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Throll P, G Dolce L, Rico-Lastres P, Arnold K, Tengo L, Basu S, Kaiser S, Schneider R, Kowalinski E. Structural basis of tRNA recognition by the m 3C RNA methyltransferase METTL6 in complex with SerRS seryl-tRNA synthetase. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024:10.1038/s41594-024-01341-3. [PMID: 38918637 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Methylation of cytosine 32 in the anticodon loop of tRNAs to 3-methylcytosine (m3C) is crucial for cellular translation fidelity. Misregulation of the RNA methyltransferases setting this modification can cause aggressive cancers and metabolic disturbances. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the human m3C tRNA methyltransferase METTL6 in complex with seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS) and their common substrate tRNASer. Through the complex structure, we identify the tRNA-binding domain of METTL6. We show that SerRS acts as the tRNASer substrate selection factor for METTL6. We demonstrate that SerRS augments the methylation activity of METTL6 and that direct contacts between METTL6 and SerRS are necessary for efficient tRNASer methylation. Finally, on the basis of the structure of METTL6 in complex with SerRS and tRNASer, we postulate a universal tRNA-binding mode for m3C RNA methyltransferases, including METTL2 and METTL8, suggesting that these mammalian paralogs use similar ways to engage their respective tRNA substrates and cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Palma Rico-Lastres
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Arnold
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laura Tengo
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France
| | - Shibom Basu
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France
| | - Stefanie Kaiser
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Schneider
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eva Kowalinski
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France.
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2
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Dulic M, Godinic-Mikulcic V, Kekez M, Evic V, Rokov-Plavec J. Protein-Protein Interactions of Seryl-tRNA Synthetases with Emphasis on Human Counterparts and Their Connection to Health and Disease. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:124. [PMID: 38255739 PMCID: PMC10817482 DOI: 10.3390/life14010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Seryl-tRNA synthetases (SerRSs), members of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family, interact with diverse proteins, enabling SerRSs to enhance their role in the translation of the genetic message or to perform alternative functions in cellular processes beyond translation. Atypical archaeal SerRS interacts with arginyl-tRNA synthetase and proteins of the ribosomal P-stalk to optimize translation through tRNA channeling. The complex between yeast SerRS and peroxin Pex21p provides a connection between translation and peroxisome function. The partnership between Arabidopsis SerRS and BEN1 indicates a link between translation and brassinosteroid metabolism and may be relevant in plant stress response mechanisms. In Drosophila, the unusual heterodimeric mitochondrial SerRS coordinates mitochondrial translation and replication via interaction with LON protease. Evolutionarily conserved interactions of yeast and human SerRSs with m3C32 tRNA methyltransferases indicate coordination between tRNA modification and aminoacylation in the cytosol and mitochondria. Human cytosolic SerRS is a cellular hub protein connecting translation to vascular development, angiogenesis, lipogenesis, and telomere maintenance. When translocated to the nucleus, SerRS acts as a master negative regulator of VEGFA gene expression. SerRS alone or in complex with YY1 and SIRT2 competes with activating transcription factors NFκB1 and c-Myc, resulting in balanced VEGFA expression important for proper vascular development and angiogenesis. In hypoxia, SerRS phosphorylation diminishes its binding to the VEGFA promoter, while the lack of nutrients triggers SerRS glycosylation, reducing its nuclear localization. Additionally, SerRS binds telomeric DNA and cooperates with the shelterin protein POT1 to regulate telomere length and cellular senescence. As an antitumor and antiangiogenic factor, human cytosolic SerRS appears to be a promising drug target and therapeutic agent for treating cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and possibly obesity and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jasmina Rokov-Plavec
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.D.); (V.G.-M.); (M.K.); (V.E.)
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3
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Wang S, Liu S, Zhu Y, Zhang B, Yang Y, Li L, Sun Y, Zhang L, Fan L, Hu X, Huang C. A novel and independent survival prognostic model for OSCC: the functions and prognostic values of RNA-binding proteins. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2024; 281:397-409. [PMID: 37656222 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), exhibiting high morbidity and malignancy, is the most common type of oral cancer. The abnormal expression of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) plays important roles in the occurrence and progression of cancer. The objective of the present study was to establish a prognostic assessment model of RBPs and to evaluate the prognosis of OSCC patients. METHODS Gene expression data in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed by univariate Cox regression analysis model that established a novel nine RBPs, which were used to build a prognostic risk model. A multivariate Cox proportional regression model and the survival analysis were used to evaluate the prognostic risk model. Moreover, the receive operator curve (ROC) analysis was tested further the efficiency of prognostic risk model based on data from TCGA database and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). RESULTS Nine RBPs' signatures (ACO1, G3BP1, NMD3, RNGTT, ZNF385A, SARS, CARS2, YARS and SMAD6) with prognostic value were identified in OSCC patients. Subsequently, the patients were further categorized into high-risk group and low-risk in the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), and external validation dataset. ROC analysis was significant for both the TCGA and GEO. Moreover, GSEA revealed that patients in the high-risk group significantly enriched in many critical pathways correlated with tumorigenesis than the low, including cell cycle, adheres junctions, oocyte meiosis, spliceosome, ERBB signaling pathway and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we developed and validated a novel robust nine RBPs for OSCC prognosis prediction. The nine RBPs could serve as an independent and reliable prognostic biomarker and guiding clinical therapy for OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaomin Zhu
- Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital, Songbai Road 4253, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongtao Yang
- Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Li
- Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Sun
- Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital, Songbai Road 4253, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Fan
- Department of Stomatology, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, Fujian, China
| | - Xuegang Hu
- Department of Stomatology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital, Songbai Road 4253, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunyu Huang
- Department of Stomatology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital, Songbai Road 4253, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Medical Affairs Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shenzhen Hospital, Songbai Road 4253, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Hu Q, Tong Z, Yalikong A, Ge LP, Shi Q, Du X, Wang P, Liu XY, Zhan W, Gao X, Sun D, Fu T, Ye D, Fan C, Liu J, Zhong YS, Jiang YZ, Gu H. DNAzyme-based faithful probing and pulldown to identify candidate biomarkers of low abundance. Nat Chem 2024; 16:122-131. [PMID: 37710046 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Biomarker discovery is essential for the understanding, diagnosis, targeted therapy and prognosis assessment of malignant diseases. However, it remains a huge challenge due to the lack of sensitive methods to identify disease-specific rare molecules. Here we present MORAC, molecular recognition based on affinity and catalysis, which enables the effective identification of candidate biomarkers with low abundance. MORAC relies on a class of DNAzymes, each cleaving a sole RNA linkage embedded in their DNA chain upon specifically sensing a complex system with no prior knowledge of the system's molecular content. We show that signal amplification from catalysis ensures the DNAzymes high sensitivity (for target probing); meanwhile, a simple RNA-to-DNA mutation can shut down their RNA cleavage ability and turn them into a pure affinity tool (for target pulldown). Using MORAC, we identify previously unknown, low-abundance candidate biomarkers with clear clinical value, including apolipoprotein L6 in breast cancer and seryl-tRNA synthetase 1 in polyps preceding colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, and Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Global Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongxuan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, and Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ayimukedisi Yalikong
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, and Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ping Ge
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, and Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, and Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Du
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, and Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, and Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, and Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wuqiang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, and Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, and Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Sun
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, and Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, and Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, and Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Global Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acids Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Digestive Disease, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Shi Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, and Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi-Zhou Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, and Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hongzhou Gu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, and Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Global Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Gupta S, Jani J, Vijayasurya, Mochi J, Tabasum S, Sabarwal A, Pappachan A. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase - a molecular multitasker. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23219. [PMID: 37776328 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202202024rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AaRSs) are valuable "housekeeping" enzymes that ensure the accurate transmission of genetic information in living cells, where they aminoacylated tRNA molecules with their cognate amino acid and provide substrates for protein biosynthesis. In addition to their translational or canonical function, they contribute to nontranslational/moonlighting functions, which are mediated by the presence of other domains on the proteins. This was supported by several reports which claim that AaRS has a significant role in gene transcription, apoptosis, translation, and RNA splicing regulation. Noncanonical/ nontranslational functions of AaRSs also include their roles in regulating angiogenesis, inflammation, cancer, and other major physio-pathological processes. Multiple AaRSs are also associated with a broad range of physiological and pathological processes; a few even serve as cytokines. Therefore, the multifunctional nature of AaRSs suggests their potential as viable therapeutic targets as well. Here, our discussion will encompass a range of noncanonical functions attributed to Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases (AaRSs), highlighting their links with a diverse array of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadha Gupta
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Jaykumar Jani
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Vijayasurya
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Jigneshkumar Mochi
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Saba Tabasum
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akash Sabarwal
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anju Pappachan
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
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6
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Liu Z, Wang J, Shi Y, Yee BA, Terrey M, Zhang Q, Lee JC, Lin KI, Wang AHJ, Ackerman S, Yeo G, Cui H, Yang XL. Seryl-tRNA synthetase promotes translational readthrough by mRNA binding and involvement of the selenocysteine incorporation machinery. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:10768-10781. [PMID: 37739431 PMCID: PMC10602924 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Translational readthrough of UGA stop codons by selenocysteine-specific tRNA (tRNASec) enables the synthesis of selenoproteins. Seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS) charges tRNASec with serine, which is modified into selenocysteine and delivered to the ribosome by a designated elongation factor (eEFSec in eukaryotes). Here we found that components of the human selenocysteine incorporation machinery (SerRS, tRNASec, and eEFSec) also increased translational readthrough of non-selenocysteine genes, including VEGFA, to create C-terminally extended isoforms. SerRS recognizes target mRNAs through a stem-loop structure that resembles the variable loop of its cognate tRNAs. This function of SerRS depends on both its enzymatic activity and a vertebrate-specific domain. Through eCLIP-seq, we identified additional SerRS-interacting mRNAs as potential readthrough genes. Moreover, SerRS overexpression was sufficient to reverse premature termination caused by a pathogenic nonsense mutation. Our findings expand the repertoire of selenoprotein biosynthesis machinery and suggest an avenue for therapeutic targeting of nonsense mutations using endogenous factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Justin Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Brian A Yee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Markus Terrey
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jenq-Chang Lee
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-I Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
| | - Andrew H-J Wang
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Susan L Ackerman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Haissi Cui
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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7
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Ricciardelli AR, Robledo A, Fish JE, Kan PT, Harris TH, Wythe JD. The Role and Therapeutic Implications of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2876. [PMID: 38001877 PMCID: PMC10669898 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) are focal vascular lesions composed of abnormal vascular channels without an intervening capillary network. As a result, high-pressure arterial blood shunts directly into the venous outflow system. These high-flow, low-resistance shunts are composed of dilated, tortuous, and fragile vessels, which are prone to rupture. BAVMs are a leading cause of hemorrhagic stroke in children and young adults. Current treatments for bAVMs are limited to surgery, embolization, and radiosurgery, although even these options are not viable for ~20% of AVM patients due to excessive risk. Critically, inflammation has been suggested to contribute to lesion progression. Here we summarize the current literature discussing the role of the immune system in bAVM pathogenesis and lesion progression, as well as the potential for targeting inflammation to prevent bAVM rupture and intracranial hemorrhage. We conclude by proposing that a dysfunctional endothelium, which harbors the somatic mutations that have been shown to give rise to sporadic bAVMs, may drive disease development and progression by altering the immune status of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R. Ricciardelli
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ariadna Robledo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (A.R.)
| | - Jason E. Fish
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Peter T. Kan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (A.R.)
| | - Tajie H. Harris
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
- Brain, Immunology, and Glia (BIG) Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Joshua D. Wythe
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
- Brain, Immunology, and Glia (BIG) Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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8
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Kalotay E, Klugmann M, Housley GD, Fröhlich D. Recessive aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase disorders: lessons learned from in vivo disease models. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1182874. [PMID: 37274208 PMCID: PMC10234152 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1182874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis is a fundamental process that underpins almost every aspect of cellular functioning. Intriguingly, despite their common function, recessive mutations in aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs), the family of enzymes that pair tRNA molecules with amino acids prior to translation on the ribosome, cause a diverse range of multi-system disorders that affect specific groups of tissues. Neurological development is impaired in most ARS-associated disorders. In addition to central nervous system defects, diseases caused by recessive mutations in cytosolic ARSs commonly affect the liver and lungs. Patients with biallelic mutations in mitochondrial ARSs often present with encephalopathies, with variable involvement of peripheral systems. Many of these disorders cause severe disability, and as understanding of their pathogenesis is currently limited, there are no effective treatments available. To address this, accurate in vivo models for most of the recessive ARS diseases are urgently needed. Here, we discuss approaches that have been taken to model recessive ARS diseases in vivo, highlighting some of the challenges that have arisen in this process, as well as key results obtained from these models. Further development and refinement of animal models is essential to facilitate a better understanding of the pathophysiology underlying recessive ARS diseases, and ultimately to enable development and testing of effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kalotay
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthias Klugmann
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Gary D. Housley
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dominik Fröhlich
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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9
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Verdura E, Senger B, Raspall-Chaure M, Schlüter A, Launay N, Ruiz M, Casasnovas C, Rodriguez-Palmero A, Macaya A, Becker HD, Pujol A. Loss of seryl-tRNA synthetase ( SARS1) causes complex spastic paraplegia and cellular senescence. J Med Genet 2022; 59:1227-1233. [PMID: 36041817 PMCID: PMC9691831 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARS) are key enzymes catalysing the first reactions in protein synthesis, with increasingly recognised pleiotropic roles in tumourgenesis, angiogenesis, immune response and lifespan. Germline mutations in several ARS genes have been associated with both recessive and dominant neurological diseases. Recently, patients affected with microcephaly, intellectual disability and ataxia harbouring biallelic variants in the seryl-tRNA synthetase encoded by seryl-tRNA synthetase 1 (SARS1) were reported. METHODS We used exome sequencing to identify the causal variant in a patient affected by complex spastic paraplegia with ataxia, intellectual disability, developmental delay and seizures, but without microcephaly. Complementation and serylation assays using patient's fibroblasts and an Saccharomyces cerevisiae model were performed to examine this variant's pathogenicity. RESULTS A de novo splice site deletion in SARS1 was identified in our patient, resulting in a 5-amino acid in-frame insertion near its active site. Complementation assays in S. cerevisiae and serylation assays in both yeast strains and patient fibroblasts proved a loss-of-function, dominant negative effect. Fibroblasts showed an abnormal cell shape, arrested division and increased beta-galactosidase staining along with a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (raised interleukin-6, p21, p16 and p53 levels). CONCLUSION We refine the phenotypic spectrum and modes of inheritance of a newly described, ultrarare neurodevelopmental disorder, while unveiling the role of SARS1 as a regulator of cell growth, division and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgard Verdura
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miquel Raspall-Chaure
- Pediatric Neurology Research Group, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,Department of Paediatric Neurology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Agatha Schlüter
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nathalie Launay
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Ruiz
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Casasnovas
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustí Rodriguez-Palmero
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,Pediatrics, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfons Macaya
- Pediatric Neurology Research Group, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,Department of Paediatric Neurology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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10
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Bögershausen N, Krawczyk HE, Jamra RA, Lin SJ, Yigit G, Hüning I, Polo AM, Vona B, Huang K, Schmidt J, Altmüller J, Luppe J, Platzer K, Dörgeloh BB, Busche A, Biskup S, Mendes MI, Smith DEC, Salomons GS, Zibat A, Bültmann E, Nürnberg P, Spielmann M, Lemke JR, Li Y, Zenker M, Varshney GK, Hillen HS, Kratz CP, Wollnik B. WARS1 and SARS1: Two tRNA synthetases implicated in autosomal recessive microcephaly. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:1454-1471. [PMID: 35790048 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacylation of transfer RNA (tRNA) is a key step in protein biosynthesis, carried out by highly specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs). ARSs have been implicated in autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive human disorders. Autosomal dominant variants in tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase 1 (WARS1) are known to cause distal hereditary motor neuropathy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, but a recessively inherited phenotype is yet to be clearly defined. Seryl-tRNA synthetase 1 (SARS1) has rarely been implicated in an autosomal recessive developmental disorder. Here, we report five individuals with biallelic missense variants in WARS1 or SARS1, who presented with an overlapping phenotype of microcephaly, developmental delay, intellectual disability, and brain anomalies. Structural mapping showed that the SARS1 variant is located directly within the enzyme's active site, most likely diminishing activity, while the WARS1 variant is located in the N-terminal domain. We further characterize the identified WARS1 variant by showing that it negatively impacts protein abundance and is unable to rescue the phenotype of a CRISPR/Cas9 wars1 knockout zebrafish model. In summary, we describe two overlapping autosomal recessive syndromes caused by variants in WARS1 and SARS1, present functional insights into the pathogenesis of the WARS1-related syndrome and define an emerging disease spectrum: ARS-related developmental disorders with or without microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bögershausen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannah E Krawczyk
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rami A Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sheng-Jia Lin
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Gökhan Yigit
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Irina Hüning
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anna M Polo
- MVZ Labor Krone, Filialpraxis für Humangenetik, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Barbara Vona
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kevin Huang
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Julia Schmidt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Core Facility Genomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Luppe
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate B Dörgeloh
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Busche
- Institut für Humangenetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Saskia Biskup
- CeGaT GmbH, Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marisa I Mendes
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Desiree E C Smith
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gajja S Salomons
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arne Zibat
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva Bültmann
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Malte Spielmann
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gaurav K Varshney
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Hauke S Hillen
- Research Group Structure and Function of Molecular Machines, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian P Kratz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Zhang F, Zeng QY, Xu H, Xu AN, Liu DJ, Li NZ, Chen Y, Jin Y, Xu CH, Feng CZ, Zhang YL, Liu D, Liu N, Xie YY, Yu SH, Yuan H, Xue K, Shi JY, Liu TX, Xu PF, Zhao WL, Zhou Y, Wang L, Huang QH, Chen Z, Chen SJ, Zhou XL, Sun XJ. Selective and competitive functions of the AAR and UPR pathways in stress-induced angiogenesis. Cell Discov 2021; 7:98. [PMID: 34697290 PMCID: PMC8547220 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino acid response (AAR) and unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways converge on eIF2α phosphorylation, which is catalyzed by Gcn2 and Perk, respectively, under different stresses. This close interconnection makes it difficult to specify different functions of AAR and UPR. Here, we generated a zebrafish model in which loss of threonyl-tRNA synthetase (Tars) induces angiogenesis dependent on Tars aminoacylation activity. Comparative transcriptome analysis of the tars-mutant and wild-type embryos with/without Gcn2- or Perk-inhibition reveals that only Gcn2-mediated AAR is activated in the tars-mutants, whereas Perk functions predominantly in normal development. Mechanistic analysis shows that, while a considerable amount of eIF2α is normally phosphorylated by Perk, the loss of Tars causes an accumulation of uncharged tRNAThr, which in turn activates Gcn2, leading to phosphorylation of an extra amount of eIF2α. The partial switchover of kinases for eIF2α largely overwhelms the functions of Perk in normal development. Interestingly, although inhibition of Gcn2 and Perk in this stress condition both can reduce the eIF2α phosphorylation levels, their functional consequences in the regulation of target genes and in the rescue of the angiogenic phenotypes are dramatically different. Indeed, genetic and pharmacological manipulations of these pathways validate that the Gcn2-mediated AAR, but not the Perk-mediated UPR, is required for tars-deficiency induced angiogenesis. Thus, the interconnected AAR and UPR pathways differentially regulate angiogenesis through selective functions and mutual competitions, reflecting the specificity and efficiency of multiple stress response pathways that evolve integrally to enable an organism to sense/respond precisely to various types of stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Yu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Ning Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dian-Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning-Zhe Li
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Hui Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Zhou Feng
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Liang Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin-Yin Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-He Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Yi Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Xi Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics, Women's Hospital, and Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Li Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Stem Cell Program, Hematology/Oncology Program at Children's Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiu-Hua Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sai-Juan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiao-Long Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiao-Jian Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Zou Y, Yang Y, Fu X, He X, Liu M, Zong T, Li X, Htet Aung L, Wang Z, Yu T. The regulatory roles of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase in cardiovascular disease. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 25:372-387. [PMID: 34484863 PMCID: PMC8399643 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are widely found in organisms, which can activate amino acids and make them bind to tRNA through ester bond to form the corresponding aminoyl-tRNA. The classic function of ARS is to provide raw materials for protein biosynthesis. Recently, emerging evidence demonstrates that ARSs play critical roles in controlling inflammation, immune responses, and tumorigenesis as well as other important physiological and pathological processes. With the recent development of genome and exon sequencing technology, as well as the discovery of new clinical cases, ARSs have been reported to be closely associated with a variety of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), particularly angiogenesis and cardiomyopathy. Intriguingly, aminoacylation was newly identified and reported to modify substrate proteins, thereby regulating protein activity and functions. Sensing the availability of intracellular amino acids is closely related to the regulation of a variety of cell physiology. In this review, we summarize the research progress on the mechanism of CVDs caused by abnormal ARS function and introduce the clinical phenotypes and characteristics of CVDs related to ARS dysfunction. We also highlight the potential roles of aminoacylation in CVDs. Finally, we discuss some of the limitations and challenges of present research. The current findings suggest the significant roles of ARSs involved in the progress of CVDs, which present the potential clinical values as novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets in CVD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Zou
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuxiu Fu
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqin He
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixin Liu
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingyu Zong
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lynn Htet Aung
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, People's Republic of China.,Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, People's Republic of China
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13
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Lee YR, Kim SH, Ben-Mahmoud A, Kim OH, Choi TI, Lee KH, Ku B, Eum J, Kee Y, Lee S, Cha J, Won D, Lee ST, Choi JR, Lee JS, Kim HD, Kim HG, Bonkowsky JL, Kang HC, Kim CH. Eif2b3 mutants recapitulate phenotypes of vanishing white matter disease and validate novel disease alleles in zebrafish. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:331-342. [PMID: 33517449 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukodystrophy with vanishing white matter (VWM), also called Childhood Ataxia with Central Nervous System Hypomyelination, is caused by mutations in the subunits of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor, EIF2B1, EIF2B2, EIF2B3, EIF2B4 or EIF2B5. However, little is known regarding the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms, and there is no curative treatment for VWM. In this study, we established the first EIF2B3 animal model for VWM disease in vertebrates by CRISPR mutagenesis of the highly conserved zebrafish ortholog eif2b3. Using CRISPR, we generated two mutant alleles in zebrafish eif2b3, 10- and 16-bp deletions, respectively. The eif2b3 mutants showed defects in myelin development and glial cell differentiation, and increased expression of genes in the induced stress response pathway. Interestingly, we also found ectopic angiogenesis and increased VEGF expression. Ectopic angiogenesis in the eif2b3 mutants was reduced by the administration of VEGF receptor inhibitor SU5416. Using the eif2b3 mutant zebrafish model together with in silico protein modeling analysis, we demonstrated the pathogenicity of 18 reported mutations in EIF2B3, as well as of a novel variant identified in a 19-month-old female patient: c.503 T > C (p.Leu168Pro). In summary, our zebrafish mutant model of eif2b3 provides novel insights into VWM pathogenesis and offers rapid functional analysis of human EIF2B3 gene variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ri Lee
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Se Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Epilepsy Clinic, Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Afif Ben-Mahmoud
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Oc-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tae-Ik Choi
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kang-Han Lee
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Juneyong Eum
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yun Kee
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jihoon Cha
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - DongJu Won
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Tae Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Rak Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Soo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Epilepsy Clinic, Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heung Dong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Epilepsy Clinic, Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine and Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hoon-Chul Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Epilepsy Clinic, Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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14
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Shi Y, Liu Z, Zhang Q, Vallee I, Mo Z, Kishi S, Yang XL. Phosphorylation of seryl-tRNA synthetase by ATM/ATR is essential for hypoxia-induced angiogenesis. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000991. [PMID: 33351793 PMCID: PMC7755189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced angiogenesis maintains tissue oxygen supply and protects against ischemia but also enhances tumor progression and malignancy. This is mediated through activation of transcription factors like hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and c-Myc, yet the impact of hypoxia on negative regulators of angiogenesis is unknown. During vascular development, seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS) regulates angiogenesis through a novel mechanism by counteracting c-Myc and transcriptionally repressing vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression. Here, we reveal that the transcriptional repressor role of SerRS is inactivated under hypoxia through phosphorylation by ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ataxia telangiectasia mutated and RAD3-related (ATR) at Ser101 and Ser241 to attenuate its DNA binding capacity. In zebrafish, SerRSS101D/S241D, a phosphorylation-mimicry mutant, cannot suppress VEGFA expression to support normal vascular development. Moreover, expression of SerRSS101A/S241A, a phosphorylation-deficient and constitutively active mutant, prevents hypoxia-induced binding of c-Myc and HIF-1 to the VEGFA promoter, and activation of VEGFA expression. Consistently, SerRSS101A/S241A strongly inhibits normal and tumor-derived angiogenesis in mice. Therefore, we reveal a key step regulating hypoxic angiogenesis and highlight the importance of nuclear SerRS in post-developmental angiogenesis regulation in addition to vascular development. The role of nuclear SerRS in inhibiting both c-Myc and HIF-1 may provide therapeutic opportunities to correct dysregulation of angiogenesis in pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (YS); (X-LY)
| | - Ze Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ingrid Vallee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Zhongying Mo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Shuji Kishi
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YS); (X-LY)
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15
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Wang L, Li Z, Sievert D, Smith DEC, Mendes MI, Chen DY, Stanley V, Ghosh S, Wang Y, Kara M, Aslanger AD, Rosti RO, Houlden H, Salomons GS, Gleeson JG. Loss of NARS1 impairs progenitor proliferation in cortical brain organoids and leads to microcephaly. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4038. [PMID: 32788587 PMCID: PMC7424529 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase1 (NARS1) is a member of the ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic Class IIa family of tRNA synthetases required for protein translation. Here, we identify biallelic missense and frameshift mutations in NARS1 in seven patients from three unrelated families with microcephaly and neurodevelopmental delay. Patient cells show reduced NARS1 protein, impaired NARS1 activity and impaired global protein synthesis. Cortical brain organoid modeling shows reduced proliferation of radial glial cells (RGCs), leading to smaller organoids characteristic of microcephaly. Single-cell analysis reveals altered constituents of both astrocytic and RGC lineages, suggesting a requirement for NARS1 in RGC proliferation. Our findings demonstrate that NARS1 is required to meet protein synthetic needs and to support RGC proliferation in human brain development. Asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase1 (NARS1) is required for protein synthesis. Here, the authors identify biallelic NARS1 mutations in individuals with microcephaly and neurodevelopmental delay. Cortical brain organoid modeling recapitulates microcephaly characteristics and scRNA-seq reveals a role for NARS1 in radial glial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - David Sievert
- Department of Neurosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Desirée E C Smith
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marisa I Mendes
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dillon Y Chen
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Division of Child Neurology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Valentina Stanley
- Department of Neurosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Shereen Ghosh
- Department of Neurosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Yulu Wang
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Majdi Kara
- University of Tripoli, Tripoli Children's Hospital, Tripoli, Libya
| | | | - Rasim O Rosti
- Department of Neurosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Gajja S Salomons
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Division of Child Neurology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are a family of essential "housekeeping" enzymes ubiquitous in the three major domains of life. ARSs uniquely connect the essential minimal units of both major oligomer classes-the 3-nucleotide codons of oligonucleotides and the amino acids of proteins. They catalyze the esterification of amino acids to the 3'-end of cognate transfer RNAs (tRNAs) bearing the correct anticodon triplet to ensure accurate transfer of information from mRNA to protein according to the genetic code. As an essential translation factor responsible for the first biochemical reaction in protein biosynthesis, ARSs control protein production by catalyzing aminoacylation, and by editing of mischarged aminoacyl-tRNAs to maintain translational fidelity. In addition to their primary enzymatic activities, many ARSs have noncanonical functions unrelated to their catalytic activity in protein synthesis. Among the ARSs with "moonlighting" activities, several, including GluProRS (or EPRS), LeuRS, LysRS, SerRS, TyrRS, and TrpRS, exhibit cell signaling-related activities that sense environmental signals, regulate gene expression, and modulate cellular functions. ARS signaling functions generally depend on catalytically-inactive, appended domains not present in ancient enzyme forms, and are activated by stimulus-dependent post-translational modification. Activation often results in cellular re-localization and gain of new interacting partners. The newly formed ARS-bearing complexes conduct a host of signal transduction functions, including immune response, mTORC1 pathway signaling, and fibrogenic and angiogenic signaling, among others. Because noncanonical functions of ARSs in signal transduction are uncoupled from canonical aminoacylation functions, function-specific inhibitors can be developed, thus providing promising opportunities and therapeutic targets for treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yao
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, The Center for RNA Biology, The Center for Biomedical Informatics, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States.
| | - Paul L Fox
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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17
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Picchioni D, Antolin-Fontes A, Camacho N, Schmitz C, Pons-Pons A, Rodríguez-Escribà M, Machallekidou A, Güler MN, Siatra P, Carretero-Junquera M, Serrano A, Hovde SL, Knobel PA, Novoa EM, Solà-Vilarrubias M, Kaguni LS, Stracker TH, Ribas de Pouplana L. Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis and mtDNA Levels Coordinated through an Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Subunit. Cell Rep 2020; 27:40-47.e5. [PMID: 30943413 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aminoacylation of tRNAs by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) is a central reaction in biology. Multiple regulatory pathways use the aminoacylation status of cytosolic tRNAs to monitor and regulate metabolism. The existence of equivalent regulatory networks within the mitochondria is unknown. Here, we describe a functional network that couples protein synthesis to DNA replication in animal mitochondria. We show that a duplication of the gene coding for mitochondrial seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS2) generated in arthropods a paralog protein (SLIMP) that forms a heterodimeric complex with a SerRS2 monomer. This seryl-tRNA synthetase variant is essential for protein synthesis and mitochondrial respiration. In addition, SLIMP interacts with the substrate binding domain of the mitochondrial protease LON, thus stimulating proteolysis of the DNA-binding protein TFAM and preventing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) accumulation. Thus, mitochondrial translation is directly coupled to mtDNA levels by a network based upon a profound structural modification of an animal ARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Picchioni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Antolin-Fontes
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Noelia Camacho
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Claus Schmitz
- Structural MitoLab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Pons-Pons
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Escribà
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antigoni Machallekidou
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Merve Nur Güler
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Panagiota Siatra
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Carretero-Junquera
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alba Serrano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Stacy L Hovde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Mitochondrial Science and Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Philip A Knobel
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory for Molecular Radiobiology, Clinic of Radiation Oncology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva M Novoa
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, 2010 Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Solà-Vilarrubias
- Structural MitoLab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laurie S Kaguni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Mitochondrial Science and Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Travis H Stracker
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lluís Ribas de Pouplana
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), P/Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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18
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Targeting Angiogenesis by Blocking the ATM-SerRS-VEGFA Pathway for UV-Induced Skin Photodamage and Melanoma Growth. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121847. [PMID: 31766690 PMCID: PMC6966470 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) has been widely used to protect skin from photo damage and skin carcinomas caused by solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, yet the mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report that all-trans retinoic acid (tRA) can directly induce the expression of a newly identified potent anti-angiogenic factor, seryl tRNA synthetase (SerRS), whose angiostatic role can, however, be inhibited by UV-activated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase. In both a human epidermal cell line, HaCaT, and a mouse melanoma B16F10 cell line, we found that tRA could activate SerRS transcription through binding with the SerRS promoter. However, UV irradiation induced activation of ATM-phosphorylated SerRS, leading to the inactivation of SerRS as a transcriptional repressor of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), which dampened the effect of tRA. When combined with ATM inhibitor KU-55933, tRA showed a greatly enhanced efficiency in inhibiting VEGFA expression and a much better protection of mouse skin from photo damage. Also, we found the combination greatly inhibited tumor angiogenesis and growth in mouse melanoma xenograft in vivo. Taken together, tRA combined with an ATM inhibitor can greatly enhance the anti-angiogenic activity of SerRS under UV irradiation and could be a better strategy in protecting skin from angiogenesis-associated skin damage and melanoma caused by UV radiation.
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19
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Kang I, Lee BC, Lee JY, Kim JJ, Lee SE, Shin N, Choi SW, Kang KS. Interferon-γ-mediated secretion of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetases has a role in protection of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells against experimental colitis. BMB Rep 2019. [PMID: 30293546 PMCID: PMC6549917 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.5.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells that present immunosuppressive effects in experimental and clinical trials targeting various rare diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In addition, recent studies have reported tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WRS) possesses uncanonical roles such as angiostatic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, little is known about the function of WRS in MSC-based therapy. In this study, we investigated if a novel factor, WRS, secreted from MSCs has a role in amelioration of IBD symptoms and determined a specific mechanism underlying MSC therapy. Experimental colitis was induced by administration of 3% DSS solution to 8-week-old mice and human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (hUCB-MSCs) were injected intraperitoneally. Secretion of WRS from hUCB-MSCs and direct effect of WRS on isolated CD4+ T cells was determined via in vitro experiments and hUCB-MSCs showed significant therapeutic rescue against experimental colitis. Importantly, WRS level in serum of colitis induced mice decreased and recovered by administration of MSCs. Through in vitro examination, WRS expression of hUCB-MSCs increased when cells were treated with interferon-γ (IFN-γ). WRS was evaluated and revealed to have a role in inhibiting activated T cells by inducing apoptosis. In summary, IFN-γ-mediated secretion of WRS from MSCs has a role in suppressive effect on excessive inflammation and disease progression of IBD and brings new highlights in the immunomodulatory potency of hUCB-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insung Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Lee
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jin Young Lee
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae-Jun Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Lee
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Nari Shin
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Soon Won Choi
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Institute for Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine, Kangstem Biotech CO., Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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20
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Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals high interference on protein expression of H9c2 cells activated with glucose and cardiotonic steroids. J Proteomics 2019; 211:103536. [PMID: 31629057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the incidence of death and morbidity due to diabetes has increased worldwide, causing a high social and economic impact. Diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke and lower limb amputation. However, the molecular mechanisms that make the heart and kidneys the main targets of diabetes are not completely understood. To better understand the complex biochemical mechanism of diabetic cardiomyopathy, we investigated the effects of hyperglycemia with concomitant digoxin and ouabain stimulation in H9c2 cells. Total extracted proteins were analyzed by label-free LC-MS/MS, quantified by Scaffold software and validated by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) methodology. Here, we show that the eukaryotic initiation factors (Eifs) and elongation factors (Eefs) Eif3f, Eef2 and Eif4a1 are overexpressed following cardiotonic steroid (CTS) stimulation. Similarly, the expression of four 14-3-3 proteins that play a key role in cardiac ventricular compaction was altered after CTS stimulation. In total, the expression of nine protein groups was altered in response to the stimulation of H9c2 cells. Here, the biological consequences of these changes are discussed in depth. SIGNIFICANCE: Hyperglycemia is the main physiological condition that provokes tissue and vascular injuries in heart of diabetic patients. However, the changings at large scale in the expression of proteins of cardiomyocytes generated by this condition was not yet studied. Here we report for the first time the altered biosynthesis of nine groups of proteins of H9c2 cells activated by high glucose concentrations and by cardiotonic steroids (CTS). Furthermore, the increased biosynthesis of Eifs, Eefs and 14-3-3 protein groups by CTS, which play a crucial role in cardiomyopathies are original data reported in this work. These findings not only enhance our knowledge concerning to the effects of hyperglycemia and CTS on H9c2 cells but also indicate potential molecular targets to interfere in diabetes cardiomyopathy progression.
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21
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Waldron A, Wilcox C, Francklyn C, Ebert A. Knock-Down of Histidyl-tRNA Synthetase Causes Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis of Neuronal Progenitor Cells in vivo. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:67. [PMID: 31134197 PMCID: PMC6524715 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Histidyl-tRNA Synthetase (HARS) is a member of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family, which attach amino acids to their associated tRNA molecules. This reaction is a crucial step in protein synthesis that must be carried out in every cell of an organism. However, a number of tissue-specific, human genetic disorders have been associated with mutations in the genes for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, including HARS. These associations indicate that, while we know a great deal about the molecular and biochemical properties of this enzyme, we still do not fully understand how these proteins function in the context of an entire organism. To this end, we set out to knock-down HARS expression in the zebrafish and characterize the developmental consequences. Through our work we show that some tissues, particularly the nervous system, are more sensitive to HARS loss than others and we reveal a link between HARS and the proliferation and survival of neuronal progenitors during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Waldron
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Claire Wilcox
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Christopher Francklyn
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Alicia Ebert
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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22
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Francklyn CS, Mullen P. Progress and challenges in aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-based therapeutics. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:5365-5385. [PMID: 30670594 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev118.002956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are universal enzymes that catalyze the attachment of amino acids to the 3' ends of their cognate tRNAs. The resulting aminoacylated tRNAs are escorted to the ribosome where they enter protein synthesis. By specifically matching amino acids to defined anticodon sequences in tRNAs, ARSs are essential to the physical interpretation of the genetic code. In addition to their canonical role in protein synthesis, ARSs are also involved in RNA splicing, transcriptional regulation, translation, and other aspects of cellular homeostasis. Likewise, aminoacylated tRNAs serve as amino acid donors for biosynthetic processes distinct from protein synthesis, including lipid modification and antibiotic biosynthesis. Thanks to the wealth of details on ARS structures and functions and the growing appreciation of their additional roles regulating cellular homeostasis, opportunities for the development of clinically useful ARS inhibitors are emerging to manage microbial and parasite infections. Exploitation of these opportunities has been stimulated by the discovery of new inhibitor frameworks, the use of semi-synthetic approaches combining chemistry and genome engineering, and more powerful techniques for identifying leads from the screening of large chemical libraries. Here, we review the inhibition of ARSs by small molecules, including the various families of natural products, as well as inhibitors developed by either rational design or high-throughput screening as antibiotics and anti-parasitic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Francklyn
- From the Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Patrick Mullen
- From the Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
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23
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Wang K, Zhao S, Liu B, Zhang Q, Li Y, Liu J, Shen Y, Ding X, Lin J, Wu Y, Yan Z, Chen J, Li X, Song X, Niu Y, Liu J, Chen W, Ming Y, Du R, Chen C, Long B, Zhang Y, Tong X, Zhang S, Posey JE, Zhang B, Wu Z, Wythe JD, Liu P, Lupski JR, Yang X, Wu N. Perturbations of BMP/TGF-β and VEGF/VEGFR signalling pathways in non-syndromic sporadic brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVM). J Med Genet 2018; 55:675-684. [PMID: 30120215 PMCID: PMC6161649 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-105224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVM) represent a congenital anomaly of the cerebral vessels with a prevalence of 10-18/100 000. BAVM is the leading aetiology of intracranial haemorrhage in children. Our objective was to identify gene variants potentially contributing to disease and to better define the molecular aetiology underlying non-syndromic sporadic BAVM. METHODS We performed whole-exome trio sequencing of 100 unrelated families with a clinically uniform BAVM phenotype. Pathogenic variants were then studied in vivo using a transgenic zebrafish model. RESULTS We identified four pathogenic heterozygous variants in four patients, including one in the established BAVM-related gene, ENG, and three damaging variants in novel candidate genes: PITPNM3, SARS and LEMD3, which we then functionally validated in zebrafish. In addition, eight likely pathogenic heterozygous variants (TIMP3, SCUBE2, MAP4K4, CDH2, IL17RD, PREX2, ZFYVE16 and EGFR) were identified in eight patients, and 16 patients carried one or more variants of uncertain significance. Potential oligogenic inheritance (MAP4K4 with ENG, RASA1 with TIMP3 and SCUBE2 with ENG) was identified in three patients. Regulation of sma- and mad-related proteins (SMADs) (involved in bone morphogenic protein (BMP)/transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signalling) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular endotheliual growth factor recepter 2 (VEGFR2) binding and activity (affecting the VEGF signalling pathway) were the most significantly affected biological process involved in the pathogenesis of BAVM. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the specific role of BMP/TGF-β and VEGF/VEGFR signalling in the aetiology of BAVM and the efficiency of intensive parallel sequencing in the challenging context of genetically heterogeneous paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghuan Ding
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiachen Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Zihui Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Department of Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Song
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuchen Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Department of Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weisheng Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Ming
- PET-CT Center, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Renqian Du
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cong Chen
- PET-CT Center, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Long
- Department of Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yisen Zhang
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangjun Tong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joshua D Wythe
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xinjian Yang
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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24
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Ni R, Luo L. A noncanonical function of histidyl-tRNA synthetase: inhibition of vascular hyperbranching during zebrafish development. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:722-731. [PMID: 29744287 PMCID: PMC5929932 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Histidyl‐tRNA synthetase (Hars) catalyzes the ligation of histidine residues to cognate tRNA. Here, we demonstrate a noncanonical function of Hars in vascular development in zebrafish. We obtained a novel zebrafish cq34 mutant which exhibited hyperbranching of cranial and intersegmental blood vessels 48 h after fertilization. The gene responsible for this phenotype was identified as hars. We found the increased expression of cdh5 and vegfa in the harscq34 mutant. Knockdown of cdh5 in the mutant reduced disordered connections of the hindbrain capillaries. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling suppressed the abnormal vascular branching observed in the mutant. Moreover, the human HARSmRNA rescued the vascular defects in the cq34 mutant. Thus, the noncanonical function of Hars regulates vascular development, mainly by modulating expression of cdh5 and vegfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ni
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development Ministry of Education Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology School of Life Sciences Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Lingfei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development Ministry of Education Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology School of Life Sciences Southwest University Chongqing China
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25
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Yakobov N, Debard S, Fischer F, Senger B, Becker HD. Cytosolic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: Unanticipated relocations for unexpected functions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2017; 1861:387-400. [PMID: 29155070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytosolic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are essentially known for their conventional function of generating the full set of aminoacyl-tRNA species that are needed to incorporate each organism's repertoire of genetically-encoded amino acids during ribosomal translation of messenger RNAs. However, bacterial and eukaryotic cytosolic aaRSs have been shown to exhibit other essential nonconventional functions. Here we review all the subcellular compartments that prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytosolic aaRSs can reach to exert either a conventional or nontranslational role. We describe the physiological and stress conditions, the mechanisms and the signaling pathways that trigger their relocation and the new functions associated with these relocating cytosolic aaRS. Finally, given that these relocating pools of cytosolic aaRSs participate to a wide range of cellular pathways beyond translation, but equally important for cellular homeostasis, we mention some of the pathologies and diseases associated with the dis-regulation or malfunctioning of these nontranslational functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Yakobov
- Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie, UMR 7156, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Botanique, 28 rue Goethe, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Sylvain Debard
- Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie, UMR 7156, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Botanique, 28 rue Goethe, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Fischer
- Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie, UMR 7156, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Botanique, 28 rue Goethe, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Senger
- Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie, UMR 7156, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Botanique, 28 rue Goethe, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Hubert Dominique Becker
- Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie, UMR 7156, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Botanique, 28 rue Goethe, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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26
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A single Danio rerio hars gene encodes both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial histidyl-tRNA synthetases. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185317. [PMID: 28934368 PMCID: PMC5608375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histidyl tRNA Synthetase (HARS) is a member of the aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (ARS) family of enzymes. This family of 20 enzymes is responsible for attaching specific amino acids to their cognate tRNA molecules, a critical step in protein synthesis. However, recent work highlighting a growing number of associations between ARS genes and diverse human diseases raises the possibility of new and unexpected functions in this ancient enzyme family. For example, mutations in HARS have been linked to two different neurological disorders, Usher Syndrome Type IIIB and Charcot Marie Tooth peripheral neuropathy. These connections raise the possibility of previously undiscovered roles for HARS in metazoan development, with alterations in these functions leading to complex diseases. In an attempt to establish Danio rerio as a model for studying HARS functions in human disease, we characterized the Danio rerio hars gene and compared it to that of human HARS. Using a combination of bioinformatics, molecular biology, and cellular approaches, we found that while the human genome encodes separate genes for cytoplasmic and mitochondrial HARS protein, the Danio rerio genome encodes a single hars gene which undergoes alternative splicing to produce the respective cytoplasmic and mitochondrial versions of Hars. Nevertheless, while the HARS genes of humans and Danio differ significantly at the genomic level, we found that they are still highly conserved at the amino acid level, underscoring the potential utility of Danio rerio as a model organism for investigating HARS function and its link to human diseases in vivo.
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27
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Fu CY, Wang PC, Tsai HJ. Competitive binding between Seryl-tRNA synthetase/YY1 complex and NFKB1 at the distal segment results in differential regulation of human vegfa promoter activity during angiogenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:2423-2437. [PMID: 27913726 PMCID: PMC5389716 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a pivotal role in angiogenesis. Previous studies focused on transcriptional regulation modulated by proximal upstream cis-regulatory elements (CREs) of the human vegfa promoter. However, we hypothesized that distal upstream CREs may also be involved in controlling vegfa transcription. In this study, we found that the catalytic domain of Seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS) interacted with transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) to form a SerRS/YY1 complex that negatively controls vegfa promoter activity through binding distal CREs at -4654 to -4623 of vegfa. Particularly, we demonstrated that the -4654 to -4623 segment, which predominantly controls vegfa promoter activity, is involved in competitive binding between SerRS/YY1 complex and NFKB1. We further showed that VEGFA protein and blood vessel development were reduced by overexpression of either SerRS or YY1, but enhanced by the knockdown of either SerRS or yy1. In contrast, these same parameters were enhanced by overexpression of NFKB1, but reduced by knockdown of nfkb1. Therefore, we suggested that SerRS does not bind DNA directly but form a SerRS/YY1 complex, which functions as a negative effector to regulate vegfa transcription through binding at the distal CREs; while NFKB1 serves as a positive effector through competing with SerRS/YY1 binding at the overlapping CREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Yang Fu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Jen Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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28
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Musante L, Püttmann L, Kahrizi K, Garshasbi M, Hu H, Stehr H, Lipkowitz B, Otto S, Jensen LR, Tzschach A, Jamali P, Wienker T, Najmabadi H, Ropers HH, Kuss AW. Mutations of the aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases SARS and WARS2 are implicated in the etiology of autosomal recessive intellectual disability. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:621-636. [PMID: 28236339 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is the hallmark of an extremely heterogeneous group of disorders that comprises a wide variety of syndromic and non-syndromic phenotypes. Here, we report on mutations in two aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases that are associated with ID in two unrelated Iranian families. In the first family, we identified a homozygous missense mutation (c.514G>A, p.Asp172Asn) in the cytoplasmic seryl-tRNA synthetase (SARS) gene. The mutation affects the enzymatic core domain of the protein and impairs its enzymatic activity, probably leading to reduced cytoplasmic tRNASer concentrations. The mutant protein was predicted to be unstable, which could be substantiated by investigating ectopic mutant SARS in transfected HEK293T cells. In the second family, we found a compound heterozygous genotype of the mitochondrial tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WARS2) gene, comprising a nonsense mutation (c.325delA, p.Ser109Alafs*15), which very likely entails nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and a missense mutation (c.37T>G, p.Trp13Gly). The latter affects the mitochondrial localization signal of WARS2, causing protein mislocalization. Including AIMP1, which we have recently implicated in the etiology of ID, three genes with a role in tRNA-aminoacylation are now associated with this condition. We therefore suggest that the functional integrity of tRNAs in general is an important factor in the development and maintenance of human cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Musante
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucia Püttmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hao Hu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Stehr
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Sabine Otto
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars R Jensen
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Wienker
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Andreas W Kuss
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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29
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Shi Y, Wei N, Yang XL. Studying nuclear functions of aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. Methods 2016; 113:105-110. [PMID: 27664293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (AARSs) are best known for their essential role in translation in the cytoplasm. The concept that AARSs also exist in the nucleus started to draw attention around the turn of the new millennium, when aminoacylated tRNAs were first found in the nuclei of Xenopus oocytes. It is now expected that all cytoplasmic AARSs are present in the nucleus. In addition to tRNA aminoacylation, nuclear AARSs were found to regulate a spectrum of biological processes and responses, with many AARSs functioning through regulation at the level of gene transcription. In this paper, we focus on describing methods that have been successfully implemented to study AARSs in transcriptional regulation. These include a cell fractionation assay to detect nuclear localization, an in vitro DNA-cellulose pull-down assay to determine DNA binding capacity, and a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-DNA deep sequencing assay to identify DNA binding sites. Application of these methods would expand our understanding of AARS functions and reveal critical insights on the coordination of gene transcription and translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shi
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Cell & Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Na Wei
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Cell & Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Cell & Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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30
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Cao Z, Wang H, Mao X, Luo L. Noncanonical function of threonyl-tRNA synthetase regulates vascular development in zebrafish. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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31
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Castranova D, Davis AE, Lo BD, Miller MF, Paukstelis PJ, Swift MR, Pham VN, Torres-Vázquez J, Bell K, Shaw KM, Kamei M, Weinstein BM. Aminoacyl-Transfer RNA Synthetase Deficiency Promotes Angiogenesis via the Unfolded Protein Response Pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:655-62. [PMID: 26821951 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.307087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding the mechanisms regulating normal and pathological angiogenesis is of great scientific and clinical interest. In this report, we show that mutations in 2 different aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetases, threonyl tRNA synthetase (tars(y58)) or isoleucyl tRNA synthetase (iars(y68)), lead to similar increased branching angiogenesis in developing zebrafish. APPROACH AND RESULTS The unfolded protein response pathway is activated by aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetase deficiencies, and we show that unfolded protein response genes atf4, atf6, and xbp1, as well as the key proangiogenic ligand vascular endothelial growth factor (vegfaa), are all upregulated in tars(y58) and iars(y68) mutants. Finally, we show that the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase-activating transcription factor 4 arm of the unfolded protein response pathway is necessary for both the elevated vegfaa levels and increased angiogenesis observed in tars(y58) mutants. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that endoplasmic reticulum stress acts as a proangiogenic signal via unfolded protein response pathway-dependent upregulation of vegfaa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castranova
- From the Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.C., A.E.D., B.D.L., M.F.M., M.R.S., V.N.P., J.T.-V., K.B., K.M.S., M.K., B.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park (P.J.P.)
| | - Andrew E Davis
- From the Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.C., A.E.D., B.D.L., M.F.M., M.R.S., V.N.P., J.T.-V., K.B., K.M.S., M.K., B.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park (P.J.P.)
| | - Brigid D Lo
- From the Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.C., A.E.D., B.D.L., M.F.M., M.R.S., V.N.P., J.T.-V., K.B., K.M.S., M.K., B.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park (P.J.P.)
| | - Mayumi F Miller
- From the Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.C., A.E.D., B.D.L., M.F.M., M.R.S., V.N.P., J.T.-V., K.B., K.M.S., M.K., B.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park (P.J.P.)
| | - Paul J Paukstelis
- From the Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.C., A.E.D., B.D.L., M.F.M., M.R.S., V.N.P., J.T.-V., K.B., K.M.S., M.K., B.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park (P.J.P.)
| | - Matthew R Swift
- From the Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.C., A.E.D., B.D.L., M.F.M., M.R.S., V.N.P., J.T.-V., K.B., K.M.S., M.K., B.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park (P.J.P.)
| | - Van N Pham
- From the Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.C., A.E.D., B.D.L., M.F.M., M.R.S., V.N.P., J.T.-V., K.B., K.M.S., M.K., B.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park (P.J.P.)
| | - Jesús Torres-Vázquez
- From the Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.C., A.E.D., B.D.L., M.F.M., M.R.S., V.N.P., J.T.-V., K.B., K.M.S., M.K., B.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park (P.J.P.)
| | - Kameha Bell
- From the Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.C., A.E.D., B.D.L., M.F.M., M.R.S., V.N.P., J.T.-V., K.B., K.M.S., M.K., B.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park (P.J.P.)
| | - Kenna M Shaw
- From the Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.C., A.E.D., B.D.L., M.F.M., M.R.S., V.N.P., J.T.-V., K.B., K.M.S., M.K., B.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park (P.J.P.)
| | - Makoto Kamei
- From the Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.C., A.E.D., B.D.L., M.F.M., M.R.S., V.N.P., J.T.-V., K.B., K.M.S., M.K., B.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park (P.J.P.)
| | - Brant M Weinstein
- From the Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (D.C., A.E.D., B.D.L., M.F.M., M.R.S., V.N.P., J.T.-V., K.B., K.M.S., M.K., B.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park (P.J.P.).
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32
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Wang C, Guo Y, Tian Q, Jia Q, Gao Y, Zhang Q, Zhou C, Xie W. SerRS-tRNASec complex structures reveal mechanism of the first step in selenocysteine biosynthesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:10534-45. [PMID: 26433229 PMCID: PMC4666401 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenocysteine (Sec) is found in the catalytic centers of many selenoproteins and plays important roles in living organisms. Malfunctions of selenoproteins lead to various human disorders including cancer. Known as the 21st amino acid, the biosynthesis of Sec involves unusual pathways consisting of several stages. While the later stages of the pathways are well elucidated, the molecular basis of the first stage—the serylation of Sec-specific tRNA (tRNASec) catalyzed by seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS)—is unclear. Here we present two cocrystal structures of human SerRS bound with tRNASec in different stoichiometry and confirm the formation of both complexes in solution by various characterization techniques. We discovered that the enzyme mainly recognizes the backbone of the long variable arm of tRNASec with few base-specific contacts. The N-terminal coiled-coil region works like a long-range lever to precisely direct tRNA 3′ end to the other protein subunit for aminoacylation in a conformation-dependent manner. Restraints of the flexibility of the coiled-coil greatly reduce serylation efficiencies. Lastly, modeling studies suggest that the local differences present in the D- and T-regions as well as the characteristic U20:G19:C56 base triple in tRNASec may allow SerRS to distinguish tRNASec from closely related tRNASer substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, The Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China Center for Cellular & Structural biology, The Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 E. Circle Rd., University City, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, The Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China Center for Cellular & Structural biology, The Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 E. Circle Rd., University City, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingnan Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, The Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China Center for Cellular & Structural biology, The Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 E. Circle Rd., University City, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, The Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China Center for Cellular & Structural biology, The Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 E. Circle Rd., University City, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhu Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, The Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinfen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, The Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Zhou
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 430 E. 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wei Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, The Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China Center for Cellular & Structural biology, The Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 E. Circle Rd., University City, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
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33
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Mirando AC, Fang P, Williams TF, Baldor LC, Howe AK, Ebert AM, Wilkinson B, Lounsbury KM, Guo M, Francklyn CS. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase dependent angiogenesis revealed by a bioengineered macrolide inhibitor. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13160. [PMID: 26271225 PMCID: PMC4536658 DOI: 10.1038/srep13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) catalyze an early step in protein synthesis, but also regulate diverse physiological processes in animal cells. These include angiogenesis, and human threonyl-tRNA synthetase (TARS) represents a potent pro-angiogenic AARS. Angiogenesis stimulation can be blocked by the macrolide antibiotic borrelidin (BN), which exhibits a broad spectrum toxicity that has discouraged deeper investigation. Recently, a less toxic variant (BC194) was identified that potently inhibits angiogenesis. Employing biochemical, cell biological, and biophysical approaches, we demonstrate that the toxicity of BN and its derivatives is linked to its competition with the threonine substrate at the molecular level, which stimulates amino acid starvation and apoptosis. By separating toxicity from the inhibition of angiogenesis, a direct role for TARS in vascular development in the zebrafish could be demonstrated. Bioengineered natural products are thus useful tools in unmasking the cryptic functions of conventional enzymes in the regulation of complex processes in higher metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pengfei Fang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida
| | | | | | - Alan K Howe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont
| | | | - Barrie Wilkinson
- Isomerase Therapeutics Ltd, Science Village, Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge CB10 1XL, UK
| | | | - Min Guo
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida
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Yi H, Ye J, Yang XM, Zhang LW, Zhang ZG, Chen YP. High-grade ovarian cancer secreting effective exosomes in tumor angiogenesis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:5062-5070. [PMID: 26191200 PMCID: PMC4503072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, the most lethal gynecological cancer, related closely to tumor stage. High-grade ovarian cancer always results in a late diagnose and high recurrence, which reduce survival within five years. Until recently, curable therapy is still under research and anti-angiogenesis proves a promising way. Tumor-derived exosomes are essential in tumor migration and metastases such as angiogenesis is enhanced by exosomes. In our study, we have made comparison between high-grade and unlikely high-grade serous ovarian cancer cells on exosomal function of endothelial cells proliferation, migration and tube formation. Exosomes derived from high-grade ovarian cancer have a profound impact on angiogenesis with comparison to unlikely high-grade ovarian cancer. Proteomic profiles revealed some potential proteins involved in exosomal function of angiogenesis such as ATF2, MTA1, ROCK1/2 and so on. Therefore, exosomes plays an influential role in angiogenesis in ovarian serous cancer and also function more effectively in high-grade ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yi
- Fujian Maternity and Children Health Hospital Fujian Medical University Teaching HospitalFuzhou 350005, China
| | - Jun Ye
- The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Li-Wen Zhang
- The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Ya-Ping Chen
- The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200240, China
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Dutta S, Nandi N. Dynamics of the Active Sites of Dimeric Seryl tRNA Synthetase from Methanopyrus kandleri. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:10832-48. [PMID: 25794108 DOI: 10.1021/jp511585w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saheb Dutta
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India
| | - Nilashis Nandi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India
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36
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Regulation of angiogenesis by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23725-48. [PMID: 25535072 PMCID: PMC4284789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to their canonical roles in translation the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) have developed secondary functions over the course of evolution. Many of these activities are associated with cellular survival and nutritional stress responses essential for homeostatic processes in higher eukaryotes. In particular, six ARSs and one associated factor have documented functions in angiogenesis. However, despite their connection to this process, the ARSs are mechanistically distinct and exhibit a range of positive or negative effects on aspects of endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and survival. This variability is achieved through the appearance of appended domains and interplay with inflammatory pathways not found in prokaryotic systems. Complete knowledge of the non-canonical functions of ARSs is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying the physiological regulation of angiogenesis.
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Wellman TL, Eckenstein M, Wong C, Rincon M, Ashikaga T, Mount SL, Francklyn CS, Lounsbury KM. Threonyl-tRNA synthetase overexpression correlates with angiogenic markers and progression of human ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:620. [PMID: 25163878 PMCID: PMC4155084 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian tumors create a dynamic microenvironment that promotes angiogenesis and reduces immune responses. Our research has revealed that threonyl-tRNA synthetase (TARS) has an extracellular angiogenic activity separate from its function in protein synthesis. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that TARS expression in clinical samples correlates with angiogenic markers and ovarian cancer progression. Methods Protein and mRNA databases were explored to correlate TARS expression with ovarian cancer. Serial sections of paraffin embedded ovarian tissues from 70 patients diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer and 12 control patients were assessed for expression of TARS, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and PECAM using immunohistochemistry. TARS secretion from SK-OV-3 human ovarian cancer cells was measured. Serum samples from 31 tissue-matched patients were analyzed by ELISA for TARS, CA-125, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Results There was a strong association between the tumor expression of TARS and advancing stage of epithelial ovarian cancer (p < 0.001). TARS expression and localization were also correlated with VEGF (p < 0.001). A significant proportion of samples included heavy TARS staining of infiltrating leukocytes which also correlated with stage (p = 0.017). TARS was secreted by ovarian cancer cells, and patient serum TARS was related to tumor TARS and angiogenic markers, but did not achieve significance with respect to stage. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models revealed a surprising inverse relationship between TARS expression and mortality risk in late stage disease (p = 0.062). Conclusions TARS expression is increased in epithelial ovarian cancer and correlates with markers of angiogenic progression. These findings and the association of TARS with disease survival provide clinical validation that TARS is associated with angiogenesis in ovarian cancer. These results encourage further study of TARS as a regulator of the tumor microenvironment and possible target for diagnosis and/or treatment in ovarian cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-620) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karen M Lounsbury
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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Lee HC, Lin YZ, Lai YT, Huang WJ, Hu JR, Tsai JN, Tsai HJ. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta in somites plays a role during the angiogenesis of zebrafish embryos. FEBS J 2014; 281:4367-83. [PMID: 25056693 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (Gsk3b) acts as a negative modulator in endothelial cells through the Wnt/β-catenin/PI3K/AKT/Gsk3b axis in cancer-induced angiogenesis. However, the function of Gsk3b during embryonic angiogenesis remains unclear. Here, either gsk3b knockdown by morpholino or Gsk3b loss of activity by LiCl treatment had serious phenotypic consequences, such as defects in the positioning and patterning of intersegmental blood vessels and reduction of vegfaa121 and vegfaa165 transcripts. In embryos treated with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, angiogenesis was severely inhibited, along with reduced Wnt, phosphorylated AKT and phosphorylated Gsk3b, suggesting that the remaining Gsk3b in somites could still degrade β-catenin, resulting in decreased vascular endothelial growth factor Aa(VegfAa) expression. However, in gsk3b-mRNA-overexpressed embryos, intersegmental vessels ectopically sprouted by the increase in phosphorylated-Gsk3b which prevented the degradation of β-catenin and promoted the increase in phosphorylated AKT activity, thus increasing VegfAa expression in somites. Interestingly, the Gsk3b-dependent cross-talk between PI3K/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin suggests that Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT interaction controls embryonic angiogenesis by a positive feedback loop rather than a hierarchical framework such as that found in cancer-induced angiogenesis. Thus, both active and inactive forms of Gsk3b mediate the cooperative signaling between Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT to control VegfAa expression in somites during angiogenesis in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chieh Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Shi Y, Xu X, Zhang Q, Fu G, Mo Z, Wang GS, Kishi S, Yang XL. tRNA synthetase counteracts c-Myc to develop functional vasculature. eLife 2014; 3:e02349. [PMID: 24940000 PMCID: PMC4057782 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggested an essential role for seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS) in vascular development. This role is specific to SerRS among all tRNA synthetases and is independent of its well-known aminoacylation function in protein synthesis. A unique nucleus-directing domain, added at the invertebrate-to-vertebrate transition, confers this novel non-translational activity of SerRS. Previous studies showed that SerRS, in some unknown way, controls VEGFA expression to prevent vascular over-expansion. Using in vitro, cell and animal experiments, we show here that SerRS intervenes by antagonizing c-Myc, the major transcription factor promoting VEGFA expression, through a tandem mechanism. First, by direct head-to-head competition, nuclear-localized SerRS blocks c-Myc from binding to the VEGFA promoter. Second, DNA-bound SerRS recruits the SIRT2 histone deacetylase to erase prior c-Myc-promoted histone acetylation. Thus, vertebrate SerRS and c-Myc is a pair of ‘Yin-Yang’ transcriptional regulator for proper development of a functional vasculature. Our results also discover an anti-angiogenic activity for SIRT2. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02349.001 The network of blood vessels is one of the earliest structures to develop in a vertebrate embryo. A protein called Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (or VEGFA for short) is needed to promote the growth of these blood vessels, but too much VEGFA can cause blood vessels to grow too much and to grow abnormally. Like most of the DNA in the nucleus, the gene for VEGFA is tightly wrapped around proteins called histones and must be unwrapped before it can be expressed as a protein. For the VEGFA gene, this unwrapping process starts when a protein called c-Myc adds chemical tags to the histones. Recent research suggested that an enzyme called seryl-tRNA synthetase (or SerRS for short) also controls the expression of VEGFA. This came as a surprise because no other tRNA synthetase has a similar role during development. And although SerRS is known to enter the cell nucleus in vertebrates, researchers did not know what SerRS did in the nucleus to control the expression of VEGFA. Now, Shi et al. have discovered that SerRS controls blood vessel development in zebrafish embryos by counteracting the activity of c-Myc. It does this in two different ways: first, it directly blocks c-Myc from binding to and unpacking the DNA; and second, SerRS works with another enzyme to remove tags that are already on the histones. Shi et al. found that if the expression of this other enzyme (called SIRT2) was reduced in zebrafish, the fish expressed more VEGFA and their blood vessels grew too much. Since blood vessel growth is important in the development of cancers, the findings of Shi et al. could also lead to a better understanding of how tumors develop, as well as how blood vessels develop normally. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02349.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shi
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Guangsen Fu
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Zhongying Mo
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - George S Wang
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Shuji Kishi
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
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Abstract
When compared to other conserved housekeeping protein families, such as ribosomal proteins, during the evolution of higher eukaryotes, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) show an apparent high propensity to add new sequences, and especially new domains. The stepwise emergence of those new domains is consistent with their involvement in a broad range of biological functions beyond protein synthesis, and correlates with the increasing biological complexity of higher organisms. These new domains have been extensively characterized based on their evolutionary origins and their sequence, structural, and functional features. While some of the domains are uniquely found in aaRSs and may have originated from nucleic acid binding motifs, others are common domain modules mediating protein-protein interactions that play a critical role in the assembly of the multi-synthetase complex (MSC). Interestingly, the MSC has emerged from a miniature complex in yeast to a large stable complex in humans. The human MSC consists of nine aaRSs (LysRS, ArgRS, GlnRS, AspRS, MetRS, IleRS, LeuRS, GluProRS, and bifunctional aaRs) and three scaffold proteins (AIMP1/p43, AIMP2/p38, and AIMP3/p18), and has a molecular weight of 1.5 million Dalton. The MSC has been proposed to have a functional dualism: facilitating protein synthesis and serving as a reservoir of non-canonical functions associated with its synthetase and non-synthetase components. Importantly, domain additions and functional expansions are not limited to the components of the MSC and are found in almost all aaRS proteins. From a structural perspective, multi-functionalities are represented by multiple conformational states. In fact, alternative conformations of aaRSs have been generated by various mechanisms from proteolysis to alternative splicing and posttranslational modifications, as well as by disease-causing mutations. Therefore, the metamorphosis between different conformational states is connected to the activation and regulation of the novel functions of aaRSs in higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33410, USA,
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,
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Haemodynamically dependent valvulogenesis of zebrafish heart is mediated by flow-dependent expression of miR-21. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1978. [PMID: 23748970 PMCID: PMC3709480 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heartbeat is required for normal development of the heart, and perturbation of intracardiac flow leads to morphological defects resembling congenital heart diseases. These observations implicate intracardiac haemodynamics in cardiogenesis, but the signalling cascades connecting physical forces, gene expression and morphogenesis are largely unknown. Here we use a zebrafish model to show that the microRNA, miR-21, is crucial for regulation of heart valve formation. Expression of miR-21 is rapidly switched on and off by blood flow. Vasoconstriction and increasing shear stress induce ectopic expression of miR-21 in the head vasculature and heart. Flow-dependent expression of mir-21 governs valvulogenesis by regulating the expression of the same targets as mouse/human miR-21 (sprouty, pdcd4, ptenb) and induces cell proliferation in the valve-forming endocardium at constrictions in the heart tube where shear stress is highest. We conclude that miR-21 is a central component of a flow-controlled mechanotransduction system in a physicogenetic regulatory loop.
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42
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Lin CY, Lee HC, Fu CY, Ding YY, Chen JS, Lee MH, Huang WJ, Tsai HJ. miR-1 and miR-206 target different genes to have opposing roles during angiogenesis in zebrafish embryos. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2829. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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43
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Hisano Y, Ota S, Kawahara A. Genome editing using artificial site-specific nucleases in zebrafish. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 56:26-33. [PMID: 24117409 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish is a model vertebrate suitable for genetic analysis. Forward genetic analysis via chemical mutagenesis screening has established a variety of zebrafish mutants that are defective in various types of organogenesis, and the genes responsible for the individual mutants have been identified from genome mapping. On the other hand, reverse genetic analysis via targeted gene disruption using embryonic stem (ES) cells (e.g., knockout mouse) can uncover gene functions by investigating the phenotypic effects. However, this approach is mostly limited to mice among the vertebrate models because of the difficulty in establishing ES cells. Recently, new gene targeting technologies, such as the transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 systems, have been developed: that can directly introduce genome modifications at the targeted genomic locus. Here, we summarize these new and powerful genome editing techniques for the study of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hisano
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Molecular Dynamics, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), Furuedai 6-2-3, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
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44
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Xu X, Shi Y, Yang XL. Crystal structure of human Seryl-tRNA synthetase and Ser-SA complex reveals a molecular lever specific to higher eukaryotes. Structure 2013; 21:2078-86. [PMID: 24095058 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS), an essential enzyme for translation, also regulates vascular development. This "gain-of-function" has been linked to the UNE-S domain added to vertebrate SerRS during evolution. However, the significance of two insertions also specific to higher eukaryotic SerRS remains elusive. Here, we determined the crystal structure of human SerRS in complex with Ser-SA, an aminoacylation reaction intermediate analog, at 2.9 Å resolution. Despite a 70 Å distance, binding of Ser-SA in the catalytic domain dramatically leverages the position of Insertion I in the tRNA binding domain. Importantly, this leverage is specific to higher eukaryotes and not seen in bacterial, archaeal, and lower eukaryotic SerRSs. Deletion of Insertion I does not affect tRNA binding but instead reduce the catalytic efficiency of the synthetase. Thus, a long-range conformational and functional communication specific to higher eukaryotes is found in human SerRS, possibly to coordinate translation with vasculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Xu
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China
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45
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Guo M, Schimmel P. Essential nontranslational functions of tRNA synthetases. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:145-53. [PMID: 23416400 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nontranslational functions of vertebrate aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), which catalyze the production of aminoacyl-tRNAs for protein synthesis, have recently been discovered. Although these new functions were thought to be 'moonlighting activities', many are as critical for cellular homeostasis as their activity in translation. New roles have been associated with their cytoplasmic forms as well as with nuclear and secreted extracellular forms that affect pathways for cardiovascular development and the immune response and mTOR, IFN-γ and p53 signaling. The associations of aaRSs with autoimmune disorders, cancers and neurological disorders further highlight nontranslational functions of these proteins. New architecture elaborations of the aaRSs accompany their functional expansion in higher organisms and have been associated with the nontranslational functions for several aaRSs. Although a general understanding of how these functions developed is limited, the expropriation of aaRSs for essential nontranslational functions may have been initiated by co-opting the amino acid-binding site for another purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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46
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Yao P, Fox PL. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in medicine and disease. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:332-43. [PMID: 23427196 PMCID: PMC3598075 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201100626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are essential and ubiquitous 'house-keeping' enzymes responsible for charging amino acids to their cognate tRNAs and providing the substrates for global protein synthesis. Recent studies have revealed a role of multiple ARSs in pathology, and their potential use as pharmacological targets and therapeutic reagents. The ongoing discovery of genetic mutations in human ARSs is increasing exponentially and can be considered an important determinant of disease etiology. Several chemical compounds target bacterial, fungal and human ARSs as antibiotics or disease-targeting medicines. Remarkably, ongoing exploration of noncanonical functions of ARSs has shown important contributions to control of angiogenesis, inflammation, tumourigenesis and other important physiopathological processes. Here, we summarize the roles of ARSs in human diseases and medicine, focusing on the most recent and exciting discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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47
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Yao P, Poruri K, Martinis SA, Fox PL. Non-catalytic Regulation of Gene Expression by Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 344:167-87. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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48
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Abstract
Although aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) and ARS-interacting multi-functional proteins (AIMPs) have long been recognized as housekeeping proteins, evidence indicating that they play a key role in regulating cancer is now accumulating. In this chapter we will review the conventional and non-conventional functions of ARSs and AIMPs with respect to carcinogenesis. First, we will address how ARSs and AIMPs are altered in terms of expression, mutation, splicing, and post-translational modifications. Second, the molecular mechanisms for ARSs' and AIMPs' involvement in the initiation, maintenance, and progress of carcinogenesis will be covered. Finally, we will introduce the development of therapeutic approaches that target ARSs and AIMPs with the goal of treating cancer.
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49
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Smirnova EV, Lakunina VA, Tarassov I, Krasheninnikov IA, Kamenski PA. Noncanonical functions of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:15-25. [PMID: 22339629 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, together with their main function of covalent binding of an amino acid to a corresponding tRNA, also perform many other functions. They take part in regulation of gene transcription, apoptosis, translation, and RNA splicing. Some of them function as cytokines or catalyze different reactions in living cells. Noncanonical functions can be mediated by additional domains of these proteins. On the other hand, some of the noncanonical functions are directly associated with the active center of the aminoacylation reaction. In this review we summarize recent data on the noncanonical functions of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and on the mechanisms of their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Smirnova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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50
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Unique domain appended to vertebrate tRNA synthetase is essential for vascular development. Nat Commun 2012; 3:681. [PMID: 22353712 PMCID: PMC3293412 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
New domains were progressively added to cytoplasmic aminoacyl transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetases during evolution. One example is the UNE-S domain, appended to seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS) in species that developed closed circulatory systems. Here we show using solution and crystal structure analyses and in vitro and in vivo functional studies that UNE-S harbours a robust nuclear localization signal (NLS) directing SerRS to the nucleus where it attenuates vascular endothelial growth factor A expression. We also show that SerRS mutants previously linked to vasculature abnormalities either deleted the NLS or have the NLS sequestered in an alternative conformation. A structure-based second-site mutation, designed to release the sequestered NLS, restored normal vasculature. Thus, the essential function of SerRS in vascular development depends on UNE-S. These results are the first to show an essential role for a tRNA synthetase-associated appended domain at the organism level, and suggest that acquisition of UNE-S has a role in the establishment of the closed circulatory systems of vertebrates.
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