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Zhao Z, Li A, Zeng R, Zeng Z, Ou L, Cao J, Liu J. A CEBPB/miR-32-5p/GATA6 axis promotes vascular calcification in type 2 diabetes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 173:106613. [PMID: 38909746 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Vascular calcification in diabetes patients is a major independent risk factor for developing diabetic cardiovascular complications. However, the mechanisms by which diabetes leads to vascular calcification are complex and not yet fully understood. Our previous study revealed that miR-32-5p is a potential new diagnostic marker for coronary artery calcification. In this study, we found that miR-32-5p levels were significantly greater in the plasma of type 2 diabetes patients with coronary artery calcification and were positively correlated with the coronary artery calcification score. In type 2 diabetic mice, miR-32-5p levels were also elevated in the aorta, and knockout of miR-32-5p inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells in vivo. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-32-5p promoted vascular smooth muscle cell calcification, while antagonism of miR-32-5p inhibited vascular smooth muscle cell calcification under high-glucose conditions. GATA binding protein 6 (GATA6) was identified as the key target gene through which miR-32-5p promotes vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. Overexpression of GATA6 antagonized the effects of miR-32-5p on vascular calcification. Additionally, high glucose levels were shown to induce the upregulation of miR-32-5p by activating CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (CEBPB). These results suggest that miR-32-5p is an important procalcification factor in vascular calcification associated with type 2 diabetes and identify the CEBPB/miR-32-5p/GATA6 axis as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for preventing and treating vascular calcification in type 2 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
- Vascular Calcification/genetics
- Animals
- Humans
- Mice
- Male
- GATA6 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- GATA6 Transcription Factor/genetics
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta/metabolism
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta/genetics
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Middle Aged
- Female
- Mice, Knockout
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Zhao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Anqi Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Zhaolin Zeng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Linling Ou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jingsong Cao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Jianghua Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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Laera N, Malerba P, Vacanti G, Nardin S, Pagnesi M, Nardin M. Impact of Immunity on Coronary Artery Disease: An Updated Pathogenic Interplay and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2128. [PMID: 38004268 PMCID: PMC10672143 DOI: 10.3390/life13112128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. It is a result of the buildup of atherosclerosis within the coronary arteries. The role of the immune system in CAD is complex and multifaceted. The immune system responds to damage or injury to the arterial walls by initiating an inflammatory response. However, this inflammatory response can become chronic and lead to plaque formation. Neutrophiles, macrophages, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and NKT cells play a key role in immunity response, both with proatherogenic and antiatherogenic signaling pathways. Recent findings provide new roles and activities referring to endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, which help to clarify the intricate signaling crosstalk between the involved actors. Research is ongoing to explore immunomodulatory therapies that target the immune system to reduce inflammation and its contribution to atherosclerosis. This review aims to summarize the pathogenic interplay between immunity and CAD and the potential therapeutic strategies, and explore immunomodulatory therapies that target the immune system to reduce inflammation and its contribution to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Laera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
- Second Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Malerba
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
- Division of Medicine, Department of Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Montichiari, 25018 Montichiari, Italy
| | - Gaetano Vacanti
- Medical Clinic IV, Department of Cardiology, Municipal Hospital, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| | - Simone Nardin
- U.O. Clinica di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy;
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Matteo Pagnesi
- Division of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Matteo Nardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy;
- Third Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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3
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Li A, Gu L, He C, Li Y, Peng M, Liao J, Xiao R, Xu L, Guo S. GATA6 promotes fibrotic repair of tracheal injury through NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated epithelial pyroptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110657. [PMID: 37531826 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Tracheal injury is a challenging emergency condition that is characterized by the abnormal repair of the trachea. GATA6, a well-established transcription factor, plays a crucial role in tissue injury and epithelial regenerative repair. This study aims to evaluate the role of GATA6 in NF-κB-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis after tracheal injury. Tracheal tissues and serum samples were collected from clinical patients and a rat model of tracheal injury. Upon GATA6 knockdown or overexpression, BEAS-2B and rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells were treated with lipopolysaccharides and nigericin before being co-cultured with primary tracheal fibroblasts. The changes of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis and their underlying mechanisms were detected. Additionally, the role of GATA6 downregulation in tracheal injury was verified in rats. GATA6 expression and NLRP3 inflammasome activation were upregulated following tracheal injury in the epithelium of granulation tissues. GATA6 silencing inhibited NLRP3 priming, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and pyroptosis in BEAS-2B and RTE cells. Mechanistically, GATA6 was determined to have bound to the promoter region of NLRP3 and synergistically upregulated NLRP3 promoter activity with NF-κB. Furthermore, GATA6 overexpression promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition via modulating the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. Epithelial NLRP3 inflammasome activation triggered ECM production in fibroblasts, which was suppressed by GATA6 knockdown and induced by GATA6 overexpression. Finally, the downregulation of GATA6 alleviated NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis induced by tracheal injury in rats, thereby reducing tracheal stenosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. GATA6 promotes fibrotic repair in tracheal injury through NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated epithelial pyroptosis, making it a potential biological therapeutic target for tracheal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmao Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Gu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yishi Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyu Peng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaxin Liao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuliang Guo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Li X, Zheng T, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Liu F, Dai S, Liu X, Zhang M. Dickkopf-1 promotes vascular smooth muscle cell foam cell formation and atherosclerosis development through CYP4A11/SREBP2/ABCA1. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23048. [PMID: 37389895 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300295r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are considered to be a crucial source of foam cells in atherosclerosis due to their low expression level of cholesterol exporter ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) intrinsically. While the definite regulatory mechanisms are complicated and have not yet been fully elucidated, we previously reported that Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) mediates endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction, thereby aggravating atherosclerosis. However, the role of smooth muscle cell (SMC) DKK1 in atherosclerosis and foam cell formation remains unknown. In this study, we established SMC-specific DKK1-knockout (DKK1SMKO ) mice by crossbreeding DKK1flox/flox mice with TAGLN-Cre mice. Then, DKK1SMKO mice were crossed with APOE-/- mice to generate DKK1SMKO /APOE-/- mice, which exhibited milder atherosclerotic burden and fewer SMC foam cells. In vitro loss- and gain-of-function studies of DKK1 in primary human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) have proven that DKK1 prevented oxidized lipid-induced ABCA1 upregulation and cholesterol efflux and promoted SMC foam cell formation. Mechanistically, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of HASMCs as well as chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments showed that DKK1 mediates the binding of transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (C/EBPδ) to the promoter of cytochrome P450 epoxygenase 4A11 (CYP4A11) to regulate its expression. In addition, CYP4A11 as well as its metabolite 20-HETE-promoted activation of transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) mediated the DKK1 regulation of ABCA1 in SMC. Furthermore, HET0016, the antagonist of CYP4A11, has also shown an alleviating effect on atherosclerosis. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that DKK1 promotes SMC foam cell formation during atherosclerosis via a reduction in CYP4A11-20-HETE/SREBP2-mediated ABCA1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tengfei Zheng
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yachao Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fengming Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shen Dai
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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5
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Wu W, Bao W, Chen X, Lu Y, Fang J, Liu J, Peng S, Pi J, Tomlinson B, Chan P, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Liu Z, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zhuang T. Endothelial Gata6 deletion reduces monocyte recruitment and proinflammatory macrophage formation and attenuates atherosclerosis through Cmpk2-Nlrp3 pathways. Redox Biol 2023; 64:102775. [PMID: 37339559 PMCID: PMC10363430 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction results in chronic vascular inflammation, which is critical for the development of atherosclerotic diseases. Transcription factor Gata6 has been reported to regulate vascular endothelial cell activation and inflammation in vitro. Here, we aimed to explore the roles and mechanisms of endothelial Gata6 in atherogenesis. Endothelial cell (EC) specific Gata6 deletion was generated in the ApoeKO hyperlipidemic atherosclerosis mouse model. Atherosclerotic lesion formation, endothelial inflammatory signaling, and endothelial-macrophage interaction were examined in vivo and in vitro by using cellular and molecular biological approaches. EC-GATA6 deletion mice exhibited a significant decrease in monocyte infiltration and atherosclerotic lesion compared to littermate control mice. Cytosine monophosphate kinase 2 (Cmpk2) was identified as a direct target gene of GATA6 and EC-GATA6 deletion decreased monocyte adherence, migration and pro-inflammatory macrophage foam cell formation through regulation of the CMPK2-Nlrp3 pathway. Endothelial target delivery of Cmpk2-shRNA by intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (Icam-2) promoter-driven AAV9 carrying the shRNA reversed the Gata6 upregulation mediated elevated Cmpk2 expression and further Nlrp3 activation and thus attenuated atherosclerosis. In addition, C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (Ccl5) was also identified as a direct target gene of Gata6 to regulate monocyte adherence and migration influencing atherogenesis. This study provides direct in vivo evidence of EC-GATA6 involvement in the regulation of Cmpk2-Nlrp3, as well as Ccl5, on monocyte adherence and migration in atherosclerosis development and advances our understanding of the in vivo mechanisms of atherosclerotic lesion development, and meanwhile provides opportunities for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Wenzhen Bao
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China; Shenzhen Ruipuxun Academy for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yushi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Ji Fang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jiwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Sheng Peng
- Department of Trauma, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jingjiang Pi
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China; Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
| | - Paul Chan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China; Shenzhen Ruipuxun Academy for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Tao Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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6
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Hu Y, Cai Z, He B. Smooth Muscle Heterogeneity and Plasticity in Health and Aortic Aneurysmal Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11701. [PMID: 37511460 PMCID: PMC10380637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the predominant cell type in the medial layer of the aorta, which plays a critical role in the maintenance of aortic wall integrity. VSMCs have been suggested to have contractile and synthetic phenotypes and undergo phenotypic switching to contribute to the deteriorating aortic wall structure. Recently, the unprecedented heterogeneity and diversity of VSMCs and their complex relationship to aortic aneurysms (AAs) have been revealed by high-resolution research methods, such as lineage tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing. The aortic wall consists of VSMCs from different embryonic origins that respond unevenly to genetic defects that directly or indirectly regulate VSMC contractile phenotype. This difference predisposes to hereditary AAs in the aortic root and ascending aorta. Several VSMC phenotypes with different functions, for example, secreting VSMCs, proliferative VSMCs, mesenchymal stem cell-like VSMCs, immune-related VSMCs, proinflammatory VSMCs, senescent VSMCs, and stressed VSMCs are identified in non-hereditary AAs. The transformation of VSMCs into different phenotypes is an adaptive response to deleterious stimuli but can also trigger pathological remodeling that exacerbates the pathogenesis and development of AAs. This review is intended to contribute to the understanding of VSMC diversity in health and aneurysmal diseases. Papers that give an update on VSMC phenotype diversity in health and aneurysmal disease are summarized and recent insights on the role of VSMCs in AAs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwen Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhaohua Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ben He
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
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7
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Li A, Gu L, Mu J, Li Y, Wang X, Jiang J, Bai Y, Yang M, He C, Xiao R, Liao J, Jin X, Xiao M, Xiao Y, Zhang X, Tan T, Peng M, Xu L, Guo S. GATA6 triggers fibroblast activation and tracheal fibrosis through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Cell Signal 2023; 105:110593. [PMID: 36682592 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tracheal fibrosis is a key abnormal repair process leading to fatal stenosis, characterized by excessive fibroblast activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. GATA6, a zinc finger-containing transcription factor, is involved in fibroblast activation, while its role in tracheal fibrosis remains obscure. The present study investigated the potential role of GATA6 as a novel regulator of tracheal fibrosis. It was found that GATA6 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were obviously increased in tracheal fibrotic granulations and in TGFβ1-treated primary tracheal fibroblasts. GATA6 silencing inhibited TGFβ1-stimulated fibroblast proliferation and ECM synthesis, promoted cell apoptosis, and inactivated Wnt/β-catenin pathway, whereas GATA6 overexpression showed the reverse effects. SKL2001, an agonist of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, restored collagen1a1 and α-SMA expression which was suppressed by GATA6 silencing. Furthermore, in vivo, knockdown of GATA6 ameliorated tracheal fibrosis, as manifested by reduced tracheal stenosis and ECM deposition. GATA6 inhibition in rat tracheas also impaired granulation proliferation, increased apoptosis, and inactivated Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In conclusion, our findings indicate that GATA6 triggers fibroblast activation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis resistance in tracheal fibrosis via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Targeting GATA6 may represent a promising therapeutic approach for tracheal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhao Mu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yishi Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinyue Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingjin Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaxin Liao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingxing Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meiling Xiao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tairong Tan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyu Peng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Shuliang Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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8
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Toyama T, Kudryashova TV, Ichihara A, Lenna S, Looney A, Shen Y, Jiang L, Teos L, Avolio T, Lin D, Kaplan U, Marden G, Dambal V, Goncharov D, Delisser H, Lafyatis R, Seta F, Goncharova EA, Trojanowska M. GATA6 coordinates cross-talk between BMP10 and oxidative stress axis in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6593. [PMID: 37087509 PMCID: PMC10122657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening condition characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance leading to right ventricular failure and often death. Here we report that deficiency of transcription factor GATA6 is a shared pathological feature of PA endothelial (PAEC) and smooth muscle cells (PASMC) in human PAH and experimental PH, which is responsible for maintenance of hyper-proliferative cellular phenotypes, pulmonary vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension. We further show that GATA6 acts as a transcription factor and direct positive regulator of anti-oxidant enzymes, and its deficiency in PAH/PH pulmonary vascular cells induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. We demonstrate that GATA6 is regulated by the BMP10/BMP receptors axis and its loss in PAECs and PASMC in PAH supports BMPR deficiency. In addition, we have established that GATA6-deficient PAEC, acting in a paracrine manner, increase proliferation and induce other pathological changes in PASMC, supporting the importance of GATA6 in pulmonary vascular cell communication. Treatment with dimethyl fumarate resolved oxidative stress and BMPR deficiency, reversed hemodynamic changes caused by endothelial Gata6 loss in mice, and inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in human PAH PASMC, strongly suggesting that targeting GATA6 deficiency may provide a therapeutic advance for patients with PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Toyama
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 75 E. Newton St. Evans Building, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Tatiana V Kudryashova
- Pittsburgh Lung, Blood and Heart Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Asako Ichihara
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 75 E. Newton St. Evans Building, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Stefania Lenna
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 75 E. Newton St. Evans Building, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Agnieszka Looney
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 75 E. Newton St. Evans Building, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Yuanjun Shen
- Pittsburgh Lung, Blood and Heart Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lifeng Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Leyla Teos
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Theodore Avolio
- Pittsburgh Lung, Blood and Heart Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Derek Lin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ulas Kaplan
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 75 E. Newton St. Evans Building, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Grace Marden
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 75 E. Newton St. Evans Building, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Vrinda Dambal
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 75 E. Newton St. Evans Building, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Dmitry Goncharov
- Pittsburgh Lung, Blood and Heart Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Horace Delisser
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Lafyatis
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Francesca Seta
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 75 E. Newton St. Evans Building, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Elena A Goncharova
- Pittsburgh Lung, Blood and Heart Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- The Genome and Biomedical Science Facility (GBSF), Rm 6523, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Maria Trojanowska
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 75 E. Newton St. Evans Building, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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9
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Ruan P, Gao L, Jiang H, Chu T, Ge J, Kong X. Identification of PTPN22 as a potential genetic biomarker for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1061771. [PMID: 36588574 PMCID: PMC9797128 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1061771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a severe life-threatening disease that is generally asymptomatic and is diagnosed at a very late stage. The genetic component underpinning AAA is considerable, with an estimated heritability of up to 70%. Therefore, identifying genetic biomarkers for AAA is valuable for predicting high-risk populations. We used integrative bioinformatics and cellular AAA model-based validation to reveal that the gene encoding protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) may be a potentially useful diagnostic biomarker for AAA. Integrative bioinformatics analyses of clinical specimens showed that PTPN22 expression was consistently upregulated in aortic tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from patients with AAA. Moreover, transcriptomics data revealed that PTPN22 is a potential biomarker for AAA with limited diagnostic value in patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm/dissection. Single-cell RNA sequencing-based findings further highlight PTPN22 expression in aortic immune cells and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is consistently upregulated in patients with AAA. A cellular AAA model was eventually employed to verify the increase in PTPN22 expression. Collectively, the results indicate that PTPN22 could be a potentially useful diagnostic biomarker for AAA.
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10
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Alajbegovic A, Daoud F, Ali N, Kawka K, Holmberg J, Albinsson S. Transcription factor GATA6 promotes migration of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells in vitro. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1054819. [PMID: 36523548 PMCID: PMC9744938 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1054819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell plasticity plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of vascular diseases. Despite compelling evidence demonstrating the importance of transcription factor GATA6 in vascular smooth muscle, the functional role of GATA6 remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of GATA6 on cell migration and to gain insight into GATA6-sensitive genes in smooth muscle. We found that overexpression of GATA6 promotes migration of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells in vitro, and that silencing of GATA6 in smooth muscle cells resulted in reduced cellular motility. Furthermore, a complete microarray screen of GATA6-sensitive gene transcription resulted in 739 upregulated and 248 downregulated genes. Pathways enrichment analysis showed involvement of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling which was validated by measuring mRNA expression level of several members. Furthermore, master regulators prediction based on microarray data revealed several members of (mitogen activated protein kinase) MAPK pathway as a master regulators, reflecting involvement of MAPK pathway also. Our findings provide further insights into the functional role of GATA6 in vascular smooth muscle and suggest that targeting GATA6 may constitute as a new approach to inhibit vascular smooth muscle migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Alajbegovic
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fatima Daoud
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Neserin Ali
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Kawka
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Holmberg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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11
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Xu H, He Y, Hong T, Bi C, Li J, Xia M. Piezo1 in vascular remodeling of atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension: A potential therapeutic target. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1021540. [PMID: 36247424 PMCID: PMC9557227 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1021540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling (VR) is a structural and functional change of blood vessels to adapt to the changes of internal and external environment. It is one of the common pathological features of many vascular proliferative diseases. The process of VR is mainly manifested in the changes of vascular wall structure and function, including intimal hyperplasia, thickening or thinning of media, fibrosis of adventitia, etc. These changes are also the pathological basis of aging and various cardiovascular diseases. Mechanical force is the basis of cardiovascular biomechanics, and the newly discovered mechanical sensitive ion channel Piezo1 is widely distributed in the whole cardiovascular system. Studies have confirmed that Piezo1, a mechanically sensitive ion channel, plays an important role in cardiovascular remodeling diseases. This article reviews the molecular mechanism of Piezo1 in atherosclerosis, hypertension and pulmonary hypertension, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the further study of vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xu
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yu He
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
| | - Tianying Hong
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Cong Bi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Jing Li
| | - Mingfeng Xia
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Mingfeng Xia
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12
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Chen X, Xu J, Bao W, Li H, Wu W, Liu J, Pi J, Tomlinson B, Chan P, Ruan C, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Fan H, Morrisey E, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Lin L, Liu J, Zhuang T. Endothelial Foxp1 Regulates Neointimal Hyperplasia Via Matrix Metalloproteinase-9/Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1B Signal Pathway. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e026378. [PMID: 35904197 PMCID: PMC9375493 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.026378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The endothelium is essential for maintaining vascular physiological homeostasis and the endothelial injury leads to the neointimal hyperplasia because of the excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Endothelial Foxp1 (forkhead box P1) has been shown to control endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and migration in vitro. However, whether EC-Foxp1 participates in neointimal formation in vivo is not clear. Our study aimed to investigate the roles and mechanisms of EC-Foxp1 in neointimal hyperplasia. Methods and Results The wire injury femoral artery neointimal hyperplasia model was performed in Foxp1 EC-specific loss-of-function and gain-of-function mice. EC-Foxp1 deletion mice displayed the increased neointimal formation through elevation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, and the reduction of EC proliferation hence reendothelialization after injury. In contrast, EC-Foxp1 overexpression inhibited the neointimal formation. EC-Foxp1 paracrine regulated vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration via targeting matrix metalloproteinase-9. Also, EC-Foxp1 deletion impaired EC repair through reduction of EC proliferation via increasing cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B expression. Delivery of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B-siRNA to ECs using RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)-peptide magnetic nanoparticle normalized the EC-Foxp1 deletion-mediated impaired EC repair and attenuated the neointimal formation. EC-Foxp1 regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9/cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B signaling pathway to control injury induced neointimal formation. Conclusions Our study reveals that targeting EC-Foxp1-matrix metalloproteinase-9/cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B pathway might provide future novel therapeutic interventions for restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of ChinaResearch Center for Translational MedicineShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jianfei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of ChinaResearch Center for Translational MedicineShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wenzhen Bao
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of ChinaResearch Center for Translational MedicineShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Hongda Li
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of ChinaResearch Center for Translational MedicineShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wenrun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of ChinaResearch Center for Translational MedicineShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jiwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of ChinaResearch Center for Translational MedicineShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jingjiang Pi
- Department of CardiologyShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Faculty of MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyMacauChina
| | - Paul Chan
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineWan Fang HospitalTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chengchao Ruan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of CardiologyShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of ChinaResearch Center for Translational MedicineShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Huimin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of ChinaResearch Center for Translational MedicineShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Edward Morrisey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (R.W., E.E.M.)Department of Medicine (E.E.M.)Penn Cardiovascular Institute (E.E.M.), and Penn Institute for Regenerative Medicine (E.E.M.)University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of ChinaResearch Center for Translational MedicineShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of ChinaResearch Center for Translational MedicineShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Li Lin
- Department of CardiologyShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of ChinaResearch Center for Translational MedicineShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Tao Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of ChinaResearch Center for Translational MedicineShanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Shanghai Jinshan Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment InstituteShanghai Jinshan Nuclear and Chemical Injury Emergency Treatment CenterJinshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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13
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Yan J, Fan YJ, Bao H, Li YG, Zhang SM, Yao QP, Huo YL, Jiang ZL, Qi YX, Han Y. Platelet-derived microvesicles regulate vascular smooth muscle cell energy metabolism via PRKAA after intimal injury. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275043. [PMID: 35297486 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular intimal injury initiates various cardiovascular disease processes. Exposure to subendothelial collagen can cause platelet activation, leading to platelet-derived microvesicles (aPMVs) secretion. In addition, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) exposed to large amounts of aPMVs undergo abnormal energy metabolism, they proliferate excessively and migrate after the loss of endothelium, eventually contributing to neointimal hyperplasia. However, the roles of aPMVs in VSMC energy metabolism are still unknown. Carotid artery intimal injury model indicated platelets adhered to injured blood vessels. In vitro, p-Pka content was increased in aPMVs. aPMVs significantly changed VSMC glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, and promoted VSMC migration and proliferation by upregulating p-PRKAA/p-FoxO1. Compound C, an inhibitor of PRKAA, effectively reversed the cell function and energy metabolism triggered by aPMVs in vitro and neointimal formation in vivo. Our data show that aPMVs can affect VSMC energy metabolism through the Pka/PRKAA/FoxO1 signaling pathway and ultimately affect VSMC function, indicating that VSMC metabolic phenotype shifted by aPMVs can be considered a potential target for the inhibition of hyperplasia and providing a new perspective for regulating the abnormal activity of VSMCs after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang-Jing Fan
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Bao
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Guang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shou-Min Zhang
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Ping Yao
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Long Huo
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zong-Lai Jiang
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Xin Qi
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Han
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Cellular Crosstalk between Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells in Vascular Wall Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147284. [PMID: 34298897 PMCID: PMC8306829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological vascular wall remodeling refers to the structural and functional changes of the vessel wall that occur in response to injury that eventually leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Vessel wall are composed of two major primary cells types, endothelial cells (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The physiological communications between these two cell types (EC–VSMCs) are crucial in the development of the vasculature and in the homeostasis of mature vessels. Moreover, aberrant EC–VSMCs communication has been associated to the promotor of various disease states including vascular wall remodeling. Paracrine regulations by bioactive molecules, communication via direct contact (junctions) or information transfer via extracellular vesicles or extracellular matrix are main crosstalk mechanisms. Identification of the nature of this EC–VSMCs crosstalk may offer strategies to develop new insights for prevention and treatment of disease that curse with vascular remodeling. Here, we will review the molecular mechanisms underlying the interplay between EC and VSMCs. Additionally, we highlight the potential applicable methodologies of the co-culture systems to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in pathological vascular wall remodeling, opening questions about the future research directions.
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15
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Surmiak M, Kosałka-Węgiel J, Polański S, Sanak M. Endothelial cells response to neutrophil-derived extracellular vesicles miRNAs in anti-PR3 positive vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:267-282. [PMID: 33527387 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In vasculitis disorders, inflammation affects blood vessels. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a chronic systemic vasculitis distinguished by the presence of anti-proteinase-3 autoantibodies (anti-PR3). In this study we analyzed the molecular signature of human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) in response to neutrophil-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs were obtained from anti-PR3-activated neutrophils, purified and characterized by flow cytometry, nanoparticle tracking and miRNA screening. HUVECs were stimulated with EVs and miRNA/mRNA expression was measured. Cell culture media proteins were identified by antibody microarrays and selected cytokines were measured. Comparison of differentially expressed miRNAs/mRNAs between non-stimulated and EV-stimulated HUVECs revealed two regulatory patterns. Significant up-regulation of 14 mRNA transcripts (including CXCL8, DKK1, IL1RL1, ANGPT-2, THBS1 and VCAM-1) was accompanied by 11 miRNAs silencing (including miR-661, miR-664a-3p, miR-377-3p, miR-30d-5p). Significant down-regulation was observed for nine mRNA transcripts (including FASLG, CASP8, STAT3, GATA3, IRAK1 and IL6) and accompanied by up-regulation of 10 miRNAs (including miR-223-3p, miR-142-3p, miR-211-5p). Stimulated HUVECs released IL-8, Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK-1), soluble interleukin (IL)-1 like receptor-1 (ST2), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), angiopoietin-2, endoglin, thrombospondin-1 and vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Moreover, transfection of HUVECs with mimics of highly expressed in EVs miR-223-3p or miR-142-3p, stimulated production of IL-8, ST2 and endoglin. Cytokines released by HUVECs were also elevated in blood of patients with GPA. The most increased were IL-8, DKK-1, ST2, angiopoietin-2 and IL-33. In-vitro stimulation of HUVECs by neutrophil-derived EVs recapitulates contribution of endothelium in autoimmune vasculitis. Proinflammatory phenotype of released cytokines corresponds with the regulatory network of miRNAs/mRNAs comprising both EVs miRNA and endothelial cell transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Surmiak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - J Kosałka-Węgiel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - S Polański
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Kraków, Poland
| | - M Sanak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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16
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Lei Y, Xu J, Li M, Meng T, Chen M, Yang Y, Li H, Zhuang T, Zuo J. MIA SH3 Domain ER Export Factor 3 Deficiency Prevents Neointimal Formation by Restoring BAT-Like PVAT and Decreasing VSMC Proliferation and Migration. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:748216. [PMID: 34858331 PMCID: PMC8631732 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.748216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and excessive accumulation of dysfunctional PVAT are hallmarks of pathogenesis after angioplasty. Recent genome-wide association studies reveal that single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in MIA3 is associated with atherosclerosis-relevant VSMC phenotypes. However, the role of MIA3 in the vascular remodeling response to injury remains unknown. Here, we found that expression of MIA3 is increased in proliferative VSMCs and knockdown of MIA3 reduces VSMCs proliferation, migration, and inflammation, whereas MIA3 overexpression promoted VSMC migration and proliferation. Moreover, knockdown of MIA3 ameliorates femoral artery wire injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia and increases brown-like perivascular adipocytes. Collectively, the data suggest that MIA3 deficiency prevents neointimal formation by decreasing VSMC proliferation, migration, and inflammation and maintaining BAT-like perivascular adipocytes in PVAT during injury-induced vascular remodeling, which provide a potential therapeutic target for preventing neointimal hyperplasia in proliferative vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lei
- Department of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Center, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Jinshan Hospital Centre for Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengju Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anting Hospital, Jiading District, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Meng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meihua Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongda Li
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhuang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Jinshan Hospital Centre for Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Junli Zuo, ; Tao Zhuang,
| | - Junli Zuo
- Department of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Center, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Junli Zuo, ; Tao Zhuang,
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17
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Duddu S, Chakrabarti R, Ghosh A, Shukla PC. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transcription Factors in Cardiovascular Pathology. Front Genet 2020; 11:588602. [PMID: 33193725 PMCID: PMC7596349 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.588602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors as multifaceted modulators of gene expression that play a central role in cell proliferation, differentiation, lineage commitment, and disease progression. They interact among themselves and create complex spatiotemporal gene regulatory networks that modulate hematopoiesis, cardiogenesis, and conditional differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into cells of cardiovascular lineage. Additionally, bone marrow-derived stem cells potentially contribute to the cardiovascular cell population and have shown potential as a therapeutic approach to treat cardiovascular diseases. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are currently debatable. This review focuses on some key transcription factors and associated epigenetic modifications that modulate the maintenance and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and cardiac progenitor cells. In addition to this, we aim to summarize different potential clinical therapeutic approaches in cardiac regeneration therapy and recent discoveries in stem cell-based transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Praphulla Chandra Shukla
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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18
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Shao Y, Saredy J, Yang WY, Sun Y, Lu Y, Saaoud F, Drummer C, Johnson C, Xu K, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X. Vascular Endothelial Cells and Innate Immunity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:e138-e152. [PMID: 32459541 PMCID: PMC7263359 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the roles of endothelial cells (ECs) in physiological processes, ECs actively participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses. We previously reported that, in comparison to macrophages, a prototypic innate immune cell type, ECs have many innate immune functions that macrophages carry out, including cytokine secretion, phagocytic function, antigen presentation, pathogen-associated molecular patterns-, and danger-associated molecular patterns-sensing, proinflammatory, immune-enhancing, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppression, migration, heterogeneity, and plasticity. In this highlight, we introduce recent advances published in both ATVB and many other journals: (1) several significant characters classify ECs as novel immune cells not only in infections and allograft transplantation but also in metabolic diseases; (2) several new receptor systems including conditional danger-associated molecular pattern receptors, nonpattern receptors, and homeostasis associated molecular patterns receptors contribute to innate immune functions of ECs; (3) immunometabolism and innate immune memory determine the innate immune functions of ECs; (4) a great induction of the immune checkpoint receptors in ECs during inflammations suggests the immune tolerogenic functions of ECs; and (5) association of immune checkpoint inhibitors with cardiovascular adverse events and cardio-oncology indicates the potential contributions of ECs as innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shao
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Jason Saredy
- Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - William Y. Yang
- Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Yu Sun
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Yifan Lu
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Charles Drummer
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Candice Johnson
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Keman Xu
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
- Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Hong Wang
- Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
- Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
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19
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Peng K, Fan X, Li Q, Wang Y, Chen X, Xiao P, Passerini AG, Simon SI, Sun C. IRF-1 mediates the suppressive effects of mTOR inhibition on arterial endothelium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 140:30-41. [PMID: 32087218 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors used in drug-eluting stents (DES) to control restenosis have been found to delay endothelialization and increase incidence of late-stent thrombosis through mechanisms not completely understood. We revealed that mTOR inhibition (mTORi) upregulated the expression of cell growth suppressor IRF-1 in primary human arterial endothelial cells (HAEC). This study aimed to examine how mTOR-regulated IRF-1 expression contributes to the suppressive effect of mTORi on arterial endothelial proliferation. METHODS AND RESULTS Western blotting, quantitative PCR, and a dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that mTOR inhibitors rapamycin and torin 1 upregulated IRF-1 expression and increased its transcriptional activity. IRF-1 in turn contributed to the suppressive effect of mTORi by mediating HAEC apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in part through upregulation of caspase 1 and downregulation of cyclin D3, as revealed by CCK-8 assay, Annexin V binding assay, measurement of activated caspase 3, BrdU incorporation assay, and matrigel tube formation assay. In a mouse model of femoral artery wire injury, administration of rapamycin inhibited EC recovery, an effect alleviated by EC deficiency of IRF-1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay with HAEC and rescue expression of wild type or dominant-negative IRF-1 in EC isolated from Irf1-/- mice confirmed transcriptional regulation of IRF-1 on the expression of CASP1 and CCND3. Furthermore, mTORi activated multiple PKC members, among which PKCζ was responsible for the growth-inhibitory effect on HAEC. Activated PKCζ increased IRF1 transcription through JAK/STAT-1 and NF-κB signaling. Finally, overexpression of wild type or mutant raptor incapable of binding mTOR indicated that mTOR-free raptor contributed to PKCζ activation in mTOR-inhibited HAEC. CONCLUSIONS The study reveals an IRF-1-mediated mechanism that contributes to the suppressive effects of mTORi on HAEC proliferation. Further study may facilitate the development of effective strategies to reduce the side effects of DES used in coronary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Peng
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiang Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiang Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiannan Li
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiang Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiang Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiang Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingxi Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, The affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Anthony G Passerini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Scott I Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - ChongXiu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiang Province, Nanjing, China.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aorta, Abdominal/physiopathology
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Signal Transduction
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Vascular Diseases/genetics
- Vascular Diseases/pathology
- Vascular Diseases/physiopathology
- Vascular Remodeling/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Shi
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Department of Physiology & pharmacology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Xiaohan Mei
- Department of Physiology & pharmacology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Shi-You Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Department of Physiology & pharmacology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Correspondence to: Shi-You Chen, PhD, Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, , Tel: (573) 882-3137, Fax: (573)884-4585
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