic switch is essential for IA formation. It has been reported that Ca2+ overload and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in VSMCs phenotypic switch. The transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) are the main pathway to participate in Ca2+ overload and ROS production in VSMCs. Ca2+ overload can activate calcineurin (CN), leading to nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) dephosphorylation to regulate the target gene's transcription. We hypothesized that activation of TRPC6-NFATC1 signaling may upregulate NOX4 and involve in VSMCs phenotypic switch contributing to the progression of IA. Our results showed that the expressions of NOX4, p22phox, p47phox, TRPC6, CN and NFATC1 were significantly increased, and VSMCs underwent a significant phenotypic switch in IA tissue and cellular specimens. The VIVIT (NFATC1 inhibitor) and BI-749327 (TRPC6 inhibitor) treatment reduced the expressions of NOX4, p22phox and p47phox and the production of ROS, and significantly improved VSMCs phenotypic switch in IA rats and cells. Consistent results were obtained from IA Trpc6 knockout (Trpc6-/-) mice. Furthermore, the results also revealed that NFATC1 could regulate NOX4 transcription by binding to its promoter. Our findings reveal that interrupting the TRPC6-NFATC1 signaling inhibits NOX4 and improves VSMCs phenotypic switch in IA, and regulating Ca2+ homeostasis may be an important therapeutic strategy for IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hao Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education; Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Liang-Liang Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education; Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Peng-Min Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education; Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education; Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hui-Min Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education; Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Ran Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education; Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Wei-Zu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education; Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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Nguyen T, Urrutia-Cabrera D, Wang L, Lees JG, Wang JH, Hung SS, Hewitt AW, Edwards TL, McLenachan S, Chen FK, Lim SY, Luu CD, Guymer R, Wong RC. Knockout of AMD-associated gene POLDIP2 reduces mitochondrial superoxide in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:1713-1733. [PMID: 36795578 PMCID: PMC10085620 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and epidemiologic studies have significantly advanced our understanding of the genetic factors contributing to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In particular, recent expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) studies have highlighted POLDIP2 as a significant gene that confers risk of developing AMD. However, the role of POLDIP2 in retinal cells such as retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and how it contributes to AMD pathology are unknown. Here we report the generation of a stable human RPE cell line ARPE-19 with POLDIP2 knockout using CRISPR/Cas, providing an in vitro model to investigate the functions of POLDIP2. We conducted functional studies on the POLDIP2 knockout cell line and showed that it retained normal levels of cell proliferation, cell viability, phagocytosis and autophagy. Also, we performed RNA sequencing to profile the transcriptome of POLDIP2 knockout cells. Our results highlighted significant changes in genes involved in immune response, complement activation, oxidative damage and vascular development. We showed that loss of POLDIP2 caused a reduction in mitochondrial superoxide levels, which is consistent with the upregulation of the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase SOD2. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a novel link between POLDIP2 and SOD2 in ARPE-19, which supports a potential role of POLDIP2 in regulating oxidative stress in AMD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Nguyen
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Urrutia-Cabrera
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luozixian Wang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jarmon G. Lees
- O’Brien Institute Department, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jiang-Hui Wang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandy S.C. Hung
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Thomas L. Edwards
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sam McLenachan
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fred K. Chen
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shiang Y. Lim
- O’Brien Institute Department, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chi D. Luu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn Guymer
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raymond C.B. Wong
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Paredes F, Williams HC, Suster I, Tejos M, Fuentealba R, Bogan B, Holden CM, San Martin A. Metabolic regulation of the proteasome under hypoxia by Poldip2 controls fibrotic signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 195:283-297. [PMID: 36596387 PMCID: PMC10268434 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The polymerase delta interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein required for oxidative metabolism. Under hypoxia, Poldip2 expression is repressed by an unknown mechanism. Therefore, low levels of Poldip2 are required to maintain glycolytic metabolism. The Cellular Communication Network Factor 2 (CCN2, Connective tissue growth factor, CTGF) is a profibrogenic molecule highly expressed in cancer and vascular inflammation in advanced atherosclerosis. Because CCN2 is upregulated under hypoxia and is associated with glycolytic metabolism, we hypothesize that Poldip2 downregulation is responsible for the upregulation of profibrotic signaling under hypoxia. Here, we report that Poldip2 is repressed under hypoxia by a mechanism that requires the activation of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 repressive complex (EZH2) downstream from the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 (CDK2). Importantly, we found that Poldip2 repression is required for CCN2 expression downstream of metabolic inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)-dependent stabilization of the serum response factor. Pharmacological or gene expression inhibition of CDK2 under hypoxia reverses Poldip2 downregulation, the inhibition of the UPS, and the expression of CCN2, collagen, and fibronectin. Thus, our findings connect cell cycle regulation and proteasome activity to mitochondrial function and fibrotic responses under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Paredes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Holly C Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Izabela Suster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Macarena Tejos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Roberto Fuentealba
- Institute of Chemistry and Natural Resources, Universidad de Talca, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Bethany Bogan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Claire M Holden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Alejandra San Martin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Huang P, Wu L, Zhu N, Zhao H, Du J. The polymerase δ-interacting protein family and their emerging roles in diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1026931. [PMID: 36425112 PMCID: PMC9679015 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1026931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymerase δ-interacting protein (POLDIP) family is a new family that can interact with DNA polymerase δ (delta). The members of the POLDIP family include POLDIP1, POLDIP2, and POLDIP3. Screened by the two-hybrid method, POLDIP1, POLDIP2, and POLDIP3 were initially discovered and named for their ability to bind to the p50 subunit of DNA polymerase δ. Recent studies have confirmed that POLDIPs are involved in the regulation of signal transduction pathways in neurodevelopment, neuropsychiatric diseases, cardiovascular diseases, tumors, and other diseases. However, each protein participates in different signaling pathways. In this review, we elucidate upon the family in terms of their genes and protein structures, their biological functions, in addition to the pathways that they are involved in during the development of diverse diseases. Finally, to provide new insights to the scientific community, we used the TCGA database to analyze and summarize the gene expressions of POLDIP family members in various tumors, as well as the correlations between their expressions and the overall survival times of tumor patients. Our data summary will give researchers working on cancer new concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiluo Huang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Lei Wu
- College of Continuing Education, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Ningxia Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Hongtao Zhao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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Liu K, Gao X, Hu C, Gui Y, Gui S, Ni Q, Tao L, Jiang Z. Capsaicin ameliorates diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting poldip2-induced oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2022; 56:102460. [PMID: 36088760 PMCID: PMC9468458 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress and the resultant hyperpermeability play a vital role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Poldip2 has been implicated in H2O2 production, but the effects of capsaicin on poldip2 have not been reported. Methods Diabetic Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats induced with STZ were treated with capsaicin or AAV9-poldip2-shRNA, and human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) were treated with capsaicin or poldip2 siRNA. Results Current data indicated that the expression of PPARγ, poldip2, Nox4, VCAM-1, HIF-1α, and VEGF increased in rat retinas with DR and in HRMECs treated with high glucose. The production of ROS or H2O2 in the tissues, serum, and cells increased, and the paracellular permeability of cultured HRMECs with high glucose significantly increased. In addition, overt hyperpermeability of retinal microvessels and increased retinal neovascularization in diabetic rats were observed. However, capsaicin treatment inhibited these increases and suppressed the expression of PPARγ by enhancing its phosphorylation and ubiquitination in the retinas of DR rats. Poldip2 knockdown in HRMECs or its silencing in the retina of DR rats concomitantly led to reduced levels of Nox4, VCAM-1, HIF-1α, VEGF, ROS, and H2O2, and the paracellular permeability of HRMECs or the hyperpermeability of retinal microvessels in diabetic rat retinas decreased. Similarly, after PPARγ knockdown in HRMECs, poldip2, Nox4, HIF-1α, VEGF, ROS, and H2O2 decreased, and the monolayer paracellular permeability was reduced accordingly. Conclusion Capsaicin may ameliorate diabetic retinopathy by activating TRPV1 and suppressing the PPARγ-poldip2-Nox4 pathway.
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Ou Z, Dolmatova E, Mandavilli R, Qu H, Gafford G, White T, Valdivia A, Lassègue B, Hernandes MS, Griendling KK. Myeloid Poldip2 Contributes to the Development of Pulmonary Inflammation by Regulating Neutrophil Adhesion in a Murine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e025181. [PMID: 35535614 PMCID: PMC9238549 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.025181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Lung injury, a severe adverse outcome of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome, is attributed to excessive neutrophil recruitment and effector response. Poldip2 (polymerase δ-interacting protein 2) plays a critical role in regulating endothelial permeability and leukocyte recruitment in acute inflammation. Thus, we hypothesized that myeloid Poldip2 is involved in neutrophil recruitment to inflamed lungs. Methods and Results After characterizing myeloid-specific Poldip2 knockout mice, we showed that at 18 hours post-lipopolysaccharide injection, bronchoalveolar lavage from myeloid Poldip2-deficient mice contained fewer inflammatory cells (8 [4-16] versus 29 [12-57]×104/mL in wild-type mice) and a smaller percentage of neutrophils (30% [28%-34%] versus 38% [33%-41%] in wild-type mice), while the main chemoattractants for neutrophils remained unaffected. In vitro, Poldip2-deficient neutrophils responded as well as wild-type neutrophils to inflammatory stimuli with respect to neutrophil extracellular trap formation, reactive oxygen species production, and induction of cytokines. However, neutrophil adherence to a tumor necrosis factor-α stimulated endothelial monolayer was inhibited by Poldip2 depletion (225 [115-272] wild-type [myePoldip2+/+] versus 133 [62-178] myeloid-specific Poldip2 knockout [myePoldip2-/-] neutrophils) as was transmigration (1.7 [1.3-2.1] versus 1.1 [1.0-1.4] relative to baseline transmigration). To determine the underlying mechanism, we examined the surface expression of β2-integrin, its binding to soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and Pyk2 phosphorylation. Surface expression of β2-integrins was not affected by Poldip2 deletion, whereas β2-integrins and Pyk2 were less activated in Poldip2-deficient neutrophils. Conclusions These results suggest that myeloid Poldip2 is involved in β2-integrin activation during the inflammatory response, which in turn mediates neutrophil-to-endothelium adhesion in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Ou
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Elena Dolmatova
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Rohan Mandavilli
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Hongyan Qu
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Georgette Gafford
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Taylor White
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Alejandra Valdivia
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Bernard Lassègue
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Marina S Hernandes
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Kathy K Griendling
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
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Lassègue B, Kumar S, Mandavilli R, Wang K, Tsai M, Kang DW, Demos C, Hernandes MS, San Martín A, Taylor WR, Jo H, Griendling KK. Characterization of Poldip2 knockout mice: Avoiding incorrect gene targeting. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247261. [PMID: 34928942 PMCID: PMC8687530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
POLDIP2 is a multifunctional protein whose roles are only partially understood. Our laboratory previously reported physiological studies performed using a mouse gene trap model, which suffered from three limitations: perinatal lethality in homozygotes, constitutive Poldip2 inactivation and inadvertent downregulation of the adjacent Tmem199 gene. To overcome these limitations, we developed a new conditional floxed Poldip2 model. The first part of the present study shows that our initial floxed mice were affected by an unexpected mutation, which was not readily detected by Southern blotting and traditional PCR. It consisted of a 305 kb duplication around Poldip2 with retention of the wild type allele and could be traced back to the original targeted ES cell clone. We offer simple suggestions to rapidly detect similar accidents, which may affect genome editing using both traditional and CRISPR-based methods. In the second part of the present study, correctly targeted floxed Poldip2 mice were generated and used to produce a new constitutive knockout line by crossing with a Cre deleter. In contrast to the gene trap model, many homozygous knockout mice were viable, in spite of having no POLDIP2 expression. To further characterize the effects of Poldip2 ablation in the vasculature, RNA-seq and RT-qPCR experiments were performed in constitutive knockout arteries. Results show that POLDIP2 inactivation affects multiple cellular processes and provide new opportunities for future in-depth study of its functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Lassègue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Rohan Mandavilli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Keke Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Michelle Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Dong-Won Kang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Catherine Demos
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Marina S. Hernandes
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Alejandra San Martín
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - W. Robert Taylor
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States of America
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Kathy K. Griendling
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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10
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Eidson LN, Gao Q, Qu H, Kikuchi DS, Campos ACP, Faidley EA, Sun YY, Kuan CY, Pagano RL, Lassègue B, Tansey MG, Griendling KK, Hernandes MS. Poldip2 controls leukocyte infiltration into the ischemic brain by regulating focal adhesion kinase-mediated VCAM-1 induction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5533. [PMID: 33692398 PMCID: PMC7970934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a multiphasic process involving a direct ischemic brain injury which is then exacerbated by the influx of immune cells into the brain tissue. Activation of brain endothelial cells leads to the expression of adhesion molecules such vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) on endothelial cells, further increasing leukocyte recruitment. Polymerase δ-interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) promotes brain vascular inflammation and leukocyte recruitment via unknown mechanisms. This study aimed to define the role of Poldip2 in mediating vascular inflammation and leukocyte recruitment following cerebral ischemia. Cerebral ischemia was induced in Poldip2+/+ and Poldip2+/- mice and brains were isolated and processed for flow cytometry or RT-PCR. Cultured rat brain microvascular endothelial cells were used to investigate the effect of Poldip2 depletion on focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-mediated VCAM-1 induction. Poldip2 depletion in vivo attenuated the infiltration of myeloid cells, inflammatory monocytes/macrophages and decreased the induction of adhesion molecules. Focusing on VCAM-1, we demonstrated mechanistically that FAK activation was a critical intermediary in Poldip2-mediated VCAM-1 induction. In conclusion, Poldip2 is an important mediator of endothelial dysfunction and leukocyte recruitment. Thus, Poldip2 could be a therapeutic target to improve morbidity following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori N Eidson
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Qingzeng Gao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308-C WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hongyan Qu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308-C WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Daniel S Kikuchi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308-C WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ana Carolina P Campos
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308-C WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth A Faidley
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308-C WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yu-Yo Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Chia-Yi Kuan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Rosana L Pagano
- Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bernard Lassègue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308-C WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, Normal Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, Normal Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Kathy K Griendling
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308-C WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Marina S Hernandes
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308-C WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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11
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Costa TJ, Barros PR, Arce C, Santos JD, da Silva-Neto J, Egea G, Dantas AP, Tostes RC, Jiménez-Altayó F. The homeostatic role of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and nitric oxide in the vasculature. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:615-635. [PMID: 33248264 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are produced in a wide range of physiological reactions that, at low concentrations, play essential roles in living organisms. There is a delicate equilibrium between formation and degradation of these mediators in a healthy vascular system, which contributes to maintaining these species under non-pathological levels to preserve normal vascular functions. Antioxidants scavenge reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to prevent or reduce damage caused by excessive oxidation. However, an excessive reductive environment induced by exogenous antioxidants may disrupt redox balance and lead to vascular pathology. This review summarizes the main aspects of free radical biochemistry (formation, sources and elimination) and the crucial actions of some of the most biologically relevant and well-characterized reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and nitric oxide) in the physiological regulation of vascular function, structure and angiogenesis. Furthermore, current preclinical and clinical evidence is discussed on how excessive removal of these crucial responses by exogenous antioxidants (vitamins and related compounds, polyphenols) may perturb vascular homeostasis. The aim of this review is to provide information of the crucial physiological roles of oxidation in the endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cells and perivascular adipose tissue for developing safer and more effective vascular interventions with antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago J Costa
- Pharmacology Department, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Cristina Arce
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Nanociencies i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Júlio da Silva-Neto
- Pharmacology Department, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Egea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Nanociencies i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Paula Dantas
- Institut Clínic del Tòrax, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Pharmacology Department, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Reactive Oxygen Species: Modulators of Phenotypic Switch of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228764. [PMID: 33233489 PMCID: PMC7699590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are natural byproducts of oxygen metabolism in the cell. At physiological levels, they play a vital role in cell signaling. However, high ROS levels cause oxidative stress, which is implicated in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and restenosis after angioplasty. Despite the great amount of research conducted to identify the role of ROS in CVD, the image is still far from being complete. A common event in CVD pathophysiology is the switch of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. Interestingly, oxidative stress is a major contributor to this phenotypic switch. In this review, we focus on the effect of ROS on the hallmarks of VSMC phenotypic switch, particularly proliferation and migration. In addition, we speculate on the underlying molecular mechanisms of these cellular events. Along these lines, the impact of ROS on the expression of contractile markers of VSMCs is discussed in depth. We conclude by commenting on the efficiency of antioxidants as CVD therapies.
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13
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Polymerase delta-interacting protein 38 (PDIP38) modulates the stability and activity of the mitochondrial AAA+ protease CLPXP. Commun Biol 2020; 3:646. [PMID: 33159171 PMCID: PMC7647994 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over a decade ago Polymerase δ interacting protein of 38 kDa (PDIP38) was proposed to play a role in DNA repair. Since this time, both the physiological function and subcellular location of PDIP38 has remained ambiguous and our present understanding of PDIP38 function has been hampered by a lack of detailed biochemical and structural studies. Here we show, that human PDIP38 is directed to the mitochondrion in a membrane potential dependent manner, where it resides in the matrix compartment, together with its partner protein CLPX. Our structural analysis revealed that PDIP38 is composed of two conserved domains separated by an α/β linker region. The N-terminal (YccV-like) domain of PDIP38 forms an SH3-like β-barrel, which interacts specifically with CLPX, via the adaptor docking loop within the N-terminal Zinc binding domain of CLPX. In contrast, the C-terminal (DUF525) domain forms an immunoglobin-like β-sandwich fold, which contains a highly conserved putative substrate binding pocket. Importantly, PDIP38 modulates the substrate specificity of CLPX and protects CLPX from LONM-mediated degradation, which stabilises the cellular levels of CLPX. Collectively, our findings shed new light on the mechanism and function of mitochondrial PDIP38, demonstrating that PDIP38 is a bona fide adaptor protein for the mitochondrial protease, CLPXP. Strack et al find that Polymerase δ interacting protein 38 (PDIP38) is targeted to the mitochondrial matrix where it colocalises with the mitochondrial AAA + protein CLPXP. PDIP38 modulates the specificity of CLPXP in vitro and alters the stability of CLPX in vitro and in cells. The PDIP38 structure leads the authors to speculate that PDIP38 is a CLPXP adaptor.
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14
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Yoo JY, Cha DR, Kim B, An EJ, Lee SR, Cha JJ, Kang YS, Ghee JY, Han JY, Bae YS. LPS-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Is Mediated by Nox4-SH3YL1. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108245. [PMID: 33086058 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic proteins are required for regulation of NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase (Nox) isozymes. Here we show that Src homology 3 (SH3) domain-containing YSC84-like 1 (SH3YL1), as a Nox4 cytosolic regulator, mediates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced H2O2 generation, leading to acute kidney injury. The SH3YL1, Ysc84p/Lsb4p, Lsb3p, and plant FYVE proteins (SYLF) region and SH3 domain of SH3YL1 contribute to formation of a complex with Nox4-p22phox. Interaction of p22phox with SH3YL1 is triggered by LPS, and the complex induces H2O2 generation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in mouse tubular epithelial cells. After LPS injection, SH3YL1 knockout mice show lower levels of acute kidney injury biomarkers, decreased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, decreased infiltration of macrophages, and reduced tubular damage compared with wild-type (WT) mice. The results strongly suggest that SH3YL1 is involved in renal failure in LPS-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) mice. We demonstrate that formation of a ternary complex of p22phox-SH3YL1-Nox4, leading to H2O2 generation, induces severe renal failure in the LPS-induced AKI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yeon Yoo
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do 425-020, Korea
| | - Borim Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Eun Jung An
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Sae Rom Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Jin Joo Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do 425-020, Korea
| | - Young Sun Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do 425-020, Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Ghee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do 425-020, Korea
| | - Jee Young Han
- Department of Pathology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yun Soo Bae
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
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15
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Gao M, Lu W, Shu Y, Yang Z, Sun S, Xu J, Gan S, Zhu S, Qiu G, Zhuo F, Xu S, Wang Y, Chen J, Wu X, Huang J. Poldip2 mediates blood-brain barrier disruption and cerebral edema by inducing AQP4 polarity loss in mouse bacterial meningitis model. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:1288-1302. [PMID: 32790044 PMCID: PMC7702237 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Specific highly polarized aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) expression is reported to play a crucial role in blood‐brain barrier (BBB) integrity and brain water transport balance. The upregulation of polymerase δ‐interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) was involved in aggravating BBB disruption following ischemic stroke. This study aimed to investigate whether Poldip2‐mediated BBB disruption and cerebral edema formation in mouse bacterial meningitis (BM) model occur via induction of AQP4 polarity loss. Methods and Results Mouse BM model was induced by injecting mice with group B hemolytic streptococci via posterior cistern. Recombinant human Poldip2 (rh‐Poldip2) was administered intranasally at 1 hour after BM induction. Small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) targeting Poldip2 was administered by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) injection at 48 hours before BM induction. A specific inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), UK383367, was administered intravenously at 0.5 hour before BM induction. Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, quantitative real‐time PCR, neurobehavioral test, brain water content test, Evans blue (EB) permeability assay, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and gelatin zymography were carried out. The results showed that Poldip2 was upregulated and AQP4 polarity was lost in mouse BM model. Both Poldip2 siRNA and UK383367 improved neurobehavioral outcomes, alleviated brain edema, preserved the integrity of BBB, and relieved the loss of AQP4 polarity in BM model. Rh‐Poldip2 upregulated the expression of MMPs and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and downregulated the expression of β‐dystroglycan (β‐DG), zonula occludens‐1 (ZO‐1), occludin, and claudin‐5; whereas Poldip2 siRNA downregulated the expression of MMPs and GFAP, and upregulated β‐DG, ZO‐1, occludin, and claudin‐5. Similarly, UK383367 downregulated the expression of GFAP and upregulated the expression of β‐DG, ZO‐1, occludin, and claudin‐5. Conclusion Poldip2 inhibition alleviated brain edema and preserved the integrity of BBB partially by relieving the loss of AQP4 polarity via MMPs/β‐DG pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gao
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weitian Lu
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Shu
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengyu Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanquan Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengwei Gan
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shujuan Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoping Qiu
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Zhuo
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiye Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiying Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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16
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Salazar G, Cullen A, Huang J, Zhao Y, Serino A, Hilenski L, Patrushev N, Forouzandeh F, Hwang HS. SQSTM1/p62 and PPARGC1A/PGC-1alpha at the interface of autophagy and vascular senescence. Autophagy 2020; 16:1092-1110. [PMID: 31441382 PMCID: PMC7469683 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1659612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective macroautophagy/autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction are known to stimulate senescence. The mitochondrial regulator PPARGC1A (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha) regulates mitochondrial biogenesis, reducing senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs); however, it is unknown whether autophagy mediates PPARGC1A-protective effects on senescence. Using ppargc1a-/- VSMCs, we identified the autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) as a major regulator of autophagy and senescence of VSMCs. Abnormal autophagosomes were observed in VSMCs in aortas of ppargc1a-/- mice. ppargc1a-/- VSMCs in culture presented reductions in LC3-II levels; in autophagosome number; and in the expression of SQSTM1 (protein and mRNA), LAMP2 (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2), CTSD (cathepsin D), and TFRC (transferrin receptor). Reduced SQSTM1 protein expression was also observed in aortas of ppargc1a-/- mice and was upregulated by PPARGC1A overexpression, suggesting that SQSTM1 is a direct target of PPARGC1A. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA (3 methyladenine), spautin-1 or Atg5 (autophagy related 5) siRNA stimulated senescence. Rapamycin rescued the effect of Atg5 siRNA in Ppargc1a+/+ , but not in ppargc1a-/- VSMCs, suggesting that other targets of MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase), in addition to autophagy, also contribute to senescence. Sqstm1 siRNA increased senescence basally and in response to AGT II (angiotensin II) and zinc overload, two known inducers of senescence. Furthermore, Sqstm1 gene deficiency mimicked the phenotype of Ppargc1a depletion by presenting reduced autophagy and increased senescence in vitro and in vivo. Thus, PPARGC1A upregulates autophagy reducing senescence by a SQSTM1-dependent mechanism. We propose SQSTM1 as a novel target in therapeutic interventions reducing senescence. ABBREVIATIONS 3-MA: 3 methyladenine; ACTA2/SM-actin: actin, alpha 2, smooth muscle, aorta; ACTB/β-actin: actin beta; AGT II: angiotensin II; ATG5: autophagy related 5; BECN1: beclin 1; CAT: catalase; CDKN1A: cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (P21); Chl: chloroquine; CTSD: cathepsin D; CYCS: cytochrome C, somatic; DHE: dihydroethidium; DPBS: Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline; EL: elastic lamina; EM: extracellular matrix; FDG: fluorescein-di-β-D-galactopyranoside; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; γH2AFX: phosphorylated H2A histone family, member X, H2DCFDA: 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; LAMP2: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2; MASMs: mouse vascular smooth muscle cells; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; NBR1: NBR1, autophagy cargo receptor; NFKB/NF-κB: nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NFE2L2: nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2; NOX1: NADPH oxidase 1; OPTN: optineurin; PFA: paraformaldehyde; PFU: plaque-forming units; PPARGC1A/PGC-1α: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha; Ptdln3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; RASMs: rat vascular smooth muscle cells; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SA-GLB1/β-gal: senescence-associated galactosidase, beta 1; SASP: senescence-associated secretory phenotype; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; Spautin 1: specific and potent autophagy inhibitor 1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TFRC: transferrin receptor; TRP53/p53: transformation related protein 53; TUBG1: tubulin gamma 1; VSMCs: vascular smooth muscle cells; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Salazar
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Center for Advancing Exercise and Nutrition Research on Aging (CAENRA), Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Abigail Cullen
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Jingwen Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Yitong Zhao
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alexa Serino
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Lula Hilenski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nikolay Patrushev
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Farshad Forouzandeh
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hyun Seok Hwang
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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17
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A Multifunctional Protein PolDIP2 in DNA Translesion Synthesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1241:35-45. [PMID: 32383114 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41283-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Polymerase δ-interacting protein 2 (PolDIP2) is involved in the multiple protein-protein interactions and plays roles in many cellular processes including regulation of the nuclear redox environment, organization of the mitotic spindle and chromosome segregation, pre-mRNA processing, mitochondrial morphology and functions, cell migration and cellular adhesion. PolDIP2 is also a binding partner of high-fidelity DNA polymerase delta, PCNA and a number of translesion and repair DNA polymerases. The growing evidence suggests that PolDIP2 is a general regulatory protein in DNA damage response. However PolDIP2 functions in DNA translesion synthesis and repair are not fully understood. In this review, we address the functional interaction of PolDIP2 with human DNA polymerases and discuss the possible functions in DNA damage response.
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18
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Knock GA. NADPH oxidase in the vasculature: Expression, regulation and signalling pathways; role in normal cardiovascular physiology and its dysregulation in hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:385-427. [PMID: 31585207 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The last 20-25 years have seen an explosion of interest in the role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) in cardiovascular function and disease. In vascular smooth muscle and endothelium, NOX generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that act as second messengers, contributing to the control of normal vascular function. NOX activity is altered in response to a variety of stimuli, including G-protein coupled receptor agonists, growth-factors, perfusion pressure, flow and hypoxia. NOX-derived ROS are involved in smooth muscle constriction, endothelium-dependent relaxation and smooth muscle growth, proliferation and migration, thus contributing to the fine-tuning of blood flow, arterial wall thickness and vascular resistance. Through reversible oxidative modification of target proteins, ROS regulate the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases, kinases, G proteins, ion channels, cytoskeletal proteins and transcription factors. There is now considerable, but somewhat contradictory evidence that NOX contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension through oxidative stress. Specific NOX isoforms have been implicated in endothelial dysfunction, hyper-contractility and vascular remodelling in various animal models of hypertension, pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension, but also have potential protective effects, particularly NOX4. This review explores the multiplicity of NOX function in the healthy vasculature and the evidence for and against targeting NOX for antihypertensive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg A Knock
- Dpt. of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK.
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19
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Ma W, Xu J, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Zhou L, Wang X, Liu H, Chen Y, Du P, Min N, Liu Z, Yin Y. Matrine pre-treatment suppresses AGEs- induced HCSMCs fibrotic responses by regulating Poldip2/mTOR pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Kikuchi DS, Campos ACP, Qu H, Forrester SJ, Pagano RL, Lassègue B, Sadikot RT, Griendling KK, Hernandes MS. Poldip2 mediates blood-brain barrier disruption in a model of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:241. [PMID: 31779628 PMCID: PMC6883676 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1575-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), a diffuse cerebral dysfunction in the absence of direct CNS infection, is associated with increased rates of mortality and morbidity in patients with sepsis. Increased cytokine production and disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are implicated in the pathogenesis of SAE. The induction of pro-inflammatory mediators is driven, in part, by activation of NF-κΒ. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin produced by gram-negative bacteria, potently activates NF-κΒ and its downstream targets, including cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2). Cox-2 catalyzes prostaglandin synthesis and in the brain prostaglandin, E2 is capable of inducing endothelial permeability. Depletion of polymerase δ-interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) has previously been reported to attenuate BBB disruption, possibly via regulation of NF-κΒ, in response to ischemic stroke. Here we investigated Poldip2 as a novel regulator of NF-κΒ/cyclooxygenase-2 signaling in an LPS model of SAE. Methods Intraperitoneal injections of LPS (18 mg/kg) were used to induce BBB disruption in Poldip2+/+ and Poldip2+/− mice. Changes in cerebral vascular permeability and the effect of meloxicam, a selective Cox-2 inhibitor, were assessed by Evans blue dye extravasation. Cerebral cortices of Poldip2+/+ and Poldip2+/− mice were further evaluated by immunoblotting and ELISA. To investigate the role of endothelial Poldip2, immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting were performed to study the effect of siPoldip2 on LPS-mediated NF-κΒ subunit p65 translocation and Cox-2 induction in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells. Finally, FITC-dextran transwell assay was used to assess the effect of siPoldip2 on LPS-induced endothelial permeability. Results Heterozygous deletion of Poldip2 conferred protection against LPS-induced BBB permeability. Alterations in Poldip2+/+ BBB integrity were preceded by induction of Poldip2, p65, and Cox-2, which was not observed in Poldip2+/− mice. Consistent with these findings, prostaglandin E2 levels were significantly elevated in Poldip2+/+ cerebral cortices compared to Poldip2+/− cortices. Treatment with meloxicam attenuated LPS-induced BBB permeability in Poldip2+/+ mice, while having no significant effect in Poldip2+/− mice. Moreover, silencing of Poldip2 in vitro blocked LPS-induced p65 nuclear translocation, Cox-2 expression, and endothelial permeability. Conclusions These data suggest Poldip2 mediates LPS-induced BBB disruption by regulating NF-κΒ subunit p65 activation and Cox-2 and prostaglandin E2 induction. Consequently, targeted inhibition of Poldip2 may provide clinical benefit in the prevention of sepsis-induced BBB disruption. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1575-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Kikuchi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Hongyan Qu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Steven J Forrester
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Rosana L Pagano
- Division of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bernard Lassègue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ruxana T Sadikot
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathy K Griendling
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Marina S Hernandes
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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21
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Paredes F, Williams HC, Quintana RA, San Martin A. Mitochondrial Protein Poldip2 (Polymerase Delta Interacting Protein 2) Controls Vascular Smooth Muscle Differentiated Phenotype by O-Linked GlcNAc (N-Acetylglucosamine) Transferase-Dependent Inhibition of a Ubiquitin Proteasome System. Circ Res 2019; 126:41-56. [PMID: 31656131 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The mitochondrial Poldip2 (protein polymerase interacting protein 2) is required for the activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. As a consequence, Poldip2 deficiency induces metabolic reprograming with repressed mitochondrial respiration and increased glycolytic activity. Though homozygous deletion of Poldip2 is lethal, heterozygous mice are viable and show protection against aneurysm and injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia, diseases linked to loss of vascular smooth muscle differentiation. Thus, we hypothesize that the metabolic reprograming induced by Poldip2 deficiency controls VSMC differentiation. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of Poldip2-mediated metabolic reprograming in phenotypic modulation of VSMC. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that Poldip2 deficiency in vascular smooth muscle in vitro and in vivo induces the expression of the SRF (serum response factor), myocardin, and MRTFA (myocardin-related transcription factor A) and dramatically represses KLF4 (Krüppel-like factor 4). Consequently, Poldip2-deficient VSMC and mouse aorta express high levels of contractile proteins and, more significantly, these cells do not dedifferentiate nor acquire macrophage-like characteristics when exposed to cholesterol or PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor). Regarding the mechanism, we found that Poldip2 deficiency upregulates the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and OGT (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase)-mediated protein O-GlcNAcylation. Increased protein glycosylation causes the inhibition of a nuclear ubiquitin proteasome system responsible for SRF stabilization and KLF4 repression and is required for the establishment of the differentiated phenotype in Poldip2-deficient cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that Poldip2 deficiency induces a highly differentiated phenotype in VSMCs through a mechanism that involves regulation of metabolism and proteostasis. Additionally, our study positions mitochondria-initiated signaling as key element of the VSMC differentiation programs that can be targeted to modulate VSMC phenotype during vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Paredes
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Holly C Williams
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Raymundo A Quintana
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alejandra San Martin
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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22
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Vukelic S, Xu Q, Seidel-Rogol B, Faidley EA, Dikalova AE, Hilenski LL, Jorde U, Poole LB, Lassègue B, Zhang G, Griendling KK. NOX4 (NADPH Oxidase 4) and Poldip2 (Polymerase δ-Interacting Protein 2) Induce Filamentous Actin Oxidation and Promote Its Interaction With Vinculin During Integrin-Mediated Cell Adhesion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2423-2434. [PMID: 30354218 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Actin cytoskeleton assembly and organization, as a result of focal adhesion (FA) formation during cell adhesion, are dependent on reactive oxygen species and the cellular redox environment. Poldip2 (polymerase δ-interacting protein 2), a novel regulator of NOX4 (NADPH oxidase 4), plays a significant role in reactive oxygen species production and cytoskeletal remodeling. Thus, we hypothesized that endogenous reactive oxygen species derived from Poldip2/NOX4 contribute to redox regulation of actin and cytoskeleton assembly during integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Approach and Results- Using vascular smooth muscle cells, we verified that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels increase during integrin-mediated cell attachment as a result of activation of NOX4. Filamentous actin (F-actin) was oxidized by sulfenylation during cell attachment, with a peak at 3 hours (0.80±0.04 versus 0.08±0.13 arbitrary units at time zero), which was enhanced by overexpression of Poldip2. Depletion of Poldip2 or NOX4 using siRNA, or scavenging of endogenous H2O2 with catalase, inhibited F-actin oxidation by 78±26%, 99±1%, and 98±1%, respectively. To determine the consequence of F-actin oxidation, we examined the binding of F-actin to vinculin, a protein involved in FA complexes that regulates FA maturation. Vinculin binding during cell adhesion as well as migration capacity were inhibited after transfection with actin containing 2 oxidation-resistant point mutations (C272A and C374A). Silencing of Poldip2 or NOX4 also impaired actin-vinculin interaction, which disturbed maturation of FAs and inhibited cell migration. Conclusions- These results suggest that integrin engagement during cell attachment activates Poldip2/Nox4 to oxidize actin, which modulates FA assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasa Vukelic
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (S.V., Q.X., B.S.-R., E.A.F., L.L.H., B.L., K.K.G.).,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (S.V., U.J.)
| | - Qian Xu
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (S.V., Q.X., B.S.-R., E.A.F., L.L.H., B.L., K.K.G.).,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (Q.X., G.Z.)
| | - Bonnie Seidel-Rogol
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (S.V., Q.X., B.S.-R., E.A.F., L.L.H., B.L., K.K.G.)
| | - Elizabeth A Faidley
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (S.V., Q.X., B.S.-R., E.A.F., L.L.H., B.L., K.K.G.)
| | - Anna E Dikalova
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (A.E.D.)
| | - Lula L Hilenski
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (S.V., Q.X., B.S.-R., E.A.F., L.L.H., B.L., K.K.G.)
| | - Ulrich Jorde
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (S.V., U.J.)
| | - Leslie B Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Signaling, Center for Redox Biology and Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (L.B.P.)
| | - Bernard Lassègue
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (S.V., Q.X., B.S.-R., E.A.F., L.L.H., B.L., K.K.G.)
| | - Guogang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (Q.X., G.Z.)
| | - Kathy K Griendling
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (S.V., Q.X., B.S.-R., E.A.F., L.L.H., B.L., K.K.G.)
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23
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Datla SR, Hilenski L, Seidel-Rogol B, Dikalova AE, Harousseau M, Punkova L, Joseph G, Taylor WR, Lassègue B, Griendling KK. Poldip2 knockdown inhibits vascular smooth muscle proliferation and neointima formation by regulating the expression of PCNA and p21. J Transl Med 2019; 99:387-398. [PMID: 30237457 PMCID: PMC6393166 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymerase delta-interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) is a multi-functional protein with numerous roles in the vasculature, including the regulation of cell apoptosis and migration, as well as extracellular matrix deposition; however, its role in VSMC proliferation and neointimal formation is unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of Poldip2 in intraluminal wire-injury induced neointima formation and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo. Poldip2 expression was observed in the intima and media of human atherosclerotic arteries, where it colocalized with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Wire injury of femoral arteries of Poldip2+/+ mice induced robust neointimal formation after 2 weeks, which was impaired in Poldip2+/‒ mice. PCNA expression was significantly reduced and expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 was significantly increased in wire-injured arteries of Poldip2+/‒ animals compared to wild-type controls. No difference was observed in apoptosis. Downregulation of Poldip2 in rat aortic smooth muscle cells significantly reduced serum-induced proliferation and PCNA expression, but upregulated p21 expression. Downregulation of p21 using siRNA reversed the inhibition of proliferation induced by knockdown of Poldip2. These results indicate that Poldip2 plays a critical role in the proliferation of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Raju Datla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Lula Hilenski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Bonnie Seidel-Rogol
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Anna E. Dikalova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Mark Harousseau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Lili Punkova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Giji Joseph
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - W. Robert Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322,The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322,The Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30033
| | - Bernard Lassègue
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Kathy K. Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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24
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Huff LP, Kikuchi DS, Faidley E, Forrester SJ, Tsai MZ, Lassègue B, Griendling KK. Polymerase-δ-interacting protein 2 activates the RhoGEF epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 316:C621-C631. [PMID: 30726115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00208.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymerase-δ-interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) controls a wide variety of cellular functions and vascular pathologies. To mediate these effects, Poldip2 interacts with numerous proteins and generates reactive oxygen species via the enzyme NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4). We have previously shown that Poldip2 can activate the Rho family GTPase RhoA, another signaling node within the cell. In this study, we aimed to better understand how Poldip2 activates Rho family GTPases and the functions of the involved proteins in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). RhoA is activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors. Using nucleotide-free RhoA (isolated from bacteria) to pulldown active RhoGEFs, we found that the RhoGEF epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (Ect2) is activated by Poldip2. Ect2 is a critical RhoGEF for Poldip2-mediated RhoA activation, because siRNA against Ect2 prevented Poldip2-mediated RhoA activity (measured by rhotekin pulldowns). Surprisingly, we were unable to detect a direct interaction between Poldip2 and Ect2, as they did not coimmunoprecipitate. Nox4 is not required for Poldip2-driven Ect2 activation, as Poldip2 overexpression induced Ect2 activation in Nox4 knockout VSMCs similar to wild-type cells. However, antioxidant treatment blocked Poldip2-induced Ect2 activation. This indicates a novel reactive oxygen species-driven mechanism by which Poldip2 regulates Rho family GTPases. Finally, we examined the function of these proteins in VSMCs, using siRNA against Poldip2 or Ect2 and determined that Poldip2 and Ect2 are both essential for vascular smooth muscle cell cytokinesis and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Parker Huff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel Seicho Kikuchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth Faidley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Steven J Forrester
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michelle Z Tsai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bernard Lassègue
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathy K Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
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25
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Poldip2 deficiency protects against lung edema and vascular inflammation in a model of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:321-334. [PMID: 30622219 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in a deadly disease that can be brought on by endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ARDS is characterized by vascular permeability, a severe inflammatory response, lung leukocyte infiltration, and resultant lung edema. Polymerase δ-interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) is a novel regulator of blood-brain barrier permeability; however, its role in regulating lung permeability and vascular inflammation is unknown. Here, the role of Poldip2 in regulating vascular permeability and inflammation in a mouse model of ARDS was assessed. Heterozygous deletion of Poldip2 was found to reduce LPS-induced mortality within 20 h, lung inflammatory signaling, and leukocyte infiltration. Moreover, reduced Poldip2-suppressed LP-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 induction, leukocyte recruitment, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in vitro These data indicate that Poldip2 is an important regulator of the debilitating consequences of ARDS, potentially through the regulation of mitochondrial ROS-induced inflammatory signaling. Consequently, inhibition of Poldip2 may be a viable option for therapeutic discovery moving forward.
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26
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Hu J, Luo J, Wang H, Wang C, Long R, Li A, Zhou Y, Fang Z, Chen Q. The active participation of p22phox-214T/C in the formation of intracranial aneurysm and the suppressive potential of edaravone. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2952-2960. [PMID: 30226557 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress reactions play an important role in the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysm (IA). p22phox is involved in the oxidative stress reaction, and it is a critical subunit of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. The present study investigated the association of genetic variants within the gene encoding p22phox‑214T/C with IA. The p22phox‑214T/C gene polymorphisms in 192 cases of IA and 112 controls were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction‑restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‑RFLP). The mRNA expression of NADPH oxidase was also analyzed by RT‑PCR. The results of RT‑PCR were validated by ELISA. In a rabbit model of elastase‑induced aneurysm, we used edaravone for anti‑oxidative stress treatment to observe the curative effects. In the clinical cases, a significant difference in p22phox‑214T/C allele frequencies in the IA group was observed compared with the control group (P<0.001). The expression level of NADPH oxidase was differed significantly between the IA group and the control group. In the rabbit model of elastase‑induced aneurysm, the success rate of the aneurysmal model in the edaravone group and the wound ulcer rate were lower than those in the control group. In addition, the diameter of the aneurysm was smaller than in the edaravone group than in the control group (3.26±0.13 mm vs. 3.85±0.07 mm), and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase‑9 (MMP‑9) was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.0001). Thus, these data suggest the active participation of p22phox‑214T/C in the formation of IA and the suppressive potential of edaravone against IA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Remin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 30060, P.R. China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Chaojia Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Rongpei Long
- Department of English, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Anrong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Zhicheng Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Qianxue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Remin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 30060, P.R. China
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27
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Horbach L, Sinigaglia M, Da Silva CA, Olguins DB, Gregianin LJ, Brunetto AL, Brunetto AT, Roesler R, De Farias CB. Gene expression changes associated with chemotherapy resistance in Ewing sarcoma cells. Mol Clin Oncol 2018; 8:719-724. [PMID: 29844902 PMCID: PMC5958871 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2018.1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing Sarcoma (ES) is a highly aggressive bone and soft tissue childhood cancer. The development of resistance to chemotherapy is common and remains the main cause of treatment failure. We herein evaluated the expression of genes associated with chemotherapy resistance in ES cell lines. A set of genes (CCAR1, TUBA1A, POLDIP2, SMARCA4 and SMARCB1) was data-mined for resistance against doxorubicin and vincristine, which are the standard drugs used in the treatment of patients with ES. The expression of each gene in SK-ES-1 ES cells was reported before and after exposure to a drug resistance-inducing protocol. There was a significant downregulation of CCAR1 and TUBA1A in doxorubicin-resistant cells, with low expression of TUBA1A in vincristine-resistant cells. By contrast, POLDIP2 was significantly upregulated in cells resistant to either drug, and the expression of the SMARCB1 and SMARCA4 genes was upregulated in doxorubicin-resistant cells. These findings indicate that resistance to specific chemotherapeutic agents was accompanied by differential changes in gene expression in ES tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Horbach
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Alves Da Silva
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Danielly Brufatto Olguins
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Lauro José Gregianin
- Pediatric Oncology Service, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | | | - André Tesainer Brunetto
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil.,Children's Cancer Institute (ICI), Porto Alegre, RS 90620-110, Brazil
| | - Rafael Roesler
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 9005-170, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brunetto De Farias
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil.,Children's Cancer Institute (ICI), Porto Alegre, RS 90620-110, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 9005-170, Brazil
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28
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Jiménez-Altayó F, Meirelles T, Crosas-Molist E, Sorolla MA, Del Blanco DG, López-Luque J, Mas-Stachurska A, Siegert AM, Bonorino F, Barberà L, García C, Condom E, Sitges M, Rodríguez-Pascual F, Laurindo F, Schröder K, Ros J, Fabregat I, Egea G. Redox stress in Marfan syndrome: Dissecting the role of the NADPH oxidase NOX4 in aortic aneurysm. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 118:44-58. [PMID: 29471108 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is characterized by the formation of ascending aortic aneurysms resulting from altered assembly of extracellular matrix fibrillin-containing microfibrils and dysfunction of TGF-β signaling. Here we identify the molecular targets of redox stress in aortic aneurysms from MFS patients, and investigate the role of NOX4, whose expression is strongly induced by TGF-β, in aneurysm formation and progression in a murine model of MFS. Working models included aortae and cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from MFS patients, and a NOX4-deficient Marfan mouse model (Fbn1C1039G/+-Nox4-/-). Increased tyrosine nitration and reactive oxygen species levels were found in the tunica media of human aortic aneurysms and in cultured VSMC. Proteomic analysis identified nitrated and carbonylated proteins, which included smooth muscle α-actin (αSMA) and annexin A2. NOX4 immunostaining increased in the tunica media of human Marfan aorta and was transcriptionally overexpressed in VSMC. Fbn1C1039G/+-Nox4-/- mice aortas showed a reduction of fragmented elastic fibers, which was accompanied by an amelioration in the Marfan-associated enlargement of the aortic root. Increase in the contractile phenotype marker calponin in the tunica media of MFS mice aortas was abrogated in Fbn1C1039G/+-Nox4-/- mice. Endothelial dysfunction evaluated by myography in the Marfan ascending aorta was prevented by the absence of Nox4 or catalase-induced H2O2 decomposition. We conclude that redox stress occurs in MFS, whose targets are actin-based cytoskeleton members and regulators of extracellular matrix homeostasis. Likewise, NOX4 have an impact in the progression of the aortic dilation in MFS and in the structural organization of the aortic tunica media, the VSMC phenotypic modulation, and endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Thayna Meirelles
- Department de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Crosas-Molist
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Alba Sorolla
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRB Lleida), Lleida, Spain; Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Darya Gorbenko Del Blanco
- Department de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit López-Luque
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ana-Maria Siegert
- Department de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabio Bonorino
- Department de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Barberà
- Department de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina García
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, and Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Condom
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, and Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Sitges
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Laurindo
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katrin Schröder
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joaquim Ros
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRB Lleida), Lleida, Spain; Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gustavo Egea
- Department de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
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Xu Q, Kulkarni AA, Sajith AM, Hussein D, Brown D, Güner OF, Reddy MD, Watkins EB, Lassègue B, Griendling KK, Bowen JP. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of inhibitors of the NADPH oxidase, Nox4. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:989-998. [PMID: 29426628 PMCID: PMC5895456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (Nox enzymes) are critical mediators of both physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. Nox enzymes catalyze NADPH-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Until recently, Nox4 was proposed to be involved exclusively in normal physiologic functions. Compelling evidence, however, suggests that Nox4 plays a critical role in fibrosis, as well as a host of pathologies and diseases. These considerations led to a search for novel, small molecule inhibitors of this important enzyme. Ultimately, a series of novel tertiary sulfonylureas (23-25) was designed using pharmacophore modeling, synthesized, and evaluated for inhibition of Nox4-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Amol A Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
| | - Ayyiliath M Sajith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Dilbi Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - David Brown
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Osman F Güner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; Current address: Department of Chemistry and Physics, Santa Rosa Junior College, Santa Rosa, CA 95401, USA
| | - M Damoder Reddy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Union University, Jackson, TN 38305, USA
| | - E Blake Watkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Union University, Jackson, TN 38305, USA
| | - Bernard Lassègue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kathy K Griendling
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - J Phillip Bowen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Hernandes MS, Lassègue B, Hilenski LL, Adams J, Gao N, Kuan CY, Sun YY, Cheng L, Kikuchi DS, Yepes M, Griendling KK. Polymerase delta-interacting protein 2 deficiency protects against blood-brain barrier permeability in the ischemic brain. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:45. [PMID: 29452577 PMCID: PMC5816395 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymerase δ-interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) is a multifunctional protein that regulates vascular extracellular matrix composition and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic system assembled by endothelial cells, basal lamina, and perivascular astrocytes, raising the possibility that Poldip2 may be involved in maintaining its structure. We investigated the role of Poldip2 in the late BBB permeability induced by cerebral ischemia. METHODS Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was induced in Poldip2+/+ and Poldip2+/- mice. The volume of the ischemic lesion was measured in triphenyltetrazolium chloride-stained sections. BBB breakdown was evaluated by Evans blue dye extravasation. Poldip2 protein expression was evaluated by western blotting. RT-PCR, zymography, and ELISAs were used to measure mRNA levels, activity, and protein levels of cytokines and MMPs. Cultured astrocytes were transfected with Poldip2 siRNA, and mRNA levels of cytokines were evaluated as well as IκBα protein degradation. RESULTS Cerebral ischemia induced the expression of Poldip2. Compared to Poldip2+/+ mice, Poldip2+/- animals exhibited decreased Evans blue dye extravasation and improved survival 24 h following stroke. Poldip2 expression was upregulated in astrocytes exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and siRNA-mediated downregulation of Poldip2 abrogated OGD-induced IL-6 and TNF-α expression. In addition, siRNA against Poldip2 inhibited TNF-α-induced IκBα degradation. TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, VEGF, and MMP expression induced by cerebral ischemia was abrogated in Poldip2+/- mice. The protective effect of Poldip2 depletion on the increased permeability of the BBB was partially reversed by systemic administration of TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS Poldip2 is upregulated following ischemic stroke and mediates the breakdown of the BBB by increasing cerebral cytokine production and MMP activation. Therefore, Poldip2 appears to be a promising novel target for the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent the development of cerebral edema in the ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Hernandes
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bernard Lassègue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lula L Hilenski
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jonathan Adams
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ning Gao
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chia-Yi Kuan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yu-Yo Sun
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lihong Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Daniel S Kikuchi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Manuel Yepes
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Kathy K Griendling
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Poldip2 is an oxygen-sensitive protein that controls PDH and αKGDH lipoylation and activation to support metabolic adaptation in hypoxia and cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1789-1794. [PMID: 29434038 PMCID: PMC5828627 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720693115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work establishes that the addition of the prosthetic group lipoic acid to catabolic enzymes is a dynamically regulated posttranslational modification that increases metabolic plasticity under hypoxia and in cancer cells. We show that that the polymerase-δ interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) is an oxygen-sensitive protein that regulates the lipoylation and activation of the pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes. Additionally, our work reveals that mitochondrial peptidases participate in an integrated response needed for metabolic adaptation. This study positions Poldip2 as a key regulator of mitochondrial function and cell metabolism. Although the addition of the prosthetic group lipoate is essential to the activity of critical mitochondrial catabolic enzymes, its regulation is unknown. Here, we show that lipoylation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (αKDH) complexes is a dynamically regulated process that is inhibited under hypoxia and in cancer cells to restrain mitochondrial respiration. Mechanistically, we found that the polymerase-δ interacting protein 2 (Poldip2), a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein of unknown function, controls the lipoylation of the pyruvate and α-KDH dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase subunits by a mechanism that involves regulation of the caseinolytic peptidase (Clp)-protease complex and degradation of the lipoate-activating enzyme Ac-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 1 (ACSM1). ACSM1 is required for the utilization of lipoic acid derived from a salvage pathway, an unacknowledged lipoylation mechanism. In Poldip2-deficient cells, reduced lipoylation represses mitochondrial function and induces the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) by loss of substrate inhibition of prolyl-4-hydroxylases (PHDs). HIF-1α–mediated retrograde signaling results in a metabolic reprogramming that resembles hypoxic and cancer cell adaptation. Indeed, we observe that Poldip2 expression is down-regulated by hypoxia in a variety of cell types and basally repressed in triple-negative cancer cells, leading to inhibition of lipoylation of the pyruvate and α-KDH complexes and mitochondrial dysfunction. Increasing mitochondrial lipoylation by forced expression of Poldip2 increases respiration and reduces the growth rate of cancer cells. Our work unveils a regulatory mechanism of catabolic enzymes required for metabolic plasticity and highlights the role of Poldip2 as key during hypoxia and cancer cell metabolic adaptation.
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Abstract
Polymerase δ-interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) is a multifunctional protein originally described as a binding partner of the p50 subunit of DNA polymerase δ and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. In addition to its role in DNA replication and damage repair, Poldip2 has been implicated in mitochondrial function, extracellular matrix regulation, cell cycle progression, focal adhesion turnover, and cell migration. However, Poldip2 functions are incompletely understood. In this review, we discuss recent literature on Poldip2 tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and function. We also address the putative function of Poldip2 in cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative conditions and in renal pathophysiology.
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Li L, Lai EY, Luo Z, Solis G, Griendling KK, Taylor WR, Jose PA, Wellstein A, Welch WJ, Wilcox CS. Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide counterregulate myogenic contractions in renal afferent arterioles from a mouse model of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2017; 92:625-633. [PMID: 28396118 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Myogenic contractions protect kidneys from barotrauma but are impaired in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Since myogenic contractions are enhanced by superoxide but impaired by hydrogen peroxide, we tested the hypothesis that they are counterregulated by superoxide and H2O2 from NOX2/p47phox and/or NOX4/POLDIP2 in CKD. Myogenic contraction in isolated perfused afferent arterioles from mice with surgical 5/6 nephrectomy or sham operations fed a 6% sodium chloride diet was measured directly while superoxide and H2O2 were measured by fluorescence microscopy. Compared to sham-operated animals, an increase in perfusion pressure of arterioles from CKD mice doubled superoxide (21 versus 11%), increased H2O2 seven-fold (29 versus 4%), and reduced myogenic contractions profoundly (-1 versus -14%). Myogenic contractions were impaired further by PEG-superoxide dismutase or in arterioles from p47phox-/- (versus wild type) mice but became supra-normal by PEG-catalase or in mice with transgenic expression of catalase in vascular smooth muscle cells (-11 versus -1%). Single arterioles from mice with CKD expressed over 40% more mRNA and protein for NOX4 and POLDIP2. Myogenic responses in arterioles from POLDIP2 +/- (versus wild type) mice with CKD had over an 85% reduction in H2O2, but preserved superoxide and a normal myogenic response. Tempol administration to CKD mice for 3 months decreased afferent arteriolar superoxide and H2O2 and maintained myogenic contractions. Thus, afferent arteriolar superoxide generated by NOX2/p47phox opposes H2O2 generated by NOX4/POLDIP2 whose upregulation in afferent arterioles from mice with CKD accounts for impaired myogenic contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Li
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - En Yin Lai
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zaiming Luo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Glenn Solis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kathy K Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - W Robert Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University; Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anton Wellstein
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - William J Welch
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher S Wilcox
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Tanaka LY, Laurindo FRM. Vascular remodeling: A redox-modulated mechanism of vessel caliber regulation. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 109:11-21. [PMID: 28109889 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular remodeling, i.e. whole-vessel structural reshaping, determines lumen caliber in (patho)physiology. Here we review mechanisms underlying vessel remodeling, with emphasis in redox regulation. First, we discuss confusing terminology and focus on strictu sensu remodeling. Second, we propose a mechanobiological remodeling paradigm based on the concept of tensional homeostasis as a setpoint regulator. We first focus on shear-mediated models as prototypes of remodeling closely dominated by highly redox-sensitive endothelial function. More detailed discussions focus on mechanosensors, integrins, extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton and inflammatory pathways as potential of mechanisms potentially coupling tensional homeostasis to redox regulation. Further discussion of remodeling associated with atherosclerosis and injury repair highlights important aspects of redox vascular responses. While neointima formation has not shown consistent responsiveness to antioxidants, vessel remodeling has been more clearly responsive, indicating that despite the multilevel redox signaling pathways, there is a coordinated response of the whole vessel. Among mechanisms that may orchestrate redox pathways, we discuss roles of superoxide dismutase activity and extracellular protein disulfide isomerase. We then discuss redox modulation of aneurysms, a special case of expansive remodeling. We propose that the redox modulation of vascular remodeling may reflect (1) remodeling pathophysiology is dominated by a particularly redox-sensitive cell type, e.g., endothelial cells (2) redox pathways are temporospatially coordinated at an organ level across distinct cellular and acellular structures or (3) the tensional homeostasis setpoint is closely connected to redox signaling. The mechanobiological/redox model discussed here can be a basis for improved understanding of remodeling and helps clarifying mechanisms underlying prevalent hard-to-treat diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Y Tanaka
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Enéas Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Annex II, 9th Floor, São Paulo CEP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Francisco R M Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Enéas Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Annex II, 9th Floor, São Paulo CEP 05403-000, Brazil.
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Lee MYWT, Wang X, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Lee EYC. Regulation and Modulation of Human DNA Polymerase δ Activity and Function. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8070190. [PMID: 28737709 PMCID: PMC5541323 DOI: 10.3390/genes8070190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the regulation and modulation of human DNA polymerase δ (Pol δ). The emphasis is on the mechanisms that regulate the activity and properties of Pol δ in DNA repair and replication. The areas covered are the degradation of the p12 subunit of Pol δ, which converts it from a heterotetramer (Pol δ4) to a heterotrimer (Pol δ3), in response to DNA damage and also during the cell cycle. The biochemical mechanisms that lead to degradation of p12 are reviewed, as well as the properties of Pol δ4 and Pol δ3 that provide insights into their functions in DNA replication and repair. The second focus of the review involves the functions of two Pol δ binding proteins, polymerase delta interaction protein 46 (PDIP46) and polymerase delta interaction protein 38 (PDIP38), both of which are multi-functional proteins. PDIP46 is a novel activator of Pol δ4, and the impact of this function is discussed in relation to its potential roles in DNA replication. Several new models for the roles of Pol δ3 and Pol δ4 in leading and lagging strand DNA synthesis that integrate a role for PDIP46 are presented. PDIP38 has multiple cellular localizations including the mitochondria, the spliceosomes and the nucleus. It has been implicated in a number of cellular functions, including the regulation of specialized DNA polymerases, mitosis, the DNA damage response, mouse double minute 2 homolog (Mdm2) alternative splicing and the regulation of the NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Y W T Lee
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
| | - Sufang Zhang
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
| | - Zhongtao Zhang
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
| | - Ernest Y C Lee
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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36
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Nox2 contributes to hyperinsulinemia-induced redox imbalance and impaired vascular function. Redox Biol 2017; 13:288-300. [PMID: 28600985 PMCID: PMC5466665 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance promotes vascular endothelial dysfunction and subsequent development of cardiovascular disease. Previously we found that skeletal muscle arteriolar flow-induced dilation (FID) was reduced following a hyperinsulinemic clamp in healthy adults. Therefore, we hypothesized that hyperinsulinemia, a hallmark of insulin resistance, contributes to microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction via inducing oxidative stress that is mediated by NADPH oxidase (Nox) system. We examined the effect of insulin, at levels that are comparable with human hyperinsulinemia on 1) FID of isolated arterioles from human skeletal muscle tissue in the presence and absence of Nox inhibitors and 2) human adipose microvascular endothelial cell (HAMECs) expression of nitric oxide (NO), endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), and Nox-mediated oxidative stress. In six lean healthy participants (mean age 25.5±1.6 y, BMI 21.8±0.9), reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased while NO and arteriolar FID were reduced following 60 min of ex vivo insulin incubation. These changes were reversed after co-incubation with the Nox isoform 2 (Nox2) inhibitor, VAS2870. In HAMECs, insulin-induced time-dependent increases in Nox2 expression and P47phox phosphorylation were echoed by elevations of superoxide production. In contrast, phosphorylation of eNOS and expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD2 and SOD3) isoforms showed a biphasic response with an increased expression at earlier time points followed by a steep reduction phase. Insulin induced eNOS uncoupling that was synchronized with a drop of NO and a surge of ROS production. These effects were reversed by Tempol (SOD mimetic), Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4; eNOS cofactor), and VAS2870. Finally, insulin induced nitrotyrosine formation which was reversed by inhibiting NO or superoxide generation. In conclusions, hyperinsulinemia may reduce FID via inducing Nox2-mediated superoxide production in microvascular endothelial cells which reduce the availability of NO and enhances peroxynitrite formation. Therefore, the Nox2 pathway should be considered as a target for the prevention of oxidative stress-associated endothelial dysfunction during hyperinsulinemia. Hyperinsulinemia impairs FID and induces ROS production in human muscle arterioles. Insulin-induced ROS production in endotelial cells is mediated by NADPH oxidase. Long exposure to high insulin levels reduces eNOS phosphorylation and NO production.
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Katsumura S, Izu Y, Yamada T, Griendling K, Harada K, Noda M, Ezura Y. FGF Suppresses Poldip2 Expression in Osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:1670-1677. [PMID: 27918072 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is one of the most prevalent ageing-associated diseases that are soaring in the modern world. Although various aspects of the disease have been investigated to understand the bases of osteoporosis, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying bone loss is still incompletely understood. Poldip2 is a molecule that has been shown to be involved in cell migration of vascular cells and angiogenesis. However, expression of Poldip2 and its regulation in bone cells were not known. Therefore, we examined the Poldip2 mRNA expression and the effects of bone regulators on the Poldip2 expression in osteoblasts. We found that Poldip2 mRNA is expressed in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. As FGF controls osteoblasts and angiogenesis, FGF regulation was investigated in these cells. FGF suppressed the expression of Poldip2 in MC3T3-E1 cells in a time dependent manner. Protein synthesis inhibitor but not transcription inhibitor reduced the FGF effects on Poldip2 gene expression in MC3T3-E1 cells. As for bone-related hormones, dexamethasone was found to enhance the expression of Poldip2 in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells whereas FGF still suppressed such dexamethasone effects. With respect to function, knockdown of Poldip2 by siRNA suppressed the migration of MC3T3-E1 cells. Poldip2 was also expressed in the primary cultures of osteoblast-enriched cells and FGF also suppressed its expression. Finally, Poldip2 was expressed in femoral bone in vivo and its levels were increased in aged mice compared to young adult mice. These data indicate that Poldip2 is expressed in osteoblastic cells and is one of the targets of FGF. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1670-1677, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakie Katsumura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yayoi Izu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yamada
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kathy Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kiyoshi Harada
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Noda
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Yokohama City Minato Red Cross Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ezura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Byon CH, Heath JM, Chen Y. Redox signaling in cardiovascular pathophysiology: A focus on hydrogen peroxide and vascular smooth muscle cells. Redox Biol 2016; 9:244-253. [PMID: 27591403 PMCID: PMC5011184 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress represents excessive intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which plays a major role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Besides having a critical impact on the development and progression of vascular pathologies including atherosclerosis and diabetic vasculopathy, oxidative stress also regulates physiological signaling processes. As a cell permeable ROS generated by cellular metabolism involved in intracellular signaling, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exerts tremendous impact on cardiovascular pathophysiology. Under pathological conditions, increased oxidase activities and/or impaired antioxidant systems results in uncontrolled production of ROS. In a pro-oxidant environment, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) undergo phenotypic changes which can lead to the development of vascular dysfunction such as vascular inflammation and calcification. Investigations are ongoing to elucidate the mechanisms for cardiovascular disorders induced by oxidative stress. This review mainly focuses on the role of H2O2 in regulating physiological and pathological signals in VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack M Heath
- Department of Pathology, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yabing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; University of Alabama at Birmingham, and the Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Matsushima S, Zablocki D, Tsutsui H, Sadoshima J. Poldip2 negatively regulates matrix synthesis at focal adhesions. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 94:10-12. [PMID: 26947023 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shouji Matsushima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daniela Zablocki
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Onetti Y, Meirelles T, Dantas AP, Schröder K, Vila E, Egea G, Jiménez-Altayó F. NADPH oxidase 4 attenuates cerebral artery changes during the progression of Marfan syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1081-90. [PMID: 26945079 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00770.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a connective tissue disorder that is often associated with the fibrillin-1 (Fbn1) gene mutation and characterized by cardiovascular alterations, predominantly ascending aortic aneurysms. Although neurovascular complications are uncommon in MFS, the improvement in Marfan patients' life expectancy is revealing other secondary alterations, potentially including neurovascular disorders. However, little is known about small-vessel pathophysiology in MFS. MFS is associated with hyperactivated transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling, which among numerous other downstream effectors, induces the NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) isoform of NADPH oxidase, a strong enzymatic source of H2O2 We hypothesized that MFS induces middle cerebral artery (MCA) alterations and that Nox4 contributes to them. MCA properties from 3-, 6-, or 9-mo-old Marfan (Fbn1(C1039G/+)) mice were compared with those from age/sex-matched wild-type littermates. At 6 mo, Marfan compared with wild-type mice developed higher MCA wall/lumen (wild-type: 0.081 ± 0.004; Marfan: 0.093 ± 0.002; 60 mmHg; P < 0.05), coupled with increased reactive oxygen species production, TGF-β, and Nox4 expression. However, wall stiffness and myogenic autoregulation did not change. To investigate the influence of Nox4 on cerebrovascular properties, we generated Marfan mice with Nox4 deficiency (Nox4(-/-)). Strikingly, Nox4 deletion in Marfan mice aggravated MCA wall thickening (cross-sectional area; Marfan: 6,660 ± 363 μm(2); Marfan Nox4(-/-): 8,795 ± 824 μm(2); 60 mmHg; P < 0.05), accompanied by decreased TGF-β expression and increased collagen deposition and Nox1 expression. These findings provide the first evidence that Nox4 mitigates cerebral artery structural changes in a murine model of MFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Onetti
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Thayna Meirelles
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana P Dantas
- Institut Clínic del Tòrax, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elisabet Vila
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Gustavo Egea
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Clínic del Tòrax, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain;
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Polymerase delta-interacting protein 2 regulates collagen accumulation via activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 92:21-9. [PMID: 26801741 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polymerase delta interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) has previously been implicated in migration, proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) production in vascular smooth muscle cells. To better understand the role of Poldip2 in ECM regulation, we investigated the mechanism responsible for collagen I accumulation in Poldip2(+/-) mouse aortic smooth muscle cells (MASMs). APPROACH AND RESULTS Protein degradation and protein synthesis pathways were investigated. Depletion of Poldip2 had no effect on proteasome activity, but caused a partial reduction in autophagic flux. However, the rate of collagen I degradation was increased in Poldip2(+/-) vs. Poldip2(+/+) MASMs. Conversely, activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, involved in regulation of protein synthesis, was significantly elevated in Poldip2(+/-) MASMs as was β1-integrin expression. Suppressing mTOR signaling using Akt inhibitor or rapamycin and reducing β1-integrin expression using siRNA prevented the increase in collagen I production. While collagen I and fibronectin were increased in Poldip2(+/-) MASMs, overall protein synthesis was not different from that in Poldip2(+/)(+)MASMs, suggesting selectivity of Poldip2 for ECM proteins. CONCLUSIONS Poldip2(+/-) MASMs exhibit higher β1-integrin expression and activity of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, leading to increased ECM protein synthesis. These findings have important implications for vascular diseases in which ECM accumulation plays a role.
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Olfert IM, Baum O, Hellsten Y, Egginton S. Advances and challenges in skeletal muscle angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H326-36. [PMID: 26608338 PMCID: PMC4796623 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00635.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of capillaries is to serve as the interface for delivery of oxygen and removal of metabolites to/from tissues. During the past decade there has been a proliferation of studies that have advanced our understanding of angiogenesis, demonstrating that tissue capillary supply is under strict control during health but poorly controlled in disease, resulting in either excessive capillary growth (pathological angiogenesis) or losses in capillarity (rarefaction). Given that skeletal muscle comprises nearly 40% of body mass in humans, skeletal muscle capillary density has a significant impact on metabolism, endocrine function, and locomotion and is tightly regulated at many different levels. Skeletal muscle is also high adaptable and thus one of the few organ systems that can be experimentally manipulated (e.g., by exercise) to study physiological regulation of angiogenesis. This review will focus on the methodological concerns that have arisen in determining skeletal muscle capillarity and highlight the concepts that are reshaping our understanding of the angio-adaptation process. We also summarize selected new findings (physical influences, molecular changes, and ultrastructural rearrangement of capillaries) that identify areas of future research with the greatest potential to expand our understanding of how angiogenesis is normally regulated, and that may also help to better understand conditions of uncontrolled (pathological) angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mark Olfert
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences and Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia;
| | - Oliver Baum
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Integrative Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Stuart Egginton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Vascular dysfunctions in the isolated aorta of double-transgenic hypertensive mice developing aortic aneurysm. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:1945-63. [PMID: 25385304 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-II and oxidative stress are involved in the genesis of aortic aneurysms, a phenomenon exacerbated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) deletion or uncoupling. The purpose of this work was to study the endothelial function in wild-type C57BL/6 (BL) and transgenic mice expressing the h-angiotensinogen and h-renin genes (AR) subjected to either a control, or a high-salt diet plus a treatment with a NO-synthase inhibitor, N-ω-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME; BLSL and ARSL). BLSL showed a moderate increase in blood pressure, while ARSL became severely hypertensive. Seventy-five percent of ARSL developed aortic aneurysms, characterized by major histo-morphological changes and associated with an increase in NADP(H) oxidase-2 (NOX2) expression. Contractile responses (KCl, norepinephrine, U-46619) were similar in the four groups of mice, and relaxations were not affected in BLSL and AR. However, in ARSL, endothelium-dependent relaxations (acetylcholine, UK-14304) were significantly reduced, and this dysfunction was similar in aortae without or with aneurysms. The endothelial impairment was unaffected by catalase, superoxide-dismutase mimetic, radical scavengers, cyclooxygenase inhibition, or TP-receptor blockade and could not be attributed to sGC oxidation. Thus, ARSL is a severe hypertension model developing aortic aneurysm. A vascular dysfunction, involving both endothelial (reduced role of NO) and smooth muscle cells, precedes aneurysms formation and, paradoxically, does not appear to involve oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shimokawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kimio Satoh
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Baqader NO, Radulovic M, Crawford M, Stoeber K, Godovac-Zimmermann J. Nuclear cytoplasmic trafficking of proteins is a major response of human fibroblasts to oxidative stress. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4398-423. [PMID: 25133973 PMCID: PMC4259009 DOI: 10.1021/pr500638h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have used a subcellular spatial razor approach based on LC-MS/MS-based proteomics with SILAC isotope labeling to determine changes in protein abundances in the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of human IMR90 fibroblasts subjected to mild oxidative stress. We show that response to mild tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide treatment includes redistribution between the nucleus and cytoplasm of numerous proteins not previously associated with oxidative stress. The 121 proteins with the most significant changes encompass proteins with known functions in a wide variety of subcellular locations and of cellular functional processes (transcription, signal transduction, autophagy, iron metabolism, TCA cycle, ATP synthesis) and are consistent with functional networks that are spatially dispersed across the cell. Both nuclear respiratory factor 2 and the proline regulatory axis appear to contribute to the cellular metabolic response. Proteins involved in iron metabolism or with iron/heme as a cofactor as well as mitochondrial proteins are prominent in the response. Evidence suggesting that nuclear import/export and vesicle-mediated protein transport contribute to the cellular response was obtained. We suggest that measurements of global changes in total cellular protein abundances need to be complemented with measurements of the dynamic subcellular spatial redistribution of proteins to obtain comprehensive pictures of cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor O. Baqader
- Division of Medicine, Center for Nephrology, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Marko Radulovic
- Division of Medicine, Center for Nephrology, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
- Insitute of Oncology and Radiology, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mark Crawford
- Division of Medicine, Center for Nephrology, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Kai Stoeber
- Research Department of Pathology and UCL Cancer Institute, Rockefeller Building, University College London, University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jasminka Godovac-Zimmermann
- Division of Medicine, Center for Nephrology, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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Drummond GR, Sobey CG. Endothelial NADPH oxidases: which NOX to target in vascular disease? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:452-63. [PMID: 25066192 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating enzymes implicated in the pathophysiology of vascular diseases such as hypertension and stroke. Endothelial cells express four NOX isoforms including the superoxide-generating enzymes NOX1, NOX2, and NOX5 and the hydrogen peroxide-generating enzyme NOX4. Studies on arteries from patients with coronary artery disease, and in animals with experimentally induced hypertension, diabetes, or atherosclerosis, suggest that NOX1, NOX2, and NOX5 promote endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and apoptosis in the vessel wall, whereas NOX4 is by contrast vasoprotective in increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and suppressing cell death pathways. Based on these findings and promising preclinical studies with the NOX1/NOX2 antagonist, apocynin, we suggest that the field is poised for clinical evaluation of NOX inhibitors as therapeutics for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Drummond
- Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Surgery, Monash Medical Centre, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Surgery, Monash Medical Centre, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Manickam N, Patel M, Griendling KK, Gorin Y, Barnes JL. RhoA/Rho kinase mediates TGF-β1-induced kidney myofibroblast activation through Poldip2/Nox4-derived reactive oxygen species. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F159-71. [PMID: 24872317 PMCID: PMC4101629 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00546.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The small G proteins Rac1 and RhoA regulate actin cytoskeleton, cell shape, adhesion, migration, and proliferation. Recent studies in our laboratory have shown that NADPH oxidase Nox4-derived ROS are involved in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced rat kidney myofibroblast differentiation assessed by the acquisition of an α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) phenotype and expression of an alternatively spliced fibronectin variant (Fn-EIIIA). Rac1 and RhoA are essential in signaling by some Nox homologs, but their role as effectors of Nox4 in kidney myofibroblast differentiation is not known. In the present study, we explored a link among Rac1 and RhoA and Nox4-dependent ROS generation in TGF-β1-induced kidney myofibroblast activation. TGF-β1 stimulated an increase in Nox4 protein expression, NADPH oxidase activity, and abundant α-SMA and Fn-EIIIA expression. RhoA but not Rac1 was involved in TGF-β1 induction of Nox4 signaling of kidney myofibroblast activation. TGF-β1 stimulated active RhoA-GTP and increased Rho kinase (ROCK). Inhibition of RhoA with small interfering RNA and ROCK using Y-27632 significantly reduced TGF-β1-induced stimulation of Nox4 protein, NADPH oxidase activity, and α-SMA and Fn-EIIIA expression. Treatment with diphenyleneiodonium, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, did not decrease RhoA activation but inhibited TGF-β1-induced α-SMA and Fn-EIIIA expression, indicating that RhoA is upstream of ROS generation. RhoA/ROCK also regulated polymerase (DNA-directed) δ-interacting protein 2 (Poldip2), a newly discovered Nox4 enhancer protein. Collectively, these data indicate that RhoA/ROCK is upstream of Poldip2-dependent Nox4 regulation and ROS production and induces redox signaling of kidney myofibroblast activation and may broader implications in the pathophysiology of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraj Manickam
- The Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; and
| | - Mandakini Patel
- The Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; and
| | - Kathy K Griendling
- The Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yves Gorin
- The Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; and
| | - Jeffrey L Barnes
- The Medical Research Service, Audie Murphy Memorial Veterans Administration Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; The Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; and
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Amanso AM, Lassègue B, Joseph G, Landázuri N, Long JS, Weiss D, Taylor WR, Griendling KK. Polymerase δ-interacting protein 2 promotes postischemic neovascularization of the mouse hindlimb. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1548-55. [PMID: 24855063 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Collateral vessel formation can functionally compensate for obstructive vascular lesions in patients with atherosclerosis. Neovascularization processes are triggered by fluid shear stress, hypoxia, growth factors, chemokines, proteases, and inflammation, as well as reactive oxygen species, in response to ischemia. Polymerase δ-interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) is a multifunctional protein that regulates focal adhesion turnover and vascular smooth muscle cell migration and modifies extracellular matrix composition. We, therefore, tested the hypothesis that loss of Poldip2 impairs collateral formation. APPROACH AND RESULTS The mouse hindlimb ischemia model has been used to understand mechanisms involved in postnatal blood vessel formation. Poldip2(+/-) mice were subjected to femoral artery excision, and functional and morphological analysis of blood vessel formation was performed after injury. Heterozygous deletion of Poldip2 decreased the blood flow recovery and spontaneous running activity at 21 days after injury. H2O2 production, as well as the activity of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9, was reduced in these animals compared with Poldip2(+/+) mice. Infiltration of macrophages in the peri-injury muscle was also decreased; however, macrophage phenotype was similar between genotypes. In addition, the formation of capillaries and arterioles was impaired, as was angiogenesis, in agreement with a decrease in proliferation observed in endothelial cells treated with small interfering RNA against Poldip2. Finally, regression of newly formed vessels and apoptosis was more pronounced in Poldip2(+/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results suggest that Poldip2 promotes ischemia-induced collateral vessel formation via multiple mechanisms that likely involve reactive oxygen species-dependent activation of matrix metalloproteinase activity, as well as enhanced vascular cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica M Amanso
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (A.M.A., B.L., G.J., J.S.L., D.W., W.R.T., K.K.G.) and The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.R.T.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta VA Medical Center, GA (W.R.T.)
| | - Bernard Lassègue
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (A.M.A., B.L., G.J., J.S.L., D.W., W.R.T., K.K.G.) and The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.R.T.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta VA Medical Center, GA (W.R.T.)
| | - Giji Joseph
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (A.M.A., B.L., G.J., J.S.L., D.W., W.R.T., K.K.G.) and The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.R.T.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta VA Medical Center, GA (W.R.T.)
| | - Natalia Landázuri
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (A.M.A., B.L., G.J., J.S.L., D.W., W.R.T., K.K.G.) and The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.R.T.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta VA Medical Center, GA (W.R.T.)
| | - James S Long
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (A.M.A., B.L., G.J., J.S.L., D.W., W.R.T., K.K.G.) and The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.R.T.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta VA Medical Center, GA (W.R.T.)
| | - Daiana Weiss
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (A.M.A., B.L., G.J., J.S.L., D.W., W.R.T., K.K.G.) and The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.R.T.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta VA Medical Center, GA (W.R.T.)
| | - W Robert Taylor
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (A.M.A., B.L., G.J., J.S.L., D.W., W.R.T., K.K.G.) and The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.R.T.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta VA Medical Center, GA (W.R.T.)
| | - Kathy K Griendling
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (A.M.A., B.L., G.J., J.S.L., D.W., W.R.T., K.K.G.) and The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.R.T.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta VA Medical Center, GA (W.R.T.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Daugherty
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.); and Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (J.T.P.)
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Brown DI, Lassègue B, Lee M, Zafari R, Long JS, Saavedra HI, Griendling KK. Poldip2 knockout results in perinatal lethality, reduced cellular growth and increased autophagy of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96657. [PMID: 24797518 PMCID: PMC4010529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerase-δ interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) is an understudied protein, originally described as a binding partner of polymerase delta and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Numerous roles for Poldip2 have been proposed, including mitochondrial elongation, DNA replication/repair and ROS production via Nox4. In this study, we have identified a novel role for Poldip2 in regulating the cell cycle. We used a Poldip2 gene-trap mouse and found that homozygous animals die around the time of birth. Poldip2-/- embryos are significantly smaller than wild type or heterozygous embryos. We found that Poldip2-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibit reduced growth as measured by population doubling and growth curves. This effect is not due to apoptosis or senescence; however, Poldip2-/- MEFs have higher levels of the autophagy marker LC3b. Measurement of DNA content by flow cytometry revealed an increase in the percentage of Poldip2-/- cells in the G1 and G2/M phases of the cell cycle, accompanied by a decrease in the percentage of S-phase cells. Increases in p53 S20 and Sirt1 were observed in passage 2 Poldip2-/- MEFs. In passage 4/5 MEFs, Cdk1 and CyclinA2 are downregulated in Poldip2-/- cells, and these changes are reversed by transfection with SV40 large T-antigen, suggesting that Poldip2 may target the E2F pathway. In contrast, p21CIP1 is increased in passage 4/5 Poldip2-/- MEFs and its expression is unaffected by SV40 transfection. Overall, these results reveal that Poldip2 is an essential protein in development, and underline its importance in cell viability and proliferation. Because it affects the cell cycle, Poldip2 is a potential novel target for treating proliferative conditions such as cancer, atherosclerosis and restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I. Brown
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bernard Lassègue
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rostam Zafari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James S. Long
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Harold I. Saavedra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kathy K. Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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