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Lu G, Tang Y, Chen O, Guo Y, Xiao M, Wang J, Liu Q, Li J, Gao T, Zhang X, Zhang J, Cheng Q, Kuang R, Gu J. Aberrant activation of p53-TRIB3 axis contributes to diabetic myocardial insulin resistance and sulforaphane protection. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00307-2. [PMID: 39069209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insulin resistance (IR) is associated with multiple pathological features. Although p53- or TRIB3-orchestrated IR is extensively studied in adipose tissue and liver, the role of p53-TRIB3 axis in myocardial IR remains unknown, and more importantly target-directed therapies of myocardial IR are missing. OBJECTIVES Considering the beneficial effects of sulforaphane (SFN) on cardiovascular health, it is of particular interest to explore whether SFN protects against myocardial IR with a focus on the regulatory role of p53-TRIB3 axis. METHODS Mouse models including cardiac specific p53-overexpressing transgenic (p53-cTg) mice and Trib3 knockout (Trib3-KO) mice, combined with primary cardiomyocytes treated with p53 activator (nutlin-3a) and inhibitor (pifithrin-α, PFT-α), or transfected with p53-shRNA and Trib3-shRNA, followed by multiple molecular biological methodologies, were used to investigate the role of p53-TRIB3 axis in SFN actions on myocardial IR. RESULTS Here, we report that knockdown of p53 rescued cardiac insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation, while up-regulation of p53 by nutlin-3a or p53-cTg mice blunted insulin sensitivity in cardiomyocytes under diabetic conditions. Diabetic attenuation of AKT-mediated cardiac insulin signaling was markedly reversed by SFN in p53-Tgfl/fl mice, but not in p53-cTg mice. Importantly, we identified TRIB3 was elevated in p53-cTg diabetic mice, and confirmed the physical interaction between p53 and TRIB3. Trib3-KO diabetic mice displayed improved insulin sensitivity in the heart. More specifically, the AMPKα-triggered CHOP phosphorylation and degradation were essential for p53 on the transcriptional regulation of Trib3. CONCLUSION Overall, these results indicate that inhibiting the p53-TRIB3 pathway by SFN plays an unsuspected key role in the improvement of myocardial IR, which may be a promising strategy for attenuating diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Lu
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yufeng Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Ou Chen
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yuanfang Guo
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Mengjie Xiao
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qingbo Liu
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jiahao Li
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ting Gao
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology at the First Hospital of China Medical University, and Department of Cardiology at the People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Quanli Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Rong Kuang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Animal Alternative Testing Technology of Cosmetics, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310004, China.
| | - Junlian Gu
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Steppe L, Megafu M, Tschaffon-Müller ME, Ignatius A, Haffner-Luntzer M. Fracture healing research: Recent insights. Bone Rep 2023; 19:101686. [PMID: 38163010 PMCID: PMC10757288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2023.101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone has the rare capability of scarless regeneration that enables the complete restoration of the injured bone area. In recent decades, promising new technologies have emerged from basic, translational and clinical research for fracture treatment; however, 5-10 % of all bone fractures still fail to heal successfully or heal in a delayed manner. Several comorbidities and risk factors have been identified which impair bone healing and might lead to delayed bone union or non-union. Therefore, a considerable amount of research has been conducted to elucidate molecular mechanisms of successful and delayed fracture healing to gain further insights into this complex process. One focus of recent research is to investigate the complex interactions of different cell types and the action of progenitor cells during the healing process. Of particular interest is also the identification of patient-specific comorbidities and how these affect fracture healing. In this review, we discuss the recent knowledge about progenitor cells for long bone repair and the influence of comorbidities such as diabetes, postmenopausal osteoporosis, and chronic stress on the healing process. The topic selection for this review was made based on the presented studies at the 2022 annual meeting of the European Calcified Tissue Society (ECTS) in Helsinki.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Steppe
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Megafu
- A.T. Still University Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, USA
| | | | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Germany
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Fan J, Zhang X, Kang M, Lee CS, Kim L, Hadaya D, Aghaloo TL, Lee M. Complementary modulation of BMP signaling improves bone healing efficiency. Biomaterials 2023; 302:122335. [PMID: 37748419 PMCID: PMC10805245 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in bone development and regeneration. While BMP-2 is widely used as an alternative to autograft, its clinical application has raised concerns about adverse side effects and deteriorated bone quality. Therefore, there is a need to develop more sophisticated approaches to regulate BMP signaling and promote bone regeneration. Here, we present a novel complementary strategy that targets both BMP antagonist noggin and agonist Trb3 to enhance bone defect repair without the application of exogenous BMP-2. In vitro studies showed that overexpression of Trb3 with simultaneous noggin suppression significantly promotes osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. This was accompanied by increased BMP/Smad signaling. We also developed sterosome nanocarriers, a non-phospholipid liposomal system, to achieve non-viral mediated noggin suppression and Trb3 overexpression. The gene-loaded sterosomes were integrated onto an apatite-coated polymer scaffold for in vivo calvarial defect implantation, resulting in robust bone healing compared to BMP-2 treatments. Our work provides a promising alternative for high-quality bone formation by regulating expression of BMP agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabing Fan
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, 21853, USA
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Minjee Kang
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Chung-Sung Lee
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Lauren Kim
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Danny Hadaya
- Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Tara L Aghaloo
- Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Min Lee
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Pang KL, Mai CW, Chin KY. Molecular Mechanism of Tocotrienol-Mediated Anticancer Properties: A Systematic Review of the Involvement of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081854. [PMID: 37111076 PMCID: PMC10145773 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tocotrienol, a type of vitamin E, is well known for its anti-cancer and other biological activities. This systematic review aims to summarize the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and subsequent unfolded protein response (UPR) as the underlying molecular mechanisms for the anticancer properties of tocotrienol. METHOD A comprehensive literature search was performed in March 2023 using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases. In vitro, in vivo, and human studies were considered. RESULT A total of 840 articles were retrieved during the initial search, and 11 articles that fit the selection criteria were included for qualitative analysis. The current mechanistic findings are based solely on in vitro studies. Tocotrienol induces cancer cell growth arrest, autophagy, and cell death primarily through apoptosis but also through paraptosis-like cell death. Tocotrienol-rich fractions, including α-, γ- and δ-tocotrienols, induce ERS, as evidenced by upregulation of UPR markers and/or ERS-related apoptosis markers. Early endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion release, increased ceramide level, proteasomal inhibition, and upregulation of microRNA-190b were suggested to be essential in modulating tocotrienol-mediated ERS/UPR transduction. Nevertheless, the upstream molecular mechanism of tocotrienol-induced ERS is largely unknown. CONCLUSION ERS and UPR are essential in modulating tocotrienol-mediated anti-cancer effects. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the upstream molecular mechanism of tocotrienol-mediated ERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Lun Pang
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, Iskandar Puteri 79200, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Li S, Ma J, Pang X, Liang Y, Li X, Wang M, Yuan J, Pan Y, Fu Y, Laher I. Time-dependent Effects of Moderate- and High-intensity Exercises on Myocardial Transcriptomics. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:1214-1225. [PMID: 36063823 DOI: 10.1055/a-1885-4115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The heart is a highly adaptable organ that responds to changes in functional requirements due to exposure to internal and external stimuli. Physical exercise has unique stimulatory effects on the myocardium in both healthy individuals and those with health disorders, where the effects are primarily determined by the intensity and recovery time of exercise. We investigated the time-dependent effects of different exercise intensities on myocardial transcriptional expression in rats. Moderate intensity exercise induced more differentially expressed genes in the myocardium than high intensity exercise, while 16 differentially expressed genes were down-regulated by moderate intensity exercise but up-regulated by high intensity exercise at 12 h post- exercise. Both Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis indicated that moderate intensity exercise specifically regulated gene expression related to heart adaptation, energy metabolism, and oxidative stress, while high intensity exercise specifically regulated gene expression related to immunity, inflammation, and apoptosis. Moreover, there was increased expression of Tbx5, Casq1, Igsf1, and Ddah1 at all time points after moderate intensity exercise, while there was increased expression of Card9 at all time points after high intensity exercise. Our study provides a better understanding of the intensity dependent effects of physical exercise of the molecular mechanisms of cardiac adaptation to physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchang Li
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiacheng Ma
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoli Pang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaole Li
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Manda Wang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinghan Yuan
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanrong Pan
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ismail Laher
- Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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6
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Perea-Gil I, Seeger T, Bruyneel AAN, Termglinchan V, Monte E, Lim EW, Vadgama N, Furihata T, Gavidia AA, Arthur Ataam J, Bharucha N, Martinez-Amador N, Ameen M, Nair P, Serrano R, Kaur B, Feyen DAM, Diecke S, Snyder MP, Metallo CM, Mercola M, Karakikes I. Serine biosynthesis as a novel therapeutic target for dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:3477-3489. [PMID: 35728000 PMCID: PMC9794189 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Genetic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a leading cause of heart failure. Despite significant progress in understanding the genetic aetiologies of DCM, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of familial DCM remain unknown, translating to a lack of disease-specific therapies. The discovery of novel targets for the treatment of DCM was sought using phenotypic sceening assays in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) that recapitulate the disease phenotypes in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Using patient-specific iPSCs carrying a pathogenic TNNT2 gene mutation (p.R183W) and CRISPR-based genome editing, a faithful DCM model in vitro was developed. An unbiased phenotypic screening in TNNT2 mutant iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) with small molecule kinase inhibitors (SMKIs) was performed to identify novel therapeutic targets. Two SMKIs, Gö 6976 and SB 203580, were discovered whose combinatorial treatment rescued contractile dysfunction in DCM iPSC-CMs carrying gene mutations of various ontologies (TNNT2, TTN, LMNA, PLN, TPM1, LAMA2). The combinatorial SMKI treatment upregulated the expression of genes that encode serine, glycine, and one-carbon metabolism enzymes and significantly increased the intracellular levels of glucose-derived serine and glycine in DCM iPSC-CMs. Furthermore, the treatment rescued the mitochondrial respiration defects and increased the levels of the tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites and ATP in DCM iPSC-CMs. Finally, the rescue of the DCM phenotypes was mediated by the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and its downstream effector genes, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), which encodes a critical enzyme of the serine biosynthesis pathway, and Tribbles 3 (TRIB3), a pseudokinase with pleiotropic cellular functions. CONCLUSIONS A phenotypic screening platform using DCM iPSC-CMs was established for therapeutic target discovery. A combination of SMKIs ameliorated contractile and metabolic dysfunction in DCM iPSC-CMs mediated via the ATF4-dependent serine biosynthesis pathway. Together, these findings suggest that modulation of serine biosynthesis signalling may represent a novel genotype-agnostic therapeutic strategy for genetic DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Perea-Gil
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 240 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Timon Seeger
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arne A N Bruyneel
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vittavat Termglinchan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 240 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Emma Monte
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Esther W Lim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nirmal Vadgama
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 240 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Takaaki Furihata
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra A Gavidia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 240 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jennifer Arthur Ataam
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 240 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nike Bharucha
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 240 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Noel Martinez-Amador
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 240 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Mohamed Ameen
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pooja Nair
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 240 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ricardo Serrano
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Balpreet Kaur
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 240 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Dries A M Feyen
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian Diecke
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark Mercola
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ioannis Karakikes
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 240 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Wu XQ, Tian X, Xu FJ, Wang Y, Xu WH, Su JQ, Qu YY, Zhao JY, Zhang HL, Ye DW. Increased expression of tribbles homolog 3 predicts poor prognosis and correlates with tumor immunity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a bioinformatics study. Bioengineered 2022; 13:14000-14012. [PMID: 35726370 PMCID: PMC9275882 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2086380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3), a pseudokinase that regulates multiple intracellular signaling pathways, has been reported to promote the growth of multiple tumors. However, its role in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unelucidated. We evaluated the role of TRIB3 in ccRCC using publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and analyzed its relationship with the tumor microenvironment; moreover, we used gene knockout and overexpression techniques to detect the effects of TRIB3 on the biological behavior of ccRCC cells. RT-qPCR and western blotting were used to detect transfection efficiency, and the invasiveness of ccRCC cells was determined by Transwell migration assays. We found that TRIB3 overexpression was significantly associated with increased grade, stage, and distant metastasis, positively correlated with ccRCC invasiveness, and also an independent risk factor for overall survival (OS). In addition, 361 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to TRIB3 were identified. Functional enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were mainly enriched in humoral immune responses, collagen-containing extracellular matrix, and serine hydrolase activity. Immune landscape characterization revealed that TRIB3 expression was significantly and negatively associated with CD8+ T and hematopoietic stem cells, whereas it was positively associated with NK T and macrophage M1 cells. Single-cell sequencing showed that localization and binding targets of TRIB3 mainly involved monocytes/macrophages and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Overall, our study revealed that elevated TRIB3 expression represents a promising prognostic marker for ccRCC patients and may play a key role in tumor microenvironment modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Qiang Wu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xi Tian
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Jiang Xu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Hao Xu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Qi Su
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineInstitute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, MOE-Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ding-Wei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Acute Myeloid Leukemia-Related Proteins Modified by Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010514. [PMID: 35008940 PMCID: PMC8745615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the most common form of an acute leukemia, is a malignant disorder of stem cell precursors of the myeloid lineage. Ubiquitination is one of the post-translational modifications (PTMs), and the ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls; SUMO, NEDD8, and ISG15) play a critical role in various cellular processes, including autophagy, cell-cycle control, DNA repair, signal transduction, and transcription. Also, the importance of Ubls in AML is increasing, with the growing research defining the effect of Ubls in AML. Numerous studies have actively reported that AML-related mutated proteins are linked to Ub and Ubls. The current review discusses the roles of proteins associated with protein ubiquitination, modifications by Ubls in AML, and substrates that can be applied for therapeutic targets in AML.
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Chinese Herbal Medicine Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:4963346. [PMID: 34917158 PMCID: PMC8670943 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4963346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury is the main cause of increased mortality and disability in cardiovascular diseases. The injury involves many pathological processes, such as oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis imbalance, inflammation, and energy metabolism disorders, and these pathological stimuli can activate endoplasmic reticulum stress. In the early stage of ischemia, endoplasmic reticulum stress alleviates the injury as an adaptive survival response, but the long-term stress on endoplasmic reticulum amplifies oxidative stress, inflammation, and calcium overload to accelerate cell damage and apoptosis. Therefore, regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress may be a mechanism to improve ischemia/reperfusion injury. Chinese herbal medicine has a long history of clinical application and unique advantages in the treatment of ischemic heart diseases. This review focuses on the effect of Chinese herbal medicine on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury from the perspective of regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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10
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Unfolded protein response during cardiovascular disorders: a tilt towards pro-survival and cellular homeostasis. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:4061-4080. [PMID: 34259975 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that orchestrates the production and proper assembly of an extensive types of secretory and membrane proteins. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is conventionally related to prolonged disruption in the protein folding machinery resulting in the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER. This disruption is often manifested due to oxidative stress, Ca2+ leakage, iron imbalance, disease conditions which in turn hampers the cellular homeostasis and induces cellular apoptosis. A mild ER stress is often reverted back to normal. However, cells retaliate to acute ER stress by activating the unfolded protein response (UPR) which comprises three signaling pathways, Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), inositol requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α), and protein kinase RNA-activated-like ER kinase (PERK). The UPR response participates in both protective and pro-apoptotic responses and not much is known about the mechanistic aspects of the switch from pro-survival to pro-apoptosis. When ER stress outpaces UPR response then cell apoptosis prevails which often leads to the development of various diseases including cardiomyopathies. Therefore, it is important to identify molecules that modulate the UPR that may serve as promising tools towards effective treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we elucidated the latest advances in construing the contribution imparted by the three arms of UPR to combat the adverse environment in the ER to restore cellular homeostasis during cardiomyopathies. We also summarized the various therapeutic agents that plays crucial role in tilting the UPR response towards pro-survival.
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11
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A Review of Recent Developments in the Molecular Mechanisms of Bone Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020767. [PMID: 33466612 PMCID: PMC7828700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Between 5 and 10 percent of fractures do not heal, a condition known as nonunion. In clinical practice, stable fracture fixation associated with autologous iliac crest bone graft placement is the gold standard for treatment. However, some recalcitrant nonunions do not resolve satisfactorily with this technique. For these cases, biological alternatives are sought based on the molecular mechanisms of bone healing, whose most recent findings are reviewed in this article. The pro-osteogenic efficacy of morin (a pale yellow crystalline flavonoid pigment found in old fustic and osage orange trees) has recently been reported, and the combined use of bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP9) and leptin might improve fracture healing. Inhibition with methyl-piperidino-pyrazole of estrogen receptor alpha signaling delays bone regeneration. Smoking causes a chondrogenic disorder, aberrant activity of the skeleton’s stem and progenitor cells, and an intense initial inflammatory response. Smoking cessation 4 weeks before surgery is therefore highly recommended. The delay in fracture consolidation in diabetic animals is related to BMP6 deficiency (35 kDa). The combination of bioceramics and expanded autologous human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow is a new and encouraging alternative for treating recalcitrant nonunions.
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12
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Fan J, Lee CS, Kim S, Zhang X, Pi-Anfruns J, Guo M, Chen C, Rahnama M, Li J, Wu BM, Aghaloo TL, Lee M. Trb3 controls mesenchymal stem cell lineage fate and enhances bone regeneration by scaffold-mediated local gene delivery. Biomaterials 2021; 264:120445. [PMID: 33069136 PMCID: PMC7655726 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant lineage commitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in marrow contributes to abnormal bone formation due to reduced osteogenic and increased adipogenic potency. While several major transcriptional factors associated with lineage differentiation have been found during the last few decades, the molecular switch for MSC fate determination and its role in skeletal regeneration remains largely unknown, limiting creation of effective therapeutic approaches. Tribbles homolog 3 (Trb3), a member of tribbles family pseudokinases, is known to exert diverse roles in cellular differentiation. Here, we investigated the reciprocal role of Trb3 in the regulation of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of MSCs in the context of bone formation, and examined the mechanisms by which Trb3 controls the adipo-osteogenic balance. Trb3 promoted osteoblastic commitment of MSCs at the expense of adipocyte differentiation. Mechanistically, Trb3 regulated cell-fate choice of MSCs through BMP/Smad and Wnt/β-catenin signals. Importantly, in vivo local delivery of Trb3 using a novel gelatin-conjugated caffeic acid-coated apatite/PLGA (GelCA-PLGA) scaffold stimulated robust bone regeneration and inhibited fat-filled cyst formation in rodent non-healing mandibular defect models. These findings demonstrate Trb3-based therapeutic strategies that favor osteoblastogenesis over adipogenesis for improved skeletal regeneration and future treatment of bone-loss disease. The distinctive approach implementing a scaffold-mediated local gene transfer may further broaden the translational use of targeting specific therapeutic gene related to lineage commitment for clinical bone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabing Fan
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Chung-Sung Lee
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Soyon Kim
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Joan Pi-Anfruns
- Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mian Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Matthew Rahnama
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jiong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Benjamin M Wu
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Tara L Aghaloo
- Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Min Lee
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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13
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TRIB3 promotes MYC-associated lymphoma development through suppression of UBE3B-mediated MYC degradation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6316. [PMID: 33298911 PMCID: PMC7725785 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor MYC is deregulated in almost all human cancers, especially in aggressive lymphomas, through chromosomal translocation, amplification, and transcription hyperactivation. Here, we report that high expression of tribbles homologue 3 (TRIB3) positively correlates with elevated MYC expression in lymphoma specimens; TRIB3 deletion attenuates the initiation and progression of MYC-driven lymphoma by reducing MYC expression. Mechanistically, TRIB3 interacts with MYC to suppress E3 ubiquitin ligase UBE3B-mediated MYC ubiquitination and degradation, which enhances MYC transcriptional activity, causing high proliferation and self-renewal of lymphoma cells. Use of a peptide to disturb the TRIB3-MYC interaction together with doxorubicin reduces the tumor burden in MycEμ mice and patient-derived xenografts. The pathophysiological relevance of UBE3B, TRIB3 and MYC is further demonstrated in human lymphoma. Our study highlights a key mechanism for controlling MYC expression and a potential therapeutic option for treating lymphomas with high TRIB3-MYC expression. c-MYC is often deregulated in human cancers including lymphomas. Here, the authors show that a member of the pseudokinase family, tribbles homologue 3 (TRIB3), interacts with c-MYC to suppress c-MYC ubiquitination and degradation, leading to increased proliferation and self-renewal of lymphoma cells.
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Moradi Majd R, Mayeli M, Rahmani F. Pathogenesis and promising therapeutics of Alzheimer disease through eIF2α pathway and correspondent kinases. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:1241-1250. [PMID: 32681467 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) pathway is overactivated in Alzheimer disease and is probably associated with synaptic and memory deficiencies. EIF2α protein is principally in charge of the regulation of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. Four kinases responsible for eIF2α phosphorylation at ser-51 are: General control non-derepressible-2 kinase (GCN2), double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR), PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and heme-regulated inhibitor kinase (HRI) are the four kinases. They lead to reduced levels of general translation and paradoxical increase of stress-responsive mRNAs expression including the B-secretase (BACE1) and the transcriptional modulator activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), which in turn accelerates the beta-amyloidogenesis, tau phosphorylation, proapoptotic pathway induction and autophagy elements formation leading to the main pathological hallmarks of AD. Findings suggest that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of correspondent kinases can restore memory and prevent neurodegeneration. This implies that inhibition of eIF2α phosphorylation through respondent kinases is indeed a feasible prospect of clinical application. This review discusses recent therapeutic approaches targeting eIF2α pathway and provides an overview of the links between correspondent kinases overactivation with neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Moradi Majd
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mahsa Mayeli
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Farzaneh Rahmani
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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15
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Brown M, Dainty S, Strudwick N, Mihai AD, Watson JN, Dendooven R, Paton AW, Paton JC, Schröder M. Endoplasmic reticulum stress causes insulin resistance by inhibiting delivery of newly synthesized insulin receptors to the cell surface. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2597-2629. [PMID: 32877278 PMCID: PMC7851869 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-01-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causes ER stress and activates a signaling network known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Here we characterize how ER stress and the UPR inhibit insulin signaling. We find that ER stress inhibits insulin signaling by depleting the cell surface population of the insulin receptor. ER stress inhibits proteolytic maturation of insulin proreceptors by interfering with transport of newly synthesized insulin proreceptors from the ER to the plasma membrane. Activation of AKT, a major target of the insulin signaling pathway, by a cytosolic, membrane-bound chimera between the AP20187-inducible FV2E dimerization domain and the cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin receptor was not affected by ER stress. Hence, signaling events in the UPR, such as activation of the JNK mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases or the pseudokinase TRB3 by the ER stress sensors IRE1α and PERK, do not contribute to inhibition of signal transduction in the insulin signaling pathway. Indeed, pharmacologic inhibition and genetic ablation of JNKs, as well as silencing of expression of TRB3, did not restore insulin sensitivity or rescue processing of newly synthesized insulin receptors in ER-stressed cells. [Media: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Brown
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Dainty
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Strudwick
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
| | - Adina D. Mihai
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie N. Watson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
| | - Robina Dendooven
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
| | - Adrienne W. Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - James C. Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Martin Schröder
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
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16
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Tan Y, Zhang Z, Zheng C, Wintergerst KA, Keller BB, Cai L. Mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy and potential therapeutic strategies: preclinical and clinical evidence. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 17:585-607. [PMID: 32080423 PMCID: PMC7849055 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-0339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis and clinical features of diabetic cardiomyopathy have been well-studied in the past decade, but effective approaches to prevent and treat this disease are limited. Diabetic cardiomyopathy occurs as a result of the dysregulated glucose and lipid metabolism associated with diabetes mellitus, which leads to increased oxidative stress and the activation of multiple inflammatory pathways that mediate cellular and extracellular injury, pathological cardiac remodelling, and diastolic and systolic dysfunction. Preclinical studies in animal models of diabetes have identified multiple intracellular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy and potential cardioprotective strategies to prevent and treat the disease, including antifibrotic agents, anti-inflammatory agents and antioxidants. Some of these interventions have been tested in clinical trials and have shown favourable initial results. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and heart failure in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and we summarize the evidence from preclinical and clinical studies that might provide guidance for the development of targeted strategies. We also highlight some of the novel pharmacological therapeutic strategies for the treatment and prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tan
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
- Wendy Novak Diabetes Center, University of Louisville, Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital Center of Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kupper A Wintergerst
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
- Wendy Novak Diabetes Center, University of Louisville, Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Bradley B Keller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
- Kosair Charities Pediatric Heart Research Program, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
- Wendy Novak Diabetes Center, University of Louisville, Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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17
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Li K, Wang F, Yang ZN, Cui B, Li PP, Li ZY, Hu ZW, Zhu HH. PML-RARα interaction with TRIB3 impedes PPARγ/RXR function and triggers dyslipidemia in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:10326-10340. [PMID: 32929351 PMCID: PMC7481410 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dyslipidemia commonly occurs in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in response to anti-APL therapy, the underlying mechanism and the lipid statuses of patients with newly diagnosed APL remain to be addressed. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study to investigate the lipid profiles of APL patients. PML-RARα transgenic mice and APL cells-transplanted mice were used to assess the effects of APL cells on the blood/liver lipid levels. Subsequently, gene set enrichment analysis, western blot and dual luciferase reporter assay were performed to examine the role and mechanism of PML-RARα and TRIB3 in lipid metabolism regulation in APL patients at pretreatment and after induction therapy. Results: APL patients exhibited a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia before anti-APL therapy based on a retrospective study. Furthermore, APL cells caused secretion of triglycerides, cholesterol, and PCSK9 from hepatocytes and degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptors in hepatocytes, which elevated the lipid levels in APL cell-transplanted mice and Pml-Rarα transgenic mice. Mechanistically, pseudokinase TRIB3 interacted with PML-RARα to inhibit PPARγ activity by interfering with the interaction of PPARγ and RXR and promoting PPARγ degradation. Thus, reduced PPARγ activity in APL cells decreased leptin but increased resistin expression, causing lipid metabolism disorder in hepatocytes and subsequent dyslipidemia in mice. Although arsenic/ATRA therapy degraded PML-RARα and restored PPARγ expression, it exacerbated dyslipidemia in APL patients. The elevated TRIB3 expression in response to arsenic/ATRA therapy suppressed PPARγ activity by disrupting the PPARγ/RXR dimer, which resulted in dyslipidemia in APL patients undergoing therapy. Indeed, the PPAR activator not only enhanced the anti-APL effects of arsenic/ATRA by suppressing TRIB3 expression but also reduced therapy-induced dyslipidemia in APL patients. Conclusion: Our work reveals the critical role of the PML-RARα/PPARγ/TRIB3 axis in the development of dyslipidemia in APL patients, potentially conferring a rationale for combining ATRA/arsenic with the PPAR activator for APL treatment.
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18
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Zhu Y, Cui J, Liu J, Hua W, Wei W, Sun G. Sp2 promotes invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting TRIB3 protein. Cancer Med 2020; 9:3592-3603. [PMID: 32160655 PMCID: PMC7221442 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the biological function and molecular mechanism of Sp2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Tissue microarray immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to study the expression of Sp2 in hepatocellular tissue and adjacent non‐neoplastic tissues (ANT). In HCC cell lines, the role of Sp2 was determined by in vitro experiments such as CCK8, clone formation test, Transwell assay, wound‐healing assay, and flow cytometry apoptotic analysis, and its possible mechanism was analyzed. Results Compared with ANT, Sp2 expression in HCC tissues was significantly up‐regulated, which was strongly associated with stage of tumor and poor prognosis of patients. TCGA database were further confirmed these results. Besides, functional studies had shown that Sp2 knockdown not only leads to a decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in cell apoptosis but also inhibits the cells' abilities of migration and invasion. Sp2 silencing could inhibit the expression of TRIB3 protein and down‐regulate the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) level of HCC. Conclusion Sp2 may play a part in promoting cancer by regulating TRIB3 protein, which may be a factor of prognostic and a potential new therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiatao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Hua
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guoping Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Involvement of Metabolic Lipid Mediators in the Regulation of Apoptosis. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030402. [PMID: 32150849 PMCID: PMC7175142 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is the physiological mechanism of cell death and can be modulated by endogenous and exogenous factors, including stress and metabolic alterations. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as ROS-dependent lipid peroxidation products (including isoprostanes and reactive aldehydes including 4-hydroxynonenal) are proapoptotic factors. These mediators can activate apoptosis via mitochondrial-, receptor-, or ER stress-dependent pathways. Phospholipid metabolism is also an essential regulator of apoptosis, producing the proapoptotic prostaglandins of the PGD and PGJ series, as well as the antiapoptotic prostaglandins of the PGE series, but also 12-HETE and 20-HETE. The effect of endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids on apoptosis depends on cell type-specific differences. Cells where cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) is the dominant cannabinoid receptor, as well as cells with high cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, undergo apoptosis after the administration of cannabinoids. In contrast, in cells where CB2 receptors dominate, and cells with low COX activity, cannabinoids act in a cytoprotective manner. Therefore, cell type-specific differences in the pro- and antiapoptotic effects of lipids and their (oxidative) products might reveal new options for differential bioanalysis between normal, functional, and degenerating or malignant cells, and better integrative biomedical treatments of major stress-associated diseases.
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20
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Mohan S, R PRM, Brown L, Ayyappan P, G RK. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: A master regulator of metabolic syndrome. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 860:172553. [PMID: 31325433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a change in the ER homeostasis, leads to initiation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The primary functions of the UPR are to restore the ER's physiological activity and coordinate the apoptotic and adaptive responses. Pathophysiological conditions that augment ER stress include hypoxia, misfolded and/or mutated protein accumulation, and high glucose. Prolonged ER stress is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, obesity, and fatty liver disease. UPR is a complex homeostatic pathway between newly synthesized proteins and their maturation, although the regulatory mechanisms contributing to the UPR and the possible therapeutic strategies are yet to be clarified. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is necessary to develop therapeutic interventions targeting ER stress response. In this review, we discuss the role of ER stress and UPR signaling in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, highlighting the main functions of UPR components. We have emphasized the use of novel small molecular chemical chaperones, considered as modulators of ER stress. The initial studies with these chemical chaperones are promising, but detailed studies are required to define their efficacy and adverse effects during therapeutic use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreelekshmi Mohan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Preetha Rani M R
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Lindsay Brown
- School of Health and Wellbeing/Functional Foods Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Prathapan Ayyappan
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Raghu K G
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
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21
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Zhang J, Han Y, Zhao Y, Li Q, Jin H, Qin J. Inhibition of TRIB3 Protects Against Neurotoxic Injury Induced by Kainic Acid in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:585. [PMID: 31191318 PMCID: PMC6538922 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy refers to a group of neurological disorders of varying etiologies characterized by recurrent seizures, resulting in brain dysfunction. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is highly activated in the process of epilepsy-related brain injury. However, the mechanisms by which ER stress triggers neuronal apoptosis remain to be fully elucidated. Tribbles pseudokinase 3 (TRIB3) is a pseudokinase that affects a number of cellular functions, and its expression is increased during ER stress. Here, we sought to clarify the role of TRIB3 in neuronal apoptosis mediated by ER stress. In the kainic acid (KA) (10 mg/kg)-induced rat seizure model, we characterized neuronal injury and apoptosis after KA injection. KA induced an ER stress response, as indicated by elevated expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). TRIB3 protein was upregulated concomitantly with the downregulation of phosphorylated-protein kinase B (p-AKT) in rats following KA administration. In rat cortical neurons treated with KA, TRIB3 knockdown by siRNA reduced the number of dying neurons, decreased the induction of GRP78 and CHOP and the activation of caspase-3, and blocked the dephosphorylation of AKT after KA treatment. Our findings indicate that TRIB3 is involved in neuronal apoptosis occurring after KA-induced seizure. The knockdown of TRIB3 effectively protects against neuronal apoptosis in vitro, suggesting that TRIB3 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qinrui Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfang Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiong Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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Zhang J, Han Y, Zhao Y, Li QR, Jin HF, Du JB, Qin J. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated gene TRIB3 in rats following kainic acid-induced seizures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:599-605. [PMID: 31933865 PMCID: PMC6945081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
TRIB3 (tribblespseudokinase 3) is a pseudokinase that affects several cellular functions, and its expression is increased during endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress). How recurrent seizures affect the regulation of TRIB3 in the hippocampus during epilepsy remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of TRIB3 in the kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures and related brain injury. In a rat model of kainic acid-induced seizures, neuronal excitotoxic injury and apoptosis, and increases in the expression of TRIB3 and ER stress markers glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and C/EBP homologous binding protein (CHOP) were observed in the hippocampus by 24 h to 30 d after KA administration. Furthermore, phosphorylation of AKT, which is inhibited by TRIB3, was decreased in the hippocampus after KA-evoked seizure. These results indicate that ER stress, TRIB3 and AKT signaling are involved in the acute and prolonged hippocampal injury following KA induced seizure, suggesting that the ER stress-associated gene TRIB3 plays an important role in neuronal apoptosis after seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First HospitalBeijing, PR China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First HospitalBeijing, PR China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First HospitalBeijing, PR China
| | - Qin-Rui Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First HospitalBeijing, PR China
| | - Hong-Fang Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First HospitalBeijing, PR China
| | - Jun-Bao Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First HospitalBeijing, PR China
| | - Jiong Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People’s HospitalBeijing, PR China
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23
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Cheng W, Mi L, Tang J, Yu W. Expression of TRB3 promotes epithelial‑mesenchymal transition of MLE‑12 murine alveolar type II epithelial cells through the TGF‑β1/Smad3 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:2869-2875. [PMID: 30720074 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the expression of tribbles pseudokinase 3 (TRB3) is involved in pulmonary interstitial fibrosis and to examine the possible mechanisms. The expression of TRB3 in murine alveolar type II epithelial cells (MLE‑12 cells) following transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‑β1) stimulation was assessed using various techniques, including western blot and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. TRB3 overexpression and downregulation models were used to evaluate the impact of TRB3 on the TGF‑β1‑induced epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) of MLE‑12 cells. The downregulation of TRB3 was induced by RNA interference. The expression of TRB3 was significantly increased in MLE‑12 cells following the activation of TGF‑β1 (P<0.05). The overexpression of TRB3 was found to promote activation of the TGF‑β1/Smad3 signaling pathway, EMT, and the upregulated expression of β‑catenin and EMT‑related genes and proteins (P<0.05), whereas the downregulation of TRB3 attenuated the promoting effect on EMT induced by TGF‑β1. In addition, the overexpression of TRB3 inhibited MLE‑12 cell proliferation by stimulating apoptosis, leading to the formation of pulmonary fibrosis (PF). The positive feedback loop demonstrated that TGF‑β1 induced the expression of TRB3, and TRB3, in turn, stimulated EMT and promoted the onset of PF through activation of the TGF‑β1/Smad3 signaling pathway. Therefore, TRB3 may promote the formation of PF through the TGF‑β1/Smad3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Liyun Mi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Wencheng Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
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24
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Choi RH, McConahay A, Silvestre JG, Moriscot AS, Carson JA, Koh HJ. TRB3 regulates skeletal muscle mass in food deprivation-induced atrophy. FASEB J 2019; 33:5654-5666. [PMID: 30681896 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802145rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tribbles 3 (TRB3) is a pseudokinase that has been found in multiple tissues in response to various stress stimuli, such as nutrient deprivation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We recently found that TRB3 has the potential to regulate skeletal muscle mass at the basal state. However, it has not yet been explored whether TRB3 regulates skeletal muscle mass under atrophic conditions. Here, we report that food deprivation for 48 h in mice significantly reduces muscle mass by ∼15% and increases TRB3 expression, which is associated with increased ER stress. Interestingly, inhibition of ER stress in C2C12 myotubes reduces food deprivation-induced expression of TRB3 and muscle-specific E3-ubiquitin ligases. In further in vivo experiments, muscle-specific TRB3 transgenic mice increase food deprivation-induced muscle atrophy compared with wild-type (WT) littermates presumably by the increased proteolysis. On the other hand, TRB3 knockout mice ameliorate food deprivation-induced atrophy compared with WT littermates by preserving a higher protein synthesis rate. These results indicate that TRB3 plays a pivotal role in skeletal muscle mass regulation under food deprivation-induced muscle atrophy and TRB3 could be a pharmaceutical target to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy.-Choi, R. H., McConahay, A., Silvestre, J. G., Moriscot, A. S., Carson, J. A., Koh, H.-J. TRB3 regulates skeletal muscle mass in food deprivation-induced atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Hee Choi
- Division of Applied Physiology, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Abigail McConahay
- Division of Applied Physiology, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - João G Silvestre
- Division of Applied Physiology, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anselmo S Moriscot
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - James A Carson
- Division of Applied Physiology, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ho-Jin Koh
- Division of Applied Physiology, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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25
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Hu H, Tian M, Ding C, Yu S. The C/EBP Homologous Protein (CHOP) Transcription Factor Functions in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis and Microbial Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3083. [PMID: 30662442 PMCID: PMC6328441 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 616] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of cell death by which the body maintains the homeostasis of the internal environment. Apoptosis is an initiative cell death process that is controlled by genes and is mainly divided into endogenous pathways (mitochondrial pathway), exogenous pathways (death receptor pathway), and apoptotic pathways induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The homeostasis imbalance in ER results in ER stress. Under specific conditions, ER stress can be beneficial to the body; however, if ER protein homeostasis is not restored, the prolonged activation of the unfolded protein response may initiate apoptotic cell death via the up-regulation of the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). CHOP plays an important role in ER stress-induced apoptosis and this review focuses on its multifunctional roles in that process, as well as its role in apoptosis during microbial infection. We summarize the upstream and downstream pathways of CHOP in ER stress induced apoptosis. We also focus on the newest discoveries in the functions of CHOP-induced apoptosis during microbial infection, including DNA and RNA viruses and some species of bacteria. Understanding how CHOP functions during microbial infection will assist with the development of antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Hu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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26
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Wang X, Bi X, Zhang G, Deng Y, Luo X, Xu L, Scherer PE, Ferdous A, Fu G, Gillette TG, Lee AS, Jiang X, Wang ZV. Glucose-regulated protein 78 is essential for cardiac myocyte survival. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:2181-2194. [PMID: 29666470 PMCID: PMC6261960 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory and transmembrane proteins rely on proper function of the secretory pathway for folding, posttranslational modification, assembly, and secretion. Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stimulates the unfolded protein response (UPR), which communicates between the ER and other organelles to enhance ER-folding capacity and restore cellular homeostasis. Glucose-regulated protein of 78 kDa (GRP78), an ER-resident protein chaperone, is a master regulator of all UPR signaling branches. Accumulating studies have established a fundamental role of GRP78 in protein folding, ER stress response, and cell survival. However, role of GRP78 in the heart remains incompletely characterized. Here we showed that embryos lacking GRP78 specifically in cardiac myocytes manifest cardiovascular malformations and die in utero at late gestation. We went further to show that inducible knockout of GRP78 in adult cardiac myocytes causes early mortality due to cardiac cell death and severe decline in heart performance. At the cellular level, we found that loss of GRP78 increases apoptotic cell death, which is accompanied by reduction in AKT signaling and augmentation of production for reactive oxygen species. Importantly, enhancing AKT phosphorylation and activity leads to decreases in oxidative stress and increases in cardiac myocyte survival. Collectively, our results demonstrate an essential role of GRP78 in ensuring normal cardiogenesis and maintaining cardiac contractility and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoding Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xukun Bi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Cardiology, Biomedical Research (Therapy) Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yingfeng Deng
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiang Luo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anwarul Ferdous
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Guosheng Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Biomedical Research (Therapy) Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Thomas G Gillette
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Amy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhao V Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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27
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Wang S, Binder P, Fang Q, Wang Z, Xiao W, Liu W, Wang X. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the heart: insights into mechanisms and drug targets. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:1293-1304. [PMID: 28548229 PMCID: PMC5867005 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves several essential cellular functions including protein synthesis, protein folding, protein translocation, calcium homoeostasis and lipid biosynthesis. Physiological or pathological stimuli, which disrupt ER homoeostasis and disturb its functions, lead to an accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins, a condition referred to as ER stress. ER stress triggers the unfolded protein response to restore the homoeostasis of ER, through activating transcriptional and translational pathways. However, prolonged ER stress will lead to cell dysfunction and apoptosis. Recent evidence revealed that ER stress is involved in the development and progression of various heart diseases, such as cardiac hypertrophy, ischaemic heart diseases and heart failure. Therefore, improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ER stress in heart disease will help to investigate more potential targets for new therapeutic interventions and drug discovery. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Spotlight on Small Molecules in Cardiovascular Diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.8/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Wang
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Pablo Binder
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Qiru Fang
- State Key Laboratory of New‐tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical ProcessLianyungangChina
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New‐tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical ProcessLianyungangChina
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New‐tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical ProcessLianyungangChina
| | - Wei Liu
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Xin Wang
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
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28
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Zhang C, Li L, Jiang Y, Wang C, Geng B, Wang Y, Chen J, Liu F, Qiu P, Zhai G, Chen P, Quan R, Wang J. Space microgravity drives transdifferentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells from osteogenesis to adipogenesis. FASEB J 2018. [PMID: 29533735 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700208rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bone formation is linked with osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the bone marrow. Microgravity in spaceflight is known to reduce bone formation. In this study, we used a real microgravity environment of the SJ-10 Recoverable Scientific Satellite to examine the effects of space microgravity on the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). hMSCs were induced toward osteogenic differentiation for 2 and 7 d in a cell culture device mounted on the SJ-10 satellite. The satellite returned to Earth after going through space experiments in orbit for 12 d, and cell samples were harvested and analyzed for differentiation potentials. The results showed that space microgravity inhibited osteogenic differentiation and resulted in adipogenic differentiation, even under osteogenic induction conditions. Under space microgravity, the expression of 10 genes specific for osteogenesis decreased, including collagen family members, alkaline phosphatase ( ALP), and runt-related transcription factor 2 ( RUNX2), whereas the expression of 4 genes specific for adipogenesis increased, including adipsin ( CFD), leptin ( LEP), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β ( CEBPB), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ( PPARG). In the analysis of signaling pathways specific for osteogenesis, we found that the expression and activity of RUNX2 was inhibited, expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 ( BMP2) and activity of SMAD1/5/9 were decreased, and activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and ERK-1/2 declined significantly under space microgravity. These data indicate that space microgravity plays a dual role by decreasing RUNX2 expression and activity through the BMP2/SMAD and integrin/FAK/ERK pathways. In addition, we found that space microgravity increased p38 MAPK and protein kinase B (AKT) activities, which are important for the promotion of adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Space microgravity significantly decreased the expression of Tribbles homolog 3 ( TRIB3), a repressor of adipogenic differentiation. Y15, a specific inhibitor of FAK activity, was used to inhibit the activity of FAK under normal gravity; Y15 decreased protein expression of TRIB3. Therefore, it appears that space microgravity decreased FAK activity and thereby reduced TRIB3 expression and derepressed AKT activity. Under space microgravity, the increase in p38 MAPK activity and the derepression of AKT activity seem to synchronously lead to the activation of the signaling pathway specifically promoting adipogenesis.-Zhang, C., Li, L., Jiang, Y., Wang, C., Geng, B., Wang, Y., Chen, J., Liu, F., Qiu, P., Zhai, G., Chen, P., Quan, R., Wang, J. Space microgravity drives transdifferentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells from osteogenesis to adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Zhang
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanda Jiang
- National Center of Space Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cuicui Wang
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baoming Geng
- National Center of Space Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- National Center of Space Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianling Chen
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Qiu
- National Center of Space Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangjie Zhai
- National Center of Space Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Renfu Quan
- Institute of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinfu Wang
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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29
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Gu J, Yan X, Dai X, Wang Y, Lin Q, Xiao J, Zhou S, Zhang J, Wang K, Zeng J, Xin Y, Barati MT, Zhang C, Bai Y, Li Y, Epstein PN, Wintergerst KA, Li X, Tan Y, Cai L. Metallothionein Preserves Akt2 Activity and Cardiac Function via Inhibiting TRB3 in Diabetic Hearts. Diabetes 2018; 67:507-517. [PMID: 29079702 PMCID: PMC5828458 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac insulin resistance is a key pathogenic factor for diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), but the mechanism remains largely unclear. We found that diabetic hearts exhibited decreased phosphorylation of total Akt and isoform Akt2 but not Akt1 in wild-type (WT) male FVB mice, which was accompanied by attenuation of Akt downstream glucose metabolic signal. All of these signal changes were not observed in metallothionein cardiac-specific transgenic (MT-TG) hearts. Furthermore, insulin-induced glucose metabolic signals were attenuated only in WT diabetic hearts. In addition, diabetic hearts exhibited increased Akt-negative regulator tribbles pseudokinase 3 (TRB3) expression only in WT mice, suggesting that MT may preserve Akt2 function via inhibiting TRB3. Moreover, MT prevented tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP)-reduced insulin-stimulated Akt2 phosphorylation in MT-TG cardiomyocytes, which was abolished by specific silencing of Akt2. Specific silencing of TRB3 blocked tBHP inhibition of insulin-stimulated Akt2 phosphorylation in WT cardiomyocytes, whereas overexpression of TRB3 in MT-TG cardiomyocytes and hearts abolished MT preservation of insulin-stimulated Akt2 signals and MT prevention of DCM. Most importantly, supplementation of Zn to induce MT preserved cardiac Akt2 signals and prevented DCM. These results suggest that diabetes-inhibited cardiac Akt2 function via TRB3 upregulation leads to aberrant cardiac glucose metabolism. MT preservation of cardiac Akt2 function by inhibition of TRB3 prevents DCM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Heart/drug effects
- Heart/physiopathology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Insulin/therapeutic use
- Insulin Resistance
- Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity
- Male
- Metallothionein/genetics
- Metallothionein/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myocardium/enzymology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Organ Specificity
- Oxidants/toxicity
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA Interference
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlian Gu
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital at the Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Xiaoqing Yan
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital at the Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Xiaozhen Dai
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital at the Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- School of Biomedicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuehui Wang
- Departments of Geriatrics, Cardiovascular Disorders and Cardiac Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Jian Xiao
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital at the Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Departments of Geriatrics, Cardiovascular Disorders and Cardiac Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Departments of Geriatrics, Cardiovascular Disorders and Cardiac Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital at the Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Jun Zeng
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital at the Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Ying Xin
- Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Chi Zhang
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital at the Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Departments of Geriatrics, Cardiovascular Disorders and Cardiac Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Paul N Epstein
- Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, Louisville, KY
| | - Kupper A Wintergerst
- Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, Louisville, KY
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital at the Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi Tan
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital at the Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, Louisville, KY
| | - Lu Cai
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital at the Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, Louisville, KY
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30
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Zhang C, Hong FF, Wang CC, Li L, Chen JL, Liu F, Quan RF, Wang JF. TRIB3 inhibits proliferation and promotes osteogenesis in hBMSCs by regulating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10342. [PMID: 28871113 PMCID: PMC5583332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10601-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenic differentiation in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) is regulated by various factors, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), Notch, growth hormones and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3), a pseudokinase, plays an important role in cancer cells and adipocytes. However, TRIB3 function in osteogenic differentiation is unknown, although it is involved in regulating signaling pathways associated with osteogenic differentiation. Here, we found that TRIB3 was highly expressed during osteogenic differentiation in hBMSCs. Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) resulted in a significant decrease in TRIB3 expression, and expression of TRIB3 was restored by increasing insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) via activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling. TRIB3 knock-down enhanced proliferation and decreased osteogenic differentiation at the middle stage of differentiation, and these effects were reversed by inhibiting the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2. In conclusion, TRIB3 plays an important role in proliferation and osteogenic differentiation by regulating ERK1/2 activity at the middle stage of differentiation, and expression of TRIB3 is regulated by FAK in a PI3K/AKT-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Zhang
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Fan-Fan Hong
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Cui-Cui Wang
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ling Chen
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Ren-Fu Quan
- Institute of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311200, P. R. China.
| | - Jin-Fu Wang
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China.
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Yu XJ, Song TJ, Zhang LW, Su Y, Wang KY, Sun Q. TRB3 is elevated in psoriasis vulgaris lesions and mediates HaCaT cells proliferation in vitro. J Investig Med 2017; 65:1084-1088. [PMID: 28790132 PMCID: PMC5847103 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2017-000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease characterized by abnormal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Overexpression of tribbles homolog3 (TRB3), which belongs to the tribbles family of pseudokinases, has been found in several human tumors and metabolic diseases, but its role in psoriasis has not been fully clarified. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of TRB3 in psoriasis and explore its roles in the proliferation of keratinocytes. Twenty-four patients with psoriasis vulgaris were recruited for the study. Diagnosis of psoriasis was based on clinical and histologic examinations. Immunohistochemistry and real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) were performed to determine protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of TRB3 in psoriasis lesions. 5-Bromo-2-deoxyUridine (BrdU) incorporation assay were performed for cell proliferation. Cell cycle distribution was assessed by flow cytometry analysis. The levels of TRB3 is elevated in psoriatic lesions compared with psoriatic non-lesions. The HaCat cells expressed the TRB3 gene. We found TRB3 silencing to significantly inhibit HaCat cell proliferation. Furthermore, the specific knockdown of TRB3 slowed down the cell cycle at the gap 0/first gap phase. In conclusion, our data suggest that TRB3 is overexpressed in lesions of patients with psoriasis and may be involved in the abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes. Therefore, TRB3 may be a potential therapeutic target for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tie-Jun Song
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lu-Wei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ke-Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Downregulation of TRB3 protects neurons against apoptosis induced by global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. Neuroscience 2017; 360:118-127. [PMID: 28782643 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury (GCI/R) can lead to neuronal apoptosis and contributes to permanent neurological sequelae. However, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effects of GCI/R on the tribbles homolog 3 (TRB3) and to explore the role of TRB3 in GCI/R. The GCI/R model was developed in Sprague-Dawley male rats by four-vessel occlusion. Subsequently, the expressions of TRB3, endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, and apoptosis-associated proteins were examined by western blot at 1h, 6h, 12h, 24h, and 72h after GCI/R. TRB3 short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentivirus was constructed and used to investigate the role of TRB3 in GCI/R-induced neuronal apoptosis. GCI/R increased the level of TRB3, endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, and pro-apoptotic proteins. The level of protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation was reduced during GCI/R. Administration of TRB3 shRNA lentivirus attenuated GCI/R-induced up-regulation of TRB3, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, TRB3 shRNA lentivirus reversed the reduced level of Akt phosphorylation induced by GCI/R. These data implied that TRB3 participated in the GCI/R-induced neuronal apoptosis. Knocking down TRB3 attenuated endoplasmic reticulum stress, enhanced Akt phosphorylation, and protected neurons from apoptosis in response to GCI/R. These results demonstrated that the downregulation of TRB3 may be a promising approach for treating GCI/R.
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Cheng WP, Lo HM, Wang BW, Chua SK, Lu MJ, Shyu KG. Atorvastatin alleviates cardiomyocyte apoptosis by suppressing TRB3 induced by acute myocardial infarction and hypoxia. J Formos Med Assoc 2016; 116:388-397. [PMID: 27645622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE TRB3 (tribbles 3), an apoptosis-regulated gene, increases during endoplasmic reticulum stress. Hypoxia can induce inflammatory mediators and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. However, the expression of TRB3 in cardiomyocyte apoptosis under hypoxia is not thoroughly known. We investigated the regulation mechanism of TRB3 expression and apoptosis induced by hypoxia in cardiomyocytes. METHODS An in vivo model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was applied in adult Wistar rats to induce myocardial hypoxia. Rat neonatal cardiomyocytes were subjected to 2.5% O2 to induce hypoxia. RESULTS The expression of TRB3 was evaluated in cultured rat neonatal cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia. Hypoxia significantly enhanced TRB3 protein and mRNA expression. Adding c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125, JNK small interfering RNA (siRNA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) antibody, and atorvastatin 30 minutes before hypoxia reversed the induction of TRB3 protein. A gel-shift assay showed the DNA-binding activity of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153), which increased after hypoxia. Hypoxia increased, whereas the TRB3-mut plasmid, SP600125, and TNF-α antibody abolished the hypoxia-induced TRB3 promoter activity. Hypoxia increased the secretion of TNF-α from cardiomyocytes. Exogenous administration of TNF-α recombinant protein to the cardiomyocytes without hypoxia increased TRB3 protein expression, similar to that observed after hypoxia. Hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis is inhibited by TRB3 siRNA, the TNF-α antibody, and atorvastatin. Atorvastatin reduced the TRB3 expression and cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by AMI. Hypoxia induces TRB3 through TNF-α, JNK, and the GADD153 pathway. CONCLUSION Treatment of atorvastatin inhibits the expression of TRB3 and cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by AMI and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Pin Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ming Lo
- Division of Cardiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Bao-Wei Wang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Kiat Chua
- Division of Cardiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of General Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Lu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Gi Shyu
- Division of Cardiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Koh HJ. Regulation of exercise-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 21:61-5. [PMID: 27462580 PMCID: PMC4960015 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2016.21.2.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a Ser/Thr kinase that has been thought to be an important mediator for exercise-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is an upstream kinase for AMPK and AMPK-related protein kinases, of which the function in skeletal muscle has not been well documented. Our group and others have generated mice lacking AMPK activity in skeletal muscle, as well as muscle-specific LKB1 knockout mice. In this review, we discuss the potential role of AMPK and LKB1 in regulating exercise-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. We also discuss our recent study, demonstrating the molecular mechanism of obesity-induced development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jin Koh
- Applied Physiology Division, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Univer sity of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Jeong HW, Choi RH, McClellan JL, Piroli GG, Frizzell N, Tseng YH, Goodyear LJ, Koh HJ. Tribbles 3 inhibits brown adipocyte differentiation and function by suppressing insulin signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:783-91. [PMID: 26801556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that adult humans have substantial amounts of functioning brown adipose tissue (BAT). Since BAT has been implicated as an anti-obese and anti-diabetic tissue, it is important to understand the signaling molecules that regulate BAT function. There has been a link between insulin signaling and BAT metabolism as deletion or pharmaceutical inhibition of insulin signaling impairs BAT differentiation and function. Tribbles 3 (TRB3) is a pseudo kinase that has been shown to regulate metabolism and insulin signaling in multiple tissues but the role of TRB3 in BAT has not been studied. In this study, we found that TRB3 expression was present in BAT and overexpression of TRB3 in brown preadipocytes impaired differentiation and decreased expression of BAT markers. Furthermore, TRB3 overexpression resulted in significantly lower oxygen consumption rates for basal and proton leakage, indicating decreased BAT activity. Based on previous studies showing that deletion or pharmaceutical inhibition of insulin signaling impairs BAT differentiation and function, we assessed insulin signaling in brown preadipocytes and BAT in vivo. Overexpression of TRB3 in cells impaired insulin-stimulated IRS1 and Akt phosphorylation, whereas TRB3KO mice displayed improved IRS1 and Akt phosphorylation. Finally, deletion of IRS1 abolished the function of TRB3 to regulate BAT differentiation and metabolism. These data demonstrate that TRB3 inhibits insulin signaling in BAT, resulting in impaired differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Won Jeong
- Division of Applied Physiology, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ran Hee Choi
- Division of Applied Physiology, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Jamie L McClellan
- Division of Applied Physiology, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Gerardo G Piroli
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Norma Frizzell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ho-Jin Koh
- Division of Applied Physiology, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Liu M, Dudley SC. Role for the Unfolded Protein Response in Heart Disease and Cardiac Arrhythmias. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:ijms17010052. [PMID: 26729106 PMCID: PMC4730297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) has been extensively investigated in neurological diseases and diabetes, while its function in heart disease is less well understood. Activated UPR participates in multiple cardiac conditions and can either protect or impair heart function. Recently, the UPR has been found to play a role in arrhythmogenesis during human heart failure by affecting cardiac ion channels expression, and blocking UPR has an antiarrhythmic effect. This review will discuss the rationale for and challenges to targeting UPR in heart disease for treatment of arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Liu
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, the Providence VA Medical Center, 593 Eddy Street, APC814, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| | - Samuel C Dudley
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, the Providence VA Medical Center, 593 Eddy Street, APC814, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Shen M, Wang L, Guo X, Xue Q, Huo C, Li X, Fan L, Wang X. A novel endoplasmic reticulum stress‑induced apoptosis model using tunicamycin in primary cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5149-54. [PMID: 26151415 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is key in the development of cardiovascular diseases. However, there is a lack of a systemic ER stress‑induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis model. In the present study, primary cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were exposed to tunicamycin. Cell viability was determined by an MTT assay, and cell damage was detected by a lactose dehydrogenase assay. Flow cytometry was used and the activity of caspase‑3 was analyzed in order to measure apoptosis. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to examine the expression of glucose‑regulated protein 78‑kDa (GRP78) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). As a result, tunicamycin significantly increased cardiomyocyte injury, which occurred in a time- and concentration‑dependent manner. In addition, tunicamycin treatment resulted in apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Molecularly, tunicamycin (100 ng/ml) increased the levels of GRP78 and CHOP 6 h after administration. In addition, GRP78 and CHOP reached maximum mRNA and protein levels 24 h after administration. In conclusion, the results implicate that the tunicamycin‑induced ER stress‑induced apoptotic model was successfully constructed in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. A 100 ng/ml concentration of tunicamycin was selected, and MTT, LDH release and flow cytometry assay was at 72 h. In addition, GRP78 and GRP94 were detected 24 h following administration. The results of the present study indicate a novel experimental basis for the investigation of ERS-induced cardiac apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowang Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Hainan Branch of PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan 572013, P.R. China
| | - Cong Huo
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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Örd T, Örd D, Adler P, Vilo J, Örd T. TRIB3 enhances cell viability during glucose deprivation in HEK293-derived cells by upregulating IGFBP2, a novel nutrient deficiency survival factor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2492-505. [PMID: 26094770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucose deprivation occurs in several human diseases, including infarctions and solid tumors, and leads to cell death. In this article, we investigate the role of the pseudokinase Tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3) in the cellular stress response to glucose starvation using cell lines derived from HEK293, which is highly glycolytic under standard conditions. Our results show that TRIB3 mRNA and protein levels are strongly upregulated in glucose-deprived cells via the induction of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor kinase PERK. Cell survival in glucose-deficient conditions is enhanced by TRIB3 overexpression and reduced by TRIB3 knockdown. Genome-wide gene expression profiling uncovered approximately 40 glucose deprivation-responsive genes that are affected by TRIB3, including several genes involved in signaling processes and metabolism. Based on transcription factor motif analysis, the majority of TRIB3-downregulated genes are target genes of ATF4, which TRIB3 is known to inhibit. The gene most substantially upregulated by TRIB3 is insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2). IGFBP2 mRNA and protein levels are downregulated in cells subjected to glucose deprivation, and reduced IGFBP2 expression aggravates cell death during glucose deficiency, while overexpression of IGFBP2 prolongs cell survival. Moreover, IGFBP2 silencing abrogates the pro-survival effect of TRIB3. Since TRIB3 augments IGFBP2 expression in glucose-starved cells, the data indicate that IGFBP2 contributes to the attenuation of cell death by TRIB3. These results implicate TRIB3 and IGFBP2, both of which are known to be overexpressed in several types of cancers, as pro-survival modulators of cell viability in nutrient-deficient microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiit Örd
- Estonian Biocentre, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Daima Örd
- Estonian Biocentre, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Adler
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Vilo
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnis Örd
- Estonian Biocentre, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia.
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Siltanen A, Nuutila K, Imanishi Y, Uenaka H, Mäkelä J, Pätilä T, Vento A, Miyagawa S, Sawa Y, Harjula A, Kankuri E. The Paracrine Effect of Skeletal Myoblasts Is Cardioprotective Against Oxidative Stress and Involves EGFR-ErbB4 Signaling, Cystathionase, and the Unfolded Protein Response. Cell Transplant 2015; 25:55-69. [PMID: 26021843 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x688254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic effects of skeletal myoblast transplantation into the myocardium are mediated via paracrine factors. We investigated the ability of myoblast-derived soluble mediators to protect cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress. Fetal rat cardiac cells were treated with conditioned medium from cultures of myoblasts or cardiac fibroblasts, and oxidative stress was induced with H2O2. Myoblast-derived factors effectively prevented oxidative stress-induced cardiac cell death and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. This protective effect was mediated via epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and c-Met signaling, and mimicked by neuregulin 1 but not EGF. Microarray analysis of cardiac cells treated with myoblast versus cardiac fibroblast-derived mediators revealed differential regulation of genes associated with antioxidative effects: cystathionine-γ-lyase (cst), xanthine oxidase, and thioredoxin-interacting protein as well as tribbles homolog 3 (trib3). Cardiac cell pretreatment with tunicamycin, an inducer of trib3, also protected them against H2O2-induced cell death. Epicardial transplantation of myoblast sheets in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction was used to evaluate the expression of CST and trib3 as markers of myoblasts' paracrine effect in vivo. Myoblast sheets induced expression of the CST as well as trib3 in infarcted myocardium. CST localized around blood vessels, suggesting smooth muscle cell localization. Our results provide a deeper molecular insight into the therapeutic mechanisms of myoblast-derived paracrine signaling in cardiac cells and suggest that myoblast transplantation therapy may prevent oxidative stress-induced cardiac deterioration and progression of heart failure.
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40
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Cheng WP, Wang BW, Lo HM, Shyu KG. Mechanical Stretch Induces Apoptosis Regulator TRB3 in Cultured Cardiomyocytes and Volume-Overloaded Heart. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123235. [PMID: 25898323 PMCID: PMC4405267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of TRB3 (tribbles 3), an apoptosis regulated gene, increases during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. How mechanical stress affects the regulation of TRB3 in cardiomyocytes during apoptosis is not fully understood. An in vivo model of aorta-caval shunt in adult rats demonstrated the increased TRB3 protein expression in the myocardium. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) antagonist etanercept reversed the TRB3 protein expression and cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by AV shunt. An in vitro model of cyclic stretch in neonatal rats was also used to investigate TRB3 expression. We hypothesized that cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by cyclic stretch is TRB3 dependent. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes grown on a flexible membrane base were stretched by vacuum to 20% of maximum elongation, at 60 cycles/min. Cyclic stretch significantly increased TRB3 protein and mRNA expression. Addition of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125, TNF-α antibody and etanercept 30 min before stretch reversed the induction of TRB3 protein induced by stretch. Cyclic stretch induced the DNA-binding activity of growth arrest and DNA damaged inducible gene-153 (GADD153) by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. SP600125, JNK siRNA, TNF-α antibody and etanercept abolished the binding activity induced by stretch. TRB3 promoter activity was enhanced by stretch and TRB3-mut plasmid, SP600125, TNF-α antibody and etanercept attenuated TRB3 promoter activity induced by stretch. Exogenous administration of TNF-α recombinant protein to the non-stretched cardiomyocytes increased TRB3 protein expression similar to that seen after stretch. Cyclic stretch induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis is inhibited by TRB3 siRNA and etanercept. The stretch-induced TRB3 is mediated by TNF-α、JNK and GADD153 pathway. These results indicate that TRB3 plays an important role in stretch-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Pin Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bao-Wei Wang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ming Lo
- Division of Cardiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Gi Shyu
- Division of Cardiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Rasmussen TL, Ma Y, Park CY, Harriss J, Pierce SA, Dekker JD, Valenzuela N, Srivastava D, Schwartz RJ, Stewart MD, Tucker HO. Smyd1 facilitates heart development by antagonizing oxidative and ER stress responses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121765. [PMID: 25803368 PMCID: PMC4372598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Smyd1/Bop is an evolutionary conserved histone methyltransferase previously shown by conventional knockout to be critical for embryonic heart development. To further explore the mechanism(s) in a cell autonomous context, we conditionally ablated Smyd1 in the first and second heart fields of mice using a knock-in (KI) Nkx2.5-cre driver. Robust deletion of floxed-Smyd1 in cardiomyocytes and the outflow tract (OFT) resulted in embryonic lethality at E9.5, truncation of the OFT and right ventricle, and additional defects consistent with impaired expansion and proliferation of the second heart field (SHF). Using a transgenic (Tg) Nkx2.5-cre driver previously shown to not delete in the SHF and OFT, early embryonic lethality was bypassed and both ventricular chambers were formed; however, reduced cardiomyocyte proliferation and other heart defects resulted in later embryonic death at E11.5-12.5. Proliferative impairment prior to both early and mid-gestational lethality was accompanied by dysregulation of transcripts critical for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Mid-gestational death was also associated with impairment of oxidative stress defense—a phenotype highly similar to the previously characterized knockout of the Smyd1-interacting transcription factor, skNAC. We describe a potential feedback mechanism in which the stress response factor Tribbles3/TRB3, when directly methylated by Smyd1, acts as a co-repressor of Smyd1-mediated transcription. Our findings suggest that Smyd1 is required for maintaining cardiomyocyte proliferation at minimally two different embryonic heart developmental stages, and its loss leads to linked stress responses that signal ensuing lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L. Rasmussen
- Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yanlin Ma
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, P.R. China
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chong Yon Park
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - June Harriss
- Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A. Pierce
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph D. Dekker
- Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Valenzuela
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Schwartz
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - M. David Stewart
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MDS); (HT)
| | - Haley O. Tucker
- Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MDS); (HT)
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Wei N, Zhu LQ, Liu D. ATF4: a Novel Potential Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:1765-1770. [PMID: 25381575 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) belongs to the activating transcription factor family and its expression is increased upon the stimulation of a diverse array of microenvironmental stresses. ATF4 plays a major role in the development, metabolism, and memory formation. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease in aged population. The dominant pathological changes in AD brain, including the neurofibrillary tangles, consist of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, senile plaques composed of β-amyloid proteins, loss of neurons in the whole brain, and dysfunction of synapses. The protein level of ATF4 is upregulated in both AD brain and AD mouse model, indicating its latent roles in the pathogenesis of this disease. In this paper, we reviewed the related literatures about the interaction of ATF4 with the different types of pathological changes in AD brain and pointed out some unsolved problems in this area. We also proposed that a fine regulation of ATF4 in separate neurons or brain regions might be benefit to the therapy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wei
- Institute of Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Liu
- Institute of Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Wang W, Sun A, Lv W, Cheng J, Lv S, Liu X, Guan G, Liu G. TRB3, up-regulated in kidneys of rats with type1 diabetes, mediates extracellular matrix accumulation in vivo and in vitro. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 106:101-9. [PMID: 25112920 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Fibrosis is the final disorder of most chronic kidney disease including diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the mechanisms are not fully understood. The present study aims to determine whether TRB3 participates in fibrogenesis in DN. METHODS Type1 diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The expression of TRB3 and extracellular matrix (ECM) protein collagen I and fibronectin was investigated in kidneys of rats with diabetes and NRK-52E cells (a rat proximal tubular cell line) stimulated with albumin-overload. Rats without diabetes and NRK-52E cells without albumin stimulation served as control. Then gene silencing was used to study whether TRB3 participated in accumulation of collagen I and fibronectin in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS TRB3 is up-regulated in renal tubules of kidneys of rats with diabetes, especially proximal tubules. Albumin-overload can augments TRB3 expression and increase collagen I and fibronectin secretion in NRK-52E cells. Importantly, silencing of TRB3 alleviates collagen I and fibronectin accumulation in kidneys of rats with diabetes and NRK-52E cells induced by albumin-overload. CONCLUSIONS TRB3 mediates ECM accumulation in kidneys of rats with STZ-induced type1 diabetes and proximal tubular cells induced by albumin-overload, suggesting a potential target for treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Aili Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shasha Lv
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiangchun Liu
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guangju Guan
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, China.
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Abstract
In neurological disease and diabetes, the unfolded protein response (UPR) has been investigated for years, while its function in heart disease is less well understood. All three branches of the UPR are involved in ischaemia/reperfusion and can either protect or impair heart function. Recently, UPR has been found to play a role in arrhythmogenesis during human heart failure, and blocking UPR has an antiarrhythmic effect. This review will discuss the rationale for and challenges to targeting UPR in heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Liu
- Brown University, Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, The Providence VA Medical Center , Providence, RI , USA
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An D, Lessard SJ, Toyoda T, Lee MY, Koh HJ, Qi L, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ. Overexpression of TRB3 in muscle alters muscle fiber type and improves exercise capacity in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R925-33. [PMID: 24740654 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00027.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that TRB3, a mammalian homolog of Drosophila tribbles, plays an important role in cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. In the liver, TRB3 binds and inhibits Akt activity, whereas in adipocytes, TRB3 upregulates fatty acid oxidation. In cultured muscle cells, TRB3 has been identified as a potential regulator of insulin signaling. However, little is known about the function and regulation of TRB3 in skeletal muscle in vivo. In the current study, we found that 4 wk of voluntary wheel running (6.6 ± 0.4 km/day) increased TRB3 mRNA by 1.6-fold and protein by 2.5-fold in the triceps muscle. Consistent with this finding, muscle-specific transgenic mice that overexpress TRB3 (TG) had a pronounced increase in exercise capacity compared with wild-type (WT) littermates (TG: 1,535 ± 283; WT: 644 ± 67 joules). The increase in exercise capacity in TRB3 TG mice was not associated with changes in glucose uptake or glycogen levels; however, these mice displayed a dramatic shift toward a more oxidative/fatigue-resistant (type I/IIA) muscle fiber type, including threefold more type I fibers in soleus muscles. Skeletal muscle from TRB3 TG mice had significantly decreased PPARα expression, twofold higher levels of miR208b and miR499, and corresponding increases in the myosin heavy chain isoforms Myh7 and Myb7b, which encode these microRNAs. These findings suggest that TRB3 regulates muscle fiber type via a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α)-regulated miR499/miR208b pathway, revealing a novel function for TRB3 in the regulation of skeletal muscle fiber type and exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding An
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Sarah J Lessard
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Taro Toyoda
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Min-Young Lee
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Ho-Jin Koh
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Ling Qi
- Salk Institute, San Diego, California
| | | | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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Koh HJ, Toyoda T, Didesch MM, Lee MY, Sleeman MW, Kulkarni RN, Musi N, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ. Tribbles 3 mediates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1871. [PMID: 23695665 PMCID: PMC3707125 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress has been linked to insulin resistance in multiple tissues but the role of ER stress in skeletal muscle has not been explored. ER stress has also been reported to increase tribbles 3 (TRB3) expression in multiple cell lines. Here, we report that high fat feeding in mice, and obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans significantly increases TRB3 and ER stress markers in skeletal muscle. Overexpression of TRB3 in C2C12 myotubes and mouse tibialis anterior muscles significantly impairs insulin signaling. Incubation of C2C12 cells and mouse skeletal muscle with ER stressors thapsigargin and tunicamycin increases TRB3 and impairs insulin signaling and glucose uptake, effects reversed in cells overexpressing RNAi for TRB3 and in muscles from TRB3 knockout mice. Furthermore, TRB3 knockout mice are protected from high fat diet-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. These data demonstrate that TRB3 mediates ER stress-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jin Koh
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Anuppalle M, Maddirevula S, Huh TL, Rhee M. Trb3 regulates LR axis formation in zebrafish embryos. Mol Cells 2013; 36:542-7. [PMID: 24292884 PMCID: PMC3887966 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tribless family proteins are pseudokinases that lack DFG (Asp-Phe-Gly) motif in the functional kinase domain, regulating Akt and BMP pathways, insulin metabolism, hypoxia, and ubiquitination. This report concerns expression patterns and functional roles of trb3 in zebrafish embryonic development. trb3 is evolutionarily well-conserved and located on zebrafish chromosome 11. Spatiotemporal expression studies show that trb3 transcripts are abundant throughout embryogenesis, but confined to mesendodermal cells during the late blastula phase. Over-expression of trb3 ventralizes the embryos while a knockdown of trb3 using morpholino alters positioning of the heart, liver, and pancreatic buds as well as gut looping. Furthermore, constitutive activation of TGF-signaling with TARAM-A* (TGF-related type I receptor) significantly increases the level of trb3 transcripts during the late blastula phase. Over-expression of trb3 reduces the level of smurf1 transcripts, a member of TGF-signaling. We thus propose that Trb3 governs left-right (LR) axis patterning as a component of TGF-signaling in vertebrate embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tae-Lin Huh
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
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48
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Huang MLH, Sivagurunathan S, Ting S, Jansson PJ, Austin CJD, Kelly M, Semsarian C, Zhang D, Richardson DR. Molecular and functional alterations in a mouse cardiac model of Friedreich ataxia: activation of the integrated stress response, eIF2α phosphorylation, and the induction of downstream targets. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:745-57. [PMID: 23886890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FA) is a neurodegenerative and cardiodegenerative disease resulting from marked frataxin deficiency. The condition is characterized by ataxia with fatal cardiomyopathy, but the pathogenic mechanisms are unclear. We investigated the association between gene expression and progressive histopathological and functional changes using the muscle creatine kinase conditional frataxin knockout (KO) mouse; this mouse develops a severe cardiac phenotype that resembles that of FA patients. We examined KO mice from 3 weeks of age, when they are asymptomatic, to 10 weeks of age, when they die of the disease. Positive iron staining was identified in KO mice from 5 weeks of age, with markedly reduced cardiac function from 6 weeks. We identified an early and marked up-regulation of a gene cohort responsible for stress-induced amino acid biosynthesis and observed markedly increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α), an activator of the integrated stress response, in KO mice at 3 weeks of age, relative to wild-type mice. Importantly, the eIF2α-mediated integrated stress response has been previously implicated in heart failure via downstream processes such as autophagy and apoptosis. Indeed, expression of a panel of autophagy and apoptosis markers was enhanced in KO mice. Thus, the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy in FA correlates with the early and persistent eIF2α phosphorylation, which precedes activation of autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Li-Hsuan Huang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Hocker AD, Boileau RM, Lantz BA, Jewett BA, Gilbert JS, Dreyer HC. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Activation during Total Knee Arthroplasty. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00052. [PMID: 24159375 PMCID: PMC3804266 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the most common remediation for knee pain from osteoarthritis (OA) and is performed 650,000 annually in the U.S. A tourniquet is commonly used during TKA which causes ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) to the lower limb but the effects of I/R on muscle are not fully understood. Previous reports suggest upregulation of cell stress and catabolism and downregulation of markers of cap-dependent translation during and after TKA. I/R has also been shown to cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and induce the unfolded protein response (UPR). We hypothesized that the UPR would be activated in response to ER stress during TKA. We obtained muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis at baseline, before TKA; at maximal ischemia, prior to tourniquet deflation; and during reperfusion in the operating room. Phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and AKT decreased during ischemia (−28%, P < 0.05; −20%, P < 0.05, respectively) along with an increase in eIF2α phosphorylation (64%, P < 0.05) suggesting decreased translation initiation. Cleaved ATF6 protein increased in ischemia (39%, P = 0.056) but returned to baseline during reperfusion. CASP3 activation increased during reperfusion compared to baseline (23%, P < 0.05). XBP1 splicing assays revealed an increase in spliced transcript during ischemia (31%, P < 0.05) which diminished during reperfusion. These results suggest that in response to I/R during TKA all three branches of the ER stress response are activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin D Hocker
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
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50
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Ji YL, Wang H, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Chen YH, Xu DX. N-acetylcysteine protects against cadmium-induced germ cell apoptosis by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress in testes. Asian J Androl 2013; 15:290-6. [PMID: 23353715 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2012.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a reproductive toxicant that induces germ cell apoptosis in the testes. Previous studies have demonstrated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in Cd-induced germ cell apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, on Cd-induced ER stress and germ cell apoptosis in the testes. Male CD-1 mice were intraperitoneally injected with CdCl2 (2.0 mg kg(-1)). As expected, acute Cd exposure induced germ cell apoptosis in the testes, as determined by terminal dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL). However, the administration of NAC alleviated Cd-induced germ cell apoptosis in the testes. Further analysis showed that NAC attenuated the Cd-induced upregulation of testicular glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), an important ER molecular chaperone. Moreover, NAC inhibited the Cd-induced phosphorylation of testicular eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), a downstream target of the double-stranded RNA-activated kinase-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway. In addition, NAC blocked the Cd-induced activation of testicular X binding protein (XBP)-1, indicating that NAC attenuates the Cd-induced ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR). Interestingly, NAC almost completely prevented the Cd-induced elevation of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), two components of the ER stress-mediated apoptotic pathway. In conclusion, NAC protects against Cd-induced germ cell apoptosis by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress in the testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Ji
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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