1
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Mao S. Emerging role and the signaling pathways of uncoupling protein 2 in kidney diseases. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2381604. [PMID: 39090967 PMCID: PMC11299446 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2381604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) was involved in the pathogenesis and development of kidney diseases. Many signaling pathways and factors regulate the expression of UCP2. We aimed to investigate the precise role of UCP2 and its signaling pathways in kidney diseases. METHODS We summarized the available evidence to yield a more detailed conclusion of the signal transduction pathways of UCP2 and its role in the development and progression of kidney diseases. RESULTS UCP2 could interact with 14.3.3 family proteins, mitochondrial phospholipase iPLA2γ, NMDAR, glucokinase, PPARγ2. There existed a signaling pathway between UCP2 and NMDAR, PPARγ. UCP2 can inhibit the ROS production, inflammatory response, and apoptosis, which may protect against renal injury, particularly AKI. Meanwhile UCP2 can decrease ATP production and inhibit the secretion of insulin, which may alleviate chronic renal damages, such as diabetic nephropathy and kidney fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Homeostasis of UCP2 is helpful for kidney health. UCP2 may play different roles in different kinds of renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Castiglioni L, Gelosa P, Muluhie M, Mercuriali B, Rzemieniec J, Gotti M, Fiordaliso F, Busca G, Sironi L. Fenofibrate reduces cardiac remodeling by mitochondrial dynamics preservation in a renovascular model of cardiac hypertrophy. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 978:176767. [PMID: 38909934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Fenofibrate, a PPAR-α agonist clinically used to lower serum lipid levels, reduces cardiac remodeling and improves cardiac function. However, its mechanism of action is not completely elucidated. In this study we examined the effect of fenofibrate on mitochondria in a rat model of renovascular hypertension, focusing on mediators controlling mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy. Rats with two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) hypertension were treated with fenofibrate 150 mg/kg/day (2K1C-FFB) or vehicle (2K1C-VEH) for 8 weeks. Systolic blood pressure and cardiac functional were in-vivo assessed, while cardiomyocyte size and protein expression of mediators of cardiac hypertrophy and mitochondrial dynamics were ex-vivo examined by histological and Western blot analyses. Fenofibrate treatment counteracted the development of hypertension and the increase of left ventricular mass, relative wall thickness and cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, fenofibrate re-balanced the expression Mfn2, Drp1 and Parkin, regulators of fusion, fission, mitophagy respectively. Regarding autophagy, the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio was increased in 2K1C-VEH and 2K1C-FFB, whereas the autophagy was increased only in 2K1C-FFB. In cultured H9C2 cardiomyoblasts, fenofibrate reversed the Ang II-induced mRNA up-regulation of hypertrophy markers Nppa and Myh7, accumulation of reactive oxygen species and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane exerting protection mediated by up-regulation of the Uncoupling protein 2. Our results indicate that fenofibrate acts directly on cardiomyocytes and counteracts the pressure overload-induced cardiac maladaptive remodeling. This study reveals a so far hidden mechanism involving mitochondrial dynamics in the beneficial effects of fenofibrate, support its repurposing for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy and provide new potential targets for its pharmacological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Castiglioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Gelosa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Majeda Muluhie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Joanna Rzemieniec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Gotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Busca
- Azienda "Polo Veterinario di Lodi", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Sironi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Singh T, Sharma K, Jena L, Kaur P, Singh S, Munshi A. Mitochondrial bioenergetics of breast cancer. Mitochondrion 2024; 79:101951. [PMID: 39218051 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer cells exhibit metabolic heterogeneity based on tumour aggressiveness. Glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration are two major metabolic pathways for ATP production. The oxygen flux, oxygen tension, proton leakage, protonmotive force, inner mitochondrial membrane potential, ECAR and electrochemical proton gradient maintain metabolic homeostasis, ATP production, ROS generation, heat dissipation, and carbon flow and are referred to as "sub-domains" of mitochondrial bioenergetics. Tumour aggressiveness is influenced by these mechanisms, especially when breast cancer cells undergo metastasis. These physiological parameters for healthy mitochondria are as crucial as energy demands for tumour growth and metastasis. The instant energy demands are already elucidated under Warburg effects, while these parameters may have dual functionality to maintain cellular bioenergetics and cellular health. The tumour cell might maintain these mitochondrial parameters for mitochondrial health or avoid apoptosis, while energy production could be a second priority. This review focuses explicitly on the crosstalk between metabolic domains and the utilisation of these parameters by breast cancer cells for their progression. Some major interventions are discussed based on mitochondrial bioenergetics that need further investigation. This review highlights the pathophysiological significance of mitochondrial bioenergetics and the regulation of its sub-domains by breast tumour cells for uncontrolled proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tashvinder Singh
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Kangan Sharma
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Laxmipriya Jena
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Prabhsimran Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India.
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India.
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4
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Hong WL, Huang H, Zeng X, Duan CY. Targeting mitochondrial quality control: new therapeutic strategies for major diseases. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:59. [PMID: 39164792 PMCID: PMC11337860 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00556-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a crucial role in maintaining the normal physiological state of cells. Hence, ensuring mitochondrial quality control is imperative for the prevention and treatment of numerous diseases. Previous reviews on this topic have however been inconsistencies and lack of systematic organization. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic overview of mitochondrial quality control and explore the possibility of targeting the same for the treatment of major diseases. This review systematically summarizes three fundamental characteristics of mitochondrial quality control, including mitochondrial morphology and dynamics, function and metabolism, and protein expression and regulation. It also extensively examines how imbalances in mitochondrial quality are linked to major diseases, such as ischemia-hypoxia, inflammatory disorders, viral infections, metabolic dysregulations, degenerative conditions, and tumors. Additionally, the review explores innovative approaches to target mitochondrial quality control, including using small molecule drugs that regulate critical steps in maintaining mitochondrial quality, nanomolecular materials designed for precise targeting of mitochondria, and novel cellular therapies, such as vesicle therapy and mitochondrial transplantation. This review offers a novel perspective on comprehending the shared mechanisms underlying the occurrence and progression of major diseases and provides theoretical support and practical guidance for the clinical implementation of innovative therapeutic strategies that target mitochondrial quality control for treating major diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Long Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Xue Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Chen-Yang Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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5
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Wan JJ, Yi J, Wang FY, Li X, Zhang C, Song L, Dai AG. Role of mitophagy in pulmonary hypertension: Targeting the mechanism and pharmacological intervention. Mitochondrion 2024; 78:101928. [PMID: 38992857 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Mitophagy, a crucial pathway in eukaryotic cells, selectively eliminates dysfunctional mitochondria, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis via mitochondrial quality control. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) refers to a pathological condition where pulmonary arterial pressure is abnormally elevated due to various reasons, and the underlying pathogenesis remains elusive. This article examines the molecular mechanisms underlying mitophagy, emphasizing its role in PH and the progress in elucidating related molecular signaling pathways. Additionally, it highlights current drug regulatory pathways, aiming to provide novel insights into the prevention and treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jing Wan
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; Department of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Yi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410021, Hunan, China
| | - Fei-Ying Wang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Lan Song
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Ai-Guo Dai
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410021, Hunan, China.
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6
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Pokharel MD, Garcia-Flores A, Marciano D, Franco MC, Fineman JR, Aggarwal S, Wang T, Black SM. Mitochondrial network dynamics in pulmonary disease: Bridging the gap between inflammation, oxidative stress, and bioenergetics. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103049. [PMID: 38295575 PMCID: PMC10844980 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Once thought of in terms of bioenergetics, mitochondria are now widely accepted as both the orchestrator of cellular health and the gatekeeper of cell death. The pulmonary disease field has performed extensive efforts to explore the role of mitochondria in regulating inflammation, cellular metabolism, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. However, a critical component of these processes needs to be more studied: mitochondrial network dynamics. Mitochondria morphologically change in response to their environment to regulate these processes through fusion, fission, and mitophagy. This allows mitochondria to adapt their function to respond to cellular requirements, a critical component in maintaining cellular homeostasis. For that reason, mitochondrial network dynamics can be considered a bridge that brings multiple cellular processes together, revealing a potential pathway for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we discuss the critical modulators of mitochondrial dynamics and how they are affected in pulmonary diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), acute lung injury (ALI), and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). A dysregulated mitochondrial network plays a crucial role in lung disease pathobiology, and aberrant fission/fusion/mitophagy pathways are druggable processes that warrant further exploration. Thus, we also discuss the candidates for lung disease therapeutics that regulate mitochondrial network dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa D Pokharel
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987-2352, USA; Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Alejandro Garcia-Flores
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987-2352, USA
| | - David Marciano
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987-2352, USA; Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Maria C Franco
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987-2352, USA; Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Fineman
- Department of Pediatrics, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987-2352, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Stephen M Black
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987-2352, USA; Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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7
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Ye H, Hu H, Zhou X, Dong M, Ren J. Targeting ferroptosis in the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis in the realm of septic cardiomyopathy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2024; 74:102430. [PMID: 38237386 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2023.102430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Septic cardiomyopathy is one of the predominant culprit factors contributing to the rising mortality in patients with severe sepsis. Among various mechanisms responsible for the etiology of septic heart anomalies, disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis has gained much recent attention, resulting in myocardial inflammation and even cell death. Ferroptosis is a novel category of regulated cell death (RCD) provoked by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation through iron-mediated phospholipid (PL) peroxidation, enroute to the rupture of plasma membranes and eventually cell death. This review summarizes the recent progress of ferroptosis in mitochondrial homeostasis during septic cardiomyopathy. We will emphasize the role of mitochondrial iron transport channels and the antioxidant system in ferroptosis. Finally, we will summarize and discuss future research, which should help guide disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ye
- Department of Burns, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Department of Burns & Plastic and Wound Repair, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Huantao Hu
- Department of Burns, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaoliang Zhou
- Department of Burns & Plastic and Wound Repair, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Maolong Dong
- Department of Burns, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Jun Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
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8
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Piper B, Bogamuwa S, Hossain T, Farkas D, Rosas L, Green AC, Newcomb G, Sun N, Ovando-Ricardez JA, Horowitz JC, Bhagwani AR, Yang H, Kudryashova TV, Rojas M, Mora AL, Yan P, Mallampalli RK, Goncharova EA, Eckmann DM, Farkas L. RAB7 deficiency impairs pulmonary artery endothelial function and promotes pulmonary hypertension. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e169441. [PMID: 38015641 PMCID: PMC10836802 DOI: 10.1172/jci169441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating and progressive disease with limited treatment options. Endothelial dysfunction plays a central role in the development and progression of PAH, yet the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. The endosome-lysosome system is important to maintain cellular health, and the small GTPase RAB7 regulates many functions of this system. Here, we explored the role of RAB7 in endothelial cell (EC) function and lung vascular homeostasis. We found reduced expression of RAB7 in ECs from patients with PAH. Endothelial haploinsufficiency of RAB7 caused spontaneous pulmonary hypertension (PH) in mice. Silencing of RAB7 in ECs induced broad changes in gene expression revealed via RNA-Seq, and RAB7-silenced ECs showed impaired angiogenesis and expansion of a senescent cell fraction, combined with impaired endolysosomal trafficking and degradation, suggesting inhibition of autophagy at the predegradation level. Furthermore, mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative phosphorylation were decreased, and glycolysis was enhanced. Treatment with the RAB7 activator ML-098 reduced established PH in rats with chronic hypoxia/SU5416. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge the fundamental impairment of EC function by loss of RAB7, causing PH, and show RAB7 activation to be a potential therapeutic strategy in a preclinical model of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Piper
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
| | - Srimathi Bogamuwa
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
| | | | - Daniela Farkas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
| | - Lorena Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
| | | | - Geoffrey Newcomb
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
| | - Nuo Sun
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jose A. Ovando-Ricardez
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
| | - Jeffrey C. Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
| | - Aneel R. Bhagwani
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
- Department of Physiology, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hu Yang
- Linda and Bipin Doshi Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - Tatiana V. Kudryashova
- University of Pittsburgh, Heart, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
| | - Ana L. Mora
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
| | - Pearlly Yan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine and The James Cancer Center, OSU, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rama K. Mallampalli
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
| | - Elena A. Goncharova
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - David M. Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, and
- Center for Medical and Engineering Innovation, OSU, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Laszlo Farkas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
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9
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Xia D, Liu Y, Wu P, Wei D. Current Advances of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease and Promising Therapeutic Strategies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1485-1500. [PMID: 37481069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular power stations and essential organelles for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Dysfunctional mitochondria have emerged as a key factor in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease. This review focuses on advances in the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. The clinical value and challenges of mitochondria-targeted strategies, including mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, mitochondrial quality control modulators, mitochondrial function protectors, mitochondrial biogenesis promoters, and recently developed mitochondrial transplants, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiang Xia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Hengyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Hengyang, China
| | - Dangheng Wei
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
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10
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Zhou X, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Fan L, Zhu Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Wang H, Pan Z, Li Z, Zhu X, Ren R, Ge Z, Lai D, Lai EY, Chen T, Wang K, Liang P, Qin L, Liu C, Qiu C, Simons M, Yu L. Endothelial FIS1 DeSUMOylation Protects Against Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension. Circ Res 2023; 133:508-531. [PMID: 37589160 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia is a major cause and promoter of pulmonary hypertension (PH), a representative vascular remodeling disease with poor prognosis and high mortality. However, the mechanism underlying how pulmonary arterial system responds to hypoxic stress during PH remains unclear. Endothelial mitochondria are considered signaling organelles on oxygen tension. Results from previous clinical research and our studies suggested a potential role of posttranslational SUMOylation (small ubiquitin-like modifier modification) in endothelial mitochondria in hypoxia-related vasculopathy. METHODS Chronic hypoxia mouse model and Sugen/hypoxia rat model were employed as PH animal models. Mitochondrial morphology and subcellular structure were determined by transmission electron and immunofluorescent microscopies. Mitochondrial metabolism was determined by mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate. SUMOylation and protein interaction were determined by immunoprecipitation. RESULTS The involvement of SENP1 (sentrin-specific protease 1)-mediated SUMOylation in mitochondrial remodeling in the pulmonary endothelium was identified in clinical specimens of hypoxia-related PH and was verified in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells under hypoxia. Further analyses in clinical specimens, hypoxic rat and mouse PH models, and human pulmonary artery endothelial cells and human embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells revealed that short-term hypoxia-induced SENP1 translocation to endothelial mitochondria to regulate deSUMOylation (the reversible process of SUMOylation) of mitochondrial fission protein FIS1 (mitochondrial fission 1), which facilitated FIS1 assembling with fusion protein MFN2 (mitofusin 2) and mitochondrial gatekeeper VDAC1 (voltage-dependent anion channel 1), and the membrane tethering activity of MFN2 by enhancing its oligomerization. Consequently, FIS1 deSUMOylation maintained the mitochondrial integrity and endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria calcium communication across mitochondrial-associated membranes, subsequently preserving pulmonary endothelial function and vascular homeostasis. In contrast, prolonged hypoxia disabled the FIS1 deSUMOylation by diminishing the availability of SENP1 in mitochondria via inducing miR (micro RNA)-138 and consequently resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic reprogramming in pulmonary endothelium. Functionally, introduction of viral-packaged deSUMOylated FIS1 within pulmonary endothelium in mice improved pulmonary endothelial dysfunction and hypoxic PH development, while knock-in of SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier)-conjugated FIS1 in mice exaggerated the diseased cellular and tissue phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS By maintaining endothelial mitochondrial homeostasis, deSUMOylation of FIS1 adaptively preserves pulmonary endothelial function against hypoxic stress and consequently protects against PH. The FIS1 deSUMOylation-SUMOylation transition in pulmonary endothelium is an intrinsic pathogenesis of hypoxic PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, X. Zhu, R.R., D.L., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection of College of Life Sciences, Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, R.R., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanqing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, X. Zhu, R.R., D.L., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection of College of Life Sciences, Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, R.R., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuewen Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China (Yuewen Wang)
| | - Linge Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, X. Zhu, R.R., D.L., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection of College of Life Sciences, Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, R.R., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunhui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, X. Zhu, R.R., D.L., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X. Zhu, L.Q., M.S.)
| | - Yefeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, X. Zhu, R.R., D.L., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection of College of Life Sciences, Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, R.R., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, X. Zhu, R.R., D.L., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection of College of Life Sciences, Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, R.R., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingyi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, X. Zhu, R.R., D.L., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection of College of Life Sciences, Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, R.R., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongkun Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine (H.W., P.L.), Hangzhou, China
| | - Zihang Pan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (Z.P., K.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China (Z.P., K.W.)
| | - Zhoubin Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.L., E.Y.-L., T.C.)
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, X. Zhu, R.R., D.L., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruizhe Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, X. Zhu, R.R., D.L., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection of College of Life Sciences, Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, R.R., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Ge
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China (Z.G.)
| | - Dongwu Lai
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, X. Zhu, R.R., D.L., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
| | - En Yin Lai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.L., E.Y.-L., T.C.)
| | - Ting Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.L., E.Y.-L., T.C.)
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (Z.P., K.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China (Z.P., K.W.)
| | - Ping Liang
- Institute of Translational Medicine (H.W., P.L.), Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingfeng Qin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X. Zhu, L.Q., M.S.)
| | - Cuiqing Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China (C.L.)
| | - Cong Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, X. Zhu, R.R., D.L., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection of College of Life Sciences, Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, R.R., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University (C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
| | - Michael Simons
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X. Zhu, L.Q., M.S.)
| | - Luyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, X. Zhu, R.R., D.L., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection of College of Life Sciences, Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (X. Zhou, Y.J., L.F., Yunhui Zhu, Y.C., Yiran Wang, Yingyi Zhu, R.R., C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University (C.Q., L.Y.), Hangzhou, China
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11
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Geng Y, Hu Y, Zhang F, Tuo Y, Ge R, Bai Z. Mitochondria in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, roles and the potential targets. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1239643. [PMID: 37645564 PMCID: PMC10461481 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1239643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the centrol hub for cellular energy metabolisms. They regulate fuel metabolism by oxygen levels, participate in physiological signaling pathways, and act as oxygen sensors. Once oxygen deprived, the fuel utilizations can be switched from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis for ATP production. Notably, mitochondria can also adapt to hypoxia by making various functional and phenotypes changes to meet the demanding of oxygen levels. Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension is a life-threatening disease, but its exact pathgenesis mechanism is still unclear and there is no effective treatment available until now. Ample of evidence indicated that mitochondria play key factor in the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. By hypoxia-inducible factors, multiple cells sense and transmit hypoxia signals, which then control the expression of various metabolic genes. This activation of hypoxia-inducible factors considered associations with crosstalk between hypoxia and altered mitochondrial metabolism, which plays an important role in the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of how hypoxia affects mitochondrial function, including mitochondrial biosynthesis, reactive oxygen homeostasis, and mitochondrial dynamics, to explore the potential of improving mitochondrial function as a strategy for treating hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Geng
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Qinghai Provincial Traffic Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Yajun Tuo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Rili Ge
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhenzhong Bai
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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12
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Pokharel MD, Marciano DP, Fu P, Franco MC, Unwalla H, Tieu K, Fineman JR, Wang T, Black SM. Metabolic reprogramming, oxidative stress, and pulmonary hypertension. Redox Biol 2023; 64:102797. [PMID: 37392518 PMCID: PMC10363484 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles essential for cell metabolism, growth, and function. It is becoming increasingly clear that endothelial cell dysfunction significantly contributes to the pathogenesis and vascular remodeling of various lung diseases, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and that mitochondria are at the center of this dysfunction. The more we uncover the role mitochondria play in pulmonary vascular disease, the more apparent it becomes that multiple pathways are involved. To achieve effective treatments, we must understand how these pathways are dysregulated to be able to intervene therapeutically. We know that nitric oxide signaling, glucose metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, and the TCA cycle are abnormal in PAH, along with alterations in the mitochondrial membrane potential, proliferation, and apoptosis. However, these pathways are incompletely characterized in PAH, especially in endothelial cells, highlighting the urgent need for further research. This review summarizes what is currently known about how mitochondrial metabolism facilitates a metabolic shift in endothelial cells that induces vascular remodeling during PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa D Pokharel
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987-2352, USA; Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Howard Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - David P Marciano
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987-2352, USA; Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Howard Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Panfeng Fu
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987-2352, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Maria Clara Franco
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987-2352, USA; Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Howard Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Hoshang Unwalla
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Howard Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Kim Tieu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Fineman
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, The University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987-2352, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Stephen M Black
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987-2352, USA; Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Howard Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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13
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Liu ML, Niu W, Li ZC, Zhang B. PDK1 upregulates PINK1-mediated pulmonary endothelial cell mitophagy during hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:5585-5596. [PMID: 37162681 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is a complication of lung diseases with pulmonary vascular remodeling, although the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the underlying molecular events by using a rat HPH model and primary pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs). METHODS AND RESULTS This study first established a rat HPH model and cultured PMVECs for transmission electron microscopic analysis and manipulation of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) or phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) expression in vitro. After that, the cell viability was assessed and the expression of different proteins was assayed using cell viability and western blot assays, respectively. Reactive oxygen species production, apoptosis, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) expression, and the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 were also assessed, while the interaction of PDK1 and PINK1 was determined using co-immunoprecipitation/western blot assays. Hypoxia induced mitophagy in the PMVECs and upregulated PINK1/Parkin expression, whereas knockdown of PINK1 expression under hypoxic conditions inhibited cell proliferation but induced endothelial cell apoptosis in vitro, decreased reactive oxygen species production and NLRP3 expression, and reduced the levels of inflammatory factors in PMVECs. However, hypoxia induced PDK1 expression, whereas knockdown of PDK1 downregulated PINK1 expression. Furthermore, treatment of the model rats with the PDK1 inhibitor dichloroacetate (DCA) was able to decrease PINK1 expression. In addition, the PDK1 and PINK1 proteins could interact with each other in the mitochondria of PMVECs to regulate the cell viability. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that PDK1 induced PMVEC proliferation but inhibited their apoptosis to participate in pulmonary vascular remodeling, ultimately leading to HPH through regulation of PINK1-mediated mitophagy signaling. Therefore, PINK1 is a novel therapeutic target for the control of HPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Air Force Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Man Ling Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Air Force Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen Niu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Air Force Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhi Chao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Air Force Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Air Force Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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14
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Bi Y, Zhao Z, Wang S, Lin S, Yang Z, Wang X, Mao J. Emerging role of mitophagy in heart failure: from molecular mechanism to targeted therapy. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:906-918. [PMID: 36658777 PMCID: PMC10054314 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2167949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is defined as a drop in heart's pump function, accounting for reduced blood output and venous stasis, and constitutes the end stage of various cardiovascular diseases. Although mild mitochondrial dysfunction may hinder cardiomyocyte metabolism and impair myocardial function, severe mitochondrial injury is accompanied by cardiomyocyte apoptosis, leading to irreversible damage of the heart. Selective autophagy of mitochondria, or mitophagy, serves to rapidly remove dysfunctional mitochondria and restore the health of the mitochondrial population within cells by allowing reutilization of degradative substrates such as amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides. Although mitophagy represents a protective program that prevents the accumulation of poorly structured or damaged mitochondria, excessive mitophagy leads to mitochondrial population decline, impaired oxidative phosphorylation, and decreased ATP production. In this review, we first discuss the molecular underpinnings of mitophagy and the roles of different mitophagy adaptors. Then, the multiple and complex influence of mitophagy on heart failure is summarized. Finally, novel pharmacological strategies targeting mitophagy to relieve heart failure are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Rehabilitation Department, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingfei Bi
- Department of Cardiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Shanshan Lin
- Department of Cardiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Department of Cardiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianliang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyuan Mao
- Department of Cardiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
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15
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Chen YC, Lin IC, Su MC, Hsu PY, Hsiao CC, Hsu TY, Liou CW, Chen YM, Chin CH, Wang TY, Chang JC, Lin YY, Lee CP, Lin MC. Autophagy impairment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea modulates intermittent hypoxia-induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis via hypermethylation of the ATG5 gene promoter region. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:82. [PMID: 36805797 PMCID: PMC9936724 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a catabolic process that recycles damaged organelles and acts as a pro-survival mechanism, but little is known about autophagy dysfunction and epigenetic regulation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS Protein/gene expressions and DNA methylation levels of the autophagy-related genes (ATG) were examined in blood leukocytes from 64 patients with treatment-naïve OSA and 24 subjects with primary snoring (PS). RESULTS LC3B protein expression of blood monocytes, and ATG5 protein expression of blood neutrophils were decreased in OSA patients versus PS subjects, while p62 protein expression of cytotoxic T cell was increased, particularly in those with nocturia. ATG5, ULK1, and BECN1 gene expressions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were decreased in OSA patients versus PS subjects. LC3B gene promoter regions were hypermethylated in OSA patients, particularly in those with excessive daytime sleepiness, while ATG5 gene promoter regions were hypermethylated in those with morning headache or memory impairment. LC3B protein expression of blood monocytes and DNA methylation levels of the LC3B gene promoter region were negatively and positively correlated with apnea hyponea index, respectively. In vitro intermittent hypoxia with re-oxygenation exposure to human THP-1/HUVEC cell lines resulted in LC3B/ATG5/ULK1/BECN1 down-regulations and p62 up-regulation along with increased apoptosis and oxidative stress, while rapamycin and umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cell treatment reversed these abnormalities through de-methylation of the ATG5 gene promoter. CONCLUSIONS Impaired autophagy activity in OSA patients was regulated by aberrant DNA methylation, correlated with clinical phenotypes, and contributed to increased cell apoptosis and oxidative stress. Autophagy enhancers may be novel therapeutics for OSA-related neurocognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Che Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taouyan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Sleep Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan.
| | - I-Chun Lin
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301 Taiwan
| | - Mao-Chang Su
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301 Taiwan ,grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Sleep Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301 Taiwan ,grid.418428.3Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, 61363 Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Hsu
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301 Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chun Hsiao
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301 Taiwan ,grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taouyan, 33302 Taiwan
| | - Te-Yao Hsu
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Department of Obstetrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Mu Chen
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301 Taiwan ,grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Sleep Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301 Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Chin
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301 Taiwan ,grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Sleep Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301 Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ya Wang
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301 Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chieh Chang
- grid.413804.aGenomics and Proteomics Core Lab, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 83301 Taiwan
| | - Yong-Yong Lin
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301 Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Ping Lee
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301 Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chih Lin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taouyan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Sleep Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan.
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16
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Piper B, Bogamuwa S, Hossain T, Farkas D, Rosas L, Green A, Newcomb G, Sun N, Horowitz JC, Bhagwani AR, Yang H, Kudryashova TV, Rojas M, Mora AL, Yan P, Mallampalli RK, Goncharova EA, Eckmann DM, Farkas L. RAB7 deficiency impairs pulmonary artery endothelial function and promotes pulmonary hypertension. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.03.526842. [PMID: 36778418 PMCID: PMC9915659 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.03.526842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating and progressive disease with limited treatment options. Endothelial dysfunction plays a central role in development and progression of PAH, yet the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. The endosome-lysosome system is important to maintain cellular health and the small GTPase RAB7 regulates many functions of this system. Here, we explored the role of RAB7 in endothelial cell (EC) function and lung vascular homeostasis. We found reduced expression of RAB7 in ECs from PAH patients. Endothelial haploinsufficiency of RAB7 caused spontaneous PH in mice. Silencing of RAB7 in ECs induced broad changes in gene expression revealed via RNA sequencing and RAB7 silenced ECs showed impaired angiogenesis, expansion of a senescent cell fraction, combined with impaired endolysosomal trafficking and degradation, which suggests inhibition of autophagy at the pre-degradation level. Further, mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative phosphorylation were decreased, and glycolysis was enhanced. Treatment with the RAB7 activator ML-098 reduced established PH in chronic hypoxia/SU5416 rats. In conclusion, we demonstrate here for the first time the fundamental impairment of EC function by loss of RAB7 that leads to PH and show RAB7 activation as a potential therapeutic strategy in a preclinical model of PH.
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17
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Zhang W, Liu B, Wang Y, Zhang H, He L, Wang P, Dong M. Mitochondrial dysfunction in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1079989. [PMID: 36589421 PMCID: PMC9795033 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1079989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by the increased pulmonary vascular resistance due to pulmonary vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. PAH has high disability, high mortality and poor prognosis, which is becoming a more common global health issue. There is currently no drug that can permanently cure PAH patients. The pathogenesis of PAH is still not fully elucidated. However, the role of metabolic theory in the pathogenesis of PAH is becoming clearer, especially mitochondrial metabolism. With the deepening of mitochondrial researches in recent years, more and more studies have shown that the occurrence and development of PAH are closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, redox homeostasis, enhanced glycolysis, and increased reactive oxygen species production, calcium dysregulation, mitophagy, etc. This review will further elucidate the relationship between mitochondrial metabolism and pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary vascular remodeling. It might be possible to explore more comprehensive and specific treatment strategies for PAH by understanding these mitochondrial metabolic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Prevention and Treatment Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College Affiliated Fifth People’s Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Geratric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College Affiliated Fifth People’s Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Chengdu, China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Cancer Prevention and Treatment Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College Affiliated Fifth People’s Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Chengdu, China
| | - Hengli Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Prevention and Treatment Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College Affiliated Fifth People’s Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Chengdu, China
| | - Lang He
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Prevention and Treatment Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College Affiliated Fifth People’s Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Chengdu, China,Correspondence: Mingqing Dong, ; Lang He, ; Pan Wang,
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Wenjiang District, Chengdu, China,Correspondence: Mingqing Dong, ; Lang He, ; Pan Wang,
| | - Mingqing Dong
- Center for Medicine Research and Translation, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People’s Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Chengdu, China,Correspondence: Mingqing Dong, ; Lang He, ; Pan Wang,
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18
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SUMOylation targeting mitophagy in cardiovascular diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1511-1538. [PMID: 36163375 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) plays a key regulatory role in cardiovascular diseases, such as cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. As a multifunctional posttranslational modification molecule in eukaryotic cells, SUMOylation is essentially associated with the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics, especially mitophagy, which is involved in the progression and development of cardiovascular diseases. SUMOylation targeting mitochondrial-associated proteins is admittedly considered to regulate mitophagy activation and mitochondrial functions and dynamics, including mitochondrial fusion and fission. SUMOylation triggers mitochondrial fusion to promote mitochondrial dysfunction by modifying Fis1, OPA1, MFN1/2, and DRP1. The interaction between SUMO and DRP1 induces SUMOylation and inhibits lysosomal degradation of DRP1, which is further involved in the regulation of mitochondrial fission. Both SUMOylation and deSUMOylation contribute to the initiation and activation of mitophagy by regulating the conjugation of MFN1/2 SERCA2a, HIF1α, and PINK1. SUMOylation mediated by the SUMO molecule has attracted much attention due to its dual roles in the development of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we systemically summarize the current understanding underlying the expression, regulation, and structure of SUMO molecules; explore the biochemical functions of SUMOylation in the initiation and activation of mitophagy; discuss the biological roles and mechanisms of SUMOylation in cardiovascular diseases; and further provide a wider explanation of SUMOylation and deSUMOylation research to provide a possible therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases. Considering the precise functions and exact mechanisms of SUMOylation in mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy will provide evidence for future experimental research and may serve as an effective approach in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases. Regulation and effect of SUMOylation in cardiovascular diseases via mitophagy. SUMOylation is involved in multiple cardiovascular diseases, including cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Since it is expressed in multiple cells associated with cardiovascular disease, SUMOylation can be regulated by numerous ligases, including the SENP family proteins PIAS1, PIASy/4, UBC9, and MAPL. SUMOylation regulates the activation and degradation of PINK1, SERCA2a, PPARγ, ERK5, and DRP1 to mediate mitochondrial dynamics, especially mitophagy activation. Mitophagy activation regulated by SUMOylation further promotes or inhibits ventricular diastolic dysfunction, perfusion injury, ventricular remodelling and ventricular noncompaction, which contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases.
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Hazra S, Li R, Vamesu BM, Jilling T, Ballinger SW, Ambalavanan N, Kandasamy J. Mesenchymal stem cell bioenergetics and apoptosis are associated with risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low birth weight infants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17484. [PMID: 36261501 PMCID: PMC9582007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidant stress contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Mitochondrial function regulates oxidant stress responses as well as pluripotency and regenerative ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which are critical mediators of lung development. This study was conducted to test whether differences in endogenous MSC mitochondrial bioenergetics, proliferation and survival are associated with BPD risk in ELBW infants. Umbilical cord-derived MSCs of ELBW infants who later died or developed moderate/severe BPD had lower oxygen consumption and aconitase activity but higher extracellular acidification-indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidant stress-when compared to MSCs from infants who survived with no/mild BPD. Hyperoxia-exposed MSCs from infants who died or developed moderate/severe BPD also had lower PINK1 expression but higher TOM20 expression and numbers of mitochondria/cell, indicating that these cells had decreased mitophagy. Finally, these MSCs were also noted to proliferate at lower rates but undergo more apoptosis in cell cultures when compared to MSCs from infants who survived with no/mild BPD. These results indicate that mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction and mitophagy deficit induced by oxidant stress may lead to depletion of the endogenous MSC pool and subsequent disruption of lung development in ELBW infants at increased risk for BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehashis Hazra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, 1700 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, 1700 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Bianca M Vamesu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, 1700 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Tamas Jilling
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, 1700 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Scott W Ballinger
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, USA
| | - Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, 1700 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, USA
| | - Jegen Kandasamy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, 1700 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
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20
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Mohammadi A, Higazy R, Gauda EB. PGC-1α activity and mitochondrial dysfunction in preterm infants. Front Physiol 2022; 13:997619. [PMID: 36225305 PMCID: PMC9548560 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.997619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANs) are born in a relatively hyperoxic environment with weak antioxidant defenses, placing them at high risk for mitochondrial dysfunction affecting multiple organ systems including the nervous, respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems. The brain and lungs are highly affected by mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation in the neonate, causing white matter injury (WMI) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), respectively. Adequate mitochondrial function is important in providing sufficient energy for organ development as it relates to alveolarization and axonal myelination and decreasing oxidative stress via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) detoxification. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Since mitochondrial dysfunction is at the root of WMI and BPD pathobiology, exploring therapies that can regulate PGC-1α activity may be beneficial. This review article describes several promising therapeutic agents that can mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction through direct and indirect activation and upregulation of the PGC-1α pathway. Metformin, resveratrol, omega 3 fatty acids, montelukast, L-citrulline, and adiponectin are promising candidates that require further pre-clinical and clinical studies to understand their efficacy in decreasing the burden of disease from WMI and BPD in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Mohammadi
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Translational Medicine Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Randa Higazy
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Translational Medicine Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Estelle B. Gauda
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Translational Medicine Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Estelle B. Gauda,
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Luo JY, Cheng CK, He L, Pu Y, Zhang Y, Lin X, Xu A, Lau CW, Tian XY, Ma RCW, Jo H, Huang Y. Endothelial UCP2 Is a Mechanosensitive Suppressor of Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2022; 131:424-441. [PMID: 35899624 PMCID: PMC9390236 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflamed endothelial cells (ECs) trigger atherogenesis, especially at arterial regions experiencing disturbed blood flow. UCP2 (Uncoupling protein 2), a key mitochondrial antioxidant protein, improves endothelium-dependent relaxation in obese mice. However, whether UCP2 can be regulated by shear flow is unknown, and the role of endothelial UCP2 in regulating inflammation and atherosclerosis remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the mechanoregulation of UCP2 expression in ECs and the effect of UCP2 on endothelial inflammation and atherogenesis. METHODS In vitro shear stress simulation system was used to investigate the regulation of UCP2 expression by shear flow. EC-specific Ucp2 knockout mice were used to investigate the role of UCP2 in flow-associated atherosclerosis. RESULTS Shear stress experiments showed that KLF2 (Krüppel-like factor 2) mediates fluid shear stress-dependent regulation of UCP2 expression in human aortic and human umbilical vein ECs. Unidirectional shear stress, statins, and resveratrol upregulate whereas oscillatory shear stress and proinflammatory stimuli inhibit UCP2 expression through altered KLF2 expression. KLF2 directly binds to UCP2 promoter to upregulate its transcription in human umbilical vein ECs. UCP2 knockdown induced expression of genes involved in proinflammatory and profibrotic signaling, resulting in a proatherogenic endothelial phenotype. EC-specific Ucp2 deletion promotes atherogenesis and collagen production. Additionally, we found endothelial Ucp2 deficiency aggravates whereas adeno-associated virus-mediated EC-Ucp2 overexpression inhibits carotid atherosclerotic plaque formation in disturbed flow-enhanced atherosclerosis mouse model. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed FoxO1 (forkhead box protein O1) as the major proinflammatory transcriptional regulator activated by UCP2 knockdown, and FoxO1 inhibition reduced vascular inflammation and disturbed flow-enhanced atherosclerosis. We showed further that UCP2 level is critical for phosphorylation of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), which is required for UCP2-induced inhibition of FoxO1. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our studies uncover that UCP2 is novel mechanosensitive gene under the control of fluid shear stress and KLF2 in ECs. UCP2 expression is critical for endothelial proinflammatory response and atherogenesis. Therapeutic strategies enhancing UCP2 level may have therapeutic potential against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Yun Luo
- Institute for Cardiovascular Development and Regenerative Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (J.-Y.L.)
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Shenzhen Research Institute and School of Biomedical Sciences (J.-Y.L., C.K.C., L.H., Y.P., C.W.L., X.Y.T.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Chak Kwong Cheng
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Shenzhen Research Institute and School of Biomedical Sciences (J.-Y.L., C.K.C., L.H., Y.P., C.W.L., X.Y.T.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, China (C.K.C., L.H., Y.P., Y.H.)
| | - Lei He
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Shenzhen Research Institute and School of Biomedical Sciences (J.-Y.L., C.K.C., L.H., Y.P., C.W.L., X.Y.T.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, China (C.K.C., L.H., Y.P., Y.H.)
| | - Yujie Pu
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Shenzhen Research Institute and School of Biomedical Sciences (J.-Y.L., C.K.C., L.H., Y.P., C.W.L., X.Y.T.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, China (C.K.C., L.H., Y.P., Y.H.)
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiao Lin
- School of Life Sciences (X.L.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China (A.X.)
| | - Chi Wai Lau
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Shenzhen Research Institute and School of Biomedical Sciences (J.-Y.L., C.K.C., L.H., Y.P., C.W.L., X.Y.T.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao Yu Tian
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Shenzhen Research Institute and School of Biomedical Sciences (J.-Y.L., C.K.C., L.H., Y.P., C.W.L., X.Y.T.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Ronald Ching Wan Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (R.C.W.M.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta (H.J.)
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, China (C.K.C., L.H., Y.P., Y.H.)
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22
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Wang H, Wang X, Ma L, Huang X, Peng Y, Huang H, Gao X, Chen Y, Cao Z. PGC-1 alpha regulates mitochondrial biogenesis to ameliorate hypoxia-inhibited cementoblast mineralization. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1516:300-311. [PMID: 35917205 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia often occurs in inflammatory tissues, such as tissues affected by periodontitis and apical periodontitis lesions. Mitochondrial biogenesis can be disrupted in hypoxia. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) is a core factor required for mitochondrial biogenesis. Cementoblasts are root surface lining cells that play an integral role in cementum formation. There is a dearth of research on the effect of hypoxia on cementoblasts and underlying mechanisms, particularly in relation to mitochondrial biogenesis during the hypoxic process. In this study, we found that the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α was elevated in apical periodontitis tissues in vivo. In contrast, periapical lesions exhibited a reduction of PGC-1α expression. For in vitro experiments, cobalt chloride (CoCl2 ) was used to induce hypoxia. We observed that CoCl2 -induced hypoxia suppressed the mineralization ability and mitochondrial biogenesis of cementoblasts, accompanied by abnormal mitochondria morphology. Furthermore, we found that CoCl2 blocked the p38 pathway, while it activated the Erk1/2 pathway, with the former upregulating the expression of PGC-1α, while the latter reversed the effects. Overall, our findings demonstrate that mitochondrial biogenesis, especially via PGC-1α, is impaired during cementogenesis in the context of CoCl2 -induced hypoxia, dependent on the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyi Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Ma
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Peng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hantao Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xudong Gao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengguo Cao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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23
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Zhang XB, Chen GP, Huang MH, Chen XX, Zhan FF, He XZ, Cai L, Zeng HQ. Bcl-2 19-kDa Interacting Protein 3 (BNIP3)-Mediated Mitophagy Attenuates Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Human Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Injury. MEDICAL SCIENCE MONITOR : INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2022; 28:e936760. [PMID: 35836356 PMCID: PMC9295414 DOI: 10.12659/msm.936760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background As a novel pathophysiological characteristic of obstructive sleep apnea, intermittent hypoxia (IH) contributes to human renal tubular epithelial cells impairment. The underlying pathological mechanisms remain unrevealed. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of Bcl-2 19-kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3)-mediated mitophagy on IH-induced renal tubular epithelial cell impairment. Material/Methods Human kidney proximal tubular (HK-2) cells were exposed to IH condition. IH cycles were as follows: 21% oxygen for 25 min, 21% descended to 1% for 35 min, 1% oxygen sustaining for 35 min, and 1% ascended to 21% for 25 min. The IH exposure lasted 24 h with 12 cycles of hypoxia and re-oxygenation. Both the siBNIP3 and BNIP3 vector were transfected to cells. Cell viability and apoptosis, mitochondrial morphology and function, and mitophagy were detected by cell counting kit-8, flow cytometry and TUNEL staining, transmission electron microscopy, western blotting, and immunofluorescence, respectively. Results In the IH-induced HK-2 cells, inhibition of BNIP3 further aggravated mitochondrial structure damage, and decreased mitophagy level, leading to increased cell apoptosis and decreased cell viability. While overexpression of BNIP3 enhanced mitophagy, which protected mitochondrial structure, it can decrease cell death in HK-2 cells exposed to IH. Conclusions The present study showed that BNIP3-mediated mitophagy plays a protective role against IH-induced renal tubular epithelial cell impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bin Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University; The Third Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Gong-Ping Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Mao-Hong Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University; The Third Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Xiang-Xing Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityZhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University; The Third Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Feng-Fu Zhan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityZhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University; The Third Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Xiu-Zhen He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University; The Third Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Ling Cai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University; The Third Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Hui-Qing Zeng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University; The Third Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, Fujian, China (mainland)
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24
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Li C, Pan Y, Tan Y, Wang Y, Sun X. PINK1-Dependent Mitophagy Reduced Endothelial Hyperpermeability and Cell Migration Capacity Under Simulated Microgravity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:896014. [PMID: 35874841 PMCID: PMC9300855 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.896014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of cardiovascular dysfunction including orthostatic intolerance and disability on physical exercise is one of the health problems induced by long-term spaceflight astronauts face. As an important part of vascular structure, the vascular endothelium, uniquely sensitive to mechanical force, plays a pivotal role in coordinating vascular functions. Our study found that simulated microgravity induced PINK1-dependent mitophagy in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Here, we explored the underlying mechanism of mitophagy induction. The ER stress induced by proteostasis failure in HUVECs promoted the Ca2+ transfer from ER to mitochondria, resulting in mitochondria Ca2+ overload, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondria fission, and accumulation of Parkin and p62 in mitochondria and mitophagy under simulated microgravity. Moreover, we assumed that mitophagy played a vital role in functional changes in endothelial cells under simulated microgravity. Using mdivi-1 and PINK1 knockdown, we found that NLRP3 inflammasome activation was enhanced after mitophagy was inhibited. The NLRP3 inflammasome contributed to endothelial hyperpermeability and cellular migration by releasing IL-1β. Thus, mitophagy inhibited cell migration ability and hyperpermeability in HUVECs exposed to clinostat-simulated microgravity. Collectively, we here clarify the mechanism of mitophagy induction by simulated microgravity in vitro and demonstrate the relationship between mitophagy and vascular endothelial functional changes including cellular migration and permeability. This study deepens the understanding of vascular functional changes under microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Li
- Department of Aerospace Medical Training, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yikai Pan
- Department of Aerospace Medical Training, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yingjun Tan
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yongchun Wang
- Department of Aerospace Medical Training, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Xiqing Sun, , Yongchun Wang,
| | - Xiqing Sun
- Department of Aerospace Medical Training, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Xiqing Sun, , Yongchun Wang,
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25
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Wang M, Hu F, Wu J, Zhang S. The Effects of Different Degrees of Hypoxia on Retinal Pigment Epithelium. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), hypoxia causes abnormal changes in tissue metabolism and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). However, the changes in cell function and intracellular molecules in RPE cells induced by hypoxia are not fully understood. In our study, cell viability,
apoptosis, oxidative stress and changes in intracellular molecules at different time points were evaluated in ARPE-19 cells using a hypoxia model. A short period of mild hypoxia stimulated cell proliferation and apoptosis was induced as the period of hypoxia increased and the oxygen concentration
decreased. As hypoxia worsened, the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation was often accompanied with increased oxidative stress, increased intracellular HIF-1α accumulation and VEGF secretion to induce neovascularization. Additionally, p-ERK1 and ERK2 level
was increased and p-ERK2 was decreased during hypoxia. In conclusion, our results show that the changes in the RPE is a process that depends on the degree of hypoxia and exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Fangyuan Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shenghai Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
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26
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Fang X, Xie M, Liu X, He Y. REDD1 gene knockout alleviates vascular smooth muscle cell remodeling in pulmonary hypertension. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:1578-1591. [PMID: 35422917 PMCID: PMC8991113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regulated in development and DNA damage responses 1 (REDD1) is an important transcription factor regulating mitochondria homeostasis, which is the important pathological alteration of pulmonary hypertension (PH). However, it is unclear whether REDD1 regulates the PASMCs mitochondria homeostasis by the similar mechanism in pulmonary arterial remodeling induced by hypoxia. METHODS The global REDD1-knockout rats (REDD1-KO) on Sprague-Dawley background were used to generate a chronic hypoxia model of PH. Right ventricular hypertrophy and vascular remodeling were detected after exposure to hypoxia. Additionally, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, mitochondria homeostasis, and autophagy were performed in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS The current research found that in human and experimental rats of PH, REDD1 expression is upregulated in the PASMCs. REDD1 gene knockout alleviated hypoxia PH and hemodynamic changes effectively and reversed hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling. In addition, REDD1 knockdown reduces the impairment of mitochondrial function caused by hypoxia in HPASMCs via autophagy inhibition, and this process may be regulated through the Parkin gene. Moreover, REDD1 knockdown can effectively inhibit the proliferation and migration of hypoxic PASMCs, and induce their apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that REDD1 might be a potential target for improved pulmonary vascular remodeling in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Fang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiansheng Liu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanzhou He
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
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27
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Alves-Silva JM, Zuzarte M, Marques C, Viana S, Preguiça I, Baptista R, Ferreira C, Cavaleiro C, Domingues N, Sardão VA, Oliveira PJ, Reis F, Salgueiro L, Girão H. 1,8-cineole Ameliorates Right Ventricle Dysfunction Associated With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension by Restoring Connexin 43 and Mitochondrial Homeostasis. Pharmacol Res 2022; 180:106151. [PMID: 35247601 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, the present study unravels a cardiospecific therapeutic approach for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH), a disease with a very poor prognosis and high mortality rates due to right ventricle dysfunction. We first established a new in vitro model of high-pressure-induced hypertrophy that closely resembles heart defects associated with PAH and validated our in vitro findings on a preclinical in vivo model of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. Our results showed the in vitro antihypertrophic effect of 1,8-cineole, a monoterpene widely found in several essential oils. Also, a decrease in RV hypertrophy and fibrosis, and an improvement in heart function in vivo was observed, when 1,8-cineole was applied topically. Furthermore, 1,8-cineole restored gap junction protein connexin43 distribution at the intercalated discs and mitochondrial functionality, suggesting it may act by preserving cardiac cell-to-cell communication and bioenergetics. Overall, our results point out a promising therapeutic compound that can be easily applied topically, thus paving the way for the development of effective cardiac-specific therapies to greatly improve PAH outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Alves-Silva
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Zuzarte
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Carla Marques
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia Viana
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Preguiça
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Baptista
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Cardiology Department, Hospital Centre of Entre Douro and Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Cátia Ferreira
- Cardiology Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Cavaleiro
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Neuza Domingues
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vilma A Sardão
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girão
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
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28
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Gomes MT, Bai Y, Potje SR, Zhang L, Lockett AD, Machado RF. Signal Transduction during Metabolic and Inflammatory Reprogramming in Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2410. [PMID: 35269553 PMCID: PMC8910500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease characterized by (mal)adaptive remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature, which is associated with inflammation, fibrosis, thrombosis, and neovascularization. Vascular remodeling in PAH is associated with cellular metabolic and inflammatory reprogramming that induce profound endothelial and smooth muscle cell phenotypic changes. Multiple signaling pathways and regulatory loops act on metabolic and inflammatory mediators which influence cellular behavior and trigger pulmonary vascular remodeling in vivo. This review discusses the role of bioenergetic and inflammatory impairments in PAH development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta T. Gomes
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.B.); (S.R.P.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Yang Bai
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.B.); (S.R.P.); (A.D.L.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Simone R. Potje
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.B.); (S.R.P.); (A.D.L.)
- Department of Biological Science, Minas Gerais State University (UEMG), Passos 37900-106, Brazil
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Ion Channel Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China;
| | - Angelia D. Lockett
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.B.); (S.R.P.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Roberto F. Machado
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.B.); (S.R.P.); (A.D.L.)
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29
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Metabolism, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Redox Homeostasis in Pulmonary Hypertension. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020428. [PMID: 35204311 PMCID: PMC8869288 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) represents a group of disorders characterized by elevated mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure, progressive right ventricular failure, and often death. Some of the hallmarks of pulmonary hypertension include endothelial dysfunction, intimal and medial proliferation, vasoconstriction, inflammatory infiltration, and in situ thrombosis. The vascular remodeling seen in pulmonary hypertension has been previously linked to the hyperproliferation of PA smooth muscle cells. This excess proliferation of PA smooth muscle cells has recently been associated with changes in metabolism and mitochondrial biology, including changes in glycolysis, redox homeostasis, and mitochondrial quality control. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms that have been reported to contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic changes, and redox biology in PH.
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30
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Bazan IS, Ardito TA, Zhang Y, Shan P, Kim SJ, Sauler M, Lee P. Sex Differences and Altered Mitophagy in Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L761-L769. [PMID: 35137625 PMCID: PMC9076415 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00019.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a debilitating condition characterized by increased pulmonary arterial pressures and remodeling of pulmonary arteries, leading to right heart failure. Women have a higher prevalence of PH, while men have more severe disease and poorer outcomes. Animal models also show a female-predominant disease. Despite the known sex differences in PH, little is known about how the pathogenesis differs between the sexes. There is growing evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in PH, as well as suggestions of altered mitophagy. We hypothesized that sexual dimorphism contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and altered mitophagy in PH. Using mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs), we exposed both wild-type and Parkin -/- cells to hypoxia and measured the effects on mitochondrial function and mitophagy-associated proteins. Our results show that females have more Parkin expression and increased mitochondrial respiratory capacity when exposed to oxidative stress. Inhibition of Parkin increased metabolic activity in but reduced cell proliferation, with results differing by sex. Our findings demonstrate sexual dimorphism in mitophagy-associated proteins and in mitochondrial respiration, which may help shed light on how the pathogenesis of PH may differ between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S Bazan
- Yale School of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Taylor A Ardito
- Duke University, Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Yale School of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Peiying Shan
- Yale School of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - So-Jin Kim
- Duke University, Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Maor Sauler
- Yale School of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Patty Lee
- Duke University, Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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31
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Liang S, Yegambaram M, Wang T, Wang J, Black SM, Tang H. Mitochondrial Metabolism, Redox, and Calcium Homeostasis in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020341. [PMID: 35203550 PMCID: PMC8961787 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance, secondary to sustained pulmonary vasoconstriction and excessive obliterative pulmonary vascular remodeling. Work over the last decade has led to the identification of a critical role for metabolic reprogramming in the PAH pathogenesis. It is becoming clear that in addition to its role in ATP generation, the mitochondrion is an important organelle that regulates complex and integrative metabolic- and signal transduction pathways. This review focuses on mitochondrial metabolism alterations that occur in deranged pulmonary vessels and the right ventricle, including abnormalities in glycolysis and glucose oxidation, fatty acid oxidation, glutaminolysis, redox homeostasis, as well as iron and calcium metabolism. Further understanding of these mitochondrial metabolic mechanisms could provide viable therapeutic approaches for PAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (S.L.); (J.W.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Manivannan Yegambaram
- Center for Translational Science, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA; (M.Y.); (T.W.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Center for Translational Science, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA; (M.Y.); (T.W.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (S.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Stephen M. Black
- Center for Translational Science, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA; (M.Y.); (T.W.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Correspondence: (S.M.B.); (H.T.)
| | - Haiyang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (S.L.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.B.); (H.T.)
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32
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Forte M, Bianchi F, Cotugno M, Marchitti S, Stanzione R, Maglione V, Sciarretta S, Valenti V, Carnevale R, Versaci F, Frati G, Volpe M, Rubattu S. An interplay between UCP2 and ROS protects cells from high-salt-induced injury through autophagy stimulation. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:919. [PMID: 34625529 PMCID: PMC8501098 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) plays a protective function in the vascular disease of both animal models and humans. UCP2 downregulation upon high-salt feeding favors vascular dysfunction in knock-out mice, and accelerates cerebrovascular and renal damage in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. Overexpression of UCP2 counteracts the negative effects of high-salt feeding in both animal models. We tested in vitro the ability of UCP2 to stimulate autophagy and mitophagy as a mechanism mediating its protective effects upon high-salt exposure in endothelial and renal tubular cells. UCP2 silencing reduced autophagy and mitophagy, whereas the opposite was true upon UCP2 overexpression. High-salt exposure increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), UCP2, autophagy and autophagic flux in both endothelial and renal tubular cells. In contrast, high-salt was unable to induce autophagy and autophagic flux in UCP2-silenced cells, concomitantly with excessive ROS accumulation. The addition of an autophagy inducer, Tat-Beclin 1, rescued the viability of UCP2-silenced cells even when exposed to high-salt. In summary, UCP2 mediated the interaction between high-salt-induced oxidative stress and autophagy to preserve viability of both endothelial and renal tubular cells. In the presence of excessive ROS accumulation (achieved upon UCP2 silencing and high-salt exposure of silenced cells) autophagy was turned off. In this condition, an exogenous autophagy inducer rescued the cellular damage induced by excess ROS level. Our data confirm the protective role of UCP2 toward high-salt-induced vascular and renal injury, and they underscore the role of autophagy/mitophagy as a mechanism counteracting the high-salt-induced oxidative stress damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy.,Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Carnevale
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Frati
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy.,Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Massimo Volpe
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy. .,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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33
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Evans CE, Cober ND, Dai Z, Stewart DJ, Zhao YY. Endothelial cells in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:13993003.03957-2020. [PMID: 33509961 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.03957-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease that involves pulmonary vasoconstriction, small vessel obliteration, large vessel thickening and obstruction, and development of plexiform lesions. PAH vasculopathy leads to progressive increases in pulmonary vascular resistance, right heart failure and, ultimately, premature death. Besides other cell types that are known to be involved in PAH pathogenesis (e.g. smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and leukocytes), recent studies have demonstrated that endothelial cells (ECs) have a crucial role in the initiation and progression of PAH. The EC-specific role in PAH is multi-faceted and affects numerous pathophysiological processes, including vasoconstriction, inflammation, coagulation, metabolism and oxidative/nitrative stress, as well as cell viability, growth and differentiation. In this review, we describe how EC dysfunction and cell signalling regulate the pathogenesis of PAH. We also highlight areas of research that warrant attention in future studies, and discuss potential molecular signalling pathways in ECs that could be targeted therapeutically in the prevention and treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin E Evans
- Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Section of Injury Repair and Regeneration, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas D Cober
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Dept of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Zhiyu Dai
- Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Section of Injury Repair and Regeneration, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Dept of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Duncan J Stewart
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Dept of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - You-Yang Zhao
- Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Section of Injury Repair and Regeneration, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA .,Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Dept of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Dept of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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34
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Jiang X, Cai S, Jin Y, Wu F, He J, Wu X, Tan Y, Wang Y. Irisin Attenuates Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Apoptosis in the H9C2 Cellular Model of Septic Cardiomyopathy through Augmenting Fundc1-Dependent Mitophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:2989974. [PMID: 34457111 PMCID: PMC8390168 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2989974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we used lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated H9C2 cardiomyocytes to investigate whether irisin treatment attenuates septic cardiomyopathy via Fundc1-related mitophagy. Fundc1 levels and mitophagy were significantly reduced in LPS-stimulated H9C2 cardiomyocytes but were significantly increased by irisin treatment. Irisin significantly increased ATP production and the activities of mitochondrial complexes I and III in the LPS-stimulated cardiomyocytes. Irisin also improved glucose metabolism and significantly reduced LPS-induced levels of reactive oxygen species by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as levels of reduced glutathione (GSH). TUNEL assays showed that irisin significantly reduced LPS-stimulated cardiomyocyte apoptosis by suppressing the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. However, the beneficial effects of irisin on oxidative stress, mitochondrial metabolism, and viability of LPS-stimulated H9C2 cardiomyocytes were abolished by silencing Fundc1. These results demonstrate that irisin abrogates mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis through Fundc1-related mitophagy in LPS-stimulated H9C2 cardiomyocytes. This suggests irisin is a potentially useful treatment for septic cardiomyopathy, though further investigations are necessary to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Jiang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shumin Cai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yinghui Jin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xixuan Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ying Tan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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35
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Orekhov AN, Poznyak AV, Sobenin IA, Nikifirov NN, Ivanova EA. Mitochondrion as a Selective Target for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis: Role of Mitochondrial DNA Mutations and Defective Mitophagy in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis and Chronic Inflammation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:1064-1075. [PMID: 31744449 PMCID: PMC7709151 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191118125018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects different arteries in the human body and often leads to severe neurological complications, such as stroke and its sequelae. Affected blood vessels develop atherosclerotic lesions in the form of focal thickening of the intimal layer, so called atherosclerotic plaques. OBJECTIVES Despite the high priority of atherosclerosis research for global health and the numerous preclinical and clinical studies conducted, currently, there is no effective pharmacological treatment that directly impacts atherosclerotic plaques. Many knowledge gaps exist in our understanding of the mechanisms of plaque formation. In this review, we discuss the role of mitochondria in different cell types involved in atherogenesis and provide information about mtDNA mutations associated with the disease. RESULTS Mitochondria of blood and arterial wall cells appear to be one of the important factors in disease initiation and development. Significant experimental evidence connects oxidative stress associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and vascular disease. Moreover, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions and mutations are being considered as potential disease markers. Further study of mtDNA damage and associated dysfunction may open new perspectives for atherosclerosis treatment. CONCLUSION Mitochondria can be considered as important disease-modifying factors in several chronic pathologies. Deletions and mutations of mtDNA may be used as potential disease markers. Mitochondria-targeting antioxidant therapies appear to be promising for the development of treatment of atherosclerosis and other diseases associated with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russian Federation,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian, Federation,Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow 117418, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia V Poznyak
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russian Federation
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russian Federation,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian, Federation,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15A 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita N Nikifirov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian, Federation,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15A 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 121552 Moscow, Russia,Centre of Collective Usage, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova Street, Moscow 119334, Russia
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36
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Hypoxia and the integrated stress response promote pulmonary hypertension and preeclampsia: Implications in drug development. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2754-2773. [PMID: 34302972 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hypoxia is a common cause of pulmonary hypertension, preeclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The molecular mechanisms underlying these diseases are not completely understood. Chronic hypoxia may induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria, promote endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and result in the integrated stress response (ISR) in the pulmonary artery and uteroplacental tissues. Numerous studies have implicated hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), oxidative stress, and ER stress/unfolded protein response (UPR) in the development of pulmonary hypertension, preeclampsia and IUGR. This review highlights the roles of HIFs, mitochondria-derived ROS and UPR, as well as their interplay, in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension and preeclampsia, and their implications in drug development.
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Wu D, Dasgupta A, Read AD, Bentley RET, Motamed M, Chen KH, Al-Qazazi R, Mewburn JD, Dunham-Snary KJ, Alizadeh E, Tian L, Archer SL. Oxygen sensing, mitochondrial biology and experimental therapeutics for pulmonary hypertension and cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 170:150-178. [PMID: 33450375 PMCID: PMC8217091 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The homeostatic oxygen sensing system (HOSS) optimizes systemic oxygen delivery. Specialized tissues utilize a conserved mitochondrial sensor, often involving NDUFS2 in complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, as a site of pO2-responsive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS are converted to a diffusible signaling molecule, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), by superoxide dismutase (SOD2). H2O2 exits the mitochondria and regulates ion channels and enzymes, altering plasma membrane potential, intracellular Ca2+ and Ca2+-sensitization and controlling acute, adaptive, responses to hypoxia that involve changes in ventilation, vascular tone and neurotransmitter release. Subversion of this O2-sensing pathway creates a pseudohypoxic state that promotes disease progression in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and cancer. Pseudohypoxia is a state in which biochemical changes, normally associated with hypoxia, occur despite normal pO2. Epigenetic silencing of SOD2 by DNA methylation alters H2O2 production, activating hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, thereby disrupting mitochondrial metabolism and dynamics, accelerating cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. Other epigenetic mechanisms, including dysregulation of microRNAs (miR), increase pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate kinase muscle isoform 2 expression in both diseases, favoring uncoupled aerobic glycolysis. This Warburg metabolic shift also accelerates cell proliferation and impairs apoptosis. Disordered mitochondrial dynamics, usually increased mitotic fission and impaired fusion, promotes disease progression in PAH and cancer. Epigenetic upregulation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and its binding partners, MiD49 and MiD51, contributes to the pathogenesis of PAH and cancer. Finally, dysregulation of intramitochondrial Ca2+, resulting from impaired mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex (MCUC) function, links abnormal mitochondrial metabolism and dynamics. MiR-mediated decreases in MCUC function reduce intramitochondrial Ca2+, promoting Warburg metabolism, whilst increasing cytosolic Ca2+, promoting fission. Epigenetically disordered mitochondrial O2-sensing, metabolism, dynamics, and Ca2+ homeostasis offer new therapeutic targets for PAH and cancer. Promoting glucose oxidation, restoring the fission/fusion balance, and restoring mitochondrial calcium regulation are promising experimental therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danchen Wu
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, 94 Stuart St., Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Asish Dasgupta
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, 94 Stuart St., Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Austin D Read
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, 94 Stuart St., Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Rachel E T Bentley
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, 94 Stuart St., Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mehras Motamed
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, 94 Stuart St., Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kuang-Hueih Chen
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, 94 Stuart St., Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ruaa Al-Qazazi
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, 94 Stuart St., Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Mewburn
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, 94 Stuart St., Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kimberly J Dunham-Snary
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, 94 Stuart St., Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Elahe Alizadeh
- Queen's Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU), Department of Medicine, Queen's University, 116 Barrie Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3J9, Canada
| | - Lian Tian
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Stephen L Archer
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, 94 Stuart St., Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Dual Role of Mitophagy in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:e30-e39. [PMID: 34232224 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mitophagy is involved in the development of various cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, and hypertension. Mitophagy is essential for maintaining intracellular homeostasis and physiological function in most cardiovascular origin cells, such as cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Mitophagy is crucial to ensuring energy supply by selectively removing dysfunctional mitochondria, maintaining a balance in the number of mitochondria in cells, ensuring the integrity of mitochondrial structure and function, maintaining homeostasis, and promoting cell survival. Substantial research has indicated a "dual" effect of mitophagy on cardiac function, with inadequate and increased mitochondrial degradation both likely to influence the progression of cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the main regulatory pathways of mitophagy and emphasizes that an appropriate amount of mitophagy can prevent endothelial cell injury, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, macrophage polarization, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, avoiding further progression of cardiovascular diseases.
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Zhang Y, Yu G, Kaminski N, Lee PJ. PINK1 mediates the protective effects of thyroid hormone T3 in hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L1118-L1125. [PMID: 33851544 PMCID: PMC8285622 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00598.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperoxia can lead to respiratory failure and death. Our previous work demonstrates that oxidant and mitochondrial injury play a critical role in hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury (HALI). Recently, thyroid hormone has been demonstrated to promote mitochondrial survival in other models of lung injury, but its role in hyperoxia is unknown. Adult wild-type (WT) mice were pretreated with either nebulized triiodothyronine (T3, 40 μg/kg) for 1 or 3 days, or with propylthiouracil (PTU, 100 μg/kg), for 3 days. Following pretreatment, WT mice underwent 72 h of hyperoxia exposure. WT and PINK1-/- mice were pretreated with either nebulized T3 (40 μg/kg) for 3 days or no pretreatment before 72 h continuous hyperoxia exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), histological changes in cellular composition, and type I cytokine induction were assessed. Lung lysates for mitochondrial cellular bioenergetics markers were analyzed by Western blot. Hyperoxia caused a significant increase in BAL total cell counts and lung cellular infiltrates. Administration of PTU enhanced HALI, whereas T3 attenuated HALI, inflammation, and oxidants in WT mice. In addition, T3 pretreatment increased mitochondrial biogenesis/fusion/mitophagy and decreased ER stress and apoptosis. PINK1-/- mice were more susceptible to hyperoxia than WT mice. Notably, pretreatment with T3 did not attenuate HALI in PINK1-/- mice. In addition, T3 pretreatment increased mitochondrial anti-ROS potential, improved mitochondrial bioenergetics and mitophagy, and attenuated mitochondria-regulated apoptosis, all in a PINK1-dependent manner. Our results highlight a novel protective role for PINK1 in mediating the cytoprotective effects of thyroid hormone in HALI. Therefore, thyroid hormone may represent a potential therapy for ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Guoying Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University Xinxiang, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Patty J Lee
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Pulmonary & Critical Care, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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40
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Chang X, Lochner A, Wang HH, Wang S, Zhu H, Ren J, Zhou H. Coronary microvascular injury in myocardial infarction: perception and knowledge for mitochondrial quality control. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:6766-6785. [PMID: 34093852 PMCID: PMC8171103 DOI: 10.7150/thno.60143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) constitute the innermost layer in all blood vessels to maintain the structural integrity and microcirculation function for coronary microvasculature. Impaired endothelial function is demonstrated in various cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction (MI), which is featured by reduced myocardial blood flow as a result of epicardial coronary obstruction, thrombogenesis, and inflammation. In this context, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing the function of coronary ECs is essential for the early diagnosis and optimal treatment of MI. Although ECs contain relatively fewer mitochondria compared with cardiomyocytes, they function as key sensors of environmental and cellular stress, in the regulation of EC viability, structural integrity and function. Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) machineries respond to a broad array of stress stimuli to regulate fission, fusion, mitophagy and biogenesis in mitochondria. Impaired MQC is a cardinal feature of EC injury and dysfunction. Hence, medications modulating MQC mechanisms are considered as promising novel therapeutic options in MI. Here in this review, we provide updated insights into the key role of MQC mechanisms in coronary ECs and microvascular dysfunction in MI. We also discussed the option of MQC as a novel therapeutic target to delay, reverse or repair coronary microvascular damage in MI. Contemporary available MQC-targeted therapies with potential clinical benefits to alleviate coronary microvascular injury during MI are also summarized.
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41
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Hass DT, Barnstable CJ. Uncoupling proteins in the mitochondrial defense against oxidative stress. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 83:100941. [PMID: 33422637 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major component of most major retinal diseases. Many extrinsic anti-oxidative strategies have been insufficient at counteracting one of the predominant intrinsic sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondria. The proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane is a key driving force for mitochondrial ROS production, and this gradient can be modulated by members of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP) family. Of the UCPs, UCP2 shows a widespread distribution and has been shown to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation, with concomitant decreases in ROS production. Genetic studies using transgenic and knockout mice have documented the ability of increased UCP2 activity to provide neuroprotection in models of a number of diseases, including retinal diseases, indicating that it is a strong candidate for a therapeutic target. Molecular studies have identified the structural mechanism of action of UCP2 and have detailed the ways in which its expression and activity can be controlled at the transcriptional, translational and posttranslational levels. These studies suggest a number of ways in control of UCP2 expression and activity can be used therapeutically for both acute and chronic conditions. The development of such therapeutic approaches will greatly increase the tools available to combat a broad range of serious retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Hass
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Colin J Barnstable
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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42
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The importance of autophagy regulation in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2021; 25:1211-1218. [PMID: 33394324 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-020-02261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Autophagy, the self-renewal process of cells, is dependent on lysosomes to degrade damaged organelles and proteins. The increased or damaged level of autophagy is proven to relate to a number of disorders, including metabolic disorders, malignant tumors, pulmonary diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. This review aims to examine the effects of autophagy on the pathogenic mechanism of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in order to guide relevant disease treatment. METHODS We conducted a search of the literature using the electronic database, focusing on articles that explored the association between OSA and autophagy. CONCLUSION OSA can induced autophagy through hypoxia, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, endothelial dysfunction, miRNA, etc. We propose that the mechanism of the autophagy in patients with OSA should be eclucidated in further studies.
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43
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Jayatunga DPW, Hone E, Bharadwaj P, Garg M, Verdile G, Guillemin GJ, Martins RN. Targeting Mitophagy in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:1273-1297. [PMID: 33285629 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria perform many essential cellular functions including energy production, calcium homeostasis, transduction of metabolic and stress signals, and mediating cell survival and death. Maintaining viable populations of mitochondria is therefore critical for normal cell function. The selective disposal of damaged mitochondria, by a pathway known as mitophagy, plays a key role in preserving mitochondrial integrity and quality. Mitophagy reduces the formation of reactive oxygen species and is considered as a protective cellular process. Mitochondrial dysfunction and deficits of mitophagy have important roles in aging and especially in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Targeting mitophagy pathways has been suggested to have potential therapeutic effects against AD. In this review, we aim to briefly discuss the emerging concepts on mitophagy, molecular regulation of the mitophagy process, current mitophagy detection methods, and mitophagy dysfunction in AD. Finally, we will also briefly examine the stimulation of mitophagy as an approach for attenuating neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dona P W Jayatunga
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Eugene Hone
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Prashant Bharadwaj
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Manohar Garg
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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44
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Ye M, Wu H, Li S. Resveratrol alleviates oxygen/glucose deprivation/reoxygenation‑induced neuronal damage through induction of mitophagy. Mol Med Rep 2020; 23:73. [PMID: 33236158 PMCID: PMC7716397 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol confers neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia; however, the involvement of mitophagy in the neuroprotective function of resveratrol remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether resveratrol exerts neuroprotective effects on primary cortical neurons subjected to oxygen/glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) via modulating mitophagy. The data demonstrated that resveratrol at 1–10 µM during reoxygenation improved cell viability and suppressed apoptosis following OGD/R in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, resveratrol alleviated OGD/R-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and excessive oxidative stress. Confocal imaging of LC3 and TOM20 antibody-labeled mitochondria, as well as western blot analysis, demonstrated that mitophagy was further enhanced following resveratrol treatment. In addition, resveratrol was revealed to stimulate the phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced kinase 1/Parkin pathway. Mitophagy inhibition then inhibited the protective effects of resveratrol. These results indicated that resveratrol exerts its protective effects against OGD/R damage, at least in part, by promoting mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ye
- Department of Geriatrics, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, Hubei 443003, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wu
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443003, P.R. China
| | - Shuguo Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, Hubei 443003, P.R. China
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45
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Linqing L, Yuhan Q, Erfei L, Yong Q, Dong W, Chengchun T, Gaoliang Y, Bo L. Hypoxia-induced PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy promotes pulmonary vascular remodeling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:568-575. [PMID: 33239167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular remodeling (PVR) is not only the main pathophysiological feature of Pulmonary Artery Hypertension (PAH) but also the main reason for the progressive aggravation of PAH. Its central link is the excessive proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), which leads to the imbalance of proliferation/apoptosis, leads to the formation of PAH. At present, we found that hypoxia can up-regulate the expression of mitophagy protein PINK1/Parkin, induce the proliferation of PASMCs, and inhibit apoptosis. Knocking down PINK1-/- and/or Parkin-/-, found that the proliferation of PASMCs was significantly inhibited compared with that of PINK1/Parkin, while the proliferation of cells under PINK1-/- Parkin-/- was significantly lower than that of PINK1-/- Parkin+/+or PINK1+/+ Parkin-/-. These results suggest that hypoxia can activate the PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy pathway, induce the excessive proliferation of PASMCs, eventually lead to PVR, leading to HPH. Our team is further exploring which substances in HPH can induce mitotic response, which molecules specifically mediate the activation of mitotic pathways, and what role they play in the occurrence and development of HPH disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Linqing
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, China.
| | - Qin Yuhan
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, China.
| | - Luo Erfei
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, China.
| | - Qiao Yong
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese University Hospital affiliated to Southeast University, China.
| | - Wang Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese University Hospital affiliated to Southeast University, China.
| | - Tang Chengchun
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese University Hospital affiliated to Southeast University, China.
| | - Yan Gaoliang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese University Hospital affiliated to Southeast University, China.
| | - Liu Bo
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, China.
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46
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Umeda A, Miyagawa K, Mochida A, Takeda H, Takeda K, Okada Y, Gozal D. Effects of Normoxic Recovery on Intima-Media Thickness of Aorta and Pulmonary Artery Following Intermittent Hypoxia in Mice. Front Physiol 2020; 11:583735. [PMID: 33192596 PMCID: PMC7645053 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.583735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients are at risk for increased blood pressure and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), with pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure potentially developing as well. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH) has been used as an OSA model in animals, but its effects on vascular beds have not been evaluated using objective unbiased tools. Previously published and current experimental data in mice exposed to IH were evaluated for IMT in aorta and pulmonary artery (PA) after IH with or without normoxic recovery using software for meta-analysis, Review Manager 5. Because IMT data reports on PA were extremely scarce, atherosclerotic area percentage from lumen data was also evaluated. IH significantly increased IMT parameters in both aorta and PA as illustrated by Forest plots (P < 0.01), which also confirmed that IMT values after normoxic recovery were within the normal range in both vascular beds. One-sided scarce lower areas in Funnel Plots were seen for both aorta and PA indicating the likelihood of significant publication bias. Forest and Funnel plots, which provide unbiased assessments of published and current data, suggest that IH exposures may induce IMT thickening that may be reversed by normoxic recovery in both aorta and PA. In light of the potential likelihood of publication bias, future studies are needed to confirm or refute the findings. In conclusion, OSA may induce IMT thickening (e.g., aorta and/or PA), but the treatment (e.g., nasal continuous positive airway pressure) will likely lead to improvements in such findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Umeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Shioya Hospital, Yaita, Japan
| | - Kazuya Miyagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, Otawara, Japan
| | - Atsumi Mochida
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, Otawara, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, Otawara, Japan
| | - Kotaro Takeda
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, School of Healthcare, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Okada
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Child Health and the Child Health Research Institute, MU Women's and Children's Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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47
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Cloonan SM, Kim K, Esteves P, Trian T, Barnes PJ. Mitochondrial dysfunction in lung ageing and disease. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/157/200165. [PMID: 33060165 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0165-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial biology has seen a surge in popularity in the past 5 years, with the emergence of numerous new avenues of exciting mitochondria-related research including immunometabolism, mitochondrial transplantation and mitochondria-microbe biology. Since the early 1960s mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed in cells of the lung in individuals and in experimental models of chronic and acute respiratory diseases. However, it is only in the past decade with the emergence of more sophisticated tools and methodologies that we are beginning to understand how this enigmatic organelle regulates cellular homeostasis and contributes to disease processes in the lung. In this review, we highlight the diverse role of mitochondria in individual lung cell populations and what happens when these essential organelles become dysfunctional with ageing and in acute and chronic lung disease. Although much remains to be uncovered, we also discuss potential targeted therapeutics for mitochondrial dysfunction in the ageing and diseased lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Cloonan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Dept of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kihwan Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Dept of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pauline Esteves
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Dépt de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Trian
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Dépt de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France
| | - Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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48
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Dasgupta A, Wu D, Tian L, Xiong PY, Dunham-Snary KJ, Chen KH, Alizadeh E, Motamed M, Potus F, Hindmarch CCT, Archer SL. Mitochondria in the Pulmonary Vasculature in Health and Disease: Oxygen-Sensing, Metabolism, and Dynamics. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:713-765. [PMID: 32163206 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In lung vascular cells, mitochondria serve a canonical metabolic role, governing energy homeostasis. In addition, mitochondria exist in dynamic networks, which serve noncanonical functions, including regulation of redox signaling, cell cycle, apoptosis, and mitochondrial quality control. Mitochondria in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) are oxygen sensors and initiate hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Acquired dysfunction of mitochondrial metabolism and dynamics contribute to a cancer-like phenotype in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Acquired mitochondrial abnormalities, such as increased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) and pyruvate kinase muscle isoform 2 (PKM2) expression, which increase uncoupled glycolysis (the Warburg phenomenon), are implicated in PAH. Warburg metabolism sustains energy homeostasis by the inhibition of oxidative metabolism that reduces mitochondrial apoptosis, allowing unchecked cell accumulation. Warburg metabolism is initiated by the induction of a pseudohypoxic state, in which DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)-mediated changes in redox signaling cause normoxic activation of HIF-1α and increase PDK expression. Furthermore, mitochondrial division is coordinated with nuclear division through a process called mitotic fission. Increased mitotic fission in PAH, driven by increased fission and reduced fusion favors rapid cell cycle progression and apoptosis resistance. Downregulation of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex (MCUC) occurs in PAH and is one potential unifying mechanism linking Warburg metabolism and mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial metabolic and dynamic disorders combine to promote the hyperproliferative, apoptosis-resistant, phenotype in PAH PASMC, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Understanding the molecular mechanism regulating mitochondrial metabolism and dynamics has permitted identification of new biomarkers, nuclear and CT imaging modalities, and new therapeutic targets for PAH. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:713-765, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish Dasgupta
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danchen Wu
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lian Tian
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ping Yu Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kuang-Hueih Chen
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elahe Alizadeh
- Department of Medicine, Queen's Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU), Translational Institute of Medicine (TIME), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehras Motamed
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - François Potus
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles C T Hindmarch
- Department of Medicine, Queen's Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU), Translational Institute of Medicine (TIME), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen L Archer
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Providence Care Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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49
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Racanelli AC, Choi AMK, Choi ME. Autophagy in chronic lung disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 172:135-156. [PMID: 32620240 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of chronic lung disease occurs as a consequence of multiple cellular events that involve an initial insult which often leads to the development of chronic inflammation, and the dysregulation of cellular proliferation and cell death mechanisms. Multiple cell types in the lung are key to the respiratory and protective/barrier functions necessary to manage the chronic exposures to environmental, mechanical, and oxidative stressors. Autophagy is essential to lung development and homeostasis, as well as the prevention and development of disease. The cellular process involves the collection and removal of unwanted organelles and proteins through lysosomal degradation. In recent years, investigations have addressed the roles of autophagy and selective autophagy in numerous chronic lung diseases. Here, we highlight recent advances on the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Racanelli
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mary E Choi
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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50
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Mohammed SA, Ambrosini S, Lüscher T, Paneni F, Costantino S. Epigenetic Control of Mitochondrial Function in the Vasculature. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:28. [PMID: 32195271 PMCID: PMC7064473 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular signatures of epigenetic regulation and chromatin architecture are emerging as pivotal regulators of mitochondrial function. Recent studies unveiled a complex intersection among environmental factors, epigenetic signals, and mitochondrial metabolism, ultimately leading to alterations of vascular phenotype and increased cardiovascular risk. Changing environmental conditions over the lifetime induce covalent and post-translational chemical modification of the chromatin template which sensitize the genome to establish new transcriptional programs and, hence, diverse functional states. On the other hand, metabolic alterations occurring in mitochondria affect the availability of substrates for chromatin-modifying enzymes, thus leading to maladaptive epigenetic signatures altering chromatin accessibility and gene transcription. Indeed, several components of the epigenetic machinery require intermediates of cellular metabolism (ATP, AcCoA, NADH, α-ketoglutarate) for enzymatic function. In the present review, we describe the emerging role of epigenetic modifications as fine tuners of gene transcription in mitochondrial dysfunction and vascular disease. Specifically, the following aspects are described in detail: (i) mitochondria and vascular function, (ii) mitochondrial ROS, (iii) epigenetic regulation of mitochondrial function; (iv) the role of mitochondrial metabolites as key effectors for chromatin-modifying enzymes; (v) epigenetic therapies. Understanding epigenetic routes may pave the way for new approaches to develop personalized therapies to prevent mitochondrial insufficiency and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafeeq A Mohammed
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuele Ambrosini
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Research, Education and Development, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital Trust and Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Paneni
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Costantino
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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