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Shi M, Zhang S, Rong J, Heng Z, Xu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Identification of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid as an AGT inhibitor against LPS-induced myocardial dysfunction via high throughput screening. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116127. [PMID: 38490519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD) is a serious complication of sepsis. There is increasing evidence that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is activated in SIMD. Angiotensinogen (AGT) is a precursor of the RAS, and the inhibition of AGT may have significant cardiovascular benefits. But until now, there have been no reports of small molecule drugs targeting AGT. In this study, we designed a promoter-luciferase based system to screen for novel AGT inhibitors to alleviate SIMD. As a result of high-throughput screening, a total of 5 compounds from 351 medicinal herb-derived natural compounds were found inhibiting AGT. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18βGA) was further identified as a potent suppressor of AGT. In vitro experiments, 18βGA could inhibit the secretion of AGT by HepG2 cells and alleviate the elevated level of mitochondrial oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes co-cultured with HepG2 supernatants. In vivo, 18βGA prolonged the survival rate of SIMD mice, enhanced cardiac function, and inhibited the damage of mitochondrial function and inflammation. In addition, the results showed that 18βGA may reduce AGT transcription by downregulating hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) and that further alleviated SIMD. In conclusion, we provided a more efficient screening strategy for AGT inhibitors and expanded the novel role of 18βGA as a promising lead compound in rescuing cardiovascular disease associated with RAS overactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shujing Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiabing Rong
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zetao Heng
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yinchuan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zhaocai Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China.
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2
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Daugherty A, Sawada H, Sheppard MB, Lu HS. Angiotensinogen as a Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:1021-1030. [PMID: 38572647 PMCID: PMC11225801 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.124.318374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
AGT (angiotensinogen) is the unique precursor for the generation of all the peptides of the renin-angiotensin system, but it has received relatively scant attention compared to many other renin-angiotensin system components. Focus on AGT has increased recently, particularly with the evolution of drugs to target the synthesis of the protein. AGT is a noninhibitory serpin that has several conserved domains in addition to the angiotensin II sequences at the N terminus. Increased study is needed on the structure-function relationship to resolve many unknowns regarding AGT metabolism. Constitutive whole-body genetic deletion of Agt in mice leads to multiple developmental defects creating a challenge to use these mice for mechanistic studies. This has been overcome by creating Agt-floxed mice to enable the development of cell-specific deficiencies that have provided considerable insight into a range of cardiovascular and associated diseases. This has been augmented by the recent development of pharmacological approaches targeting hepatocytes in humans to promote protracted inhibition of AGT synthesis. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of Agt has been demonstrated to be beneficial in a spectrum of diseases experimentally, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, aortic and superior mesenteric artery aneurysms, myocardial dysfunction, and hepatic steatosis. This review summarizes the findings of recent studies utilizing AGT manipulation as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Hisashi Sawada
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Mary B. Sheppard
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Hong S. Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Neggazi S, Hamlat N, Berdja S, Boumaza S, Smail L, Beylot M, Aouichat-Bouguerra S. Hypothyroidism increases angiotensinogen gene expression associated with vascular smooth muscle cells cholesterol metabolism dysfunction and aorta remodeling in Psammomys obesus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19681. [PMID: 37951959 PMCID: PMC10640574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46899-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been previously shown that clinical cardiovascular manifestations can be caused by mild changes in thyroid function. However, the implication of angiotensinogen (Agt) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) dysfunction in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular manifestations in hypothyroidism have not yet been investigated. We induced experimental hypothyroidism in Psammomys obesus by administering carbimazole for five months. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed and histopathological analysis was performed using Masson's trichrome staining of the aorta and thyroid gland. The expression of the Agt gene and the genes implicated in cholesterol metabolism regulation in the liver and VSMCs was determined by qRT-PCR. Histological observations revealed profound remodeling of the aorta structure in animals with hypothyroidism. In addition, Agt gene expression in the liver was significantly increased. In vitro study, showed that VSMCs from hypothyroid animals overexpressed 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (Hmgcr) and Acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (Acat) 1, with failure to increase the efflux pathway genes (ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member (Abcg) 1 and 4). These results suggest that hypothyroidism leads to vascular alterations, including structural remodeling, VSMCs cholesterol metabolism dysfunction, and their switch to a synthetic phenotype, together with hepatic Agt gene overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Neggazi
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology team, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, BP 32 El Alia, 16111, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Nadjiba Hamlat
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology team, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, BP 32 El Alia, 16111, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Sihem Berdja
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology team, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, BP 32 El Alia, 16111, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Saliha Boumaza
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology team, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, BP 32 El Alia, 16111, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Leila Smail
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology team, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, BP 32 El Alia, 16111, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Michel Beylot
- Platform ANIPHY, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rockefeller, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Souhila Aouichat-Bouguerra
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology team, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, BP 32 El Alia, 16111, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
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Zhang Y, Fang XM. The pan-liver network theory: From traditional chinese medicine to western medicine. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2023; 66:401-436. [PMID: 38149555 DOI: 10.4103/cjop.cjop-d-22-00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the liver is the "general organ" that is responsible for governing/maintaining the free flow of qi over the entire body and storing blood. According to the classic five elements theory, zang-xiang theory, yin-yang theory, meridians and collaterals theory, and the five-viscera correlation theory, the liver has essential relationships with many extrahepatic organs or tissues, such as the mother-child relationships between the liver and the heart, and the yin-yang and exterior-interior relationships between the liver and the gallbladder. The influences of the liver to the extrahepatic organs or tissues have been well-established when treating the extrahepatic diseases from the perspective of modulating the liver by using the ancient classic prescriptions of TCM and the acupuncture and moxibustion. In modern medicine, as the largest solid organ in the human body, the liver has the typical functions of filtration and storage of blood; metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, hormones, and foreign chemicals; formation of bile; storage of vitamins and iron; and formation of coagulation factors. The liver also has essential endocrine function, and acts as an immunological organ due to containing the resident immune cells. In the perspective of modern human anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology, the liver has the organ interactions with the extrahepatic organs or tissues, for example, the gut, pancreas, adipose, skeletal muscle, heart, lung, kidney, brain, spleen, eyes, skin, bone, and sexual organs, through the circulation (including hemodynamics, redox signals, hepatokines, metabolites, and the translocation of microbiota or its products, such as endotoxins), the neural signals, or other forms of pathogenic factors, under normal or diseases status. The organ interactions centered on the liver not only influence the homeostasis of these indicated organs or tissues, but also contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases (including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic [dysfunction]-associated fatty liver diseases, and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases), pulmonary diseases, hyperuricemia and gout, chronic kidney disease, and male and female sexual dysfunction. Therefore, based on TCM and modern medicine, the liver has the bidirectional interaction with the extrahepatic organ or tissue, and this established bidirectional interaction system may further interact with another one or more extrahepatic organs/tissues, thus depicting a complex "pan-hepatic network" model. The pan-hepatic network acts as one of the essential mechanisms of homeostasis and the pathogenesis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Zhang
- Department of Physiology; Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong; Issue 12th of Guangxi Apprenticeship Education of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Shi-Cheng Class of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine), College of Continuing Education, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xian-Ming Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine (Guangxi Hospital of Integrated Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Ruikang Clinical Faculty of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine), Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Abasheva D, Fernandez-Fernandez B, Ortiz A. Zilebesiran for Hypertension. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:1438. [PMID: 37819962 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2310167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Abasheva
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
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Kukida M, Amioka N, Ye D, Chen H, Moorleghen JJ, Liang CL, Howatt DA, Katsumata Y, Yanagita M, Sawada H, Daugherty A, Lu HS. Manipulation of components of the renin angiotensin system in renal proximal tubules fails to alter atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1250234. [PMID: 37655218 PMCID: PMC10466789 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1250234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Whole body manipulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) consistently exerts profound effects on experimental atherosclerosis development. A deficit in the literature has been a lack of attention to the effects of sex. Also, based on data with gene-deleted mice, the site of RAS activity that influences lesion formation is at an unknown distant location. Since angiotensin (AngII) concentrations are high in kidney and the major components of the RAS are present in renal proximal tubule cells (PTCs), this study evaluated the role of the RAS in PTCs in atherosclerosis development. Methods and results Mice with an LDL receptor -/- background were fed Western diet to induce hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. We first demonstrated the role of AT1 receptor antagonism on atherosclerosis in both sexes. Losartan, an AngII type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker, had greater blood pressure-lowering effects in females than males, but equivalent effects between sexes in reducing atherosclerotic lesion size. To determine the roles of renal AT1a receptor and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), either component was deleted in PTCs after weaning using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre expressed under the control of an Ndrg1 promoter. Despite profound deletion of AT1a receptor or ACE in PTCs, the absence of either protein did not influence development of atherosclerosis in either sex. Conversely, mice expressing human angiotensinogen and renin in PTCs or expressing human angiotensinogen in liver but human renin in PTCs did not change atherosclerotic lesion size in male mice. Conclusion Whole-body AT1R inhibition reduced atherosclerosis equivalently in both male and female mice; however, PTC-specific manipulation of the RAS components had no effects on hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Kukida
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Naofumi Amioka
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Dien Ye
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Hui Chen
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jessica J. Moorleghen
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ching-Ling Liang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Deborah A. Howatt
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Yuriko Katsumata
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisashi Sawada
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Hong S. Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Peltekian L, Gasparini S, Fazan FS, Karthik S, Iverson G, Resch JM, Geerling JC. Sodium appetite and thirst do not require angiotensinogen production in astrocytes or hepatocytes. J Physiol 2023; 601:3499-3532. [PMID: 37291801 DOI: 10.1113/jp283169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to its renal and cardiovascular functions, angiotensin signalling is thought to be responsible for the increases in salt and water intake caused by hypovolaemia. However, it remains unclear whether these behaviours require angiotensin production in the brain or liver. Here, we use in situ hybridization to identify tissue-specific expression of the genes required for producing angiotensin peptides, and then use conditional genetic deletion of the angiotensinogen gene (Agt) to test whether production in the brain or liver is necessary for sodium appetite and thirst. In the mouse brain, we identified expression of Agt (the precursor for all angiotensin peptides) in a large subset of astrocytes. We also identified Ren1 and Ace (encoding enzymes required to produce angiotensin II) expression in the choroid plexus, and Ren1 expression in neurons within the nucleus ambiguus compact formation. In the liver, we confirmed that Agt is widely expressed in hepatocytes. We next tested whether thirst and sodium appetite require angiotensinogen production in astrocytes or hepatocytes. Despite virtually eliminating expression in the brain, deleting astrocytic Agt did not reduce thirst or sodium appetite. Despite markedly reducing angiotensinogen in the blood, eliminating Agt from hepatocytes did not reduce thirst or sodium appetite, and in fact, these mice consumed the largest amounts of salt and water after sodium deprivation. Deleting Agt from both astrocytes and hepatocytes also did not prevent thirst or sodium appetite. Our findings suggest that angiotensin signalling is not required for sodium appetite or thirst and highlight the need to identify alternative signalling mechanisms. KEY POINTS: Angiotensin signalling is thought to be responsible for the increased thirst and sodium appetite caused by hypovolaemia, producing elevated water and sodium intake. Specific cells in separate brain regions express the three genes needed to produce angiotensin peptides, but brain-specific deletion of the angiotensinogen gene (Agt), which encodes the lone precursor for all angiotensin peptides, did not reduce thirst or sodium appetite. Double-deletion of Agt from brain and liver also did not reduce thirst or sodium appetite. Liver-specific deletion of Agt reduced circulating angiotensinogen levels without reducing thirst or sodium appetite. Instead, these angiotensin-deficient mice exhibited an enhanced sodium appetite. Because the physiological mechanisms controlling thirst and sodium appetite continued functioning without angiotensin production in the brain and liver, understanding these mechanisms requires a renewed search for the hypovolaemic signals necessary for activating each behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila Peltekian
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jon M Resch
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Amioka N, Wu CH, Sawada H, Ito S, Pettey AC, Wu C, Moorleghen JJ, Howatt DA, Graf GA, Vander Kooi CW, Daugherty A, Lu HS. Functional Exploration of Conserved Sequences in the Distal Face of Angiotensinogen-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1524-1532. [PMID: 37345525 PMCID: PMC10527926 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensinogen (AGT) is an essential component in the renin-angiotensin system. AGT has highly conserved sequences in the loop and β-sheet regions among species; however, their functions have not been studied. METHODS Adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) serotype 2/8 encoding mouse AGT with mutations of conserved sequences in the loop (AAV.loop-Mut), β-sheet (AAV.βsheet-Mut), or both regions (AAV.loop/βsheet-Mut) was injected into male hepatocyte-specific AGT-deficient (hepAGT-/-) mice in an LDL (low-density lipoprotein) receptor-deficient background. AAV containing mouse wild-type AGT (AAV.mAGT) or a null vector (AAV.null) were used as controls. Two weeks after AAV administration, all mice were fed a western diet for 12 weeks. To determine how AGT secretion is regulated in hepatocytes, AAVs containing the above mutations were transducted into HepG2 cells. RESULTS In hepAGT-/- mice infected with AAV.loop-Mut or βsheet-Mut, plasma AGT concentrations, systolic blood pressure, and atherosclerosis were comparable to those in AAV.mAGT-infected mice. Interestingly, plasma AGT concentrations, systolic blood pressure, and atherosclerotic lesion size in hepAGT-/- mice infected with AAV.loop/βsheet-Mut were not different from mice infected with AAV.null. In contrast, hepatic Agt mRNA abundance was elevated to a comparable magnitude as AAV.mAGT-infected mice. Immunostaining showed that AGT protein was accumulated in hepatocytes of mice infected with AAV.loop/βsheet-Mut or HepG2 cells transducted with AAV.loop/βsheet-Mut. Accumulated AGT was not located in the endoplasmic reticulum. CONCLUSIONS The conserved sequences in either the loop or β-sheet region individually have no effect on AGT regulation, but the conserved sequences in both regions synergistically contribute to the secretion of AGT from hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Amioka
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Chia-Hua Wu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Hisashi Sawada
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Sohei Ito
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Alex C. Pettey
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Congqing Wu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Jessica J. Moorleghen
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Deborah A. Howatt
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Gregory A. Graf
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Craig W. Vander Kooi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Hong S. Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Daugherty A, Lu HS, Bakris GL. Angiotensinogen in Sex and Hypertension: New Insights From the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). J Am Coll Cardiol 2023; 81:1260-1262. [PMID: 36990545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Daugherty
- Saha Aortic Center, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
| | - Hong S Lu
- Saha Aortic Center, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - George L Bakris
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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10
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Zhang JM, Au DT, Sawada H, Franklin MK, Moorleghen JJ, Howatt DA, Wang P, Aicher BO, Hampton B, Migliorini M, Ni F, Mullick AE, Wani MM, Ucuzian AA, Lu HS, Muratoglu SC, Daugherty A, Strickland DK. LRP1 protects against excessive superior mesenteric artery remodeling by modulating angiotensin II-mediated signaling. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e164751. [PMID: 36472907 PMCID: PMC9977308 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) exert a critical role in sensing and maintaining vascular integrity. These cells abundantly express the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), a large endocytic signaling receptor that recognizes numerous ligands, including apolipoprotein E-rich lipoproteins, proteases, and protease-inhibitor complexes. We observed the spontaneous formation of aneurysms in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) of both male and female mice in which LRP1 was genetically deleted in vSMCs (smLRP1-/- mice). Quantitative proteomics revealed elevated abundance of several proteins in smLRP1-/- mice that are known to be induced by angiotensin II-mediated (AngII-mediated) signaling, suggesting that this pathway was dysregulated. Administration of losartan, an AngII type I receptor antagonist, or an angiotensinogen antisense oligonucleotide to reduce plasma angiotensinogen concentrations restored the normal SMA phenotype in smLRP1-/- mice and prevented aneurysm formation. Additionally, using a vascular injury model, we noted excessive vascular remodeling and neointima formation in smLRP1-/- mice that was restored by losartan administration. Together, these findings reveal that LRP1 regulates vascular integrity and remodeling of the SMA by attenuating excessive AngII-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie M Zhang
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dianaly T Au
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and
| | - Hisashi Sawada
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Saha Aortic Center and
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | | | | | - Pengjun Wang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Saha Aortic Center and
| | - Brittany O Aicher
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Fenge Ni
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and
| | | | | | - Areck A Ucuzian
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Vascular Services, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hong S Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Saha Aortic Center and
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Saha Aortic Center and
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Dudley K Strickland
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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11
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Ferrario CM, Saha A, VonCannon JL, Meredith WJ, Ahmad S. Does the Naked Emperor Parable Apply to Current Perceptions of the Contribution of Renin Angiotensin System Inhibition in Hypertension? Curr Hypertens Rep 2022; 24:709-721. [PMID: 36272015 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-022-01229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To address contemporary hypertension challenges, a critical reexamination of therapeutic accomplishments using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers, and a greater appreciation of evidence-based shortcomings from randomized clinical trials are fundamental in accelerating future progress. RECENT FINDINGS Medications targeting angiotensin II mechanism of action are essential for managing primary hypertension, type 2 diabetes, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. While the ability of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers to control blood pressure is undisputed, practitioners, hypertension specialists, and researchers hold low awareness of these drugs' limitations in preventing or reducing the risk of cardiovascular events. Biases in interpreting gained knowledge from data obtained in randomized clinical trials include a pervasive emphasis on using relative risk reduction over absolute risk reduction. Furthermore, recommendations for clinical practice in international hypertension guidelines fail to address the significance of a residual risk several orders of magnitude greater than the benefits. We analyze the limitations of the clinical trials that have led to current recommended treatment guidelines. We define and quantify the magnitude of the residual risk in published hypertension trials and explore how activation of alternate compensatory bioprocessing components within the renin angiotensin system bypass the ability of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers to achieve a significant reduction in total and cardiovascular deaths. We complete this presentation by outlining the current incipient but promising potential of immunotherapy to block angiotensin II pathology alone or possibly in combination with other antihypertensive drugs. A full appreciation of the magnitude of the residual risk associated with current renin angiotensin system-based therapies constitutes a vital underpinning for seeking new molecular approaches to halt or even reverse the cardiovascular complications of primary hypertension and encourage investigating a new generation of ACE inhibitors and ARBs with increased capacity to reach the intracellular compartments at which Ang II can be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ferrario
- Laboratory of Translational Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Amit Saha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Jessica L VonCannon
- Laboratory of Translational Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Wayne J Meredith
- Laboratory of Translational Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Laboratory of Translational Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
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12
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Kahlon T, Carlisle S, Otero Mostacero D, Williams N, Trainor P, DeFilippis AP. Angiotensinogen: More Than its Downstream Products: Evidence From Population Studies and Novel Therapeutics. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2022; 10:699-713. [PMID: 35963818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a well-defined pathway playing a key role in maintaining circulatory homeostasis. Abnormal activation of RAAS contributes to development of cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Although several key RAAS enzymes and peptide hormones have been thoroughly investigated, the role of angiotensinogen-the precursor substrate of the RAAS pathway-remains less understood. The study of angiotensinogen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has provided insight into associations between angiotensinogen and hypertension, congestive heart failure, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Targeted drug therapy of RAAS has dramatically improved clinical outcomes for patients with heart failure, myocardial infarction, and hypertension. However, all such therapeutics block RAAS components downstream of angiotensinogen and elicit compensatory pathways that limit their therapeutic efficacy as monotherapy. Upstream RAAS targeting by an angiotensinogen inhibitor has the potential to be more efficacious in patients with suboptimal RAAS inhibition and has a better safety profile than multiagent RAAS blockade. Newly developed therapeutics that target angiotensinogen through antisense oligonucleotides or silencer RNA technologies are providing a novel perspective into the pathobiology of angiotensinogen and show promise as the next frontier in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Kahlon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Samantha Carlisle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Diana Otero Mostacero
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Nina Williams
- Warren Clinic Cardiology of Tulsa, St Francis Hospital, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Patrick Trainor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Andrew P DeFilippis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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13
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Cruz-López EO, Ye D, Wu C, Lu HS, Uijl E, Mirabito Colafella KM, Danser AHJ. Angiotensinogen Suppression: A New Tool to Treat Cardiovascular and Renal Disease. Hypertension 2022; 79:2115-2126. [PMID: 35904033 PMCID: PMC9444253 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.18731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple types of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers exist, allowing interference with the system at the level of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, or the angiotensin II receptor. Yet, in particular, for the treatment of hypertension, the number of patients with uncontrolled hypertension continues to rise, either due to patient noncompliance or because of the significant renin rises that may, at least partially, overcome the effect of RAS blockade (RAS escape). New approaches to target the RAS are either direct antisense oligonucleotides that inhibit angiotensinogen RNA translation, or small interfering RNA (siRNA) that function via the RNA interference pathway. Since all angiotensins stem from angiotensinogen, lowering angiotensinogen has the potential to circumvent the RAS escape phenomenon. Moreover, antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA require injections only every few weeks to months, which might reduce noncompliance. Of course, angiotensinogen suppression also poses a threat in situations where the RAS is acutely needed, for instance in women becoming pregnant during treatment, or in cases of emergency, when severe hypotension occurs. This review discusses all preclinical data on angiotensinogen suppression, as well as the limited clinical data that are currently available. It concludes that it is an exciting new tool to target the RAS with high specificity and a low side effect profile. Its long-term action might revolutionize pharmacotherapy, as it could overcome compliance problems. Preclinical and clinical programs are now carefully investigating its efficacy and safety profile, allowing an optimal introduction as a novel drug to treat cardiovascular and renal diseases in due time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwyn O Cruz-López
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (E.O.C.L., D.Y., E.U., A.H.J.D.)
| | - Dien Ye
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (E.O.C.L., D.Y., E.U., A.H.J.D.)
| | - Congqing Wu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.W., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky.,Department of Surgery (C.W.), University of Kentucky
| | - Hong S Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.W., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky.,Department of Physiology (H.S.L.), University of Kentucky
| | - Estrellita Uijl
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (E.O.C.L., D.Y., E.U., A.H.J.D.)
| | | | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (E.O.C.L., D.Y., E.U., A.H.J.D.)
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14
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Uijl E, Ye D, Ren L, Mirabito Colafella KM, van Veghel R, Garrelds IM, Lu HS, Daugherty A, Hoorn EJ, Nioi P, Foster D, Danser AHJ. Conventional Vasopressor and Vasopressor-Sparing Strategies to Counteract the Blood Pressure-Lowering Effect of Small Interfering RNA Targeting Angiotensinogen. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e026426. [PMID: 35876413 PMCID: PMC9375483 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.026426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background A single dose of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting liver angiotensinogen eliminates hepatic angiotensinogen and lowers blood pressure. Angiotensinogen elimination raises concerns for clinical application because an angiotensin rise is needed to maintain perfusion pressure during hypovolemia. Here, we investigated whether conventional vasopressors can raise arterial pressure after angiotensinogen depletion. Methods and Results Spontaneously hypertensive rats on a low‐salt diet were treated with siRNA (10 mg/kg fortnightly) for 4 weeks, supplemented during the final 2 weeks with fludrocortisone (6 mg/kg per day), the α‐adrenergic agonist midodrine (4 mg/kg per day), or a high‐salt diet (all groups n=6–7). Pressor responsiveness to angiotensin II and norepinephrine was assessed before and after siRNA administration. Blood pressure was measured via radiotelemetry. Depletion of liver angiotensinogen by siRNA lowered plasma angiotensinogen concentrations by 99.2±0.1% and mean arterial pressure by 19 mm Hg. siRNA‐mediated blood pressure lowering was rapidly reversed by intravenous angiotensin II or norepinephrine, or gradually reversed by fludrocortisone or high salt intake. Midodrine had no effect. Unexpectedly, fludrocortisone partially restored plasma angiotensinogen concentrations in siRNA‐treated rats, and nearly abolished plasma renin concentrations. To investigate whether this angiotensinogen originated from nonhepatic sources, fludrocortisone was administered to mice lacking hepatic angiotensinogen. Fludrocortisone did not increase angiotensinogen in these mice, implying that the rise in angiotensinogen in the siRNA‐treated rats must have depended on the liver, most likely reflecting diminished cleavage by renin. Conclusions Intact pressor responsiveness to conventional vasopressors provides pharmacological means to regulate the blood pressure–lowering effect of angiotensinogen siRNA and may support future therapeutic implementation of siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estrellita Uijl
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands.,Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Dien Ye
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands.,Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology University of Kentucky Lexington KY
| | - Liwei Ren
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacy Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology) Shenzhen China
| | - Katrina M Mirabito Colafella
- Cardiovascular Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology Monash University Melbourne Australia
| | - Richard van Veghel
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Garrelds
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Hong S Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology University of Kentucky Lexington KY
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology University of Kentucky Lexington KY
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Paul Nioi
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Cambridge MA
| | | | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands
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15
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Ye D, Wu C, Chen H, Liang CL, Howatt DA, Franklin MK, Moorleghen JJ, Tyagi SC, Uijl E, Danser AHJ, Sawada H, Daugherty A, Lu HS. Fludrocortisone Induces Aortic Pathologies in Mice. Biomolecules 2022; 12:825. [PMID: 35740952 PMCID: PMC9220881 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In an experiment designed to explore the mechanisms of fludrocortisone-induced high blood pressure, we serendipitously observed aortic aneurysms in mice infused with fludrocortisone. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether fludrocortisone induces aortic pathologies in both normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Male adult C57BL/6J mice were infused with either vehicle (85% polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400) and 15% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); n = 5) or fludrocortisone (12 mg/kg/day dissolved in 85% PEG-400 and 15% DMSO; n = 15) for 28 days. Fludrocortisone-infused mice had higher systolic blood pressure, compared to mice infused with vehicle. Fludrocortisone induced aortic pathologies in 4 of 15 mice with 3 having pathologies in the ascending and aortic arch regions and 1 having pathology in both the ascending and descending thoracic aorta. No pathologies were noted in abdominal aortas. Subsequently, we infused either vehicle (n = 5/group) or fludrocortisone (n = 15/group) into male ApoE -/- mice fed a normal laboratory diet or LDL receptor -/- mice fed either normal or Western diet. Fludrocortisone increased systolic blood pressure, irrespective of mouse strain or diet. In ApoE -/- mice infused with fludrocortisone, 2 of 15 mice had ascending aortic pathologies, but no mice had abdominal aortic pathologies. In LDL receptor -/- mice fed normal diet, 5 had ascending/arch pathologies and 1 had pathologies in the ascending, arch, and suprarenal aortic regions. In LDL receptor -/- mice fed Western diet, 2 died of aortic rupture in either the descending thoracic or abdominal region, and 2 of the 13 survived mice had ascending/arch aortic pathologies. Aortic pathologies included hemorrhage, wall thickening or thinning, or dilation. Only ascending aortic diameter in LDLR -/- mice fed Western diet reached statistical significance, compared to their vehicle. CONCLUSION Fludrocortisone induces aortic pathologies independent of hypercholesterolemia. As indicated by the findings in mouse studies, people who are taking or have taken fludrocortisone might have an increased risk of aortic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dien Ye
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.Y.); (C.W.); (H.C.); (C.-L.L.); (D.A.H.); (M.K.F.); (J.J.M.); (S.C.T.); (H.S.); (A.D.)
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.U.); (A.H.J.D.)
| | - Congqing Wu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.Y.); (C.W.); (H.C.); (C.-L.L.); (D.A.H.); (M.K.F.); (J.J.M.); (S.C.T.); (H.S.); (A.D.)
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Hui Chen
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.Y.); (C.W.); (H.C.); (C.-L.L.); (D.A.H.); (M.K.F.); (J.J.M.); (S.C.T.); (H.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Ching-Ling Liang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.Y.); (C.W.); (H.C.); (C.-L.L.); (D.A.H.); (M.K.F.); (J.J.M.); (S.C.T.); (H.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Deborah A. Howatt
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.Y.); (C.W.); (H.C.); (C.-L.L.); (D.A.H.); (M.K.F.); (J.J.M.); (S.C.T.); (H.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Michael K. Franklin
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.Y.); (C.W.); (H.C.); (C.-L.L.); (D.A.H.); (M.K.F.); (J.J.M.); (S.C.T.); (H.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Jessica J. Moorleghen
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.Y.); (C.W.); (H.C.); (C.-L.L.); (D.A.H.); (M.K.F.); (J.J.M.); (S.C.T.); (H.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Samuel C. Tyagi
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.Y.); (C.W.); (H.C.); (C.-L.L.); (D.A.H.); (M.K.F.); (J.J.M.); (S.C.T.); (H.S.); (A.D.)
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Estrellita Uijl
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.U.); (A.H.J.D.)
| | - A. H. Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.U.); (A.H.J.D.)
| | - Hisashi Sawada
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.Y.); (C.W.); (H.C.); (C.-L.L.); (D.A.H.); (M.K.F.); (J.J.M.); (S.C.T.); (H.S.); (A.D.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.Y.); (C.W.); (H.C.); (C.-L.L.); (D.A.H.); (M.K.F.); (J.J.M.); (S.C.T.); (H.S.); (A.D.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Hong S. Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.Y.); (C.W.); (H.C.); (C.-L.L.); (D.A.H.); (M.K.F.); (J.J.M.); (S.C.T.); (H.S.); (A.D.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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16
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Pulgar VM, Cruz-Diaz N, Westwood BM, Chappell MC. Angiotensinogen uptake and stimulation of oxidative stress in human pigment retinal epithelial cells. Peptides 2022; 152:170770. [PMID: 35183655 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that isolated proximal tubules (PT) internalize the precursor protein angiotensinogen and that the 125Iodine-labeled protein accumulated in the nuclear and mitochondrial fractions of the PT cells; however, whether internalization of angiotensinogen occurs in non-renal epithelial cells is unknown. Therefore, the present study assessed the cellular uptake of 125I-angiotensinogen in human retinal pigment ARPE-19 epithelial cells, a widely utilized cell model for the assessment of retinal injury, inflammation and oxidative stress. ARPE-19 cells, maintained in serum-free media to remove extracellular sources of bovine serum angiotensinogen and renin, were incubated with 125Iodine-angiotensinogen at 37 °C and revealed the time-dependent uptake of angiotensinogen over 24 h. In contrast, incubation with labelled Ang II, Ang-(1-7) or Ang I revealed minimal cellular uptake. Subcellular fractionation following a 4-hour uptake of 125I-angiotensinogen revealed that the majority of the labeled protein localized to the nuclear fraction with lower accumulation in the mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions. Finally, we show that addition of angiotensinogen (2 nM) to the ARPE-19 cells increased oxidative stress as assessed by DCF fluorescence that was blocked by pretreatment of the cells with either the NADPH oxidase 1/4 inhibitor GKT137831, apocynin or atorvastatin, but not the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan. In contrast, treatment of the cells with Angiotensin II at an equivalent dose to angiotensinogen failed to stimulate oxidative stress. We conclude that human retinal pigment cells internalize angiotensinogen to elicit an increase in oxidative stress through a pathway that appears distinct from the Ang II-AT1 receptor axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Pulgar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campbell University, Buies-Creek, NC, United States; Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC,United States
| | - Nildris Cruz-Diaz
- Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC,United States
| | - Brian M Westwood
- Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC,United States
| | - Mark C Chappell
- Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC,United States.
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17
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Zhang Y, Ogola BO, Iyer L, Karamyan VT, Thekkumkara T. Estrogen Metabolite 2-Methoxyestradiol Attenuates Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Rats by Downregulating Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor. Front Physiol 2022; 13:876777. [PMID: 35586713 PMCID: PMC9108484 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.876777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2) is evident in cardiovascular disease. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated the mechanism involved in the 2ME2 regulation of angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) in vitro. However, 2ME2 regulation of angiotensin receptors and its effects on blood pressure (BP) and resting heart rate (RHR) are uncertain. In this study, male and female Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats infused with angiotensin II (65 ng/min) and male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were surgically implanted with telemetric probes to continuously assess arterial BP and RHR. In both male and female WKY rats, 2ME2 treatment (20 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks) resulted in a significant reduction of Ang II-induced systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial BP. Moreover, significant weight loss and RHR were indicated in all groups. In a separate set of experiments, prolonged 2ME2 exposure in male SHR (20 mg/kg/day for 5 weeks) displayed a significant reduction in diastolic and mean arterial BP along with RHR. We also found downregulation of angiotensin receptors and angiotensinogen (AGT) in the kidney and liver and a reduction of plasma Ang II levels. Collectively, we demonstrate that 2ME2 attenuated BP and RHR in hypertensive rats involves downregulation of angiotensin receptors and body weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Benard O. Ogola
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Benard O. Ogola,
| | - Laxmi Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Vardan T. Karamyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Thomas Thekkumkara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States
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18
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Pathak E, Atri N, Mishra R. Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Role of Pancreatic Secretome in COVID-19 Associated Multi-organ Dysfunctions. Interdiscip Sci 2022; 14:863-878. [PMID: 35394619 PMCID: PMC8990272 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-022-00513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 infection affects the lungs, heart, kidney, intestine, olfactory epithelia, liver, and pancreas and brings forward multi-organ dysfunctions (MODs). However, mechanistic details of SARS-CoV-2-induced MODs are unclear. Here, we have investigated the role of pancreatic secretory proteins to mechanistically link COVID-19 with MODs using single-cell transcriptome analysis. Secretory proteins were identified using the Human Protein Atlas. Gene ontology, pathway, and disease enrichment analyses were used to highlight the role of upregulated pancreatic secretory proteins (secretome). We show that SARS-CoV-2 infection shifts the expression profile of pancreatic endocrine cells to acinar and ductal cell-specific profiles, resulting in increased expression of acinar and ductal cell-specific genes. Among all the secretory proteins, the upregulated expression of IL1B, AGT, ALB, SPP1, CRP, SERPINA1, C3, TFRC, TNFSF10, and MIF was mainly associated with disease of diverse organs. Extensive literature and experimental evidence are used to validate the association of the upregulated pancreatic secretome with the coagulation cascade, complement activation, renin-angiotensinogen system dysregulation, endothelial cell injury and thrombosis, immune system dysregulation, and fibrosis. Our finding suggests the influence of an upregulated secretome on multi-organ systems such as nervous, cardiovascular, immune, digestive, and urogenital systems. Our study provides evidence that an upregulated pancreatic secretome is a possible cause of SARS-CoV-2-induced MODs. This finding may have a significant impact on the clinical setting regarding the prevention of SARS-CoV-2-induced MODs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Pathak
- Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
| | - Neelam Atri
- Bioinformatics Department, MMV, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
- Department of Botany, MMV, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Rajeev Mishra
- Bioinformatics Department, MMV, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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19
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Ferrario CM, Groban L, Wang H, Sun X, VonCannon JL, Wright KN, Ahmad S. The renin–angiotensin system biomolecular cascade: a 2022 update of newer insights and concepts. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 2022; 12:36-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kisu.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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20
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Von-Hafe M, Borges-Canha M, Vale C, Leite AR, Sérgio Neves J, Carvalho D, Leite-Moreira A. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Endocrine Axes—A Scoping Review. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040298. [PMID: 35448486 PMCID: PMC9026925 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease. NAFLD often occurs associated with endocrinopathies. Evidence suggests that endocrine dysfunction may play an important role in NAFLD development, progression, and severity. Our work aimed to explore and summarize the crosstalk between the liver and different endocrine organs, their hormones, and dysfunctions. For instance, our results show that hyperprolactinemia, hypercortisolemia, and polycystic ovary syndrome seem to worsen NAFLD’s pathway. Hypothyroidism and low growth hormone levels also may contribute to NAFLD’s progression, and a bidirectional association between hypercortisolism and hypogonadism and the NAFLD pathway looks likely, given the current evidence. Therefore, we concluded that it appears likely that there is a link between several endocrine disorders and NAFLD other than the typically known type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome (MS). Nevertheless, there is controversial and insufficient evidence in this area of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Von-Hafe
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.-H.); (C.V.); (A.R.L.); (J.S.N.); (A.L.-M.)
| | - Marta Borges-Canha
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.-H.); (C.V.); (A.R.L.); (J.S.N.); (A.L.-M.)
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-918935390
| | - Catarina Vale
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.-H.); (C.V.); (A.R.L.); (J.S.N.); (A.L.-M.)
| | - Ana Rita Leite
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.-H.); (C.V.); (A.R.L.); (J.S.N.); (A.L.-M.)
| | - João Sérgio Neves
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.-H.); (C.V.); (A.R.L.); (J.S.N.); (A.L.-M.)
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Davide Carvalho
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3s), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.-H.); (C.V.); (A.R.L.); (J.S.N.); (A.L.-M.)
- Serviço de Cirurgia Cardiotorácica do Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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21
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Banik SK, Baishya S, Das Talukdar A, Choudhury MD. Network analysis of atherosclerotic genes elucidates druggable targets. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:42. [PMID: 35241081 PMCID: PMC8893053 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is one of the major causes of cardiovascular disease. It is characterized by the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaque in arteries under the influence of inflammatory responses, proliferation of smooth muscle cell, accumulation of modified low density lipoprotein. The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis involves the interplay of a number of genes and metabolic pathways. In traditional translation method, only a limited number of genes and pathways can be studied at once. However, the new paradigm of network medicine can be explored to study the interaction of a large array of genes and their functional partners and their connections with the concerned disease pathogenesis. Thus, in our study we employed a branch of network medicine, gene network analysis as a tool to identify the most crucial genes and the miRNAs that regulate these genes at the post transcriptional level responsible for pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Result From NCBI database 988 atherosclerotic genes were retrieved. The protein–protein interaction using STRING database resulted in 22,693 PPI interactions among 872 nodes (genes) at different confidence score. The cluster analysis of the 872 genes using MCODE, a plug-in of Cytoscape software revealed a total of 18 clusters, the topological parameter and gene ontology analysis facilitated in the selection of four influential genes viz., AGT, LPL, ITGB2, IRS1 from cluster 3. Further, the miRNAs (miR-26, miR-27, and miR-29 families) targeting these genes were obtained by employing MIENTURNET webtool. Conclusion Gene network analysis assisted in filtering out the 4 probable influential genes and 3 miRNA families in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. These genes, miRNAs can be targeted to restrict the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Given the importance of atherosclerosis, any approach in the understanding the genes involved in its pathogenesis can substantially enhance the health care system. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-022-01195-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheuli Kangsa Banik
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Somorita Baishya
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Anupam Das Talukdar
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
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22
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Ferrario CM, VonCannon JL, Zhang J, Figueroa JP, Wright KN, Groban L, Saha A, Meredith JW, Ahmad S. Immunoneutralization of human angiotensin-(1-12) with a monoclonal antibody in a humanized model of hypertension. Peptides 2022; 149:170714. [PMID: 34933010 PMCID: PMC8985523 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We engineered a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the human C-terminus of angiotensin-(1-12) [h-Ang-(1-12)] and performed a biochemical characterization in concert with direct in vivo and ex vivo (carotid artery strips) assessments of h-Ang-(1-12) vasoconstrictor activity in 78 (36 females) transgenic rats expressing the human angiotensinogen gene [TGR(hAGT)L1623] and 26 (10 female) Sprague Dawley (SD) controls. The mAb shows high specificity in neutralizing angiotensin II formation from h-Ang-(1-12) and did not cross-react with human and rat angiotensins. Changes in arterial pressure and heart rate in Inactin® hydrate anesthetized rats were measured before and after h-Ang-(1-12) injections [dose range: 75-300 pmol/kg i.v.] prior to and 30-60 minutes after administration of the h-Ang-(1-12) mAb. Neutralization of circulating Ang-(1-12) inhibited the pressor action of h-Ang-(1-12), prevented Ang-(1-12) constrictor responses in carotid artery rings in both SD and TGR(hAGT)L1623 rats, and caused a fall in the arterial pressure of male and female transgenic rats. The Ang-(1-12) mAb did not affect the response of comparable dose-related pressor responses to Ang II, pre-immune IgG, or the rat sequence of Ang-(1-12). This h-Ang-(1-12) mAb can effectively suppress the pressor actions of the substrate in the circulation of hypertensive rats or in carotid artery strips from both SD and transgenic rats. The demonstration that this Ang-(1-12) mAb by itself, induced a fall in arterial pressure in transgenic hypertensive rats supports further exploring the potential abilities of Ang-(1-12) mAb in the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ferrario
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, United States.
| | - Jessica L VonCannon
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, United States
| | - Jorge P Figueroa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, United States
| | - Kendra N Wright
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, United States
| | - Leanne Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, United States
| | - Amit Saha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, United States
| | - J Wayne Meredith
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, United States
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, United States
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23
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Kukida M, Cai L, Ye D, Sawada H, Katsumata Y, Franklin MK, Hecker PI, Campbell KS, Danser AJ, Mullick AE, Daugherty A, Temel RE, Lu HS. Renal Angiotensinogen Is Predominantly Liver Derived in Nonhuman Primates. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2851-2853. [PMID: 34496634 PMCID: PMC8551028 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Cai
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, KY
| | - Dien Ye
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, KY
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hisashi Sawada
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, KY
| | - Yuriko Katsumata
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, KY
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, KY
| | | | - Peter I. Hecker
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, KY
| | | | - A.H. Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, KY
| | - Ryan E. Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, KY
| | - Hong S. Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, KY
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24
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Renin-Angiotensin System Induced Secondary Hypertension: The Alteration of Kidney Function and Structure. Int J Nephrol 2021. [PMID: 31628476 PMCID: PMC8505109 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5599754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term hypertension is known as a major risk factor for cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a key role in hypertension pathogenesis. Angiotensin II (Ang II) enhancement in Ang II-dependent hypertension leads to progressive CKD and kidney fibrosis. In the two-kidney one-clip model (2K1C), more renin is synthesized in the principal cells of the collecting duct than juxtaglomerular cells (JGCs). An increase of renal Ang I and Ang II levels and a decrease of renal cortical and medullary Ang 1–7 occur in both kidneys of the 2K1C hypertensive rat model. In addition, the activity of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) increases, while ACE2's activity decreases in the medullary region of both kidneys in the 2K1C hypertensive model. Also, the renal prolyl carboxypeptidase (PrCP) expression and its activity reduce in the clipped kidneys. The imbalance in the production of renal ACE, ACE2, and PrCP expression causes the progression of renal injury. Intrarenal angiotensinogen (AGT) expression and urine AGT (uAGT) excretion rates in the unclipped kidney are greater than the clipped kidney in the 2K1C hypertensive rat model. The enhancement of Ang II in the clipped kidney is related to renin secretion, while the elevation of intrarenal Ang II in the unclipped kidney is related to stimulation of AGT mRNA and protein in proximal tubule cells by a direct effect of systemic Ang II level. Ang II-dependent hypertension enhances macrophages and T-cell infiltration into the kidney which increases cytokines, and AGT synthesis in proximal tubules is stimulated via cytokines. Accumulation of inflammatory cells in the kidney aggravates hypertension and renal damage. Moreover, Ang II-dependent hypertension alters renal Ang II type 1 & 2 receptors (AT1R & AT2R) and Mas receptor (MasR) expression, and the renal interstitial fluid bradykinin, nitric oxide, and cGMP response to AT1R, AT2R, or BK B2-receptor antagonists. Based on a variety of sources including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science-Direct, in the current review, we will discuss the role of RAS-induced secondary hypertension on the alteration of renal function.
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25
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Chen JZ, Sawada H, Ye D, Katsumata Y, Kukida M, Ohno-Urabe S, Moorleghen JJ, Franklin MK, Howatt DA, Sheppard MB, Mullick AE, Lu HS, Daugherty A. Deletion of AT1a (Angiotensin II Type 1a) Receptor or Inhibition of Angiotensinogen Synthesis Attenuates Thoracic Aortopathies in Fibrillin1 C1041G/+ Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2538-2550. [PMID: 34407634 PMCID: PMC8458261 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.315715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: A cardinal feature of Marfan syndrome is thoracic aortic aneurysm. The contribution of the renin-angiotensin system via AT1aR (Ang II [angiotensin II] receptor type 1a) to thoracic aortic aneurysm progression remains controversial because the beneficial effects of angiotensin receptor blockers have been ascribed to off-target effects. This study used genetic and pharmacological modes of attenuating angiotensin receptor and ligand, respectively, to determine their roles on thoracic aortic aneurysm in mice with fibrillin-1 haploinsufficiency (Fbn1C1041G/+). Approach and Results: Thoracic aortic aneurysm in Fbn1C1041G/+ mice was found to be strikingly sexual dimorphic. Males displayed aortic dilation over 12 months while aortic dilation in Fbn1C1041G/+ females did not differ significantly from wild-type mice. To determine the role of AT1aR, Fbn1C1041G/+ mice that were either +/+ or -/- for AT1aR were generated. AT1aR deletion reduced expansion of ascending aorta and aortic root diameter from 1 to 12 months of age in males. Medial thickening and elastin fragmentation were attenuated. An antisense oligonucleotide against angiotensinogen was administered to male Fbn1C1041G/+ mice to determine the effects of Ang II depletion. Antisense oligonucleotide against angiotensinogen administration attenuated dilation of the ascending aorta and aortic root and reduced extracellular remodeling. Aortic transcriptome analyses identified potential targets by which inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system reduced aortic dilation in Fbn1C1041G/+ mice. Conclusions: Deletion of AT1aR or inhibition of Ang II production exerted similar effects in attenuating pathologies in the proximal thoracic aorta of male Fbn1C1041G/+ mice. Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system attenuated dysregulation of genes within the aorta related to pathology of Fbn1C1041G/+ mice.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensinogen/genetics
- Angiotensinogen/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/genetics
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Fibrillin-1/genetics
- Fibrillin-1/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Haploinsufficiency
- Male
- Marfan Syndrome/genetics
- Marfan Syndrome/metabolism
- Marfan Syndrome/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/deficiency
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Renin-Angiotensin System/genetics
- Sex Characteristics
- Sex Factors
- Transcriptome
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Z. Chen
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Hisashi Sawada
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Dien Ye
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Yuriko Katsumata
- Department Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Masayoshi Kukida
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Satoko Ohno-Urabe
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Jessica J. Moorleghen
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Michael K. Franklin
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Deborah A. Howatt
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Mary B. Sheppard
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - Hong S. Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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26
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Carlos-Escalante JA, Gómez-Flores-Ramos L, Bian X, Perdomo-Pantoja A, de Andrade KC, Mejía-Pérez SI, Cacho-Díaz B, González-Barrios R, Reynoso-Noverón N, Soto-Reyes E, Sánchez-Correa TE, Guerra-Calderas L, Yan C, Chen Q, Castro-Hernández C, Vidal-Millán S, Taja-Chayeb L, Gutiérrez O, Álvarez-Gómez RM, Gómez-Amador JL, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Mohar-Betancourt A, Herrera-Montalvo LA, Corona T, Meerzaman D, Wegman-Ostrosky T. Landscape of Germline Genetic Variants in AGT, MGMT, and TP53 in Mexican Adult Patients with Astrocytoma. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1285-1297. [PMID: 32535722 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytoma is the most common type of primary brain tumor. The risk factors for astrocytoma are poorly understood; however, germline genetic variants account for 25% of the risk of developing gliomas. In this study, we assessed the risk of astrocytoma associated with variants in AGT, known by its role in angiogenesis, TP53, a well-known tumor suppressor and the DNA repair gene MGMT in a Mexican population. A case-control study was performed in 49 adult Mexican patients with grade II-IV astrocytoma. Sequencing of exons and untranslated regions of AGT, MGMT, and TP53 from was carried in an Ion Torrent platform. Individuals with Mexican Ancestry from the 1000 Genomes Project were used as controls. Variants found in our cohort were then assessed in a The Cancer Genome Atlas astrocytoma pan-ethnic validation cohort. Variants rs1926723 located in AGT (OR 2.74, 1.40-5.36 95% CI), rs7896488 in MGMT (OR 3.43, 1.17-10.10 95% CI), and rs4968187 in TP53 (OR 2.48, 1.26-4.88 95% CI) were significantly associated with the risk of astrocytoma after multiple-testing correction. This is the first study where the AGT rs1926723 variant, TP53 rs4968187, and MGMT rs7896488 were found to be associated with the risk of developing an astrocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaopeng Bian
- Computational Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | | | - Kelvin César de Andrade
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Sonia Iliana Mejía-Pérez
- Departamento de Enseñanza, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", 13269, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Neurocirugía, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suarez", 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Cacho-Díaz
- Unidad de Neurociencia, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Nancy Reynoso-Noverón
- Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Soto-Reyes
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, 05370, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Thalía Estefanía Sánchez-Correa
- Departamento de Neurocirugía, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suarez", 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lissania Guerra-Calderas
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, 05370, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Chunhua Yan
- Computational Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Qingrong Chen
- Computational Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Clementina Castro-Hernández
- Unidad de Epidemiología E Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM-INCAN, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvia Vidal-Millán
- Clínica de Cáncer Hereditario, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lucía Taja-Chayeb
- Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Olga Gutiérrez
- Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Juan Luis Gómez-Amador
- Departamento de Neurocirugía, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suarez", 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Ostrosky-Wegman
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Mohar-Betancourt
- Unidad de Epidemiología E Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM-INCAN, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Alonso Herrera-Montalvo
- Unidad de Epidemiología E Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM-INCAN, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
- Dirección General, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, 14610, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Teresa Corona
- Laboratorio Clínico de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez", 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daoud Meerzaman
- Computational Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Talia Wegman-Ostrosky
- Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.
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27
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Dong M, Liu S, Wang M, Wang Y, Xin Y, Xuan S. Relationship between AGT rs2493132 polymorphism and the risk of coronary artery disease in patients with NAFLD in the Chinese Han population. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211019263. [PMID: 34275374 PMCID: PMC8293844 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211019263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the relationship between angiotensin (AGT) rs2493132 gene polymorphism and the risk of developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Chinese Han population. Methods Polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine AGT genotypes. Anthropometric and clinical data were investigated and statistically analyzed in the clinical laboratory department of Qingdao Municipal Hospital. Results The AGT rs2493132 CT + TT genotype was an important risk factor for CAD in patients with NAFLD and NAFLD + CAD in healthy controls. The AGT rs2493132 T allele increased the risk of NAFLD + CAD in healthy controls. The AGT rs2493132 CT + TT genotype and T allele also significantly increased the risk of CAD in patients with NAFLD after adjustments for age, sex, and body mass index. In addition, AGT rs2493132 T allele carriers showed higher total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels compared with non-carriers. Conclusions The AGT rs2493132 CT + TT genotype and T allele significantly increased the risk of developing CAD in patients with NAFLD in the Chinese Han population. The AGT rs2493132 T allele was associated with increased serum TC and LDL levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Dong
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shousheng Liu
- Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Digestive Disease Key Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengke Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yifen Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongning Xin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Digestive Disease Key Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shiying Xuan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Digestive Disease Key Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
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28
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Rong J, Tao X, Lin Y, Zheng H, Ning L, Lu HS, Daugherty A, Shi P, Mullick AE, Chen S, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Wang J. Loss of Hepatic Angiotensinogen Attenuates Sepsis-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction. Circ Res 2021; 129:547-564. [PMID: 34238019 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.318075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale: The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a complex regulatory network that maintains normal physiological functions. The role of the RAS in sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD) is poorly defined. Angiotensinogen (AGT) is the unique precursor of the RAS and gives rise to all angiotensin peptides. The effects and mechanisms of AGT in development of SIMD have not been defined. Objective: To determine a role of AGT in SIMD and investigate the underlying mechanisms. Methods and Results: Either intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) significantly enhanced AGT abundances in liver, heart, and plasma. Deficiency of hepatocyte-derived AGT (hepAGT), rather than cardiomyocyte-derived AGT (carAGT), alleviated septic cardiac dysfunction in mice and prolonged survival time. Further investigations revealed that the effects of hepAGT on SIMD were partially associated with augmented angiotensin II (AngII) production in circulation. In addition, hepAGT was internalized by LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) in cardiac fibroblasts (CF), and subsequently activated NLRP3 inflammasome via an AngII-independent pathway, ultimately promoting SIMD by suppressing Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase 2a (SERCA2a) abundances in cardiomyocytes (CM). Conclusions: HepAGT promoted SIMD via both AngII-dependent and AngII-independent pathways. We identified a liver-heart axis by which AGT regulated development of SIMD. Our study may provide a potential novel therapeutic target for SIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabing Rong
- Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, CHINA
| | - Xinran Tao
- Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Yao Lin
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Haiqiong Zheng
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang university, CHINA
| | - Le Ning
- Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Hong S Lu
- Physiology, University of Kentucky, UNITED STATES
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, UNITED STATES
| | - Peng Shi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, CHINA
| | - Adam E Mullick
- Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, UNITED STATES
| | - Sicong Chen
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, CHINA
| | - Zhaocai Zhang
- Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, CHINA
| | - Yinchuan Xu
- Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang university, CHINA
| | - Jian'an Wang
- Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, CHINA
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29
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Mehranfard D, Perez G, Rodriguez A, Ladna JM, Neagra CT, Goldstein B, Carroll T, Tran A, Trivedi M, Speth RC. Alterations in Gene Expression of Renin-Angiotensin System Components and Related Proteins in Colorectal Cancer. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2021; 2021:9987115. [PMID: 34285715 PMCID: PMC8277508 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9987115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MATERIALS AND METHODS Quantitative expression of the RNA of these 17 genes in normal and cancerous tissues obtained using chip arrays from the public functional genomics data repository, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) application, was compared statistically. RESULTS Expression of four genes, AGT (angiotensinogen), ENPEP (aminopeptidase A) MME (neprilysin), and PREP (prolyl endopeptidase), was significantly upregulated in CRC specimens. Expression of REN (renin), THOP (thimet oligopeptidase), NLN (neurolysin), PRCP (prolyl carboxypeptidase), ANPEP (aminopeptidase N), and MAS1 (Mas receptor) was downregulated in CRC specimens. CONCLUSIONS Presuming gene expression parallel protein expression, these results suggest that increased production of the angiotensinogen precursor of angiotensin (ANG) peptides, with the reduction of the enzymes that metabolize it to ANG II, can lead to accumulation of angiotensinogen in CRC tissues. Downregulation of THOP, NLN, PRCP, and MAS1 gene expression, whose proteins contribute to the ACE2/ANG 1-7/Mas axis, suggests that reduced activity of this RAS branch could be permissive for oncogenicity. Components of the RAS may be potential therapeutic targets for treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Mehranfard
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Gabriela Perez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Palmetto General Hospital, Hialeah, FL, USA
| | - Andres Rodriguez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Timothy Carroll
- College of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Alice Tran
- Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Malav Trivedi
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Robert C. Speth
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
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30
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Ferrario CM, Groban L, Wang H, Cheng CP, VonCannon JL, Wright KN, Sun X, Ahmad S. The Angiotensin-(1-12)/Chymase axis as an alternate component of the tissue renin angiotensin system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 529:111119. [PMID: 33309638 PMCID: PMC8127338 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The identification of an alternate extended form of angiotensin I composed of the first twelve amino acids at the N-terminal of angiotensinogen has generated new knowledge of the importance of noncanonical mechanisms for renin independent generation of angiotensins. The human sequence of the dodecapeptide angiotensin-(1-12) [N-Asp1-Arg2-Val3-Tyr4-Ile5-His6-Pro7-Phe8-His9-Leu10-Val1-Ile12-COOH] is an endogenous substrate that in the rat has been documented to be present in multiple organs including the heart, brain, kidney, gut, adrenal gland, and the bone marrow. Newer studies have confirmed the existence of Ang-(1-12) as an Ang II-forming substrate in the blood and heart of normal and diseased patients. Studies to-date document that angiotensin II generation from angiotensin-(1-12) does not require renin participation while chymase rather than angiotensin converting enzyme shows high catalytic activity in converting this tissue substrate into angiotensin II directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ferrario
- Department of Surgery and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Leanne Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Che Ping Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jessica L VonCannon
- Department of Surgery and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kendra N Wright
- Department of Surgery and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Xuming Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of Surgery and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
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31
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Letter to the Editor: Brain renin-angiotensin system and liver-directed siRNA targeted to angiotensinogen. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:907-910. [PMID: 33835151 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Postlethwait JH, Massaquoi MS, Farnsworth DR, Yan YL, Guillemin K, Miller AC. The SARS-CoV-2 receptor and other key components of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System related to COVID-19 are expressed in enterocytes in larval zebrafish. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio058172. [PMID: 33757938 PMCID: PMC8015242 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
People with underlying conditions, including hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, are especially susceptible to negative outcomes after infection with coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. Hypertension and respiratory inflammation are exacerbated by the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), which normally protects from rapidly dropping blood pressure via Angiotensin II (Ang II) produced by the enzyme Ace. The Ace paralog Ace2 degrades Ang II, counteracting its chronic effects, and serves as the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Ace, the coronavirus, and COVID-19 comorbidities all regulate Ace2, but we do not yet understand how. To exploit zebrafish (Danio rerio) to help understand the relationship of the RAAS to COVID-19, we must identify zebrafish orthologs and co-orthologs of human RAAS genes and understand their expression patterns. To achieve these goals, we conducted genomic and phylogenetic analyses and investigated single cell transcriptomes. Results showed that most human RAAS genes have one or more zebrafish orthologs or co-orthologs. Results identified a specific type of enterocyte as the specific site of expression of zebrafish orthologs of key RAAS components, including Ace, Ace2, Slc6a19 (SARS-CoV-2 co-receptor), and the Angiotensin-related peptide cleaving enzymes Anpep (receptor for the common cold coronavirus HCoV-229E), and Dpp4 (receptor for the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome virus, MERS-CoV). Results identified specific vascular cell subtypes expressing Ang II receptors, apelin, and apelin receptor genes. These results identify genes and cell types to exploit zebrafish as a disease model for understanding mechanisms of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yi-Lin Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Karen Guillemin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Adam C Miller
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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33
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Ferrario CM, R Iyer S, Burnett JC, Ahmad S, Wright KN, VonCannon JL, Saha A, Groban L. Angiotensin (1-12) in Humans With Normal Blood Pressure and Primary Hypertension. Hypertension 2021; 77:882-890. [PMID: 33461312 PMCID: PMC7878412 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The importance of canonical versus noncanonical mechanisms for the generation of angiotensins remains a major challenge that, in part, is heavily swayed by the relative efficacy of therapies designed to inhibit renin, ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme), or the Ang II (Angiotensin II) receptor. Ang (1-12) (angiotensin [1-12]) is an Ang II forming substrate serving as a source for Ang II-mediated tissue actions. This study identifies for the first time the presence of Ang (1-12) in the blood of 52 normal (22 women) and 19 (13 women) patients with hypertension not receiving antihypertensive medication at the time of the study. Normal subjects of comparable ages and body habitus had similar circulating plasma Ang (1-12) concentrations (women: 2.02±0.62 [SD] ng/mL; men 2.05±0.55 [SD] ng/mL, P>0.05). The higher values of plasma Ang (1-12) concentrations in hypertensive men (2.51±0.49 ng/mL, n=6) and women (2.33±0.63 [SD] ng/mL, n=13) were statistically significant (P<0.02) and correlated with elevated plasma renin activity, systolic and pulse pressure, and plasma concentrations of NT-proBNP (N-terminal prohormone BNP). The increased plasma Ang (1-12) in patients with hypertension was not mirrored by similar changes in plasma angiotensinogen and Ang II concentrations. The first identification of an age-independent presence of Ang (1-12) in the blood of normotensive subjects and patients with hypertension, irrespective of sex, implicates this non-renin dependent substrate as a source for Ang II production in the blood and its potential contribution to the hypertensive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ferrario
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Seethalakshmi R Iyer
- Division of Circulatory Failure, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - John C Burnett
- Division of Circulatory Failure, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Kendra N Wright
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Jessica L VonCannon
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Amit Saha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Leanne Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157
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34
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Sasson A, Kristoferson E, Batista R, McClung JA, Abraham NG, Peterson SJ. The pivotal role of heme Oxygenase-1 in reversing the pathophysiology and systemic complications of NAFLD. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 697:108679. [PMID: 33248947 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis and molecular pathways involved in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are reviewed, as well as what is known about mitochondrial dysfunction that leads to heart disease and the progression to steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrosis. We focused our discussion on the role of the antioxidant gene heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and its nuclear coactivator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC1-α) in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and function and potential therapeutic benefit for cardiac disease, NAFLD as well as the pharmacological effect they have on the chronic inflammatory state of obesity. The result is increased mitochondrial function and the conversion of white adipocyte tissue to beige adipose tissue ("browning of white adipose tissue") that leads to an improvement in signaling pathways and overall liver function. Improved mitochondrial biogenesis and function is essential to preventing the progression of hepatic steatosis to NASH and cirrhosis as well as preventing cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Sasson
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA; Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Eva Kristoferson
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Rogerio Batista
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - John A McClung
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Nader G Abraham
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA; Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA; Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25701, USA
| | - Stephen J Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA; New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, 11215, USA.
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Regulation of connexins genes expression contributes to reestablishes tissue homeostasis in a renovascular hypertension model. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05406. [PMID: 33163681 PMCID: PMC7609588 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins (Cx) are essential for cardiovascular regulation and maintenance of cardio-renal response involving the natriuretic peptide family. Changes in the expression of connexins promote intercellular communication dysfunction and may induce hypertension, atherosclerosis, and several other vascular diseases. This study analyzed the expression of the genes involved in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the relation of the connexins gene expression with the renovascular hypertension 2K1C in different tissues. The insertion of a silver clip induced renovascular hypertension 2K1C into the left renal artery. Biochemical measurements were made using commercial kits. Gene expression was evaluated in the liver, heart, and kidneys by RT-PCR. The genes investigated were LDLr, Hmgcr, Agt, Ren, Ace, Agtr1a, Anp, Bnp, Npr1, Cx26, Cx32, Cx37, Cx40 and Cx43. All genes involved in the RAS presented increased transcriptional levels in the 2K1C group, except hepatic Agt. The natriuretic peptides (Anp; Bnp) and the receptor genes (Npr1) appeared to increase in the heart, however, Npr1 decreased in the kidneys. In hepatic tissue, hypertension promoted increased expression of Cx32, Cx37, and Cx40 genes however, Cx26 and Cx43 genes were not influenced. Expression was upregulated for Cx37 and Cx43 in cardiac tissue in the 2K1C group, but Cx40 did not demonstrate any difference between groups. The stenotic kidney showed an upregulated expression for Cx37 vs Sham and contralateral kidney, although Cx40 and Cx43 were downregulated. Hypertension did not modify the transcriptional expression of Cx26 and Cx32. Therefore, this study indicated that RAS and cardiac response were regulated transcriptionally by renovascular hypertension 2K1C. Moreover, the results of connexin gene expression demonstrated differential transcriptional regulation in different tissues studied and suggest a relationship between cardiac and renal physiological changes as an adaptive mechanism to the hypertensive state.
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36
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Postlethwait JH, Farnsworth DR, Miller AC. An intestinal cell type in zebrafish is the nexus for the SARS-CoV-2 receptor and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System that contributes to COVID-19 comorbidities. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32908984 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.01.278366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
People with underlying conditions, including hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, are especially susceptible to negative outcomes after infection with the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. These COVID-19 comorbidities are exacerbated by the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), which normally protects from rapidly dropping blood pressure or dehydration via the peptide Angiotensin II (Ang II) produced by the enzyme Ace. The Ace paralog Ace2 degrades Ang II, thus counteracting its chronic effects. Ace2 is also the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Ace , the coronavirus, and COVID-19 comorbidities all regulate Ace2 , but we don't yet understand how. To exploit zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) as a disease model to understand mechanisms regulating the RAAS and its relationship to COVID-19 comorbidities, we must first identify zebrafish orthologs and co-orthologs of human RAAS genes, and second, understand where and when these genes are expressed in specific cells in zebrafish development. To achieve these goals, we conducted genomic analyses and investigated single cell transcriptomes. Results showed that most human RAAS genes have an ortholog in zebrafish and some have two or more co-orthologs. Results further identified a specific intestinal cell type in zebrafish larvae as the site of expression for key RAAS components, including Ace, Ace2, the coronavirus co-receptor Slc6a19, and the Angiotensin-related peptide cleaving enzymes Anpep and Enpep. Results also identified specific vascular cell subtypes as expressing Ang II receptors, apelin , and apelin receptor genes. These results identify specific genes and cell types to exploit zebrafish as a disease model for understanding the mechanisms leading to COVID-19 comorbidities. SUMMARY STATEMENT Genomic analyses identify zebrafish orthologs of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System that contribute to COVID-19 comorbidities and single-cell transcriptomics show that they act in a specialized intestinal cell type.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize all available data on targeting angiotensinogen with RNA-based therapeutics as a new tool to combat cardiovascular diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Liver-targeted, stable antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA targeting angiotensinogen are now available, and may allow treatment with at most a few injections per year, thereby improving adherence. Promising results have been obtained in hypertensive animal models, as well as in rodent models of atherosclerosis, polycystic kidney disease and pulmonary fibrosis. The next step will be to evaluate the optimal degree of suppression, synergy with existing renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers, and to determine harmful effects of suppressing angiotensinogen in the context of common comorbidities, such as heart failure and chronic kidney disease. SUMMARY Targeting angiotensinogen with RNA-based therapeutics is a promising new tool to treat hypertension and diseases beyond. Their long-lasting effects are particularly exciting, and if translated to a clinical application of at most a few administrations per year, may help to eliminate nonadherence.
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Wu CH, Wu C, Howatt DA, Moorleghen JJ, Cassis LA, Daugherty A, Lu HS. Two Amino Acids Proximate to the Renin Cleavage Site of Human Angiotensinogen Do Not Affect Blood Pressure and Atherosclerosis in Mice-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2108-2113. [PMID: 32640904 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Renin cleavage of angiotensinogen has species specificity. As the residues at positions 11 and 12 are different between human angiotensinogen and mouse angiotensinogen, we determined whether these 2 residues in angiotensinogen affect renin cleavage and angiotensin II-mediated blood pressure regulation and atherosclerosis using an adenoassociated viral approach for manipulating angiotensinogen in vivo. Approach and Results: Hepatocyte-specific angiotensinogen deficient (hepAGT-/-) mice in an LDL receptor-deficient background were infected with adenoassociated virals containing a null insert, human angiotensinogen, or mouse angiotensinogen expressing the same residues of the human protein at positions 11 and 12 (mouse angiotensinogen [L11V;Y12I]). Expression of human angiotensinogen in hepAGT-/- mice led to high plasma human angiotensinogen concentrations without changes in plasma endogenous mouse angiotensinogen, plasma renin concentrations, blood pressure, or atherosclerosis. This is consistent with human angiotensinogen not being cleaved by mouse renin. To determine whether the residues at positions 11 and 12 in human angiotensinogen lead to the inability of mouse renin to cleave human angiotensinogen, hepAGT-/- mice were injected with adenoassociated viral vector encoding mouse angiotensinogen (L11V;Y12I). Expression of mouse angiotensinogen (L11V;Y12I) in hepAGT-/- mice resulted in increased plasma mouse angiotensinogen concentrations, reduced renin concentrations, and increased renal AngII concentrations that were comparable to their concentrations in hepAGT+/+ mice. This mouse angiotensinogen variant increased blood pressure and atherosclerosis in hepAGT-/- mice to the magnitude of hepAGT+/+ mice. CONCLUSIONS Replacement of L11 and Y12 to V11 and I12, respectively, in mouse angiotensinogen does not affect renin cleavage, blood pressure, and atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hua Wu
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.-H.W., C.W., D.A.H., J.J.M., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (C.-H.W., L.A.C., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Congqing Wu
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.-H.W., C.W., D.A.H., J.J.M., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
- Department of Physiology (C.W., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Deborah A Howatt
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.-H.W., C.W., D.A.H., J.J.M., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Jessica J Moorleghen
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.-H.W., C.W., D.A.H., J.J.M., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Lisa A Cassis
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (C.-H.W., L.A.C., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.-H.W., C.W., D.A.H., J.J.M., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (C.-H.W., L.A.C., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
- Department of Physiology (C.W., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Hong S Lu
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.-H.W., C.W., D.A.H., J.J.M., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (C.-H.W., L.A.C., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
- Department of Physiology (C.W., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
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Xu Y, Rong J, Zhang Z. The emerging role of angiotensinogen in cardiovascular diseases. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:68-78. [PMID: 32572956 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensinogen (AGT) is the unique precursor of all angiotensin peptides. Many of the basic understandings of AGT in cardiovascular diseases have come from research efforts to define its effects on blood pressure regulation. The development of novel techniques targeting AGT manipulation such as genetic animal models, adeno-associated viral approaches, and antisense oligonucleotides made it possible to deeply investigate the relationship between AGT and cardiovascular diseases. In this brief review, we provide contemporary insights into the emerging role of AGT in cardiovascular diseases. In light of the recent progress, we emphasize some newly recognized features and mechanisms of AGT in heart failure, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinchuan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiabing Rong
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaocai Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Peterson SJ, Dave N, Kothari J. The Effects of Heme Oxygenase Upregulation on Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:1061-1070. [PMID: 31880952 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Obesity is a chronic condition that is characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress with consequent cardiovascular complications of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and vascular dysfunction. Obesity-induced metabolic syndrome remains an epidemic of global proportions. Recent Advances: Gene targeting of the endothelium with a retrovirus using an endothelium-specific promoter vascular endothelium cadherin (VECAD)-HO-1 offers a potential long-term solution to adiposity by targeting the endothelium. This has resulted in improvements of both vascular function and adiposity attenuation. Critical Issues: Heme oxygenase plays an ever-increasing role in the understanding of human biology in the complex conditions of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. The heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) system creates biliverdin/bilirubin, which functions as an antioxidant, and carbon monoxide, which has antiapoptotic properties. Future Directions: Upregulation of HO-1 has been shown to improve adiposity as well as vascular function in both animal and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.,New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Niel Dave
- New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Janish Kothari
- New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, New York
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41
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Goswami AM. Computational analyses prioritize and reveal the deleterious nsSNPs in human angiotensinogen gene. Comput Biol Chem 2020; 84:107199. [PMID: 31931433 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.107199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensinogen (AGT) is a key component of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which plays central role in blood pressure homeostasis. Association of AGT polymorphisms have been investigated in different ethnic populations in variety of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular conditions. In this study, 354 non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) of AGT were evaluated to predict damaging and structurally important variants. Majority of the deleterious nsSNPs occurred in the evolutionary conserved regions. Several of these nsSNPs were found to affect post-translational modifications like methylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination etc. Structural evaluations predicted 19 variants as destabilizing and some of them were also predicted to destabilize the renin-AGT interaction. Therefore, the present computational investigation predicted pathogenic and functionally important variants of human AGT gene. The study has also shown that AGT deregulation is associated with survival outcome in patients with gastric and breast cancer, using microarray gene expression profile. Furthermore, the computationally screened nsSNPs can be analyzed in population based genotyping studies and may help futuristic drug development in the area of AGT pharmacogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achintya Mohan Goswami
- Department of Physiology, Krishnagar Govt. College, Krishnagar, Nadia, West Bengal, 741101, India.
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42
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Wu C, Daugherty A, Lu HS. Updates on Approaches for Studying Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:e108-e117. [PMID: 30917052 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congqing Wu
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.W., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.W., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington.,Department of Physiology (A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Hong S Lu
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.W., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington.,Department of Physiology (A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
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43
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Kukida M, Sawada H, Daugherty A, Lu HS. Megalin: A bridge connecting kidney, the renin-angiotensin system, and atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 151:104537. [PMID: 31707037 PMCID: PMC6980733 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Megalin is a member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor superfamily. It has been recognized as an endocytic receptor for a large spectrum of ligands. As a consequence, megalin regulates homeostasis of many molecules and affects multiple physiological and pathophysiological functions. The renin-angiotensin system is a hormonal system. A number of studies have reported contributions of the renin-angiotensin system to atherosclerosis. There is evolving evidence that megalin is a regulator of the renin-angiotensin system, and contributes to atherosclerosis. This brief review provides contemporary insights into effects of megalin on renal functions, the renin-angiotensin system, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Kukida
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hisashi Sawada
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hong S Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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44
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Ye F, Wang Y, Wu C, Howatt DA, Wu CH, Balakrishnan A, Mullick AE, Graham MJ, Danser AHJ, Wang J, Daugherty A, Lu HS. Angiotensinogen and Megalin Interactions Contribute to Atherosclerosis-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:150-155. [PMID: 30567480 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective- AGT (Angiotensinogen) is the unique precursor of the renin-angiotensin system that is sequentially cleaved by renin and ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) to produce Ang II (angiotensin II). In this study, we determined how these renin-angiotensin components interact with megalin in kidney to promote atherosclerosis. Approach and Results- AGT, renin, ACE, and megalin were present in the renal proximal convoluted tubules of wild-type mice. Hepatocyte-specific AGT deficiency abolished AGT protein accumulation in proximal tubules and diminished Ang II concentrations in kidney, while renin was increased. Megalin was most abundant in kidney and exclusively present on the apical side of proximal tubules. Inhibition of megalin by antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) led to ablation of AGT and renin proteins in proximal tubules, while leading to striking increases of urine AGT and renin concentrations, and 70% reduction of renal Ang II concentrations. However, plasma Ang II concentrations were unaffected. To determine whether AGT and megalin interaction contributes to atherosclerosis, we used both male and female low-density lipoprotein receptor-/- mice fed a saturated fat-enriched diet and administered vehicles (PBS or control ASO) or megalin ASO. Inhibition of megalin did not affect plasma cholesterol concentrations, but profoundly reduced atherosclerotic lesion size in both male and female mice. Conclusions- These results reveal a regulatory role of megalin in the intrarenal renin-angiotensin homeostasis and atherogenesis, positing renal Ang II to be an important contributor to atherosclerosis that is mediated through AGT and megalin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiming Ye
- From the Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (F.Y., Y.W., J.W.).,Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (F.Y., Y.W., C.W., D.A.H., A.B., A.D., H.S.L.) University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Ya Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (F.Y., Y.W., J.W.).,Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (F.Y., Y.W., C.W., D.A.H., A.B., A.D., H.S.L.) University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Congqing Wu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (F.Y., Y.W., C.W., D.A.H., A.B., A.D., H.S.L.) University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Deborah A Howatt
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (F.Y., Y.W., C.W., D.A.H., A.B., A.D., H.S.L.) University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Chia-Hua Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (C.-H.W., A.D., H.S.L.) University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Anju Balakrishnan
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (F.Y., Y.W., C.W., D.A.H., A.B., A.D., H.S.L.) University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | | | - Mark J Graham
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M., M.J.G.)
| | | | - Jian'an Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (F.Y., Y.W., J.W.)
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (F.Y., Y.W., C.W., D.A.H., A.B., A.D., H.S.L.) University of Kentucky, Lexington.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (C.-H.W., A.D., H.S.L.) University of Kentucky, Lexington.,Department of Physiology (A.D., H.S.L.) University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Hong S Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (F.Y., Y.W., C.W., D.A.H., A.B., A.D., H.S.L.) University of Kentucky, Lexington.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (C.-H.W., A.D., H.S.L.) University of Kentucky, Lexington.,Department of Physiology (A.D., H.S.L.) University of Kentucky, Lexington
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45
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Tao XR, Rong JB, Lu HS, Daugherty A, Shi P, Ke CL, Zhang ZC, Xu YC, Wang JA. Angiotensinogen in hepatocytes contributes to Western diet-induced liver steatosis. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1983-1995. [PMID: 31604805 PMCID: PMC6889717 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m093252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as a liver manifestation of metabolic disorders. Previous studies indicate that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a complex role in NAFLD. As the only precursor of the RAS, decreased angiotensinogen (AGT) profoundly impacts RAS bioactivity. Here, we investigated the role of hepatocyte-derived AGT in liver steatosis. AGT floxed mice (hepAGT+/+) and hepatocyte-specific AGT-deficient mice (hepAGT−/−) were fed a Western diet and a normal laboratory diet for 12 weeks, respectively. Compared with hepAGT+/+ mice, Western diet-fed hepAGT−/− mice gained less body weight with improved insulin sensitivity. The attenuated severity of liver steatosis in hepAGT−/− mice was evidenced by histologic changes and reduced intrahepatic triglycerides. The abundance of SREBP1 and its downstream molecules, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and FASN, was suppressed in hepAGT−/− mice. Furthermore, serum derived from hepAGT+/+ mice stimulated hepatocyte SREBP1 expression, which could be diminished by protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition in vitro. Administration of losartan did not affect diet-induced body weight gain, liver steatosis severity, and hepatic p-Akt, p-mTOR, and SREBP1 protein abundance in hepAGT+/+ mice. These data suggest that attenuation of Western diet-induced liver steatosis in hepAGT−/− mice is associated with the alternation of the Akt/mTOR/SREBP-1c pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ran Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Bing Rong
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong S Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Departments of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Departments of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Peng Shi
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Le Ke
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Cai Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin-Chuan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-An Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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46
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Lu HS, Schmidt AM, Hegele RA, Mackman N, Rader DJ, Weber C, Daugherty A. Reporting Sex and Sex Differences in Preclinical Studies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:e171-e184. [PMID: 30354222 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong S Lu
- From the Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.S.L., A.D.)
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (A.M.S.)
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.A.H.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Medicine (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.,Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Christian Weber
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (C.W.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W.)
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.S.L., A.D.)
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47
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Antisense oligonucleotides targeting angiotensinogen: insights from animal studies. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20180201. [PMID: 30530571 PMCID: PMC6328882 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensinogen (AGT) is the unique substrate of all angiotensin peptides. We review the recent preclinical research of AGT antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), a rapidly evolving therapeutic approach. The scope of the research findings not only opens doors for potentially new therapeutics of hypertension and many other diseases, but also provides insights into understanding critical physiological and pathophysiological roles mediated by AGT.
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48
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Carrell RW, Read RJ. Structural basis for the specificity of renin-mediated angiotensinogen cleavage. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2353-2364. [PMID: 30563843 PMCID: PMC6378967 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin–angiotensin cascade is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. Renin-mediated cleavage of the angiotensin I peptide from the N terminus of angiotensinogen (AGT) is the rate-limiting step of this cascade; however, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying this step is unclear. Here, we solved the crystal structures of glycosylated human AGT (2.30 Å resolution), its encounter complex with renin (2.55 Å), AGT cleaved in its reactive center loop (RCL; 2.97 Å), and spent AGT from which the N-terminal angiotensin peptide was removed (2.63 Å). These structures revealed that AGT undergoes profound conformational changes and binds renin through a tail-into-mouth allosteric mechanism that inserts the N terminus into a pocket equivalent to a hormone-binding site on other serpins. These changes fully extended the N-terminal tail, with the scissile bond for angiotensin release docked in renin's active site. Insertion of the N terminus into this pocket accompanied a complete unwinding of helix H of AGT, which, in turn, formed key interactions with renin in the complementary binding interface. Mutagenesis and kinetic analyses confirmed that renin-mediated production of angiotensin I is controlled by interactions of amino acid residues and glycan components outside renin's active-site cleft. Our findings indicate that AGT adapts unique serpin features for hormone delivery and binds renin through concerted movements in the N-terminal tail and in its main body to modulate angiotensin release. These insights provide a structural basis for the development of agents that attenuate angiotensin release by targeting AGT's hormone binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin W. Carrell
- From the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom and
| | - Randy J. Read
- From the Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom and , To whom correspondence may be addressed:
Dept. of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Bldg., Hills Rd., Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom. Tel.:
44-1223-336500; Fax:
44-1223-336827; E-mail:
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49
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Li B. Alan Daugherty: cardiovascular research takes courage to roll with the punches. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:E646-E649. [PMID: 30233904 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.07.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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50
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Wu CH, Mohammadmoradi S, Chen JZ, Sawada H, Daugherty A, Lu HS. Renin-Angiotensin System and Cardiovascular Functions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:e108-e116. [PMID: 29950386 PMCID: PMC6039412 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hua Wu
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.-H.W., S.M., J.Z.C., H.S., A.D., H.S.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (C.-H.W., S.M., A.D., H.S.L.)
| | - Shayan Mohammadmoradi
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.-H.W., S.M., J.Z.C., H.S., A.D., H.S.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (C.-H.W., S.M., A.D., H.S.L.)
| | - Jeff Z Chen
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.-H.W., S.M., J.Z.C., H.S., A.D., H.S.L.)
- Department of Physiology (J.Z.C., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Hisashi Sawada
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.-H.W., S.M., J.Z.C., H.S., A.D., H.S.L.)
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.-H.W., S.M., J.Z.C., H.S., A.D., H.S.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (C.-H.W., S.M., A.D., H.S.L.)
- Department of Physiology (J.Z.C., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Hong S Lu
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.-H.W., S.M., J.Z.C., H.S., A.D., H.S.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (C.-H.W., S.M., A.D., H.S.L.)
- Department of Physiology (J.Z.C., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
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