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Xia B, Lu Y, Liang J, Li F, Peng J, Wang J, Wan C, Ding J, Le C, Dai J, Guo B, Shen Z. Association of GAL-8 promoter methylation levels with coronary plaque inflammation. Int J Cardiol 2024; 401:131782. [PMID: 38246423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2024.131782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a condition that carries a high risk of mortality and is associated with aging. CHD is characterized by the chronic inflammatory response of the coronary intima. Recent studies have shown that the methylation level of blood mononuclear cell DNA is closely associated with adverse events in CHD, but the roles and mechanisms of DNA methylation in CHD remain elusive. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, the DNA methylation status within the epigenome of human coronary tissue in the sudden coronary death (SCD) group and control (CON) group of coronary heart disease was analyzed using the Illumina® Infinium Methylation EPIC BeadChip (850 K chip), resulting in the identification of a total of 2553 differentially methylated genes (DMGs). The differentially methylated genes were then subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, and significant differential DNA methylation was found. Among the differentially hypomethylated genes were GAL-8, LTF, and RFPL3, while the highly methylated genes were TMEM9B, ANK3, and C6orF48. These genes were mainly enriched in 10 significantly enriched pathways, such as cell adhesion junctions, among which the differentially methylated gene GAL-8 was involved in inflammatory pathway signaling. For functional analysis of GAL-8, we first examined the differences in GAL-8 promoter methylation levels among different subgroups of human coronary tissue in the CON, CHD, and SCD groups using pyrophosphate sequencing. The results revealed reduced GAL-8 promoter methylation levels in the SCD group, while the difference between the CHD and CON groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The reduced GAL-8 promoter methylation level was associated with upregulated GAL-8 expression, which led to increased expression of the inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, MIP-2, MMP-2, and MMP-9. This enhanced inflammatory response contributed to the accumulation of foam cells, thickening of the intima of human coronary arteries, and increased luminal stenosis, which promoted the occurrence of sudden coronary death. Next, we found that GAL-8 promoter methylation levels in PBMC were consistent with human coronary tissue. The unstable angina group (UAP) had significantly lower GAL-8 promoter methylation levels than stable angina (SAP) and healthy controls (CON) (P < 0.05), and there was a significant correlation between reduced GAL-8 promoter methylation levels and risk factors for coronary heart disease. These findings highlight the association between decreased GAL-8 promoter methylation and the presence of coronary heart disease risk factors. ROC curve analysis suggests that methylation of the GAL 8 promoter region is an independent risk factor for CHD. In conclusion, our study confirmed differential expression of GAL-8, LTF, MUC4D, TMEM9B, MYOM2, and ANK3 genes due to DNA methylation in the SCD group. We also established the consistency of GAL-8 promoter methylation alterations between human coronary tissue and patient peripheral blood monocytes. The decreased methylation level of the GAL-8 promoter may be related to the increased expression of GAL-8 and the coronary risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Accordingly, we hypothesized that reduced levels of GAL-8 promoter methylation may be an independent risk factor for adverse events in coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xia
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Yanlin Lu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, China; School of Medicine and Science and Technology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jingwei Liang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Fangqin Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Jin Peng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Changwu Wan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Jiuyang Ding
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Cuiyun Le
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Jialin Dai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Bing Guo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, China; Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, China.
| | - Zheng Shen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, China; Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, China.
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Tian S, Wang Y, Wan J, Yang M, Fu Z. Co-stimulators CD40-CD40L, a potential immune-therapy target for atherosclerosis: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37718. [PMID: 38579073 PMCID: PMC10994492 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The interaction between CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD40L) a crucial co-stimulatory signal for activating adaptive immune cells, has a noteworthy role in atherosclerosis. It is well-known that atherosclerosis is linked to immune inflammation in blood vessels. In atherosclerotic lesions, there is a multitude of proinflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, and collagen, as well as smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes, particularly the binding of CD40 and CD40L. Therefore, research on inhibiting the CD40-CD40L system to prevent atherosclerosis has been ongoing for more than 30 years. However, it's essential to note that long-term direct suppression of CD40 or CD40L could potentially result in immunosuppression, emphasizing the critical role of the CD40-CD40L system in atherosclerosis. Thus, specifically targeting the CD40-CD40L interaction on particular cell types or their downstream signaling pathways may be a robust strategy for mitigating atherosclerosis, reducing potential side effects. This review aims to summarize the potential utility of the CD40-CD40L system as a viable therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Tian
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Nursing Teaching and Research Office, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Wan
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenkun Fu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin, China
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Setlhare B, Letsoalo M, Nkabinde SA, Nkabinde M, Mzobe G, Mtshali A, Parveen S, Ngcobo S, Invernizzi L, Maharaj V, Ngcobo M, Gqaleni N. An in vitro study to elucidate the effects of product Nkabinde on immune response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1308913. [PMID: 38533263 PMCID: PMC10963514 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1308913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A significant number of the South African population still rely on traditional medicines (TM) as their primary healthcare due to their belief in their holistic healing and immune-boosting properties. However, little to no scientific data is available on the effects of most TM products on cytokine and cellular biomarkers of the immune response. Here, we evaluated the impact of traditional medicine [Product Nkabinde (PN)] in inducing cellular and cytokine biomarkers of inflammation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from eight healthy volunteers. Methods: PN was supplied by a local Traditional Health Practitioner (THP). The IC50 (half maximum concentration) of the standardized extract on isolated PBMCs was established using the cell viability assay over 24 h of incubation. Luminex and flow cytometry assays were used to measure cytokine and cellular levels in PBMCs stimulated with PN and/or PHA over 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Results: The IC50 concentration of PN in treated PBMCs was established at 325.3 μg/mL. In the cellular activation assay, the percentages of CD38-HLA-DR + on total CD4+ T cells were significantly increased in PBMCs stimulated with PN compared to unstimulated controls after 24 h (p = 0.008). PN significantly induced the production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 (p = 0.041); proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α (p = 0.003), TNF-α (p < 0.0001); and chemokine MIP-1β (p = 0.046) compared to the unstimulated control after 24 h. At 48 h incubation, the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α (p = 0.034) and TNF-α (p = 0.011) were significantly induced following treatment with PN. Conclusion: We conclude that the PN possesses in vitro immunomodulatory properties that may influence immune and inflammatory responses. More studies using PN are needed to further understand key parameters mediating induction, expression, and regulation of the immune response in the context of pathogen-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boitumelo Setlhare
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Marothi Letsoalo
- Centre for Aids Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Siphathimandla Authority Nkabinde
- Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Magugu Nkabinde
- Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gugulethu Mzobe
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for Aids Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andile Mtshali
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for Aids Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sobia Parveen
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for Aids Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Samukelisiwe Ngcobo
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for Aids Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Luke Invernizzi
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Vinesh Maharaj
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mlungisi Ngcobo
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nceba Gqaleni
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Britsch S, Langer H, Duerschmied D, Becher T. The Evolving Role of Dendritic Cells in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2450. [PMID: 38397127 PMCID: PMC10888834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, is characterized by chronic inflammation of the arterial wall. This inflammatory process is initiated and maintained by both innate and adaptive immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs), which are antigen-presenting cells, play a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis and consist of various subtypes with distinct functional abilities. Following the recognition and binding of antigens, DCs become potent activators of cellular responses, bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems. The modulation of specific DC subpopulations can have either pro-atherogenic or atheroprotective effects, highlighting the dual pro-inflammatory or tolerogenic roles of DCs. In this work, we provide a comprehensive overview of the evolving roles of DCs and their subtypes in the promotion or limitation of atherosclerosis development. Additionally, we explore antigen pulsing and pharmacological approaches to modulate the function of DCs in the context of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Britsch
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, Centre for Acute Cardiovascular Medicine Mannheim (ZKAM), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Mannheim, Germany; (H.L.); (D.D.); (T.B.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 13092 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Harald Langer
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, Centre for Acute Cardiovascular Medicine Mannheim (ZKAM), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Mannheim, Germany; (H.L.); (D.D.); (T.B.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 13092 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Duerschmied
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, Centre for Acute Cardiovascular Medicine Mannheim (ZKAM), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Mannheim, Germany; (H.L.); (D.D.); (T.B.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 13092 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Becher
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, Centre for Acute Cardiovascular Medicine Mannheim (ZKAM), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Mannheim, Germany; (H.L.); (D.D.); (T.B.)
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Shen X, Zhang R, Nie X, Yang Y, Hua Y, Lü P. 4-1BB Targeting Immunotherapy: Mechanism, Antibodies, and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2023; 38:431-444. [PMID: 37433196 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2023.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137, TNFRSF9) is a type I transmembrane protein which binds its natural ligand, 4-1BBL. This interaction has been exploited to improve cancer immunotherapy. With ligand binding by 4-1BB, the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway is activated, which results in transcription of corresponding genes such as interleukin-2 and interferon-γ, as well as the induction of T cell proliferation and antiapoptotic signals. Moreover, monoclonal antibodies that target-4-1BB, for example, Urelumab and Utomilumab, are widely used in the treatments of B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, and other solid tumors. Furthermore, 4-1BB as a costimulatory domain, for chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells, improves T cell proliferation and survival as well as reduces T cell exhaustion. As such, a deeper understanding of 4-1BB will contribute to improvements in cancer immunotherapy. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current 4-1BB studies, with a focus on the use of targeting-4-1BB antibodies and 4-1BB activation domains in CAR-T cells for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Rusong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaojuan Nie
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yanhua Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ye Hua
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Peng Lü
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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6
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Malkawi AK, Nimer RM, Almogren M, Masood A, Alarfaj AS, Benabdelkamel H, Abdel Rahman AM, Siaj M. Quantitative analysis of soluble costimulatory molecules as potential diagnostic biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis using LC-MS/MS in MRM mode. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 548:117501. [PMID: 37516334 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease. RA-induced immunological responses are coordinated by T-cell stimulation. The costimulatory signal CD28-B7 is essential for T-cell activation by interacting CD28 with CD80 and CD86 costimulatory proteins. CTLA4 is another costimulatory protein that binds to CD80 and CD86 to inhibit T-cell activity. The soluble costimulatory proteins: sCD80, sCD86, sCD28, and sCTLA-4 were detected and quantified in human plasma and correlated with RA development. As potential diagnostic biomarkers for RA, developing a sensitive, specific, and reproducible method for quantifying these costimulatory molecules in human plasma and establishing quantitative ranges for each protein in healthy and RA patients' plasma is essential for advancing the clinical diagnostic and health outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A novel quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes was developed and validated to measure soluble costimulatory molecules sCTLA4, sCD28, sCD80, and sCD86 in human plasma samples. Furthermore, the method was applied to determine sCTLA4, sCD28, sCD80, and sCD86 levels in plasma samples from RA patients (n = 23) and healthy controls (n = 21). RESULTS The method was successfully developed and validated according to international inter- and intra-assay precision and accuracy guidelines. The linearity of the method was achieved between 0.5 nM and 100 nM for each protein with a correlation coefficient of > 0.998. The plasma level of sCTLA4, sCD80, and sCD86 in RA patients was significantly elevated compared to controls. RA patients had 63.32 ± 17.63 nM sCTLA4 and controls 36.05 ± 18.83 nM; p < 0.0001. The performance of the four proteins was determined using ROC curves, where sCTLA4 showed the highest diagnostic and clinical performance compared to the others. CONCLUSIONS This study reports the first use of LC-MS/MS in MRM mode to accurately quantify soluble costimulatory molecules in plasma samples as potential RA diagnostic biomarkers. Determination of the reference range for each protein with high selectivity and sensitivity increases the potential for utilizing this method as a clinical diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer K Malkawi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C3P8, Canada
| | - Refat M Nimer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Maha Almogren
- Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afshan Masood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C3P8, Canada
| | - Abdulrahman S Alarfaj
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hicham Benabdelkamel
- Proteomics Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925 (98), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas M Abdel Rahman
- Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Mohamed Siaj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C3P8, Canada.
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Cimmino G, Loffredo FS, De Rosa G, Cirillo P. Colchicine in Athero-Thrombosis: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032483. [PMID: 36768804 PMCID: PMC9917272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have clearly indicated that inflammation plays a pivotal role in the development of atherosclerosis and of its thrombotic complications such as acute coronary syndromes or ischemic stroke. Thus, it has been postulated that the use of anti-inflammatory agents might be extremely useful to improve cardiovascular outcome. Recently, increasing attention has been reserved to one of the oldest plant-derived drugs still in use in clinical practice, colchicine that has been used as drug to treat inflammatory diseases such gout or Mediterranean fever. To date, current guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology have included colchicine as first line choice for treatment of acute and recurrent pericarditis. Moreover, several studies have investigated its role in the clinical scenarios of cardiovascular disease including chronic and acute coronary syndromes with promising results. In this review, starting from a description of the mechanism(s) involved behind its anti-inflammatory effects, we give an overview on its potential effects in atherothrombosis and finally present an updated overview of clinical evidence on the role of this drug in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-7064239
| | - Francesco S. Loffredo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro De Rosa
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Plinio Cirillo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
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8
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Chen J, Xiang X, Nie L, Guo X, Zhang F, Wen C, Xia Y, Mao L. The emerging role of Th1 cells in atherosclerosis and its implications for therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1079668. [PMID: 36685487 PMCID: PMC9849744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1079668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease of the large and medium-sized artery walls. The molecular mechanisms regulating the onset and progression of atherosclerosis remain unclear. T cells, one of the most common immune cell types in atherosclerotic plaques, are increasingly recognized as a key mediator in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Th1 cells are a subset of CD4+ T helper cells of the adaptive immune system, characterized by the expression of the transcription factor T-bet and secretion of cytokines such as IFN-γ. Converging evidence shows that Th1 cells play a key role in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Besides, Th1 is the central mediator to orchestrate the adaptive immune system. In this review, we aim to summarize the complex role of Th1 cells in atherosclerosis and propose novel preventative and therapeutic approaches targeting Th1 cell-associated specific cytokines and receptors to prevent atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lei Nie
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Wen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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9
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Yang M, Tian S, Lin Z, Fu Z, Li C. Costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules of B7-CD28 family in cardiovascular atherosclerosis: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31667. [PMID: 36397436 PMCID: PMC9666218 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports the active involvement of vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis pathogenesis. Vascular inflammatory events within atherosclerotic plaques are predominated by innate antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells, macrophages, and adaptive immune cells such as T lymphocytes. The interaction between APCs and T cells is essential for the initiation and progression of vascular inflammation during atherosclerosis formation. B7-CD28 family members that provide either costimulatory or coinhibitory signals to T cells are important mediators of the cross-talk between APCs and T cells. The balance of different functional members of the B7-CD28 family shapes T cell responses during inflammation. Recent studies from both mouse and preclinical models have shown that targeting costimulatory molecules on APCs and T cells may be effective in treating vascular inflammatory diseases, especially atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding how APC and T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by focusing on B7-CD28 family members and provide insight into the immunotherapeutic potential of targeting B7-CD28 family members in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Electrophysiological Center of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Simeng Tian
- Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhoujun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenkun Fu
- Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Immunology, Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin, China
- * Correspondence: Zhenkun Fu, Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (e-mail. ); Chenggang Li, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (e-mail. )
| | - Chenggang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- * Correspondence: Zhenkun Fu, Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (e-mail. ); Chenggang Li, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (e-mail. )
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10
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Lu TZ, Liu X, Wu CS, Ma ZY, Wang Y, Zhang YA, Zhang XJ. Molecular and Functional Analyses of the Primordial Costimulatory Molecule CD80/86 and Its Receptors CD28 and CD152 (CTLA-4) in a Teleost Fish. Front Immunol 2022; 13:885005. [PMID: 35784316 PMCID: PMC9245511 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.885005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The moderate activation of T cells in mammals requires the costimulatory molecules, CD80 and CD86, on antigen-presenting cells to interact with their respective T cell receptors, CD28 and CD152 (CTLA-4), to promote costimulatory signals. In contrast, teleost fish (except salmonids) only possess CD80/86 as their sole primordial costimulatory molecule. However, the mechanism, which underlies the interaction between CD80/86 and its receptors CD28 and CD152 still requires elucidation. In this study, we cloned and identified the CD80/86, CD28, and CD152 genes of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The mRNA expression analysis showed that CD80/86, CD28, and CD152 were constitutively expressed in various tissues. Further analysis revealed that CD80/86 was highly expressed in IgM+ B cells. Conversely, CD28 and CD152 were highly expressed in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Subcellular localization illustrated that CD80/86, CD28, and CD152 are all located on the cell membrane. A yeast two-hybrid assay exhibited that CD80/86 can bind with both CD28 and CD152. In vivo assay showed that the expression of CD80/86 was rapidly upregulated in Aeromonas hydrophila infected fish compared to the control fish. However, the expression of CD28 and CD152 presented the inverse trend, suggesting that teleost fish may regulate T cell activation through the differential expression of CD28 and CD152. Importantly, we discovered that T cells were more likely to be activated by A. hydrophila after CD152 was blocked by anti-CD152 antibodies. This suggests that the teleost CD152 is an inhibitory receptor of T cell activation, which is similar to the mammalian CD152. Overall, this study begins to define the interaction feature between primordial CD80/86 and its receptors CD28 and CD152 in teleost fish, alongside providing a cross-species understanding of the evolution of the costimulatory signals throughout vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Zhen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang-Song Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zi-You Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Yong-An Zhang, ; Xu-Jie Zhang,
| | - Xu-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Yong-An Zhang, ; Xu-Jie Zhang,
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11
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Dasagrandhi D, Muthuswamy A, Swaminathan JK. Atherosclerosis: nexus of vascular dynamics and cellular cross talks. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:571-584. [PMID: 34845570 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the foremost cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is the underlying pathology behind CVDs. Atherosclerosis is manifested predominantly by lipid deposition, plaque formation, and inflammation in vascular intima. Initiation and progression of plaque require many years. With aging, atherosclerotic plaques become vulnerable. Localization of these plaques in the coronary artery leads to myocardial infarction. A complete understanding of the pathophysiology of this multifaceted disease is necessary to achieve the clinical goal to provide early diagnosis and the best therapeutics. The triggering factors of atherosclerosis are biomechanical forces, hyperlipidemia, and chronic inflammatory response. The current review focuses on crucial determinants involved in the disease, such as location, hemodynamic factors, oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, and the role of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and immune cells, and better therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Dasagrandhi
- Drug Discovery and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India
| | - Anusuyadevi Muthuswamy
- Molecular Neurogerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India
| | - Jayachandran Kesavan Swaminathan
- Drug Discovery and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India.
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12
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Nicotinamide Breaks Effector CD8 T cell Responses by Targeting mTOR Signaling. iScience 2022; 25:103932. [PMID: 35243268 PMCID: PMC8886054 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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13
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Yoo JY, Sniffen S, McGill Percy KC, Pallaval VB, Chidipi B. Gut Dysbiosis and Immune System in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ACVD). Microorganisms 2022; 10:108. [PMID: 35056557 PMCID: PMC8780459 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease and mortality worldwide. Alterations in the gut microbiota composition, known as gut dysbiosis, have been shown to contribute to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) development through several pathways. Disruptions in gut homeostasis are associated with activation of immune processes and systemic inflammation. The gut microbiota produces several metabolic products, such as trimethylamine (TMA), which is used to produce the proatherogenic metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetate, butyrate, and propionate, and certain bile acids (BAs) produced by the gut microbiota lead to inflammation resolution and decrease atherogenesis. Chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with common risk factors for atherosclerosis, including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and obesity. Novel strategies for reducing ACVD include the use of nutraceuticals such as resveratrol, modification of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels, supplementation with probiotics, and administration of prebiotic SCFAs and BAs. Investigation into the relationship between the gut microbiota, and its metabolites, and the host immune system could reveal promising insights into ACVD development, prognostic factors, and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Youn Yoo
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, 1200 Volunteer Blvd, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sarah Sniffen
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kyle Craig McGill Percy
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Bojjibabu Chidipi
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 78, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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14
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Cirillo P, Conte S, Pellegrino G, Barra G, De Palma R, Sugraliyev A, Golino P, Cimmino G. Effects of colchicine on tissue factor in oxLDL-activated T-lymphocytes. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021; 53:739-749. [PMID: 34671897 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-021-02585-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that T-cells might be involved in pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Tissue factor (TF) plays a key role in ACS. Many evidences have indicated that some statins reduce TF expression in several cell types. However, literature about rosuvastatin and TF and about statins effects on T-cells is still scanty. Colchicine is an anti-inflammatory drug recently proven to have beneficial effects in ACS via unknown mechanisms. This study investigates the effects of colchicine and rosuvastatin on TF expression in oxLDL-activated T-cells. T-cells, isolated from buffy coats of healthy volunteers, were stimulated with oxLDL (50 µg/dL). T-cells were pre-incubated with colchicine (10 µM) or rosuvastatin (5 µM) for 1 h and then stimulated with oxLDL (50 μg/mL). TF gene (RT-PCR), protein (western blot), surface expression (FACS) and procoagulant activity (FXa generation assay) were measured. NF-κB/IκB axis was examined by western blot analysis and translocation assay. Colchicine and rosuvastatin significantly reduced TF gene, and protein expression and procoagulant activity in oxLDL stimulated T-cells. This effect was associated with a significant reduction in TF surface expression as well as its procoagulant activity. These phenomena appear modulated by drug effects on the transcription factor NF-kB. Rosuvastatin and colchicine prevent TF expression in oxLDL-stimulated T-cells by modulating the NF-κB/IκB axis. Thus, we speculate that this might be another mechanism by which these drugs exert benefic cardiovascular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plinio Cirillo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefano Conte
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Grazia Pellegrino
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giusi Barra
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Akhmetzhan Sugraliyev
- Department of Internal Disease, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Paolo Golino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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15
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Liu W, Yang Z, Chen Y, Yang H, Wan X, Zhou X, Liu R, Zhang Y. The Association Between CTLA-4, CD80/86, and CD28 Gene Polymorphisms and Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Original Study and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:598076. [PMID: 33604347 PMCID: PMC7884472 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.598076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is related to several pivotal susceptibility genes, including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and costimulatory molecule (CD80/CD86) genes. Although the connection between polymorphisms of CTLA-4 and CD86 genes in different populations of RA have been studied extensively, the results are controversial. Objective: To clarify the correlation in the Chinese Han population between CTLA-4, CD80/86, and CD28 gene polymorphisms, and RA susceptibility. Methods: A case-control study (574 RA patients and 804 controls) was conducted to determine the correlation between CTLA-4 rs231775 and rs16840252 gene polymorphisms, CD86 rs17281995 gene polymorphisms, and the risk of RA for the Chinese Han population. Furthermore, an additional meta-analysis, including three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (CTLA-4 rs231775, CTLA-4 rs3087243, and CTLA-4 rs5742909) from 32 citations, including 43 studies, 24,703 cases and 23,825 controls was performed to elucidate the relationship between known SNPs in the CTLA-4 genes and RA for more robust conclusions. Results: The results showed that CTLA-4 rs231775 gene polymorphism decreased the RA risk (GA vs. AA, OR = 0.77, P = 0.025), whereas CTLA-4 rs16840252 and CD86 rs17281995 gene polymorphisms were not related to RA susceptibility. Stratification analyses by RF, ACPA, CRP, ESR, DAS28, and functional class identified significant associations for CTLA-4 rs231775 and rs16840252 gene polymorphisms in the RF-positive and RF-negative groups. A meta-analysis of the literature on CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms and RA risk revealed that the risk of RA was decreased by CTLA-4 rs231775 gene polymorphisms. Conclusions: The CTLA-4 rs231775 gene polymorphism decreased the risk of RA, whereas CTLA-4 rs16840252 and CD86 rs17281995 gene polymorphisms were not related to RA risk. A meta-analysis indicated that CTLA-4 rs231775 and rs3087243 gene polymorphisms decreased the risk of RA. To support these analytical results, additional clinical cases should be investigated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhicheng Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxian Wan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xindie Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ruiping Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yunkun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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16
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Zhong Z, Zhang Q, Tan L, Guo X, Gan C. T cell co-stimulator inducible co-stimulatory (ICOS) exerts potential anti-atherosclerotic roles through downregulation of vascular smooth muscle phagocytosis and proliferation. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 8:1597. [PMID: 33437796 PMCID: PMC7791234 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-7342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease. The role of the immune system in the etiology of the disease, particularly T cells, has been widely studied and is well established. T cell activation directly regulates co-signaling molecules present in immune synapses. Targeting one or several of these co-signaling molecules can inhibit T cell-mediated inflammation and delay or reduce AS. In recent years, this strategy has increasingly become a research focus. As such, we explored the role and therapeutic potential of the T cell co-stimulatory molecule inducible co-stimulatory (ICOS) in AS. Methods We compared the expression of ICOS in early AS lesions occurring in ApoE-deficient (ApoE-KO) rats fed a fat-diet and wild type (WT) rats fed the same diet. Eight-week old ApoE-KO and WT rats [ApoE-KO(0) and WT(0)] were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks [ApoE-KO(16) and WT(16)]. ICOS expression in aortic tissues was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, and confocal microscopy. The effect of ICOS overexpression in a transfected human T cell line on the phagocytosis and proliferation of co-cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) was studied in vitro. Results Compared with WT(0), ApoE-KO(0), and WT(16) rats, ICOS expression in ApoE-KO(16) rats was significantly down-regulated both at the mRNA and protein levels. In vitro experiments indicated that ICOS overexpression reduces phagocytosis and proliferation by HASMCs, and may therefore produce an anti-atherosclerotic effect. Conclusions The immune synaptic co-signaling molecule ICOS has an anti-atherosclerotic effect through inhibition of HASMC phagocytosis and proliferation, and can be used to delay plaque formation during the early stages of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Zhong
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical, Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou, China
| | - Qunji Zhang
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical, Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou, China
| | - Linkai Tan
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical, Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou, China
| | - Xuemin Guo
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical, Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou, China
| | - Caiyan Gan
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical, Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou, China
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17
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Li H, Zou J, Yu XH, Ou X, Tang CK. Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 and atherosclerosis: New insights and therapeutic potential. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4216-4230. [PMID: 33275290 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), an important transcription factor belonging to the ZEB family, plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression required for both normal physiological and pathological processes. Accumulating evidence has shown that ZEB1 participates in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Recent studies suggest that ZEB1 protects against atherosclerosis by regulation of endothelial cell angiogenesis, endothelial dysfunction, monocyte-endothelial cell interaction, macrophage lipid accumulation, macrophage polarization, monocyte-vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) interaction, VSMC proliferation and migration, and T cell proliferation. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of ZEB1 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and provide insights into the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Instrument and Equipment Technology Laboratory of Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Jin Zou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Instrument and Equipment Technology Laboratory of Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiang Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Instrument and Equipment Technology Laboratory of Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
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18
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Todorova D, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Liu J, He J, Fu X, Xu Y. hESC-derived immune suppressive dendritic cells induce immune tolerance of parental hESC-derived allografts. EBioMedicine 2020; 62:103120. [PMID: 33242828 PMCID: PMC7695963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With their inherent capability of unlimited self-renewal and unique potential to differentiate into functional cells of the three germ layers, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold great potential in regenerative medicine. A major challenge in the application of hESC-based cell therapy is the allogeneic immune rejection of hESC-derived allografts. Methods We derived dendritic cell-like cells (DCLs) from wild type and CTLA4-Ig/PD-L1 knock-in hESCs, denoted WT DCLs and CP DCLs. The expression of DC-related genes and surface molecules was evaluated, as well as their DCL capacity to stimulate allogeneic T cells and induce regulatory T (Treg) cells in vitro. Using an immune system humanized mouse model, we investigated whether the adoptive transfer of CP DCLs can induce long-term immune tolerance of parental hESC-derived smooth muscle and cardiomyocyte allografts. Findings CP DCLs can maintain immune suppressive properties after robust inflammatory stimulation and induce Treg cells. While CP DCLs survive transiently in vivo, they induce long-term immune tolerance of parental hESC-derived allografts. Interpretation This strategy does not cause systemic immune suppression but induces immune tolerance specific for DCL-specific HLAs, and thus it presents a safe and effective approach to induce immune tolerance of allografts derived from any clinically approved hESC line. Funding NSFC, leading talents of Guangdong Province Program (No. 00201516), Key R&D Program of Guangdong Province (2019B020235003), Science and Technology Innovation Committee of Shenzhen Municipality (JCYJ20180504170301309), National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program No. 2015AA020310), Shenzhen “Sanming” Project of Medicine (SZSM201602102), Development and Reform Commission of Shenzhen Municipality (S2016004730009), CIRM (DISC2–10559).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilyana Todorova
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College, 232 Waihuan Road E, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Qu Chen
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jingjin He
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
| | - Xuemei Fu
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China; Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China..
| | - Yang Xu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College, 232 Waihuan Road E, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China.
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19
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Abstract
The role of inflammation in cardiovascular disease (CVD) is now widely accepted. Immune cells, including T cells, are influenced by inflammatory signals and contribute to the onset and progression of CVD. T cell activation is modulated by T cell co-stimulation and co-inhibition pathways. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting T cell inhibition pathways have revolutionized cancer treatment and improved survival in patients with cancer. However, ICIs might induce cardiovascular toxicity via T cell re-invigoration. With the rising use of ICIs for cancer treatment, a timely overview of the role of T cell co-stimulation and inhibition molecules in CVD is desirable. In this Review, the importance of these molecules in the pathogenesis of CVD is highlighted in preclinical studies on models of CVD such as vein graft disease, myocarditis, graft arterial disease, post-ischaemic neovascularization and atherosclerosis. This Review also discusses the therapeutic potential of targeting T cell co-stimulation and inhibition pathways to treat CVD, as well as the possible cardiovascular benefits and adverse events after treatment. Finally, the Review emphasizes that patients with cancer who are treated with ICIs should be monitored for CVD given the reported association between the use of ICIs and the risk of cardiovascular toxicity.
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20
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PD-1+ and TIGIT+ CD4 T Cells Are Associated With Coronary Artery Calcium Progression in HIV-Infected Treated Adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 81:e21-e23. [PMID: 30865177 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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VanderLaan PA, Reardon CA, Cabana VG, Wang CR, Getz GS. Invariant Natural Killer T-Cells and Total CD1d Restricted Cells Differentially Influence Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis in Low Density Receptor Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184566. [PMID: 31540125 PMCID: PMC6770011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a distinct subset of lymphocytes that bridge the innate and adaptive immune response and can be divided into type I invariant NKT cells (iNKT) and type II NKT cells. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of NKT cell on lipid metabolism and the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor deficient (LDLR−/−) mice. Mice were fed an atherogenic diet for 4 or 8 weeks and plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and atherosclerosis were measured. The selective absence of iNKT cells in Jα18−/−LDLR−/− mice led to an increase in plasma cholesterol levels in female mice. Transgenic Vα14tg/LDLR−/− mice with elevated numbers of iNKT cells had increased late atherosclerosis of the innominate artery, though absence of either iNKT cells or all NKT cells and other CD1d expressing cells had varying effects on atherosclerotic lesion burden in the ascending aortic arch and aortic root. These studies not only highlight the potential modulatory role played by NKT cells in atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism, but also raise the possibility that divergent roles may be played by iNKT and CD1d restricted cells such as type II NKT cells or other CD1d expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A VanderLaan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | | | | | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, 633 Clark St, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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22
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Cheng X, Ferino E, Hull H, Jickling GC, Ander BP, Stamova B, Sharp FR. Smoking affects gene expression in blood of patients with ischemic stroke. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:1748-1756. [PMID: 31436916 PMCID: PMC6764500 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Though cigarette smoking (CS) is a well-known risk factor for ischemic stroke (IS), there is no data on how CS affects the blood transcriptome in IS patients. METHODS We recruited IS-current smokers (IS-SM), IS-never smokers (IS-NSM), control-smokers (C-SM), and control-never smokers (C-NSM). mRNA expression was assessed on HTA-2.0 microarrays and unique as well as commonly expressed genes identified for IS-SM versus IS-NSM and C-SM versus C-NSM. RESULTS One hundred and fifty-eight genes were differentially expressed in IS-SM versus IS-NSM; 100 genes were differentially expressed in C-SM versus C-NSM; and 10 genes were common to both IS-SM and C-SM (P < 0.01; |fold change| ≥ 1.2). Functional pathway analysis showed the 158 IS-SM-regulated genes were associated with T-cell receptor, cytokine-cytokine receptor, chemokine, adipocytokine, tight junction, Jak-STAT, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, and adherens junction signaling. IS-SM showed more altered genes and functional networks than C-SM. INTERPRETATION We propose some of the 10 genes that are elevated in both IS-SM and C-SM (GRP15, LRRN3, CLDND1, ICOS, GCNT4, VPS13A, DAP3, SNORA54, HIST1H1D, and SCARNA6) might contribute to increased risk of stroke in current smokers, and some genes expressed by blood leukocytes and platelets after stroke in smokers might contribute to worse stroke outcomes that occur in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California.,Toxicology and Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Eva Ferino
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Heather Hull
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Glen C Jickling
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California.,Department of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, California
| | - Bradley P Ander
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California.,Toxicology and Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
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23
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Weiss-Sadan T, Ben-Nun Y, Maimoun D, Merquiol E, Abd-Elrahman I, Gotsman I, Blum G. A Theranostic Cathepsin Activity-Based Probe for Noninvasive Intervention in Cardiovascular Diseases. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:5731-5738. [PMID: 31534515 PMCID: PMC6735363 DOI: 10.7150/thno.34402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the common use of lipid-lowering medications, cardiovascular diseases continue to be a significant health concern. Atherosclerosis, one of the most frequent causes of cardiovascular morbidity, involves extensive inflammatory activity and remodeling of the vascular endothelium. This relentless inflammatory condition can ultimately give rise to clinical manifestations, such as ischemic heart disease or stroke. Accumulating evidence over the past decades implicates cysteine protease cathepsins in cardiovascular disorders. In particular, Cathepsins B, L, and S are over-expressed during vascular inflammation, and their activity is associated with impaired clinical outcomes. Here we took advantage of these molecular events to introduce a non-invasive detection and treatment approach to modulate vascular inflammation using a Photosensitizing quenched Activity-Based Probed (PS-qABP) that targets these proteases. Methods: We tested the application of this approach in LDL receptor-deficient mice and used non-invasive imaging and heart cross-section staining to assess the theranostic efficacy of this probe. Moreover, we used fresh human endarterectomy tissues to analyze cathepsin signals on gel, and verified cathepsin identity by mass spectrometry. Results: We showed that our PS-qABP can rapidly accumulate in areas of inflammatory atheromas in vivo, and application of light therapy profoundly reduced lesional immune cell content without affecting smooth muscle cell and collagen contents. Lastly, using human tissue samples we provided proof-of-concept for future clinical applications of this technology. Conclusions: Photodynamic therapy guided by cysteine cathepsin activity is an effective approach to reduce vascular inflammation and attenuate atherosclerosis progression. This approach could potentially be applied in clinical settings.
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24
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Jiang Y, Gao Q, Wang LY, Ma T, Zhu FL, Wang Q, Gao F, Guo C, Zhang LN. Deficiency of programmed cell death 4 affects the balance of T cell subsets in hyperlipidemic mice. Mol Immunol 2019; 112:387-393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Xu MM, Murphy PA, Vella AT. Activated T-effector seeds: cultivating atherosclerotic plaque through alternative activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H1354-H1365. [PMID: 30925075 PMCID: PMC6620674 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00148.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory pathology that precipitates substantial morbidity and mortality. Although initiated by physiological patterns of low and disturbed flow that differentially prime endothelial cells at sites of vessel branch points and curvature, the chronic, smoldering inflammation of atherosclerosis is accelerated by comorbidities involving inappropriate activation of the adaptive immune system, such as autoimmunity. The innate contributions to atherosclerosis, especially in the transition of monocyte to lipid-laden macrophage, are well established, but the mechanisms underpinning the infiltration, persistence, and effector dynamics of CD8 T cells in particular are not well understood. Adaptive immunity is centered on a classical cascade of antigen recognition and activation, costimulation, and effector cytokine secretion upon recall of antigen. However, chronic inflammation can generate alternative cues that supplant this behavior pattern and promote the retention and activation of peripherally activated T cells. Furthermore, the atherogenic foci that activated immune cell infiltrate are unique lipid-laden environments that offer a diverse array of stimuli, including those of survival, antigen hyporesponsiveness, and inflammatory cytokine expression. This review will focus on how known cardiovascular comorbidities may be influencing CD8 T-cell activation and how, once infiltrated within atherogenic foci, these T cells face a multitude of cues that skew the classical cascade of T-cell behavior, highlighting alternative modes of activation that may help contextualize associations of autoimmunity, viral infection, and immunotherapy with cardiovascular morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Patrick A Murphy
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
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26
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Wigren M, Rattik S, Yao Mattisson I, Tomas L, Grönberg C, Söderberg I, Alm R, Sundius L, Ljungcrantz I, Björkbacka H, Fredrikson GN, Nilsson J. Lack of Ability to Present Antigens on Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecules Aggravates Atherosclerosis in ApoE
−/−
Mice. Circulation 2019; 139:2554-2566. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.039288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wigren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Sara Rattik
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Yao Mattisson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Lukas Tomas
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Caitriona Grönberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Söderberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Ragnar Alm
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Lena Sundius
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Irena Ljungcrantz
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Scania University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
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27
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Neupane R, Jin X, Sasaki T, Li X, Murohara T, Cheng XW. Immune Disorder in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease - Clinical Implications of Using Circulating T-Cell Subsets as Biomarkers. Circ J 2019; 83:1431-1438. [PMID: 31092769 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-19-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) is an inflammatory phenomenon that leads to structural abnormality in the vascular lumen due to the formation of atheroma by the deposition of lipid particles and inflammatory cytokines. There is a close interaction between innate immune cells (neutrophils, monocyte, macrophages, dendritic cells) and adaptive immune cells (T and B lymphocytes) in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. According to novel insights into the role of adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis, the activation of CD4+T cells in response to oxidized low-density lipoprotein-antigen initiates the formation and facilitates the propagation of atheroma, whereas CD8+T cells cause the rupture of a developed atheroma by their cytotoxic nature. Peripheral CD4+and CD8+T-cell counts were altered in patients with other cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, on evaluation of the feasibility of immune cells as a diagnostic tool, the blood CD4+(helper), CD8+(cytotoxic), and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+(regulatory) T cells and the ratio of CD4 to CD8 cells hold promise as biomarkers of coronary artery disease and their subtypes. T cells also could be a therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. The goal of this review was therefore to summarize the available information regarding immune disorders in ACVD with a special focus on the clinical implications of circulating T-cell subsets as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Neupane
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital
| | - Xiongjie Jin
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Xian Wu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital.,Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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28
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Xu MM, Ménoret A, Nicholas SAE, Günther S, Sundberg EJ, Zhou B, Rodriguez A, Murphy PA, Vella AT. Direct CD137 costimulation of CD8 T cells promotes retention and innate-like function within nascent atherogenic foci. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H1480-H1494. [PMID: 30978132 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00088.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Effector CD8 T cells infiltrate atherosclerotic lesions and are correlated with cardiovascular events, but the mechanisms regulating their recruitment and retention are not well understood. CD137 (4-1BB) is a costimulatory receptor induced on immune cells and expressed at sites of human atherosclerotic plaque. Genetic variants associated with decreased CD137 expression correlate with carotid-intimal thickness and its deficiency in animal models attenuates atherosclerosis. These effects have been attributed in part to endothelial responses to low and disturbed flow (LDF), but CD137 also generates robust effector CD8 T cells as a costimulatory signal. Thus, we asked whether CD8 T cell-specific CD137 stimulation contributes to their infiltration, retention, and IFNγ production in early atherogenesis. We tested this through adoptive transfer of CD8 T cells into recipient C57BL/6J mice that were then antigen primed and CD137 costimulated. We analyzed atherogenic LDF vessels in normolipidemic and PCSK9-mediated hyperlipidemic models and utilized a digestion protocol that allowed for lesional T-cell characterization via flow cytometry and in vitro stimulation. We found that CD137 activation, specifically of effector CD8 T cells, triggers their intimal infiltration into LDF vessels and promotes a persistent innate-like proinflammatory program. Residence of CD137+ effector CD8 T cells further promoted infiltration of endogenous CD8 T cells with IFNγ-producing potential, whereas CD137-deficient CD8 T cells exhibited impaired vessel infiltration, minimal IFNγ production, and reduced infiltration of endogenous CD8 T cells. Our studies thus provide novel insight into how CD137 costimulation of effector T cells, independent of plaque-antigen recognition, instigates their retention and promotes innate-like responses from immune infiltrates within atherogenic foci. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our studies identify CD137 costimulation as a stimulus for effector CD8 T-cell infiltration and persistence within atherogenic foci, regardless of atherosclerotic-antigen recognition. These costimulated effector cells, which are generated in pathological states such as viral infection and autoimmunity, have innate-like proinflammatory programs in circulation and within the atherosclerotic microenvironment, providing mechanistic context for clinical correlations of cardiovascular morbidity with increased CD8 T-cell infiltration and markers of activation in the absence of established antigen specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Xu
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Antoine Ménoret
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Sarah-Anne E Nicholas
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Sebastian Günther
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Beiyan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Annabelle Rodriguez
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Patrick A Murphy
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
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29
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Vlacil AK, Schuett J, Schieffer B, Grote K. Variety matters: Diverse functions of monocyte subtypes in vascular inflammation and atherogenesis. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 113:9-19. [PMID: 30553027 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are important mediators of the innate immunity by recognizing and attacking especially bacterial pathogens but also play crucial roles in various inflammatory diseases, including vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Maturation, differentiation and function of monocytes have been intensively explored for a long time in innumerable experimental and clinical studies. Monocytes do not represent a uniform cell type but could be further subdivided into subpopulations with distinct features and functions. Those subpopulations have been identified in experimental mouse models as well as in humans, albeit distinguished by different cell surface markers. While Ly6C is used for subpopulation differentiation in mice, corresponding human subsets are differentiated by CD14 and CD16. In this review, we specifically focused on new experimental insights from recent years mainly in regard to murine monocyte subpopulations and their roles in vascular inflammation und atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jutta Schuett
- Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Karsten Grote
- Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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30
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Simons KH, Aref Z, Peters HAB, Welten SP, Nossent AY, Jukema JW, Hamming JF, Arens R, de Vries MR, Quax PHA. The role of CD27-CD70-mediated T cell co-stimulation in vasculogenesis, arteriogenesis and angiogenesis. Int J Cardiol 2018; 260:184-190. [PMID: 29622436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells have a distinctive role in neovascularization, which consists of arteriogenesis and angiogenesis under pathological conditions and vasculogenesis under physiological conditions. However, the role of co-stimulation in T cell activation in neovascularization has yet to be established. The aim of this study was to investigate the role T cell co-stimulation and inhibition in angiogenesis, arteriogenesis and vasculogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Hind limb ischemia was induced by double ligation of the left femoral artery in mice and blood flow recovery was measured with Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging in control, CD70-/-, CD80/86-/-, CD70/80/86-/- and CTLA4+/- mice. Blood flow recovery was significantly impaired in mice lacking CD70 compared to control mice, but was similar in CD80/86-/-, CTLA4+/- and control mice. Mice lacking CD70 showed impaired vasculogenesis, since the number of pre-existing collaterals was reduced as observed in the pia mater compared to control mice. In vitro an impaired capability of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) to activate T cells was observed in VSMC lacking CD70. Furthermore, CD70-/-, CD80/86-/- and CD70/80/86-/- mice showed reduced angiogenesis in the soleus muscle 10 days after ligation. Arteriogenesis was also decreased in CD70-/- compared to control mice 10 and 28 days after surgery. CONCLUSIONS The present study is the first to describe an important role for T cell activation via co-stimulation in angiogenesis, arteriogenesis and vasculogenesis, where the CD27-CD70 T cell co-stimulation pathway appears to be the most important co-stimulation pathway in pre-existing collateral formation and post-ischemic blood flow recovery, by arteriogenesis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Simons
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Z Aref
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H A B Peters
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S P Welten
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A Y Nossent
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J W Jukema
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J F Hamming
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M R de Vries
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P H A Quax
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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31
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Wang X, Huang R, Zhang L, Li S, Luo J, Gu Y, Chen Z, Zheng Q, Chao T, Zheng W, Qi X, Wang L, Wen Y, Liang Y, Lu L. A severe atherosclerosis mouse model on the resistant NOD background. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/10/dmm033852. [PMID: 30305306 PMCID: PMC6215432 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.033852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex disease affecting arterial blood vessels and blood flow that could result in a variety of life-threatening consequences. Disease models with diverged genomes are necessary for understanding the genetic architecture of this complex disease. Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice are highly polymorphic and widely used for studies of type 1 diabetes and autoimmunity. Understanding atherosclerosis development in the NOD strain is of particular interest as human atherosclerosis on the diabetic and autoimmune background has not been successfully modeled. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to genetically disrupt apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression on the pure NOD background, and compared phenotype between single-gene-deleted mice and double-knockout mutants with reference to ApoE-deficient C57BL/6 mice. We found that genetic ablation of Ldlr or Apoe in NOD mice was not sufficient to establish an atherosclerosis model, in contrast to ApoE-deficient C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for over 12 weeks. We further obtained NOD mice deficient in both LDLR and ApoE, and assessed the severity of atherosclerosis and immune response to hyperlipidemia in comparison to ApoE-deficient C57BL/6 mice. Strikingly, the double-knockout NOD mice treated with a HFD developed severe atherosclerosis with aorta narrowed by over 60% by plaques, accompanied by destruction of pancreatic islets and an inflammatory response to hyperlipidemia. Therefore, we succeeded in obtaining a genetic model with severe atherosclerosis on the NOD background, which is highly resistant to the disease. This model is useful for the study of atherosclerosis in the setting of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xugang Wang
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Lichen Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Saichao Li
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Yanrong Gu
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Qianqian Zheng
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Tianzhu Chao
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Laboratory of Mouse Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Wenping Zheng
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Xinhui Qi
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Yinhang Wen
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Yinming Liang
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China .,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Laboratory of Mouse Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Liaoxun Lu
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China .,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Laboratory of Mouse Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
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32
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Carnagarin R, Matthews V, Zaldivia MTK, Peter K, Schlaich MP. The bidirectional interaction between the sympathetic nervous system and immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1839-1852. [PMID: 30129037 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, evidence has accumulated to suggest that hypertension is, at least in part, an immune-mediated inflammatory disorder. Many links between immunity and hypertension have been established and provide a complex framework of mechanistic interactions contributing to the rise in BP. These include immune-mediated inflammatory processes affecting regulatory brain nuclei and interactions with other mediators of cardiovascular regulation such as the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathoexcitation differentially regulates T-cells based upon activation status of the immune cell as well as the resident organ. Exogenous and endogenous triggers activate signalling pathways in innate and adaptive immune cells resulting in pro-inflammatory cytokine production and activation of T-lymphocytes in the cardiovascular and renal regions, now considered major factors in the development of essential hypertension. The inflammatory cascade is sustained and exacerbated by the immune flow via the brain-bone marrow-spleen-gastrointestinal axis and thereby further aggravating immune-mediated pathways resulting in a vicious cycle of established hypertension and target organ damage. This review summarizes the evidence and recent advances in linking immune-mediated inflammation, sympathetic activation and their bidirectional interactions with the development of hypertension. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Carnagarin
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Vance Matthews
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Maria T K Zaldivia
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Markus P Schlaich
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
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33
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Decano JL, Aikawa M. Dynamic Macrophages: Understanding Mechanisms of Activation as Guide to Therapy for Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:97. [PMID: 30123798 PMCID: PMC6086112 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging theory is that macrophages are heterogenous; an attribute that allows them to change behavior and execute specific functions in disease processes. This review aims to describe the current understanding on factors that govern their phenotypic changes, and provide insights for intervention beyond managing classical risk factors. Evidence suggests that metabolic reprogramming of macrophages triggers either a pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory or pro-resolving behavior. Dynamic changes in bioenergetics, metabolome or influence from bioactive lipids may promote resolution or aggravation of inflammation. Direct cell-to-cell interactions with other immune cells can also influence macrophage activation. Both paracrine signaling and intercellular molecular interactions either co-stimulate or co-inhibit activation of macrophages as well as their paired immune cell collaborator. More pathways of activation can even be uncovered by inspecting macrophages in the single cell level, since differential expression in key gene regulators can be screened in higher resolution compared to conventional averaged gene expression readouts. All these emerging macrophage activation mechanisms may be further explored and consolidated by using approaches in network biology. Integrating these insights can unravel novel and safer drug targets through better understanding of the pro-inflammatory activation circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius L. Decano
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Benucci M, Bandinelli F, Damiani A, Gobbi FL, Infantino M, Grossi V, Manfredi M. Factors correlated with the improvement of endothelial dysfunction during Abatacept therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Inflamm Res 2018; 11:247-252. [PMID: 29922080 PMCID: PMC5995283 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s156822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis patients are exposed to a high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality even in the early phases of the disease. Methods We evaluated carotid common carotid intimal media thickness (ccIMT) intimal thickness and brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of 45 rheumatoid arthritis patients without known cardiovascular risk factors or heart disease on a stable dose of prednisone 5.2±1.2 mg/day and Methotrexate 11.5±2.1 mg at baseline (T0) and after 12 months (T1) of treatment with Abatacept 125 mg/week. The comparison between T0 and T1 (t- and Mann-Whitney test), correlation (Spearman r), and predictivity (linear regression) of FMD, ccIMT vs clinical and laboratory parameters (disease activity 28 score, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα], interleukin-6, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein (CRP), CD3+, CD3+/CD4+, CD3+/CD8+, CD19+(B), CD20+(B), NK CD3-CD56+CD16+, CD14+ HLA DR+, CD4+CD28+, CD4+CD28, rheumatoid factor IgM, IgA, RF IgG, anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies) were also evaluated. Results During Abatacept treatment, ccIMT and FMD remained stable and disease activity 28 score, CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and interleukin-6 decreased significantly (p=0.0001, 0.002, 0.0002, 0.0001 respectively). At T0, only ccIMT resulted as correlated with baseline TNFα values (p=0.0245) in an inverse proportion. At T1, ccIMT correlated with CD3/CD8+ lymphocytes number (p=0.0351) and FMD with CRP (p=0.0075). In regression analysis, baseline ccIMT and FMD had a low predictivity for TNFα (p=0.011) and CRP (p=0.049) at T1, respectively. Conclusion This study shows that the endothelial function remained stable during Abatacept treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Benucci
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital S. Giovanni di Dio, Azienda USL-Toscana Centro, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Bandinelli
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital S. Giovanni di Dio, Azienda USL-Toscana Centro, Florence, Italy
| | - Arianna Damiani
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital S. Giovanni di Dio, Azienda USL-Toscana Centro, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Li Gobbi
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital S. Giovanni di Dio, Azienda USL-Toscana Centro, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Infantino
- Immunology and Allergology Laboratory Unit, Hospital S. Giovanni di Dio, Azienda USL-Toscana Centro, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Grossi
- Immunology and Allergology Laboratory Unit, Hospital S. Giovanni di Dio, Azienda USL-Toscana Centro, Florence, Italy
| | - Mariangela Manfredi
- Immunology and Allergology Laboratory Unit, Hospital S. Giovanni di Dio, Azienda USL-Toscana Centro, Florence, Italy
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Söderström LÅ, Tarnawski L, Olofsson PS. CD137: A checkpoint regulator involved in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2018; 272:66-72. [PMID: 29571029 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is associated with atherosclerotic plaque development and precipitation of myocardial infarction and stroke, and anti-inflammatory therapy may reduce disease severity. Costimulatory molecules are key regulators of immune cell activity and inflammation, and are associated with disease development in atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence indicates that a costimulatory molecule of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor superfamily, the checkpoint regulator CD137, promotes atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation in experimental models. In light of the burgeoning consideration of CD137-targeted therapy in the clinic, it will be important to better understand costimulator immunobiology in development of cardiovascular disease. Here, we review available data on the costimulator CD137 and its potential role in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Å Söderström
- Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Tarnawski
- Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peder S Olofsson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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36
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Dai X, Zhang D, Wang C, Wu Z, Liang C. The Pivotal Role of Thymus in Atherosclerosis Mediated by Immune and Inflammatory Response. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1555-1563. [PMID: 30443178 PMCID: PMC6216065 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.27238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one kind of chronic inflammatory disease, in which multiple types of immune cells or factors are involved. Data from experimental and clinical studies on atherosclerosis have confirmed the key roles of immune cells and inflammation in such process. The thymus as a key organ in T lymphocyte ontogenesis has an important role in optimizing immune system function throughout the life, and dysfunction of thymus has been proved to be associated with severity of atherosclerosis. Based on previous research, we begin with the hypothesis that low density lipoprotein or cholesterol reduces the expression of the thymus transcription factor Foxn1 via low density lipoprotein receptors on the membrane surface and low density lipoprotein receptor related proteins on the cell surface, which cause the thymus function decline or degradation. The imbalance of T cell subgroups and the decrease of naive T cells due to thymus dysfunction cause the increase or decrease in the secretion of various inflammatory factors, which in turn aggravates or inhibits atherosclerosis progression and cardiovascular events. Hence, thymus may be the pivotal role in coronary heart disease mediated by atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events and it can imply a novel treatment strategy for the clinical management of patients with atherosclerosis in addition to different commercial drugs. Modulation of immune system by inducing thymus function may be a therapeutic approach for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the recent advances about the impact of thymus function on atherosclerosis by the data from animal or human studies and the potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.,Department of Cardiology, 101 Hospital of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu province 214041, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zonggui Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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Gerdes N, Zirlik A. Co-stimulatory molecules in and beyond co-stimulation – tipping the balance in atherosclerosis? Thromb Haemost 2017; 106:804-13. [DOI: 10.1160/th11-09-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SummaryA plethora of basic laboratory and clinical studies has uncovered the chronic inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis. The adaptive immune system with its front-runner, the T cell, drives the atherogenic process at all stages. T cell function is dependent on and controlled by a variety of either co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory signals. In addition, many of these proteins enfold T cell-independent pro-atherogenic functions on a variety of cell types. Accordingly they represent potential targets for immune- modulatory and/or anti-inflammatory therapy of atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the diverse role of co-stimulatory molecules of the B7 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-superfamily and their downstream signalling effectors in atherosclerosis. In particular, the contribution of CD28/CD80/CD86/CTLA4, ICOS/ICOSL, PD-1/PDL-1/2, TRAF, CD40/CD154, OX40/OX40L, CD137/CD137L, CD70/CD27, GITR/GITRL, and LIGHT to arterial disease is reviewed. Finally, the potential for a therapeutic exploitation of these molecules in the treatment of atherosclerosis is discussed.
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Sanda GE, Belur AD, Teague HL, Mehta NN. Emerging Associations Between Neutrophils, Atherosclerosis, and Psoriasis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2017; 19:53. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-017-0692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Development of a robust reporter gene assay to measure the bioactivity of anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 therapeutic antibodies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:447-453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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40
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Teague HL, Ahlman MA, Alavi A, Wagner DD, Lichtman AH, Nahrendorf M, Swirski FK, Nestle F, Gelfand JM, Kaplan MJ, Grinspoon S, Ridker PM, Newby DE, Tawakol A, Fayad ZA, Mehta NN. Unraveling Vascular Inflammation: From Immunology to Imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:1403-1412. [PMID: 28882238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a critical factor in early atherosclerosis and its progression to myocardial infarction. The search for valid surrogate markers of arterial vascular inflammation led to the increasing use of positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Indeed, vascular inflammation is associated with future risk for myocardial infarction and can be modulated with short-term therapies, such as statins, that mitigate cardiovascular risk. However, to better understand vascular inflammation and its mechanisms, a panel was recently convened of world experts in immunology, human translational research, and positron emission tomographic vascular imaging. This contemporary review first strives to understand the diverse roles of immune cells implicated in atherogenesis. Next, the authors describe human chronic inflammatory disease models that can help elucidate the pathophysiology of vascular inflammation. Finally, the authors review positron emission tomography-based imaging techniques to characterize the vessel wall in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Teague
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark A Ahlman
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Abass Alavi
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Andrew H Lichtman
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Mariana J Kaplan
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven Grinspoon
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David E Newby
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Tawakol
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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The atopic dermatitis blood signature is characterized by increases in inflammatory and cardiovascular risk proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8707. [PMID: 28821884 PMCID: PMC5562859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond classic “allergic”/atopic comorbidities, atopic dermatitis (AD) emerges as systemic disease with increased cardiovascular risk. To better define serum inflammatory and cardiovascular risk proteins, we used an OLINK high-throughput proteomic assay to analyze moderate-to-severe AD (n = 59) compared to psoriasis (n = 22) and healthy controls (n = 18). Compared to controls, 10 proteins were increased in serum of both diseases, including Th1 (IFN-γ, CXCL9, TNF-β) and Th17 (CCL20) markers. 48 proteins each were uniquely upregulated in AD and psoriasis. Consistent with skin expression, AD serum showed up-regulation of Th2 (IL-13, CCL17, eotaxin-1/CCL11, CCL13, CCL4, IL-10), Th1 (CXCL10, CXCL11) and Th1/Th17/Th22 (IL-12/IL-23p40) responses. Surprisingly, some markers of atherosclerosis (fractalkine/CX3CL1, CCL8, M-CSF, HGF), T-cell development/activation (CD40L, IL-7, CCL25, IL-2RB, IL-15RA, CD6) and angiogenesis (VEGF-A) were significantly increased only in AD. Multiple inflammatory pathways showed stronger enrichment in AD than psoriasis. Several atherosclerosis mediators in serum (e.g. E-selectin, PI3/elafin, CCL7, IL-16) correlated with SCORAD, but not BMI. Also, AD inflammatory mediators (e.g. MMP12, IL-12/IL-23p40, CXCL9, CCL22, PI3/Elafin) correlated between blood and lesional as well as non-lesional skin. Overall, the AD blood signature was largely different compared to psoriasis, with dysregulation of inflammatory and cardiovascular risk markers, strongly supporting its systemic nature beyond atopic/allergic association.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that regulate the posttranscriptional expression of target genes and are important regulators in immune responses. Previous studies demonstrated that the miRNA, miR-182 was significantly increased during allograft rejection. Further, the transcription factor Forkhead box (FOX) protein 1, (FOXO1) was shown to be a target of miR-182. The aim of this study is to further examine the role of miR-182 in alloimmune responses. METHODS Transplantation of BALB/c cardiac allografts was performed in C57BL/6, miR-182, B6.129S-H2 (MHC II and CD4 T cell-deficient) and B6.129S2-Tap1 (MHC I and CD8 T cell-deficient) mice, with or without CTLA-4Ig administration. T cell phenotype, FOXO1 protein levels and graft infiltrating lymphocytes were determined in C57BL/6 or miR-182 mice by flow cytometric analysis, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS We now show that T cells, mainly CD4 are the main cellular source of miR-182 during allograft rejection. In the absence of miR-182, CTLA-4Ig treatment significantly increased allograft survival (31.5 days C57BL/6 vs 60 days miR-182; P < 0.01). Further, CTLA4-Ig treatment inhibits miR-182 expression, increases FOXO1 levels, and reduces the percentage of CD4CD44 T cells after transplantation. Fewer T cells infiltrate the cardiac allografts, and memory T cells are significantly decreased in allograft recipients deficient in miR-182 with CTLA4-Ig treatment (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that miR-182 contributes to the T-cell responses to alloantigen especially under costimulation blockade. Therapeutics that target specific miRNAs may prove beneficial in transplantation.
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Yang J, Fang P, Yu D, Zhang L, Zhang D, Jiang X, Yang WY, Bottiglieri T, Kunapuli SP, Yu J, Choi ET, Ji Y, Yang X, Wang H. Chronic Kidney Disease Induces Inflammatory CD40+ Monocyte Differentiation via Homocysteine Elevation and DNA Hypomethylation. Circ Res 2017; 119:1226-1241. [PMID: 27992360 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) develop hyperhomocysteinemia and have a higher cardiovascular mortality than those without hyperhomocysteinemia by 10-fold. OBJECTIVE We investigated monocyte differentiation in human CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS AND RESULTS We identified CD40 as a CKD-related monocyte activation gene using CKD-monocyte -mRNA array analysis and classified CD40 monocyte (CD40+CD14+) as a stronger inflammatory subset than the intermediate monocyte (CD14++CD16+) subset. We recruited 27 patients with CVD/CKD and 14 healthy subjects and found that CD40/CD40 classical/CD40 intermediate monocyte (CD40+CD14+/CD40+CD14++CD16-/CD40+CD14++CD16+), plasma homocysteine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, and S-adenosylmethionine levels were higher in CVD and further elevated in CVD+CKD. CD40 and CD40 intermediate subsets were positively correlated with plasma/cellular homocysteine levels, S-adenosylhomocysteine and S-adenosylmethionine but negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate. Hyperhomocysteinemia was established as a likely mediator for CKD-induced CD40 intermediate monocyte, and reduced S-adenosylhomocysteine/S-adenosylmethionine was established for CKD-induced CD40/CD40 intermediate monocyte. Soluble CD40 ligand, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/interleukin (IL)-6/interferon (IFN)-γ levels were elevated in CVD/CKD. CKD serum/homocysteine/CD40L/increased TNF-α/IL-6/IFN-γ-induced CD40/CD40 intermediate monocyte in peripheral blood monocyte. Homocysteine and CKD serum-induced CD40 monocyte were prevented by neutralizing antibodies against CD40L/TNF-α/IL-6. DNA hypomethylation was found on nuclear factor-κB consensus element in CD40 promoter in white blood cells from patients with CKD with lower S-adenosylmethionine / S-adenosylhomocysteine ratios. Finally, homocysteine inhibited DNA methyltransferase-1 activity and promoted CD40 intermediate monocyte differentiation, which was reversed by folic acid in peripheral blood monocyte. CONCLUSIONS CD40 monocyte is a novel inflammatory monocyte subset that appears to be a biomarker for CKD severity. Hyperhomocysteinemia mediates CD40 monocyte differentiation via soluble CD40 ligand induction and CD40 DNA hypomethylation in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Yang
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Pu Fang
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Daohai Yu
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Lixiao Zhang
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Daqing Zhang
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - William Y Yang
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Satya P Kunapuli
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Jun Yu
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Eric T Choi
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Yong Ji
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.).
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Hong Wang
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.).
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44
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Weiss-Sadan T, Gotsman I, Blum G. Cysteine proteases in atherosclerosis. FEBS J 2017; 284:1455-1472. [PMID: 28207191 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis predisposes patients to cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Instigation of vascular injury is triggered by retention of lipids and inflammatory cells in the vascular endothelium. Whereas these vascular lesions develop in young adults and are mostly considered harmless, over time persistent inflammatory and remodeling processes will ultimately damage the arterial wall and cause a thrombotic event due to exposure of tissue factors into the lumen. Evidence from human tissues and preclinical animal models has clearly established the role of cathepsin cysteine proteases in the development and progression of vascular lesions. Hence, understanding the function of cathepsins in atherosclerosis is important for developing novel therapeutic strategies and advanced point of care diagnostics. In this review we will describe the roles of cysteine cathepsins in different cellular process that become dysfunctional in atherosclerosis, such as lipid metabolism, inflammation and apoptosis, and how they contribute to arterial remodeling and atherogenesis. Finally, we will explore new horizons in protease molecular imaging, which may potentially become a surrogate marker to identify future cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Weiss-Sadan
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Israel Gotsman
- Heart Institute, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Galia Blum
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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45
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Revenfeld ALS, Steffensen R, Pugholm LH, Jørgensen MM, Stensballe A, Varming K. Presence of HLA-DR Molecules and HLA-DRB1 mRNA in Circulating CD4(+) T Cells. Scand J Immunol 2017; 84:211-21. [PMID: 27417521 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The human major histocompatibility complex class II isotype HLA-DR is currently used as an activation marker for T cells. However, whether an endogenous protein expression or a molecular acquisition accounts for the presence of HLA-DR on T cells remains undetermined and still controversial. To further characterize this phenomenon, we compared several aspects of the presence of the HLA-DR protein to the presence of associated mRNA (HLA-DRB1), focusing on human T cells from peripheral blood of healthy individuals. Using a flow cytometric approach, we determined that the HLA-DR observed on CD4(+) T cells was almost exclusively cell surface-associated, while for autologous CD19(+) B cells, the protein could be located in the plasma membrane as well as in the cytoplasm. Moreover, negligible expression levels of HLA-DRB1 were found in CD4(+) T cells, using an HLA-DRB1 allele-specific qPCR assay. Finally, the presence of HLA-DR was not confined to activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, as evaluated by the co-expression of CD25. The functional role of the HLA-DR molecule on T cells remains enigmatic; however, this study presents evidence of fundamental differences for the presence of HLA-DR on T cells from HLA-DR in the context of antigen-presenting cells, which is a well-known phenomenon. Although an inducible endogenous protein expression cannot be excluded for the T cells, our findings suggest that a re-evaluation of the HLA-DR as a T cells activation marker is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L S Revenfeld
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - R Steffensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - L H Pugholm
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - M M Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - A Stensballe
- Laboratory for Medical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - K Varming
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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46
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Wagner DH. Overlooked Mechanisms in Type 1 Diabetes Etiology: How Unique Costimulatory Molecules Contribute to Diabetogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:208. [PMID: 28878738 PMCID: PMC5572340 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) develops when immune cells invade the pancreatic islets resulting in loss of insulin production in beta cells. T cells have been proven to be central players in that process. What is surprising, however, is that classic mechanisms of tolerance cannot explain diabetogenesis; alternate mechanisms must now be considered. T cell receptor (TCR) revision is the process whereby T cells in the periphery alter TCR expression, outside the safety-net of thymic selection pressures. This process results in an expanded T cell repertoire, capable of responding to a universe of pathogens, but limitations are that increased risk for autoimmune disease development occurs. Classic T cell costimulators including the CD28 family have long been thought to be the major drivers for full T cell activation. In actuality, CD28 and its family member counterparts, ICOS and CTLA-4, all drive regulatory responses. Inflammation is driven by CD40, not CD28. CD40 as a costimulus has been largely overlooked. When naïve T cells interact with antigen presenting cell CD154, the major ligand for CD40, is induced. This creates a milieu for T cell (CD40)-T cell (CD154) interaction, leading to inflammation. Finally, defined pathogenic effector cells including TH40 (CD4+CD40+) cells can express FOXP3 but are not Tregs. The cells loose FOXP3 to become pathogenic effector cells. Each of these mechanisms creates novel options to better understand diabetogenesis and create new therapeutic targets for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Wagner
- The Program in Integrated Immunology, Department of Medicine, Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: David H. Wagner Jr.,
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47
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Zhang W, Bai J, Zuo M, Cao X, Chen M, Zhang Y, Han X, Zhong D, Zhou D. PD-1 expression on the surface of peripheral blood CD4 + T cell and its association with the prognosis of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Med 2016; 5:3077-3084. [PMID: 27709793 PMCID: PMC5119962 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between PD-1 expression on the surface of CD4+ T cells and prognosis of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Sixty patients who were newly diagnosed with DLBCL and 39 healthy controls were enrolled. In CD4+ T cells of DLBCL patients, the median MFI of PD-1 were 541.5 (range: 348.25-758.75), significantly higher than 250 (range: 211-326) in healthy controls (P < 0.001). The ZAP70, PI3K, and NFAT mRNA expression levels of patients were 0.47, 0.47, and 0.62 times, respectively, of those of the healthy controls (P < 0.05). In patients with the percentage of PD-1 on CD4+ T cells ≥30.25%, their EFS and OS were significantly lower than patients with PD-1+ CD4+ T cells <30.25% (P < 0.05). The possible explanation is that high PD-1 expression on CD4+ cells of DLBCL patients may impair T-cell function and thus contribute to poor prognosis. There was no relationship between PD-1 surface expression on CD4+ T cells and PD-1 expression within the biopsy of tumor microenvironments from DLBCL patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers
- Biopsy
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/mortality
- Male
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/genetics
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of HematologyPeking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Jie‐Fei Bai
- Department of HematologyPeking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Meng‐Xuan Zuo
- Department of HematologyPeking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Xin‐Xin Cao
- Department of HematologyPeking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Miao Chen
- Department of HematologyPeking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of HematologyPeking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of HematologyPeking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Ding‐Rong Zhong
- Department of PathologyPeking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Dao‐Bin Zhou
- Department of HematologyPeking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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Jung IH, Oh GT. The Roles of CD137 Signaling in Atherosclerosis. Korean Circ J 2016; 46:753-761. [PMID: 27826331 PMCID: PMC5099328 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2016.46.6.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), which includes CD40, LIGHT, and OX40, plays important roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases, involving atherosclerosis. CD137, a member of TNFRSF, is a well-known activation-induced T cell co-stimulatory molecule and has been reported to be expressed in human atherosclerotic plaque lesions, and plays pivotal roles in mediating disease processes. In this review, we focus on and summarize recent advances in mouse studies on the involvement of CD137 signaling in the pathogenesis and plaque stability of atherosclerosis, thereby highlighting a valuable therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Hyuk Jung
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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Immune-inflammatory responses in atherosclerosis: Role of an adaptive immunity mainly driven by T and B cells. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1014-33. [PMID: 27262513 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immune response plays an important role in atherogenesis. In atherosclerosis, the proinflammatory immune response driven by Th1 is predominant but the anti-inflammatory response mediated mainly by regulatory T cells is also present. The role of Th2 and Th17 cells in atherogenesis is still debated. In the plaque, other T helper cells can be observed such as Th9 and Th22 but is little is known about their impact in atherosclerosis. Heterogeneity of CD4(+) T cell subsets presented in the plaque may suggest for plasticity of T cell that can switch the phenotype dependening on the local microenvironment and activating/blocking stimuli. Effector T cells are able to recognize self-antigens released by necrotic and apoptotic vascular cells and induce a humoral immune reaction. Tth cells resided in the germinal centers help B cells to switch the antibody class to the production of high-affinity antibodies. Humoral immunity is mediated by B cells that release antigen-specific antibodies. A variety of B cell subsets were found in human and murine atherosclerotic plaques. In mice, B1 cells could spontaneously produce atheroprotective natural IgM antibodies. Conventional B2 lymphocytes secrete either proatherogenic IgG, IgA, and IgE or atheroprotective IgG and IgM antibodies reactive with oxidation-specific epitopes on atherosclerosis-associated antigens. A small population of innate response activator (IRA) B cells, which is phenotypically intermediate between B1 and B2 cells, produces IgM but possesses proatherosclerotic properties. Finally, there is a minor subset of splenic regulatory B cells (Bregs) that protect against atherosclerotic inflammation through support of generation of Tregs and production of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β and proapoptotic molecules.
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50
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De Palma R, Cirillo P, Ciccarelli G, Barra G, Conte S, Pellegrino G, Pasquale G, Nassa G, Pacifico F, Leonardi A, Insabato L, Calì G, Golino P, Cimmino G. Expression of functional tissue factor in activated T-lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo: A possible contribution of immunity to thrombosis? Int J Cardiol 2016; 218:188-195. [PMID: 27236113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T-lymphocyte activation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Plaques from ACS patients show a selective oligoclonal expansion of T-cells, indicating a specific, antigen-driven recruitment of T-lymphocytes within the unstable lesions. At present, however, it is not known whether T-cells may contribute directly to thrombosis by expressing functional tissue factor (TF). Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether T-cells are able to express functional TF in their activated status. METHODS In vitro, CD3(+)-cells, isolated from buffy coats, were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 beads, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17, INF-γ or PMA/ionomycin. Following stimulation, TF expression on cell-surface, at gene and protein levels, as well as its procoagulant activity in whole cells and microparticles was measured. In vivo, TF expression was evaluated in CD3(+)-cells isolated from the aorta and the coronary sinus of ACS-NSTEMI and stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) patients. The presence of CD3(+)-TF(+)cells was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry in thrombi aspirated from ACS-STEMI patients. RESULTS PMA/ionomycin and IL-17 plus INF-γ stimulation resulted in a significant TF increase at gene and protein levels as well as at cell-surface expression. This was accompanied by a parallel increase in FXa generation, both in whole cells and in microparticles, indicating that the induced membrane-bound TF was active. Furthermore, transcardiac TF gradient was significantly higher in CD3(+)-cells obtained from ACS-patients compared to SCAD-patients. Interestingly, thrombi from ACS-STEMI patients resulted enriched in CD3(+)-cells, most of them expressing TF. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that activated T-lymphocytes in vitro express functional TF on their membranes, suggesting a direct pathophysiological role of these cells in the thrombotic process; this hypothesis is further supported by the observations in vivo that CD3(+)-cells from coronary circulation of ACS-NSTEMI patients show increased TF levels and that coronary thrombi from ACS-STEMI patients are enriched in CD3(+)-cells expressing TF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele De Palma
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Clinical Immunology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Plinio Cirillo
- Department of Advanced Biosciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Naples, "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ciccarelli
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Section of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giusi Barra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Clinical Immunology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Conte
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Section of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Grazia Pellegrino
- Department of Advanced Biosciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Naples, "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pasquale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Clinical Immunology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Nassa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Leonardi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Pathology, University of Naples, "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Insabato
- Department of Advanced Biosciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Naples, "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Calì
- Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology Institute, CNR, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Golino
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Section of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Cimmino
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Section of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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