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Gill R, Siddiqui A, Yee B, DiCaro MV, Houshmand N, Tak T. Advancements in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Comprehensive Review. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:290. [PMID: 39330348 PMCID: PMC11431942 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11090290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by excessive growth of myocardial tissue, most commonly due to genetic mutations in sarcomere proteins. This can lead to complications such as heart failure, mitral regurgitation, syncope, arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death, and myocardial ischemia. While we have come a long way in our understanding of the pathophysiology, genetics, and epidemiology of HCM, the past 10 years have seen significant advancements in diagnosis and treatment. As the body of evidence on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy continues to grow, a comprehensive review of the current literature is an invaluable resource in organizing this knowledge. By doing so, the vast progress that has been made thus far will be widely available to all experts in the field. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature, exploring both well-established and cutting-edge diagnostic and therapeutic options. It also presents a unique perspective by incorporating topics such as exercise testing, genetic testing, radiofrequency ablation, risk stratification, and symptomatic management in non-obstructive HCM. Lastly, this review highlights areas where current and future research is at the forefront of innovation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randeep Gill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV 89102, USA
| | - Arsalan Siddiqui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV 89102, USA
| | - Brianna Yee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV 89102, USA
| | - Michael V DiCaro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV 89102, USA
| | - Nazanin Houshmand
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV 89102, USA
| | - Tahir Tak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV 89102, USA
- VA Southern Nevada Healthcare System, 6900 N. Pecos Road, North Las Vegas, NV 89086, USA
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2
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Rossi M, Fabris E, Sinagra G. Aficamten in non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Unlocking new horizons? Eur J Heart Fail 2024. [PMID: 39291300 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Rossi
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- European Reference Network for Rare, Low-Prevalence, and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart)
| | - Enrico Fabris
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- European Reference Network for Rare, Low-Prevalence, and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart)
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- European Reference Network for Rare, Low-Prevalence, and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart)
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3
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Shang E, Tan H. Comparison of Drug Therapy Efficacy in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Network Meta-Analysis. Am J Cardiol 2024; 226:97-107. [PMID: 39019204 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2024.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this network meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy of various commonly used drugs in treating patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Randomized controlled trials on drugs for HCM treatment were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science (search cutoff: January 10, 2024). Quality assessment was performed using the risk of bias tool, and data analysis used R software. Seventeen studies (1,133 patients with HCM) were included. The network meta-analysis indicated that mavacamten and perhexiline improved peak oxygen consumption compared with placebo. Mavacamten reduced N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, left ventricular mass index, left atrial volume index, and septal E/e' ratio. Losartan decreased systolic blood pressure, whereas candesartan, mavacamten, and valsartan reduced maximum wall thickness. Perhexiline had better efficacy in increasing peak oxygen consumption, and candesartan in reducing maximum wall thickness. No drug significantly improved left ventricular ejection fraction compared with placebo. In conclusion, on the basis of current studies, commonly used drugs may effectively improve some of the outcome measures in patients with HCM, whereas the novel drug mavacamten showed significant therapeutic effects in most of the remaining outcome measures except for left ventricular ejection fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Shang
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hongmei Tan
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Schauer JS, Hong B. A Review of Pediatric Cardiomyopathy. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2024; 28:165-176. [PMID: 38708810 DOI: 10.1177/10892532241250241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Though pediatric cardiomyopathy is rare in children, there is significant associated morbidity and mortality. Etiology varies from inborn errors of metabolism to familial genetic mutations and myocyte injury. Major classes include dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and non-compaction. Diagnosis generally involves a combination of clinical history and echocardiography. The use of cross-sectional imaging is gaining popularity. Management varies between subtype and may involve a combination of medical and surgical interventions depending on clinical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna S Schauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Borah Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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De Santis GA, De Ferrari T, Parisi F, Franzino M, Molinero AE, Di Carlo A, Pistelli L, Vetta G, Parlavecchio A, Torre M, Parollo M, Mansi G, Tamborrino PP, Canu A, Grifoni G, Segreti L, Di Cori A, Viani SM, Zucchelli G. Ranolazine Unveiled: Rediscovering an Old Solution in a New Light. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4985. [PMID: 39274195 PMCID: PMC11396555 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13174985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ranolazine is an anti-anginal medication that has demonstrated antiarrhythmic properties by inhibiting both late sodium and potassium currents. Studies have shown promising results for ranolazine in treating both atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias, particularly when used in combination with other medications. This review explores ranolazine's mechanisms of action and its potential role in cardiac arrhythmias treatment in light of previous clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Azzurra De Santis
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Tommaso De Ferrari
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Parisi
- Clinical Cardiology and Heart Failure Unit, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (ISMETT), 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Franzino
- S.C. Cardiologia, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Agustin Ezequiel Molinero
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Carlo
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pistelli
- Second Division of Cardiology, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Vetta
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, European Reference Networks Guard-Heart, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antonio Parlavecchio
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Torre
- Second Division of Cardiology, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Parollo
- Second Division of Cardiology, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Mansi
- Second Division of Cardiology, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Paolo Tamborrino
- Second Division of Cardiology, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Canu
- Second Division of Cardiology, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gino Grifoni
- Second Division of Cardiology, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Segreti
- Second Division of Cardiology, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Cori
- Second Division of Cardiology, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Marco Viani
- Second Division of Cardiology, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Zucchelli
- Second Division of Cardiology, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Coleman JA, Doste R, Ashkir Z, Coppini R, Sachetto R, Watkins H, Raman B, Bueno-Orovio A. Mechanisms of ischaemia-induced arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a large-scale computational study. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:914-926. [PMID: 38646743 PMCID: PMC11218689 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Lethal arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are widely attributed to myocardial ischaemia and fibrosis. How these factors modulate arrhythmic risk remains largely unknown, especially as invasive mapping protocols are not routinely used in these patients. By leveraging multiscale digital twin technologies, we aim to investigate ischaemic mechanisms of increased arrhythmic risk in HCM. METHODS AND RESULTS Computational models of human HCM cardiomyocytes, tissue, and ventricles were used to simulate outcomes of Phase 1A acute myocardial ischaemia. Cellular response predictions were validated with patch-clamp studies of human HCM cardiomyocytes (n = 12 cells, N = 5 patients). Ventricular simulations were informed by typical distributions of subendocardial/transmural ischaemia as analysed in perfusion scans (N = 28 patients). S1-S2 pacing protocols were used to quantify arrhythmic risk for scenarios in which regions of septal obstructive hypertrophy were affected by (i) ischaemia, (ii) ischaemia and impaired repolarization, and (iii) ischaemia, impaired repolarization, and diffuse fibrosis. HCM cardiomyocytes exhibited enhanced action potential and abnormal effective refractory period shortening to ischaemic insults. Analysis of ∼75 000 re-entry induction cases revealed that the abnormal HCM cellular response enabled establishment of arrhythmia at milder ischaemia than otherwise possible in healthy myocardium, due to larger refractoriness gradients that promoted conduction block. Arrhythmias were more easily sustained in transmural than subendocardial ischaemia. Mechanisms of ischaemia-fibrosis interaction were strongly electrophysiology dependent. Fibrosis enabled asymmetric re-entry patterns and break-up into sustained ventricular tachycardia. CONCLUSION HCM ventricles exhibited an increased risk to non-sustained and sustained re-entry, largely dominated by an impaired cellular response and deleterious interactions with the diffuse fibrotic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Coleman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruben Doste
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zakariye Ashkir
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raffaele Coppini
- Department of NeuroFarBa, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rafael Sachetto
- Department of Computer Science, Federal University of São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Betty Raman
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Li L, Gao J, Liu X, Chen BX, Su P, Xie B. Tissue-level evidence of fibroblast activation protein inhibitor imaging in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a case series. Eur Heart J Case Rep 2024; 8:ytae189. [PMID: 38711681 PMCID: PMC11071445 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytae189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Background Myocardial fibrosis is a key pathological factor for the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). Case summary This case series reports on two patients diagnosed with HOCM who underwent 18F-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) positron-emission tomography/computed tomography imaging and Morrow myotomy procedure. The collected myocardial tissue was examined histopathologically. Both patients exhibited intense and heterogeneous 18F-FAPI uptake in the septum, with significant number of activated fibroblasts. Discussion Enhanced 18F-FAPI uptake was observed before irreversible fibrosis, and the degree of 18F-FAPI uptake was higher in tissue with greater fibrosis. 18F-FAPI imaging may provide a promising tool for guiding surgical strategy in HOCM, and further research is needed to fully explore its potential in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Imaging Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8th Gongtinanlu Rd, 100020 Beijing, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Imaging Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8th Gongtinanlu Rd, 100020 Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Radiology, Cardiovascular Imaging Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8th Gongtinanlu Rd, 100020 Beijing, China
| | - Bi-Xi Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Imaging Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8th Gongtinanlu Rd, 100020 Beijing, China
| | - Pixiong Su
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Imaging Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8th Gongtinanlu Rd, 100020 Beijing, China
| | - Boqia Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Imaging Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8th Gongtinanlu Rd, 100020 Beijing, China
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8
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Coleman JA, Doste R, Beltrami M, Argirò A, Coppini R, Olivotto I, Raman B, Bueno-Orovio A. Effects of ranolazine on the arrhythmic substrate in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1379236. [PMID: 38659580 PMCID: PMC11039821 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1379236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a leading cause of lethal arrhythmias in the young. Although the arrhythmic substrate has been hypothesised to be amenable to late Na+ block with ranolazine, the specific mechanisms are not fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the substrate mechanisms of safety and antiarrhythmic efficacy of ranolazine in HCM. Methods: Computational models of human tissue and ventricles were used to simulate the electrophysiological behaviour of diseased HCM myocardium for variable degrees of repolarisation impairment, validated against in vitro and clinical recordings. S1-S2 pacing protocols were used to quantify arrhythmic risk in scenarios of (i) untreated HCM-remodelled myocardium and (ii) myocardium treated with 3µM, 6µM and 10µM ranolazine, for variable repolarisation heterogeneity sizes and pacing rates. ECGs were derived from biventricular simulations to identify ECG biomarkers linked to antiarrhythmic effects. Results: 10µM ranolazine given to models manifesting ventricular tachycardia (VT) at baseline led to a 40% reduction in number of VT episodes on pooled analysis of >40,000 re-entry inducibility simulations. Antiarrhythmic efficacy and safety were dependent on the degree of repolarisation impairment, with optimal benefit in models with maximum JTc interval <370 ms. Ranolazine increased risk of VT only in models with severe-extreme repolarisation impairment. Conclusion: Ranolazine efficacy and safety may be critically dependent upon the degree of repolarisation impairment in HCM. For moderate repolarisation impairment, reductions in refractoriness heterogeneity by ranolazine may prevent conduction blocks and re-entry. With severe-extreme disease substrates, reductions of the refractory period can increase re-entry sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Coleman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruben Doste
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Beltrami
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Argirò
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Raffaele Coppini
- Department of NeuroFarBa, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Iacopo Olivotto
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Betty Raman
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Wijnker PJM, Dinani R, van der Laan NC, Algül S, Knollmann BC, Verkerk AO, Remme CA, Zuurbier CJ, Kuster DWD, van der Velden J. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy dysfunction mimicked in human engineered heart tissue and improved by sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:301-317. [PMID: 38240646 PMCID: PMC10939456 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited cardiomyopathy, often caused by pathogenic sarcomere mutations. Early characteristics of HCM are diastolic dysfunction and hypercontractility. Treatment to prevent mutation-induced cardiac dysfunction is lacking. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a group of antidiabetic drugs that recently showed beneficial cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acquired forms of heart failure. We here studied if SGLT2i represent a potential therapy to correct cardiomyocyte dysfunction induced by an HCM sarcomere mutation. METHODS AND RESULTS Contractility was measured of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) harbouring an HCM mutation cultured in 2D and in 3D engineered heart tissue (EHT). Mutations in the gene encoding β-myosin heavy chain (MYH7-R403Q) or cardiac troponin T (TNNT2-R92Q) were investigated. In 2D, intracellular [Ca2+], action potential and ion currents were determined. HCM mutations in hiPSC-CMs impaired relaxation or increased force, mimicking early features observed in human HCM. SGLT2i enhance the relaxation of hiPSC-CMs, to a larger extent in HCM compared to control hiPSC-CMs. Moreover, SGLT2i-effects on relaxation in R403Q EHT increased with culture duration, i.e. hiPSC-CMs maturation. Canagliflozin's effects on relaxation were more pronounced than empagliflozin and dapagliflozin. SGLT2i acutely altered Ca2+ handling in HCM hiPSC-CMs. Analyses of SGLT2i-mediated mechanisms that may underlie enhanced relaxation in mutant hiPSC-CMs excluded SGLT2, Na+/H+ exchanger, peak and late Nav1.5 currents, and L-type Ca2+ current, but indicate an important role for the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. Indeed, electrophysiological measurements in mutant hiPSC-CM indicate that SGLT2i altered Na+/Ca2+ exchange current. CONCLUSION SGLT2i (canagliflozin > dapagliflozin > empagliflozin) acutely enhance relaxation in human EHT, especially in HCM and upon prolonged culture. SGLT2i may represent a potential therapy to correct early cardiac dysfunction in HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J M Wijnker
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rafeeh Dinani
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C van der Laan
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sila Algül
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn C Knollmann
- Vanderbilt Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Arie O Verkerk
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carol Ann Remme
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coert J Zuurbier
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik W D Kuster
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda van der Velden
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Lairez O, Fournier P, Itier R, Bachelet B, Huart A, Cariou E. Towards etiological treatments in cardiomyopathies. Presse Med 2024; 53:104223. [PMID: 38309622 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2024.104223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This review proposes to look at the evolution of cardiomyopathy treatments in the light of advances in diagnostic techniques, which have enabled to move from a mechanistic to a phenotypic and then etiological approach. The article goes beyond the ejection fraction approach, and look at new therapies that target the pathophysiological pathways of cardiomyopathies, either by targeting the phenotype, or by targeting the etiology. The evolution of HCM treatments is detailed, culminating in the latest etiological treatments such as mavacamten in sarcomeric HCM, tafamidis in transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis and migalastat in Fabry disease. Myosin stimulators are reviewed in the treatment of DCM, before opening perspectives for gene therapy, which proposes direct treatment of the culprit mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lairez
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France; Cardiac Imaging Center, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Medical School, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.
| | - Pauline Fournier
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France; Cardiac Imaging Center, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Itier
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France; Cardiac Imaging Center, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Bérengère Bachelet
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Antoine Huart
- Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Eve Cariou
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France; Cardiac Imaging Center, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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11
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Wang A, Spertus JA, Wojdyla DM, Abraham TP, Nilles EK, Owens AT, Saberi S, Cresci S, Sehnert A, Lakdawala NK. Mavacamten for Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy With or Without Hypertension: Post-Hoc Analysis of the EXPLORER-HCM Trial. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2024; 12:567-579. [PMID: 37855754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2023.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension (HTN) is common in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), but its effect on the treatment of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction is undefined. Although elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) may impact dynamic LVOT gradients, its response to cardiac myosin inhibition is unknown. OBJECTIVES In a post hoc exploratory analysis of the EXPLORER-HCM trial (Clinical Study to Evaluate Mavacamten [MYK-461] in Adults With Symptomatic Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy), the authors examined the characteristics of patients with obstructive HCM and HTN and the associations between HTN, SBP, and the response to mavacamten treatment of LVOT obstruction. METHODS Patients were stratified by baseline history of HTN and mean SBP during 30-week treatment with mavacamten or placebo. The study estimated treatment differences and evaluated HTN and SBP groups by treatment interaction. Analysis of covariance was used to model changes in continuous endpoints, and a generalized linear model was used for binary endpoints. RESULTS HTN was present in 119 of 251 patients (47.4%), including 60 receiving mavacamten and 59 receiving placebo. Patients with HTN vs no HTN were older (63.4 vs 54.0 years; P < 0.001), had higher SBP (134 ± 15.1 mm Hg vs 123 ± 13.8 mm Hg; P < 0.001), more comorbidities, and lower peak oxygen consumption (19 ± 3 vs 20 ± 4 mL/kg/min; P = 0.021). Patients with HTN had similar NYHA functional class (NYHA functional class II, 72% vs 73%), Valsalva LVOT gradients (72 ± 34 mm Hg vs 74 ± 30 mm Hg), Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-Clinical Summary Scores (70.6 ± 18.8 vs 68.9 ± 23.1), and NT pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels (geometric mean 632 ± 129 pg/mL vs 745 ± 130 pg/mL). Mavacamten-treated patients had improvement in all primary, secondary, and exploratory endpoints regardless of HTN status or mean SBP. CONCLUSIONS The clinical benefits of mavacamten in symptomatic, obstructive HCM were similar in patients with and without HTN, despite differences in baseline characteristics. (Clinical Study to Evaluate Mavacamten [MYK-461] in Adults With Symptomatic Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [EXPLORER-HCM]; NCT03470545).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| | - John A Spertus
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel M Wojdyla
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Theodore P Abraham
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ester Kim Nilles
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anjali Tiku Owens
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara Saberi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sharon Cresci
- Cardiovascular Division, John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Amy Sehnert
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Neal K Lakdawala
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Coleman JA, Ashkir Z, Raman B, Bueno-Orovio A. Mechanisms and prognostic impact of myocardial ischaemia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2023; 39:1979-1996. [PMID: 37358707 PMCID: PMC10589194 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-023-02894-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite the progress made in risk stratification, sudden cardiac death and heart failure remain dreaded complications for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients. Myocardial ischaemia is widely acknowledged as a contributor to cardiovascular events, but the assessment of ischaemia is not yet included in HCM clinical guidelines. This review aims to evaluate the HCM-specific pro-ischaemic mechanisms and the potential prognostic value of imaging for myocardial ischaemia in HCM. A literature review was performed using PubMed to identify studies with non-invasive imaging of ischaemia (cardiovascular magnetic resonance, echocardiography, and nuclear imaging) in HCM, prioritising studies published after the last major review in 2009. Other studies, including invasive ischaemia assessment and post-mortem histology, were also considered for mechanistic or prognostic relevance. Pro-ischaemic mechanisms in HCM reviewed included the effects of sarcomeric mutations, microvascular remodelling, hypertrophy, extravascular compressive forces and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. The relationship between ischaemia and fibrosis was re-appraised by considering segment-wise analyses in multimodal imaging studies. The prognostic significance of myocardial ischaemia in HCM was evaluated using longitudinal studies with composite endpoints, and reports of ischaemia-arrhythmia associations were further considered. The high prevalence of ischaemia in HCM is explained by several micro- and macrostructural pathological features, alongside mutation-associated energetic impairment. Ischaemia on imaging identifies a subgroup of HCM patients at higher risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Ischaemic HCM phenotypes are a high-risk subgroup associated with more advanced left ventricular remodelling, but further studies are required to evaluate the independent prognostic value of non-invasive imaging for ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Coleman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zakariye Ashkir
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Betty Raman
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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13
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Mehra N, Ali AH, Desai MY. Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a review of new therapies. Future Cardiol 2023; 19:661-670. [PMID: 37933625 DOI: 10.2217/fca-2023-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a phenotypically heterogeneous disease with a genetic basis and variable penetrance. The hallmarks of HCM include dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, typically caused by asymmetric septal hypertrophy. However, abnormal papillary muscle placement, abnormal mitral valve and subvalvular apparatus and apical hypertrophic forms have also been described. Typical medical treatment has been stagnant for decades, although there have been significant advances in surgical treatment of patients with obstructive HCM. Herein, we describe a new class of drugs targeting the specific pathophysiology of HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Mehra
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Heart Vascular Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Adel Hajj Ali
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Heart Vascular Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Milind Y Desai
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Heart Vascular Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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14
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Calderon Martinez E, Ortiz-Garcia NY, Herrera Hernandez DA, Arriaga Escamilla D, Diaz Mendoza DL, Othon Martinez D, Ramirez LM, Reyes-Rivera J, Choudhari J, Michel G. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis and Treatment in High- and Low-Income Countries: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e46330. [PMID: 37916234 PMCID: PMC10618028 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a hereditary cardiac condition characterized by unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy without a hemodynamic cause. This condition is prevalent in the United States, resulting in various clinical manifestations, including diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular outflow obstruction, cardiac ischemia, and atrial fibrillation. HCM is associated with several genetic mutations, with sarcomeric mutations being the most common and contributing to a more complex disease course. Early diagnosis of HCM is essential for effective management, as late diagnosis often requires invasive treatments and creates a substantial financial burden. Disparities in HCM diagnosis and treatment exist between high-income and low-income countries. High-income countries have more resources to investigate and implement advanced diagnostic and treatment modalities. In contrast, low-income countries face challenges in accessing diagnostic equipment, trained personnel, and affordable medications, leading to a lower quality of life and life expectancy for affected individuals. Diagnostic tools for HCM include imaging studies such as 2D echocardiography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), and electrocardiograms (ECGs). CMR is considered the gold standard but remains inaccessible to a significant portion of the world's population, especially in low-income countries. Genetics plays a crucial role in HCM, with numerous mutations identified in various genes. Genetic counseling is essential but often limited in low-income countries due to resource constraints. Disparities in healthcare access and adherence to treatment recommendations exist between high-income and low-income countries, leading to differences in patient outcomes. Addressing these disparities is essential to improve the overall management of HCM on a global scale. In conclusion, this review highlights the complex nature of HCM, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis, genetic counseling, and access to appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Addressing healthcare disparities is crucial to ensure that all individuals with HCM receive timely and effective care, regardless of their geographic location or socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Luz M Ramirez
- Pulmonology and Critical Care, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, MEX
| | - Jonathan Reyes-Rivera
- Medicine, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, MEX
| | - Jinal Choudhari
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, USA
| | - George Michel
- Internal Medicine, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, USA
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15
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Arbelo E, Protonotarios A, Gimeno JR, Arbustini E, Barriales-Villa R, Basso C, Bezzina CR, Biagini E, Blom NA, de Boer RA, De Winter T, Elliott PM, Flather M, Garcia-Pavia P, Haugaa KH, Ingles J, Jurcut RO, Klaassen S, Limongelli G, Loeys B, Mogensen J, Olivotto I, Pantazis A, Sharma S, Van Tintelen JP, Ware JS, Kaski JP. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:3503-3626. [PMID: 37622657 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 407.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
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16
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Ottaviani A, Mansour D, Molinari LV, Galanti K, Mantini C, Khanji MY, Chahal AA, Zimarino M, Renda G, Sciarra L, Pelliccia F, Gallina S, Ricci F. Revisiting Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Current Practice and Novel Perspectives. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5710. [PMID: 37685777 PMCID: PMC10489039 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcomeric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a prevalent genetic disorder characterised by left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial disarray, and an increased risk of heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Despite advances in understanding its pathophysiology, treatment options for HCM remain limited. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current clinical practice and explore emerging therapeutic strategies for sarcomeric HCM, with a focus on cardiac myosin inhibitors. We first discuss the conventional management of HCM, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapies, and invasive interventions, emphasizing their limitations and challenges. Next, we highlight recent advances in molecular genetics and their potential applications in refining HCM diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment. We delve into emerging therapies, such as gene editing, RNA-based therapies, targeted small molecules, and cardiac myosin modulators like mavacamten and aficamten, which hold promise in modulating the underlying molecular mechanisms of HCM. Mavacamten and aficamten, selective modulators of cardiac myosin, have demonstrated encouraging results in clinical trials by reducing left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and improving symptoms in patients with obstructive HCM. We discuss their mechanisms of action, clinical trial outcomes, and potential implications for the future of HCM management. Furthermore, we examine the role of precision medicine in HCM management, exploring how individualised treatment strategies, including exercise prescription as part of the management plan, may optimise patient outcomes. Finally, we underscore the importance of multidisciplinary care and patient-centred approaches to address the complex needs of HCM patients. This review also aims to encourage further research and collaboration in the field of HCM, promoting the development of novel and more effective therapeutic strategies, such as cardiac myosin modulators, to hopefully improve the quality of life and outcome of patients with sarcomeric HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ottaviani
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Davide Mansour
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Lorenzo V. Molinari
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Kristian Galanti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Cesare Mantini
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mohammed Y. Khanji
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London EC1A 7BE, UK
- Newham University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E13 8SL, UK
- NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Anwar A. Chahal
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London EC1A 7BE, UK
- Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, WellSpan Health, Lancaster, PA 17605, USA
- Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 17605, USA
| | - Marco Zimarino
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Heart Department, SS. Annunziata Hospital, ASL 2 Abruzzo, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulia Renda
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Heart Department, SS. Annunziata Hospital, ASL 2 Abruzzo, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Luigi Sciarra
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Pelliccia
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Sabina Gallina
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Heart Department, SS. Annunziata Hospital, ASL 2 Abruzzo, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ricci
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Heart Department, SS. Annunziata Hospital, ASL 2 Abruzzo, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 21428 Malmö, Sweden
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17
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Ostrominski JW, Guo R, Elliott PM, Ho CY. Cardiac Myosin Inhibitors for Managing Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: JACC: Heart Failure State-of-the-Art Review. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2023; 11:735-748. [PMID: 37407153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is frequently caused by pathogenic variants in genes encoding sarcomere proteins and is characterized by left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, hypercontractility, and-in many cases-left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. Despite standard management, obstructive HCM (oHCM) can still cause substantial morbidity, highlighting the critical need for more effective disease-specific therapeutic approaches. Over the past decade, improved understanding of the molecular pathobiology of HCM has culminated in development of cardiac myosin inhibitors (CMIs), a novel drug class that in recent randomized clinical trials has been shown to decrease LVOT obstruction, improve exercise capacity, and ameliorate symptom burden in patients with oHCM. Although promising, areas of uncertainty remain, including the long-term safety and efficacy of CMIs and whether they have the potential to modify progression of disease. Herein, we review key milestones in the clinical development of CMIs, contextualize CMIs with established oHCM therapies, and discuss future challenges and opportunities for the use of CMIs across the HCM spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Ostrominski
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruby Guo
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Perry M Elliott
- Centre for Heart Muscle Disease, Institute of Cardiological Sciences, University College London and St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Y Ho
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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18
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Meng X, Gao J, Zhang K, Jun W, Wang JJ, Wang XL, Wang YGS, Zheng JL, Liu YP, Song JJ, Yang J, Zheng YT, Li C, Wang WY, Shao C, Tang YD. The triglyceride-glucose index as a potential protective factor for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy without diabetes: evidence from a two-center study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:143. [PMID: 37386489 PMCID: PMC10308672 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the TyG (Triglyceride-glucose index) and the prognosis of patients with HOCM (hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy) without diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 713 eligible patients with HOCM were enrolled in this study and divided into two groups based on treatment: an invasive treatment group (n = 461) and a non-invasive treatment group (n = 252). The patients in both two groups were then divided into three groups based on their TyG index levels. The primary endpoints of this study were Cardiogenic death during long-term follow-up. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to study the cumulative survival of different groups. Restricted cubic spline was used to model nonlinear relationships between the TyG index and primary endpoints. Myocardial perfusion imaging/Myocardial metabolic imaging examinations were performed to assess glucose metabolism in the ventricular septum of the HOCM patients. RESULTS The follow-up time of this study was 41.47 ± 17.63 months. The results showed that patients with higher TyG index levels had better clinical outcomes (HR, 0.215; 95% CI 0.051,0.902; P = 0.036, invasive treatment group; HR, 0.179; 95% CI 0.063,0.508; P = 0.001, non-invasive treatment group). Further analysis showed that glucose metabolism in the ventricular septum was enhanced in HOCM patients. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that the TyG index may serve as a potential protective factor for patients with HOCM without diabetes. The enhanced glucose metabolism in the ventricular septum of HOCM patients may provide a potential explanation for the relationship between the TyG index and HOCM prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbin Meng
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Wen Jun
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Jing-Jia Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xu-Liang Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuan-Geng-Shuo Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ji-Lin Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yu-Peng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Song
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yi-Tian Zheng
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wen-Yao Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Chunli Shao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yi-Da Tang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
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19
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Desai MY, Hajj Ali A. Mavacamten, an Alternative to Septal Reduction Therapy for Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Heart Int 2023; 17:2-4. [PMID: 37456351 PMCID: PMC10339467 DOI: 10.17925/hi.2023.17.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common heridetary cardiac disorder characterized by a wide range of symptoms. The pharmacological treatment of HCM is currently limited to beta blockers, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers and disopyramide. Mavacamten is a novel cardiac myosin inhibitor, which was recently added to the limited pharmacological list of treatment options for HCM. This editorial elaborates on current evidence evaluating the use of mavacamten in patients with symptomatic obstructive HCM, comments on its current use and its expanded potential applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind Y Desai
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Heart Vascular Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Adel Hajj Ali
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Heart Vascular Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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20
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Kingma J, Simard C, Drolet B. Overview of Cardiac Arrhythmias and Treatment Strategies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:844. [PMID: 37375791 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of normal cardiac rhythm requires coordinated activity of ion channels and transporters that allow well-ordered propagation of electrical impulses across the myocardium. Disruptions in this orderly process provoke cardiac arrhythmias that may be lethal in some patients. Risk of common acquired arrhythmias is increased markedly when structural heart disease caused by myocardial infarction (due to fibrotic scar formation) or left ventricular dysfunction is present. Genetic polymorphisms influence structure or excitability of the myocardial substrate, which increases vulnerability or risk of arrhythmias in patients. Similarly, genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes give rise to distinct subgroups within the population that affect specific drug biotransformation reactions. Nonetheless, identification of triggers involved in initiation or maintenance of cardiac arrhythmias remains a major challenge. Herein, we provide an overview of knowledge regarding physiopathology of inherited and acquired cardiac arrhythmias along with a summary of treatments (pharmacologic or non-pharmacologic) used to limit their effect on morbidity and potential mortality. Improved understanding of molecular and cellular aspects of arrhythmogenesis and more epidemiologic studies (for a more accurate portrait of incidence and prevalence) are crucial for development of novel treatments and for management of cardiac arrhythmias and their consequences in patients, as their incidence is increasing worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kingma
- Department of Medicine, Ferdinand Vandry Pavillon, 1050 Av. de la Médecine, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Chantale Simard
- Faculty of Pharmacy Ferdinand Vandry Pavillon, 1050 Av. de la Médecine, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Benoît Drolet
- Faculty of Pharmacy Ferdinand Vandry Pavillon, 1050 Av. de la Médecine, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
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21
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Argirò A, Zampieri M, Marchi A, Cappelli F, Del Franco A, Mazzoni C, Cecchi F, Olivotto I. Stage-specific therapy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Suppl 2023; 25:C155-C161. [PMID: 37125313 PMCID: PMC10132571 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited myocardial disease and is defined by otherwise unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy. The main complications include heart failure and arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias. Current treatment rests on septal reduction therapies, prevention of sudden cardiac death through implantable cardioverter defibrillator, and use of drugs such as beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, or amiodarone. In the last years, new pharmacological agents specifically targeting the pathophysiology of the disease have been developed with encouraging results in terms of functional capacity and symptoms improvement from clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the possible treatment approaches for each phase of the natural history of the disease: pre-phenotype expression, classic phenotype, adverse remodelling, and overt dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Argirò
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Mattia Zampieri
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3 50134 Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Meyer Children Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Marchi
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3 50134 Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Meyer Children Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappelli
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Annamaria Del Franco
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Carlotta Mazzoni
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Franco Cecchi
- Department of Cardiology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Cardiology, Ospedale San Luca, Milan, Italy
| | - Iacopo Olivotto
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla, 3 50134 Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Meyer Children Hospital, Florence, Italy
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22
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Rosenzveig A, Garg N, Rao SJ, Kanwal AK, Kanwal A, Aronow WS, Martinez MW. Current and emerging pharmacotherapy for the management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2023; 24:1349-1360. [PMID: 37272195 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2023.2219840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is one of the most common genetic causes of heart disease. Since the initial description of HCM, there have been minimal strides in management options. Obstructive HCM constitutes a larger subset of patients with increased left ventricular outflow tract gradients causing symptoms. Septal reduction therapy (SRT) has been successful, but it is not the answer for all patients and is not disease modifying. AREAS COVERED Current guideline recommendations include beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or disopyramides for medical management, but there lacks evidence of much benefit with these drugs. In recent years, there has been the emergence of cardiac myosin inhibitors (CMI) which have demonstrated positive results in patients with both obstructive and non-obstructive HCM. In addition to CMIs, other drugs have been investigated as we have learned more about HCM's pathological mechanisms. Drugs targeting sodium channels and myocardial energetics, as well as repurposed drugs that have demonstrated positive remodeling are being investigated as potential therapeutic targets. Gene therapy is being explored with vast potential for the treatment of HCM. EXPERT OPINION The armamentarium of therapeutic options for HCM is continuously increasing with the emergence of CMIs as mainstays of treatment. The future of HCM treatment is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil Garg
- Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Shiavax J Rao
- Department of Medicine, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Arjun Kanwal
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Wilbert S Aronow
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center and Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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23
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Sebastian SA, Panthangi V, Singh K, Rayaroth S, Gupta A, Shantharam D, Rasool BQ, Padda I, Co EL, Johal G. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Current Treatment and Future Options. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023; 48:101552. [PMID: 36529236 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease involving the cardiac sarcomere. It is associated with various disease-causing gene mutations and phenotypic expressions, managed with different therapies with variable prognoses. The heterogeneity of the disease is evident in the fact that it burdens patients of all ages. HCM is the most prevalent cause of sudden death in athletes. However, several technological advancements and therapeutic options have reduced mortality in patients with HCM to 0.5% per year. In addition, rapid advances in our knowledge of the molecular defects accountable for HCM have strengthened our awareness of the disorder and recommended new approaches to the assessment of prognosis. Despite all these evolutions, a small subgroup of patients with HCM will experience sudden cardiac death, and risk stratification remains a critical challenge. This review provides a practical guide to the updated recommendations for patients with HCM, including clinical updates for diagnosis, family screening, clinical imaging, risk stratification, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karanbir Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Swetha Rayaroth
- Department of Internal Medicine, JSS Medical College, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Aditi Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Darshan Shantharam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yenepoya Medical college, Mangalore, India
| | | | - Inderbir Padda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, New York
| | - Edzel Lorraine Co
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Gurpreet Johal
- Department of Cardiology, Valley Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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24
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Pioner JM, Vitale G, Steczina S, Langione M, Margara F, Santini L, Giardini F, Lazzeri E, Piroddi N, Scellini B, Palandri C, Schuldt M, Spinelli V, Girolami F, Mazzarotto F, van der Velden J, Cerbai E, Tesi C, Olivotto I, Bueno-Orovio A, Sacconi L, Coppini R, Ferrantini C, Regnier M, Poggesi C. Slower Calcium Handling Balances Faster Cross-Bridge Cycling in Human MYBPC3 HCM. Circ Res 2023; 132:628-644. [PMID: 36744470 PMCID: PMC9977265 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of MYBPC3-associated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is still unresolved. In our HCM patient cohort, a large and well-characterized population carrying the MYBPC3:c772G>A variant (p.Glu258Lys, E258K) provides the unique opportunity to study the basic mechanisms of MYBPC3-HCM with a comprehensive translational approach. METHODS We collected clinical and genetic data from 93 HCM patients carrying the MYBPC3:c772G>A variant. Functional perturbations were investigated using different biophysical techniques in left ventricular samples from 4 patients who underwent myectomy for refractory outflow obstruction, compared with samples from non-failing non-hypertrophic surgical patients and healthy donors. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes and engineered heart tissues (EHTs) were also investigated. RESULTS Haplotype analysis revealed MYBPC3:c772G>A as a founder mutation in Tuscany. In ventricular myocardium, the mutation leads to reduced cMyBP-C (cardiac myosin binding protein-C) expression, supporting haploinsufficiency as the main primary disease mechanism. Mechanical studies in single myofibrils and permeabilized muscle strips highlighted faster cross-bridge cycling, and higher energy cost of tension generation. A novel approach based on tissue clearing and advanced optical microscopy supported the idea that the sarcomere energetics dysfunction is intrinsically related with the reduction in cMyBP-C. Studies in single cardiomyocytes (native and hiPSC-derived), intact trabeculae and hiPSC-EHTs revealed prolonged action potentials, slower Ca2+ transients and preserved twitch duration, suggesting that the slower excitation-contraction coupling counterbalanced the faster sarcomere kinetics. This conclusion was strengthened by in silico simulations. CONCLUSIONS HCM-related MYBPC3:c772G>A mutation invariably impairs sarcomere energetics and cross-bridge cycling. Compensatory electrophysiological changes (eg, reduced potassium channel expression) appear to preserve twitch contraction parameters, but may expose patients to greater arrhythmic propensity and disease progression. Therapeutic approaches correcting the primary sarcomeric defects may prevent secondary cardiomyocyte remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josè Manuel Pioner
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Physiology (J.M.P., G.V., M.L., N.P., B.S., C.T., C.F., C. Poggesi), University of Florence, Italy
- Department of Biology (J.M.P.), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Vitale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Physiology (J.M.P., G.V., M.L., N.P., B.S., C.T., C.F., C. Poggesi), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Sonette Steczina
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (S.S., M.R.)
| | - Marianna Langione
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Physiology (J.M.P., G.V., M.L., N.P., B.S., C.T., C.F., C. Poggesi), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Margara
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (F. Margara, A.B.-O.)
| | - Lorenzo Santini
- Department of NeuroFarBa (L. Santini, C. Palandri, V. Spinelli, E. Cerbai, R. Coppini), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Giardini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS) (F. Giardini, E. Lazzeri, C.F., C.P., E. Cerbai), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Erica Lazzeri
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS) (F. Giardini, E. Lazzeri, C.F., C.P., E. Cerbai), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Piroddi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Physiology (J.M.P., G.V., M.L., N.P., B.S., C.T., C.F., C. Poggesi), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Beatrice Scellini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Physiology (J.M.P., G.V., M.L., N.P., B.S., C.T., C.F., C. Poggesi), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Palandri
- Department of NeuroFarBa (L. Santini, C. Palandri, V. Spinelli, E. Cerbai, R. Coppini), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Maike Schuldt
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Physiology, The Netherlands (M.S., J.v.d.V.)
| | - Valentina Spinelli
- Department of NeuroFarBa (L. Santini, C. Palandri, V. Spinelli, E. Cerbai, R. Coppini), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Girolami
- Pediatric Cardiology (F. Girolami), IRCCS Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Mazzarotto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy (F. Mazzarotto)
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (F. Mazzarotto)
| | - Jolanda van der Velden
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Physiology, The Netherlands (M.S., J.v.d.V.)
| | - Elisabetta Cerbai
- Department of NeuroFarBa (L. Santini, C. Palandri, V. Spinelli, E. Cerbai, R. Coppini), University of Florence, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS) (F. Giardini, E. Lazzeri, C.F., C.P., E. Cerbai), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Tesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Physiology (J.M.P., G.V., M.L., N.P., B.S., C.T., C.F., C. Poggesi), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Iacopo Olivotto
- Cardiogenetics Unit (I.O.), IRCCS Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Referral Center for Cardiomyopathies, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy (I.O.)
| | - Alfonso Bueno-Orovio
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (F. Margara, A.B.-O.)
| | - Leonardo Sacconi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), National Research Council, Florence, Italy (L. Sacconi)
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (L. Sacconi)
| | - Raffaele Coppini
- Department of NeuroFarBa (L. Santini, C. Palandri, V. Spinelli, E. Cerbai, R. Coppini), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Cecilia Ferrantini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Physiology (J.M.P., G.V., M.L., N.P., B.S., C.T., C.F., C. Poggesi), University of Florence, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS) (F. Giardini, E. Lazzeri, C.F., C.P., E. Cerbai), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Michael Regnier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (S.S., M.R.)
| | - Corrado Poggesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Physiology (J.M.P., G.V., M.L., N.P., B.S., C.T., C.F., C. Poggesi), University of Florence, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS) (F. Giardini, E. Lazzeri, C.F., C.P., E. Cerbai), University of Florence, Italy
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25
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El Hadi H, Freund A, Desch S, Thiele H, Majunke N. Hypertrophic, Dilated, and Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy: Where Are We? Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020524. [PMID: 36831060 PMCID: PMC9953324 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of structural, mechanical, and electrical heart muscle disorders which often correlate with life-threatening arrhythmias and progressive heart failure accounting for significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Currently, cardiomyopathies still represent a leading reason for heart transplantation worldwide. The last years have brought remarkable advances in the field of cardiomyopathies especially in terms of understanding the molecular basis as well as the diagnostic evaluation and management. Although most cardiomyopathy treatments had long focused on symptom management, much of the current research efforts aim to identify and act on the disease-driving mechanisms. Regarding risk assessment and primary prevention of sudden cardiac death, additional data are still pending in order to pave the way for a more refined and early patient selection for defibrillator implantation. This review summarizes the current knowledge of hypertrophic, dilated and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy with a particular emphasis on their pathophysiology, clinical features, and diagnostic approach. Furthermore, the relevant ongoing studies investigating novel management approaches and main gaps in knowledge are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza El Hadi
- Correspondence: (H.E.H.); (N.M.); Tel.: +49-341-865-142 (H.E.H. & N.M.); Fax: +49-341-865-1461 (N.M.)
| | | | | | | | - Nicolas Majunke
- Correspondence: (H.E.H.); (N.M.); Tel.: +49-341-865-142 (H.E.H. & N.M.); Fax: +49-341-865-1461 (N.M.)
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26
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Subramanian M, Sravani V, Krishna SP, Bijjam S, Sunehra C, Yalagudri S, Saggu DK, Narasimhan C. Efficacy of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Diabetes and Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2023; 188:80-86. [PMID: 36473308 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on functional capacity and diastolic function in patients with diabetes with nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (nHCM) and preserved left ventricular (LV) function. From January 2019 to October 2020, a prospective open-label study was performed on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and nHCM with New York Heart Association class II-III symptoms. Patients with a LV ejection fraction <50% were excluded. Patients were recruited from January 2019 to November 2019 to the SGLT2i arm and from November 2019 to October 2020 to the control arm. The primary composite end point was defined as achieving an improvement of at least 1.5 in E/e' and a reduction of ≥1 New York Heart Association functional class after 6 months of therapy. At baseline, there were no significant differences between the SGLT2i (n = 24) and control arms (n = 24). More patients in the SGLT2i arm achieved the primary end point than the patients in the control arm (70.8% vs 4.2%, p <0.001). After 6 months of therapy, patients in the SGLT2i arm showed a significant improvement in all diastolic function parameters (E/e' 16.3 ± 1.9 vs 13.3 ± 1.6, p <0.001; E/A 2.8 ± 0.1 vs 2.4 ± 0.1, p <0.001; left atrial volume 45.6 ± 5.2 vs 40.8 ± 4.9 ml/m2, p = 0.003). There was also an improvement in the 6-minute walk distance (295.1 ± 31.5 vs 343.0 ± 31.1 m, p <0.001) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (481.4 ± 52.6 vs 440.9 ± 43.9 pg/ml, p <0.001) in patients who received SGLT2i. There was no significant change in the LV mass in the SGLT2i or control arm (-0.1 ± 0.3 vs 0.1 ± 0.5 g/m2, p = 0.319) after 6 months of therapy. A patient in the SGLT2i arm discontinued therapy because of a urinary tract infection. In conclusion, the use of SGLT2i improved diastolic function and functional capacity in patients with diabetes with nHCM and a preserved LV function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vucha Sravani
- Department of Pharmacology, AIG Institute of Cardiac Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sanga Pavan Krishna
- Department of Pharmacology, AIG Institute of Cardiac Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Swapnakala Bijjam
- Department of Pharmacology, AIG Institute of Cardiac Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Sachin Yalagudri
- Department of Cardiology, AIG Institute of Cardiac Sciences and Research
| | - Daljeet Kaur Saggu
- Department of Cardiology, AIG Institute of Cardiac Sciences and Research
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27
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Bayonas-Ruiz A, Muñoz-Franco FM, Sabater-Molina M, Oliva-Sandoval MJ, Gimeno JR, Bonacasa B. Current therapies for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. ESC Heart Fail 2023; 10:8-23. [PMID: 36181355 PMCID: PMC9871697 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to synthesize the evidence on the effect of the current therapies over the pathophysiological and clinical characteristics of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). METHODS AND RESULTS A systematic review and meta-analysis of 41 studies identified from 1383 retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane was conducted. Therapies were grouped in pharmacological, invasive and physical exercise. Pharmacological agents had no effect on functional capacity measured by VO2max (1.11 mL/kg/min; 95% CI: -0.04, 2.25, P < 0.05). Invasive septal reduction therapies increased VO2max (+3.2 mL/kg/min; 95% CI: 1.78, 4.60, P < 0.05). Structured physical exercise programmes did not report contraindications and evidenced the highest increases on functional capacity (VO2max + 4.33 mL/kg/min; 95% CI: 0.20, 8.45, P < 0.05). Patients with left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction at rest improved their VO2max to a greater extent compared with those without resting LVOT obstruction (2.82 mL/kg/min; 95% CI: 1.97, 3.67 vs. 1.18; 95% CI: 0.62, 1.74, P < 0.05). Peak LVOT gradient was reduced with the three treatment options with the highest reduction observed for invasive therapies. Left ventricular ejection fraction was reduced in pharmacological and invasive procedures. No effect was observed after physical exercise. Symptomatic status improved with the three options and to a greater extent with invasive procedures. CONCLUSIONS Invasive septal reduction therapies increase VO2max, improve symptomatic status, and reduce resting and peak LVOT gradient, thus might be considered in obstructive patients. Physical exercise emerges as a coadjuvant therapy, which is safe and associated with benefits on functional capacity. Pharmacological agents improve reported NYHA class, but not functional capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Bayonas-Ruiz
- Research Group of Physical Exercise and Human Performance, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - María Sabater-Molina
- Cardiogenetic Laboratory, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN-Guard Heart), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - María José Oliva-Sandoval
- Inherited Cardiac Disease Unit (CSUR), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN-Guard Heart), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan R Gimeno
- Inherited Cardiac Disease Unit (CSUR), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN-Guard Heart), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Departament of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bárbara Bonacasa
- Research Group of Physical Exercise and Human Performance, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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28
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Rao SJ, Iqbal SB, Kanwal AS, Aronow WS, Naidu SS. Multi-modality management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hosp Pract (1995) 2023; 51:2-11. [PMID: 36598161 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.2022.2162297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant inherited condition defined by left ventricular wall thickness greater than 15 mm in the absence of other conditions that could explain that degree of hypertrophy. Obstructive HCM associated with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is defined by an intraventricular systolic pressure gradient greater than or equal to 30 mm Hg. Over the past couple of decades, there has been an expansion of both invasive and pharmacotherapeutic options for patients with HCM, with recent guidelines calling for a melody of invasive and non-invasive treatment strategies. There are several invasive therapies including proven therapies such as alcohol septal ablation and septal myectomy. Novel invasive therapies such as MitraClip, radiofrequency septal ablation and SESAME procedure have more recently been promoted. Pharmacological therapy has also dramatically evolved and includes conventional medications such as beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and disopyramide. Mavacamten, a novel cardiac myosin inhibitor, may significantly change management. Other myosin inhibitors and modulators are also being developed and tested in large clinical trials. Given significant phenotypical variability in patients with HCM, clinical management can be challenging, and often requires an individualized approach with a combination of invasive and non-invasive options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiavax J Rao
- Department of Medicine, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, USA
| | - Shaikh B Iqbal
- Department of Medicine, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, USA
| | - Arjun S Kanwal
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, USA
| | - Wilbert S Aronow
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center and Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA
| | - Srihari S Naidu
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center and Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA
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29
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Cempaka Putri DKS, Andrianto A, Al-Farabi MJ, Saputra PBT, Nugraha RA. Efficacy of Ranolazine to Improve Diastolic Performance in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Cardiol 2023; 18:e02. [PMID: 36844933 PMCID: PMC9947928 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2022.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This article evaluates the efficacy of using ranolazine to improve diastolic performance and exercise capacity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. A comprehensive literature review found eight trials where there are no significant difference in peak O2 (p=0.09) and exercise duration (p=0.18) between ranolazine and placebo. The ranolazine group had significantly higher and better diastolic parameters compared to placebo, with a mean difference of 0.45 (95% CI [27.18-39.50]). There were no significant differences for haemodynamic parameters (blood pressure and heart rate) and electrocardiography (QT interval) between ranolazine and placebo. The review found that ranolazine has good wefficacy to improve diastolic performance among heart failure with preserved ejection fraction patients and it does not affect blood pressure, heart rate and rate of ventricular repolarisation (shortening of the QT interval).
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Affiliation(s)
- Desak Ketut Sekar Cempaka Putri
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Soetomo General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas AirlanggaSurabaya, Indonesia
| | - Andrianto Andrianto
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Soetomo General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas AirlanggaSurabaya, Indonesia
| | - Makhyan Jibril Al-Farabi
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Soetomo General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas AirlanggaSurabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Ricardo Adrian Nugraha
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Soetomo General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas AirlanggaSurabaya, Indonesia
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30
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Argirò A, Zampieri M, Dei LL, Ferrantini C, Marchi A, Tomberli A, Baldini K, Cappelli F, Favilli S, Passantino S, Zocchi C, Tassetti L, Gabriele M, Maurizi N, Marchionni N, Coppini R, Olivotto I. Safety and efficacy of ranolazine in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Real-world experience in a National Referral Center. Int J Cardiol 2023; 370:271-278. [PMID: 36228766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the efficacy and safety of ranolazine in real-world patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). BACKGROUND Ranolazine is an anti-anginal drug that inhibits the late phase of the inward sodium current. In a small prospective trial, ranolazine reduced the arrhythmic burden and improved biomarker profile in HCM patients. However, systematic reports reflecting real-world use in this setting are lacking. METHODS Changes in clinical and instrumental features, symptoms and arrhythmic burden were evaluated in 119 patients with HCM before and during treatment with ranolazine at a national referral centre for HCM. RESULTS Patients were treated with ranolazine for 2 [1-4] years; 83 (70%) achieved a dosage ≥1000 mg per day. Treatment interruption was necessary in 24 patients (20%) due to side effects (n = 10, 8%) or disopyramide initiation (n = 8, 7%). Seventy patients (59%) were treated with ranolazine for relief of angina. Among them, 51 (73%) had total symptomatic relief and 47 patients (67%) showed ≥2 Canadian Cardiovascular society (CCS) angina grade improvement. Sixteen patients (13%) were treated for recurrent ventricular arrhythmias, including 4 with a clear ischemic trigger, who experienced no further arrhythmic episodes while on ranolazine. Finally, 33 patients (28%) were treated for heart failure associated with severe diastolic dysfunction: no symptomatic benefit could be observed in this group. CONCLUSION Ranolazine was safe and well tolerated in patients with HCM. The use of ranolazine may be considered in patients with HCM and microvascular angina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Argirò
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Mattia Zampieri
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo-Lupo Dei
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Cardiology, Health and Environmental Science
- , University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Cecilia Ferrantini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Marchi
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Tomberli
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Katia Baldini
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappelli
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Chiara Zocchi
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Luigi Tassetti
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Gabriele
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Maurizi
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Service of Cardiology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niccolò Marchionni
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Iacopo Olivotto
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Bonaventura J. Rediscovering therapies for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2023; 370:319-320. [PMID: 36375595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Bonaventura
- Department of Cardiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, Prague 15006, Czech Republic.
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32
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Packard E, de Feria A, Peshin S, Reza N, Owens AT. Contemporary Therapies and Future Directions in the Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Cardiol Ther 2022; 11:491-507. [PMID: 36243823 PMCID: PMC9652179 DOI: 10.1007/s40119-022-00283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disorder caused by pathogenic variants in sarcomeric genes, leading to left ventricular hypertrophy and complex phenotypic heterogeneity. While HCM is the most common inherited cardiomyopathy, pharmacological treatment options have previously been limited and were predominantly directed towards symptom control owing to left ventricular outflow obstruction. These therapies, including beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and disopyramide, have not been shown to affect the natural history of the disease, which is of particular concern for younger patients who have an increased lifetime risk of experiencing arrhythmias, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Increased knowledge of the genetic mechanisms underlying this disease in recent years has led to the development of targeted, potentially disease-modifying therapies for both obstructive and nonobstructive phenotypes that may help to prevent or ameliorate left ventricular hypertrophy. In this review article, we will define the etiology and clinical phenotypes of HCM, summarize the conventional therapies for obstructive HCM, discuss the emerging targeted therapies as well as novel invasive approaches for obstructive HCM, describe the therapeutic advances for nonobstructive HCM, and outline the future directions for the treatment of HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Packard
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 11th Floor South Tower, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alejandro de Feria
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 11th Floor South Tower, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Supriya Peshin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 11th Floor South Tower, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nosheen Reza
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 11th Floor South Tower, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anjali Tiku Owens
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 11th Floor South Tower, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Gartzonikas IK, Naka KK, Anastasakis A. Current and emerging perspectives on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hellenic J Cardiol 2022; 70:65-74. [PMID: 36403865 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetically inherited cardiomyopathy with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. A disease-causing gene is found between 34% and >60% of the times and the two most frequently mutated genes, which encode sarcomeric proteins, are MYBPC3 and MYH7. HCM is a diagnosis of exclusion since secondary causes of left ventricular hypertrophy should first be ruled out. These include hypertension, aortic stenosis, infiltrative disease, metabolic and endocrine disorders, mitochondrial cardiomyopathies, neuromuscular disorders, malformation syndromes and some chronic drug use. The disease is characterized by great heterogeneity of its clinical manifestations, however diastolic dysfunction and increased ventricular arrhythmogenesis are commonly seen. Current HCM therapies focus on symptom management and prevention of sudden cardiac death. Symptom management includes the use of pharmacological agents, elimination of medication promoting outflow track obstruction, control of comorbid conditions and invasive procedures, whereas in the prevention of sudden cardiac death, implantable cardiac defibrillators and antiarrhythmic drugs are used. A targeted therapy for LVOTO represented by allosteric cardiac myosin inhibitors has been developed. In terms of sport participation, a more liberal approach is recently recommended, after careful evaluation and common-shared decision. The application of the current therapies has lowered HCM mortality rates to <1.0%/year, however it appears to have shifted focus to heart failure and atrial fibrillation, as the predominant causes of disease-related morbidity and mortality and, therefore, unmet treatment need. With improved understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of HCM, the present decade will witness novel treatments for disease prevention and modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias K Gartzonikas
- Second Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Unit of Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece.
| | - Katerina K Naka
- Second Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Aris Anastasakis
- Unit of Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
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Pelliccia F, Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Camici PG. Microvascular Dysfunction in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11216560. [PMID: 36362787 PMCID: PMC9658510 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia is an established pathophysiological feature of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) that impacts various clinical features, including heart failure (HF) and sudden cardiac death (SCD). The major determinant of myocardial ischemia in HCM is coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) in the absence of epicardial coronary artery abnormalities. Despite the impossibility to directly visualize microcirculation in vivo, a multimodality approach can allow a detailed assessment of microvascular dysfunction and ischemia. Accordingly, the non-invasive assessment of CMD using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography, positron emission tomography, and cardiac magnetic resonance should now be considered mandatory in any HCM patient. Noteworthy, a complete diagnostic work-up for myocardial ischemia plays a major role in the approach of the patients with HCM and their risk stratification. Chronic and recurrent episodes of ischemia can contribute to fibrosis, culminating in LV remodeling and HF. Ischemia can potentially constitute an arrhythmic substrate and might prove to have an added value in risk stratification for SCD. Accordingly, strategies for the early diagnosis of CMD should now be considered an important challenge for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pelliccia
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Franco Cecchi
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, San Luca Hospital, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Iacopo Olivotto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Meyer Children Hospital and Careggi University Hospital, 50123 Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo G. Camici
- San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, 20121 Milan, Italy
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35
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Sewanan LR, Shimada YJ. Prospects for remodeling the hypertrophic heart with myosin modulators. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1051564. [PMID: 36330009 PMCID: PMC9622926 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1051564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a complex but relatively common genetic disease that usually arises from pathogenic variants that disrupt sarcomere function and lead to variable structural, hypertrophic, and fibrotic remodeling of the heart which result in substantial adverse clinical outcomes including arrhythmias, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. HCM has had few effective treatments with the potential to ameliorate disease progression until the recent advent of inhibitory myosin modulators like mavacamten. Preclinical investigations and clinical trials utilizing this treatment targeted to this specific pathophysiological mechanism of sarcomere hypercontractility in HCM have confirmed that myosin modulators can alter disease expression and attenuate hypertrophic remodeling. Here, we summarize the state of hypertrophic remodeling and consider the arguments for and against salutary HCM disease modification using targeted myosin modulators. Further, we consider critical unanswered questions for future investigative and therapeutic avenues in HCM disease modification. We are at the precipice of a new era in understanding and treating HCM, with the potential to target agents toward modifying disease expression and natural history of this most common inherited disease of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo R. Sewanan
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuichi J. Shimada
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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36
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Tamargo J, Tamargo M, Caballero R. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an up-to-date snapshot of the clinical drug development pipeline. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:1027-1052. [PMID: 36062808 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2113374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a complex cardiac disease with highly variable phenotypic expression and clinical course most often caused by sarcomeric gene mutations resulting in left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, hypercontractility, and diastolic dysfunction. For almost 60 years, HCM has remained an orphan disease and still lacks a disease-specific treatment. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes recent preclinical and clinical trials with repurposed drugs and new emerging pharmacological and gene-based therapies for the treatment of HCM. EXPERT OPINION The off-label drugs routinely used alleviate symptoms but do not target the core pathophysiology of HCM or prevent or revert the phenotype. Recent advances in the genetics and pathophysiology of HCM led to the development of cardiac myosin adenosine triphosphatase inhibitors specifically directed to counteract the hypercontractility associated with HCM-causing mutations. Mavacamten, the first drug specifically developed for HCM successfully tested in a phase 3 trial, represents the major advance for the treatment of HCM. This opens new horizons for the development of novel drugs targeting HCM molecular substrates which hopefully modify the natural history of the disease. The role of current drugs in development and genetic-based approaches for the treatment of HCM are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tamargo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, CIBERCV, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Tamargo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, CIBERCV, Doctor Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Caballero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, CIBERCV, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Iavarone M, Monda E, Vritz O, Albert DC, Rubino M, Verrillo F, Caiazza M, Lioncino M, Amodio F, Guarnaccia N, Gragnano F, Lombardi R, Esposito G, Bossone E, Calabrò P, Losi MA, Limongelli G. Medical treatment of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: An overview of current and emerging therapy. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 115:529-537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Pasqua T, Tropea T, Granieri MC, De Bartolo A, Spena A, Moccia F, Rocca C, Angelone T. Novel molecular insights and potential approaches for targeting hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Focus on coronary modulators. Vascul Pharmacol 2022; 145:107003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.107003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lebowitz S, Kowalewski M, Raffa GM, Chu D, Greco M, Gandolfo C, Mignosa C, Lorusso R, Suwalski P, Pilato M. Review of Contemporary Invasive Treatment Approaches and Critical Appraisal of Guidelines on Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: State-of-the-Art Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:3405. [PMID: 35743475 PMCID: PMC9225325 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is a heterogeneous disease with different clinical presentations, albeit producing similar dismal long-term outcomes if left untreated. Several approaches are available for the treatment of HOCM; e.g., alcohol septal ablation (ASA) and surgical myectomy (SM). The objectives of the current review were to (1) discuss the place of the standard invasive treatment modalities (ASA and SM) for HOCM; (2) summarize and compare novel techniques for the management of HOCM; (3) analyze current guidelines addressing HOCM management; and (4) offer suggestions for the treatment of complex HOCM presentations. METHODS We searched the literature and attempted to gather the most relevant and impactful available evidence on ASA, SM, and other invasive means of treatment of HOCM. The literature search yielded thousands of results, and 103 significant publications were ultimately included. RESULTS We critically analyzed available guidelines and provided context in the setting of patient selection for standard and novel treatment modalities. This review offers the most comprehensive analysis to-date of available invasive treatments for HOCM. These include the standard treatments, SM and ASA, as well as novel treatments such as dual-chamber pacing and radiofrequency catheter ablation. We also account for complex pathoanatomic presentations and current guidelines to offer suggestions for tailored care of patients with HOCM. Finally, we consider promising future therapies for HOCM. CONCLUSIONS HOCM is a heterogeneous disease associated with poor outcomes if left untreated. Several strategies for treatment of HOCM are available but patient selection for the procedure is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lebowitz
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Mariusz Kowalewski
- Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Department, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Clinical Department of Cardiac Surgery, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 00-213 Warsaw, Poland;
- Thoracic Research Centre, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Innovative Medical Forum, 87-100 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Maria Raffa
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.R.); (M.G.); (C.G.); (C.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Danny Chu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Heart & Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Matteo Greco
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.R.); (M.G.); (C.G.); (C.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Caterina Gandolfo
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.R.); (M.G.); (C.G.); (C.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Carmelo Mignosa
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.R.); (M.G.); (C.G.); (C.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Roberto Lorusso
- Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Department, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Piotr Suwalski
- Clinical Department of Cardiac Surgery, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 00-213 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Michele Pilato
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.R.); (M.G.); (C.G.); (C.M.); (M.P.)
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Minotti G, Menna P, Camilli M, Salvatorelli E, Levi R. Beyond hypertension: Diastolic dysfunction associated with cancer treatment in the era of cardio-oncology. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 94:365-409. [PMID: 35659376 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer patients are at an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Both old-generation cytostatics/cytotoxics and new-generation "targeted" drugs can in fact damage cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells of veins and arteries, specialized cells of the conduction system, pericardium, and valves. A new discipline, cardio-oncology, has therefore developed with the aim of protecting cancer patients from cardiovascular events, while also providing them with the best possible oncologic treatment. Anthracyclines have long been known to elicit cardiotoxicity that, depending on treatment- or patient-related factors, may progress with a variable velocity toward cardiomyopathy and systolic heart failure. However, early compromise of diastolic function may precede systolic dysfunction, and a progression of early diastolic dysfunction to diastolic rather than systolic heart failure has been documented in long-term cancer survivors. This chapter first describes general notions about hypertension in the cancer patient and then moves on reviewing the pathophysiology and clinical trajectories of diastolic dysfunction, and the molecular mechanisms of anthracycline-induced diastolic dysfunction. Diastolic dysfunction can in fact be caused and/or aggravated by hypertension. Pharmacologic foundations and therapeutic opportunities to prevent or treat diastolic dysfunction before it progresses toward heart failure are also reviewed, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms of action of drugs that raised hopes to treat diastolic dysfunction in the general population (sacubitril/valsartan, guanylyl cyclase activators, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, ranolazine, inhibitors of type-2 sodium-glucose-inked transporter). Cardio-oncologists will be confronted with the risk:benefit ratio of using these drugs in the cancer patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Minotti
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University and Fondazione Policlinico, Rome, Italy.
| | - Pierantonio Menna
- Department of Health Sciences, Campus Bio-Medico University and Fondazione Policlinico, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Camilli
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome
| | - Emanuela Salvatorelli
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University and Fondazione Policlinico, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Levi
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Larson J, Rich L, Deshmukh A, Judge EC, Liang JJ. Pharmacologic Management for Ventricular Arrhythmias: Overview of Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs. J Clin Med 2022; 11:3233. [PMID: 35683620 PMCID: PMC9181251 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias (Vas) are a life-threatening condition and preventable cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD). With the increased utilization of implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICD), the focus of VA management has shifted toward reduction of morbidity from VAs and ICD therapies. Anti-arrhythmic drugs (AADs) can be an important adjunct therapy in the treatment of recurrent VAs. In the treatment of VAs secondary to structural heart disease, amiodarone remains the most well studied and current guideline-directed pharmacologic therapy. Beta blockers also serve as an important adjunct and are a largely underutilized medication with strong evidentiary support. In patients with defined syndromes in structurally normal hearts, AADs can offer tailored therapies in prevention of SCD and improvement in quality of life. Further clinical trials are warranted to investigate the role of newer therapeutic options and for the direct comparison of established AADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Larson
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.L.); (L.R.)
| | - Lucas Rich
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.L.); (L.R.)
| | - Amrish Deshmukh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (A.D.); (E.C.J.)
| | - Erin C. Judge
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (A.D.); (E.C.J.)
| | - Jackson J. Liang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (A.D.); (E.C.J.)
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Li J, Feng X, Wei X. Modeling hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with human cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:232. [PMID: 35659761 PMCID: PMC9166443 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02905-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the obstacles in studying the pathogenesis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the poor availability of myocardial tissue samples at the early stages of disease development. This has been addressed by the advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which allow us to differentiate patient-derived iPSCs into cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) in vitro. In this review, we summarize different approaches to establishing iPSC models and the application of genome editing techniques in iPSC. Because iPSC-CMs cultured at the present stage are immature in structure and function, researchers have attempted several methods to mature iPSC-CMs, such as prolonged culture duration, and mechanical and electrical stimulation. Currently, many researchers have established iPSC-CM models of HCM and employed diverse methods for performing measurements of cellular morphology, contractility, electrophysiological property, calcium handling, mitochondrial function, and metabolism. Here, we review published results in humans to date within the growing field of iPSC-CM models of HCM. Although there is no unified consensus, preliminary results suggest that this approach to modeling disease would provide important insights into our understanding of HCM pathogenesis and facilitate drug development and safety testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Li
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), the most common inherited heart disease, is still orphan of a specific drug treatment. The erroneous consideration of HCM as a rare disease has hampered the design and conduct of large, randomized trials in the last 50 years, and most of the indications in the current guidelines are derived from small non-randomized studies, case series, or simply from the consensus of experts. Guideline-directed therapy of HCM includes non-selective drugs such as disopyramide, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, or β-adrenergic receptor blockers, mainly used in patients with symptomatic obstruction of the outflow tract. Following promising preclinical studies, several drugs acting on potential HCM-specific targets were tested in patients. Despite the huge efforts, none of these studies was able to change clinical practice for HCM patients, because tested drugs were proven to be scarcely effective or hardly tolerated in patients. However, novel compounds have been developed in recent years specifically for HCM, addressing myocardial hypercontractility and altered energetics in a direct manner, through allosteric inhibition of myosin. In this paper, we will critically review the use of different classes of drugs in HCM patients, starting from "old" established agents up to novel selective drugs that have been recently trialed in patients.
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44
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Sayin BY, Oto A. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: Etiology-Based Therapeutic Options. Cardiol Ther 2022; 11:203-230. [PMID: 35353354 PMCID: PMC9135932 DOI: 10.1007/s40119-022-00260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the etiologies of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) can be challenging due to the similarities of the different manifestations in clinical presentation and morphological features. Depending on the underlying cause, not only left ventricular mass but also left ventricular cavity size, or both, may increase. Patients with LVH remain asymptomatic for a few years, but disease progression will lead to the development of systolic or diastolic dysfunction and end-stage heart failure. As hypertrophied cardiac muscle disrupts normal conduction, LVH predisposes to arrhythmias. Distinguishing individuals with treatable causes of LVH is important for prevention of cardiovascular events and mortality. Athletic's heart with physiological LVH does not require treatment. Frequent causes of hypertrophy include etiologies due to pressure/volume overload, such as systemic hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or infiltrative cardiac processes such as amyloidosis, Fabry disease, and sarcoidosis. Hypertension and aortic valve stenosis are the most common causes of LVH. Management of LVH involves lifestyle changes, medications, surgery, and implantable devices. In this review we systematically summarize treatments for the different patterns of cardiac hypertrophy and their impacts on outcomes while informing clinicians on advances in the treatment of LVH due to Fabry disease, cardiac amyloidosis, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Oto
- Department of Cardiology, Memorial Ankara Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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45
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Cervantes DO, Pizzo E, Ketkar H, Parambath SP, Tang S, Cianflone E, Cannata A, Vinukonda G, Jain S, Jacobson JT, Rota M. Scn1b expression in the adult mouse heart modulates Na + influx in myocytes and reveals a mechanistic link between Na + entry and diastolic function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H975-H993. [PMID: 35394857 PMCID: PMC9076421 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00465.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are macromolecular assemblies composed of a number of proteins regulating channel conductance and properties. VGSCs generate Na+ current (INa) in myocytes and play fundamental roles in excitability and impulse conduction in the heart. Moreover, VGSCs condition mechanical properties of the myocardium, a process that appears to involve the late component of INa. Variants in the gene SCN1B, encoding the VGSC β1- and β1B-subunits, result in inherited neurological disorders and cardiac arrhythmias. But the precise contributions of β1/β1B-subunits and VGSC integrity to the overall function of the adult heart remain to be clarified. For this purpose, adult mice with cardiac-restricted, inducible deletion of Scn1b (conditional knockout, cKO) were studied. Myocytes from cKO mice had increased densities of fast (+20%)- and slow (+140%)-inactivating components of INa, with respect to control cells. By echocardiography and invasive hemodynamics, systolic function was preserved in cKO mice, but diastolic properties and ventricular compliance were compromised, with respect to control animals. Importantly, inhibition of late INa with GS967 normalized left ventricular filling pattern and isovolumic relaxation time in cKO mice. At the cellular level, cKO myocytes presented delayed kinetics of Ca2+ transients and cell mechanics, defects that were corrected by inhibition of INa. Collectively, these results document that VGSC β1/β1B-subunits modulate electrical and mechanical function of the heart by regulating, at least in part, Na+ influx in cardiomyocytes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have investigated the consequences of deletion of Scn1b, the gene encoding voltage-gated sodium channel β1-subunits, on myocyte and cardiac function. Our findings support the notion that Scn1b expression controls properties of Na+ influx and Ca2+ cycling in cardiomyocytes affecting the modality of cell contraction and relaxation. These effects at the cellular level condition electrical recovery and diastolic function in vivo, substantiating the multifunctional role of β1-subunits in the physiology of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuele Pizzo
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Harshada Ketkar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Sreema P Parambath
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Samantha Tang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Eleonora Cianflone
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Cannata
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sudhir Jain
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Jason T Jacobson
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York
| | - Marcello Rota
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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46
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Edelberg JM, Sehnert AJ, Mealiffe ME, Del Rio CL, McDowell R. The Impact of Mavacamten on the Pathophysiology of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Narrative Review. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2022; 22:497-510. [PMID: 35435607 PMCID: PMC9467968 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-022-00532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a chronic, progressive disease of the cardiomyocyte with a diverse and heterogeneous clinical presentation and course. This diversity and heterogeneity have added to the complexity of modeling the pathophysiological pathways that contribute to the disease burden. The development of novel therapeutic approaches targeting precise mechanisms within the underlying biology of HCM provides a tool to model and test these pathways. Here, we integrate the results of clinical observations with mavacamten, an allosteric, selective, and reversible inhibitor of cardiac myosin, the motor unit of the sarcomere, to develop an integrated pathophysiological pathway model of HCM, confirming the key role of excess sarcomeric activity. This model may serve as a foundation to understand the role of HCM pathophysiological pathways in the clinical presentation of the disease, and how a targeted therapeutic intervention capable of normalizing sarcomeric activity and repopulating low-energy utilization states may reduce the impact of these pathways in HCM and potentially related disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M Edelberg
- Clinical Development, Cardiovascular Global Drug Development, MyoKardia, Inc., A Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Bristol Myers Squibb, Brisbane, CA, USA
| | - Amy J Sehnert
- Clinical Development, Cardiovascular Global Drug Development, MyoKardia, Inc., A Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Bristol Myers Squibb, Brisbane, CA, USA
| | - Matthew E Mealiffe
- Early Clinical Development, MyoKardia, Inc., A Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Bristol Myers Squibb, Brisbane, CA, USA
| | - Carlos L Del Rio
- Clinical Development, Cardiovascular Global Drug Development, MyoKardia, Inc., A Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Bristol Myers Squibb, Brisbane, CA, USA
| | - Robert McDowell
- Research & Early Development, MyoKardia, Inc., A Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Bristol Myers Squibb, 1000 Sierra Point Parkway, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA.
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47
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Day SM, Tardiff JC, Ostap EM. Myosin modulators: emerging approaches for the treatment of cardiomyopathies and heart failure. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:148557. [PMID: 35229734 PMCID: PMC8884898 DOI: 10.1172/jci148557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin modulators are a novel class of pharmaceutical agents that are being developed to treat patients with a range of cardiomyopathies. The therapeutic goal of these drugs is to target cardiac myosins directly to modulate contractility and cardiac power output to alleviate symptoms that lead to heart failure and arrhythmias, without altering calcium signaling. In this Review, we discuss two classes of drugs that have been developed to either activate (omecamtiv mecarbil) or inhibit (mavacamten) cardiac contractility by binding to β-cardiac myosin (MYH7). We discuss progress in understanding the mechanisms by which the drugs alter myosin mechanochemistry, and we provide an appraisal of the results from clinical trials of these drugs, with consideration for the importance of disease heterogeneity and genetic etiology for predicting treatment benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene M Day
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jil C Tardiff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - E Michael Ostap
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute and Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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48
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Ranolazine: An Old Drug with Emerging Potential; Lessons from Pre-Clinical and Clinical Investigations for Possible Repositioning. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:ph15010031. [PMID: 35056088 PMCID: PMC8777683 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is a significant public health problem with high mortality and morbidity. Extensive scientific investigations from basic sciences to clinics revealed multilevel alterations from metabolic imbalance, altered electrophysiology, and defective Ca2+/Na+ homeostasis leading to lethal arrhythmias. Despite the recent identification of numerous molecular targets with potential therapeutic interest, a pragmatic observation on the current pharmacological R&D output confirms the lack of new therapeutic offers to patients. By contrast, from recent trials, molecules initially developed for other fields of application have shown cardiovascular benefits, as illustrated with some anti-diabetic agents, regardless of the presence or absence of diabetes, emphasizing the clear advantage of “old” drug repositioning. Ranolazine is approved as an antianginal agent and has a favorable overall safety profile. This drug, developed initially as a metabolic modulator, was also identified as an inhibitor of the cardiac late Na+ current, although it also blocks other ionic currents, including the hERG/Ikr K+ current. The latter actions have been involved in this drug’s antiarrhythmic effects, both on supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias (VA). However, despite initial enthusiasm and promising development in the cardiovascular field, ranolazine is only authorized as a second-line treatment in patients with chronic angina pectoris, notwithstanding its antiarrhythmic properties. A plausible reason for this is the apparent difficulty in linking the clinical benefits to the multiple molecular actions of this drug. Here, we review ranolazine’s experimental and clinical knowledge on cardiac metabolism and arrhythmias. We also highlight advances in understanding novel effects on neurons, the vascular system, skeletal muscles, blood sugar control, and cancer, which may open the way to reposition this “old” drug alone or in combination with other medications.
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49
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Ananthakrishna R, Lee SL, Foote J, Sallustio BC, Binda G, Mangoni AA, Woodman R, Semsarian C, Horowitz JD, Selvanayagam JB. Randomized controlled trial of perhexiline on regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (RESOLVE-HCM trial). Am Heart J 2021; 240:101-113. [PMID: 34175315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence and extent of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a major determinant of symptoms in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). There is increasing evidence to suggest that myocardial energetic impairment represents a central mechanism leading to LVH in HCM. There is currently a significant unmet need for disease-modifying therapy that regresses LVH in HCM patients. Perhexiline, a potent carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1) inhibitor, improves myocardial energetics in HCM, and has the potential to reduce LVH in HCM. OBJECTIVE The primary objective is to evaluate the effects of perhexiline treatment on the extent of LVH, in symptomatic HCM patients with at least moderate LVH. METHODS/DESIGN RESOLVE-HCM is a prospective, multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial enrolling symptomatic HCM patients with at least moderate LVH. Sixty patients will be randomized to receive either perhexiline or matching placebo. The primary endpoint is change in LVH, assessed utilizing cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, after 12-months treatment with perhexiline. SUMMARY RESOLVE-HCM will provide novel information on the utility of perhexiline in regression of LVH in symptomatic HCM patients. A positive result would lead to the design of a Phase 3 clinical trial addressing long-term effects of perhexiline on risk of heart failure and mortality in HCM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Ananthakrishna
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sau L Lee
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jonathon Foote
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Benedetta C Sallustio
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Giulia Binda
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Arduino A Mangoni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Richard Woodman
- Flinders Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christopher Semsarian
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - John D Horowitz
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Joseph B Selvanayagam
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia.
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50
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Coppini R, Santini L, Olivotto I, Ackerman MJ, Cerbai E. Abnormalities in sodium current and calcium homoeostasis as drivers of arrhythmogenesis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 116:1585-1599. [PMID: 32365196 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common inherited monogenic disease with a prevalence of 1/500 in the general population, representing an important cause of arrhythmic sudden cardiac death (SCD), heart failure, and atrial fibrillation in the young. HCM is a global condition, diagnosed in >50 countries and in all continents. HCM affects people of both sexes and various ethnic and racial origins, with similar clinical course and phenotypic expression. The most unpredictable and devastating consequence of HCM is represented by arrhythmic SCD, most commonly caused by sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Indeed, HCM represents one of the main causes of arrhythmic SCD in the young, with a marked preference for children and adults <30 years. SCD is most prevalent in patients with paediatric onset of HCM but may occur at any age. However, risk is substantially lower after 60 years, suggesting that the potential for ventricular tachyarrhythmias is mitigated by ageing. SCD had been linked originally to sports and vigorous activity in HCM patients. However, it is increasingly clear that the majority of events occurs at rest or during routine daily occupations, suggesting that triggers are far from consistent. In general, the pathophysiology of SCD in HCM remains unresolved. While the pathologic and physiologic substrates abound and have been described in detail, specific factors precipitating ventricular tachyarrhythmias are still unknown. SCD is a rare phenomenon in HCM cohorts (<1%/year) and attempts to identify patients at risk, while generating clinically useful algorithms for primary prevention, remain very inaccurate on an individual basis. One of the reasons for our limited understanding of these phenomena is that limited translational research exists in the field, while most efforts have focused on clinical markers of risk derived from pathology, instrumental patient evaluation, and imaging. Specifically, few studies conducted in animal models and human samples have focused on targeting the cellular mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis in HCM, despite potential implications for therapeutic innovation and SCD prevention. These studies found that altered intracellular Ca2+ homoeostasis and increased late Na+ current, leading to an increased likelihood of early and delayed after-depolarizations, contribute to generate arrhythmic events in diseased cardiomyocytes. As an array of novel experimental opportunities have emerged to investigate these mechanisms, including novel 'disease-in-the-dish' cellular models with patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, important gaps in knowledge remain. Accordingly, the aim of the present review is to provide a contemporary reappraisal of the cellular basis of SCD-predisposing arrhythmias in patients with HCM and discuss the implications for risk stratification and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Coppini
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Santini
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Iacopo Olivotto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3 - 50134 Florence, Italy.,Cardiomyopathy Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Michael J Ackerman
- Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, USA.,Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elisabetta Cerbai
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Laboratory of Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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