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Amar D, Gay NR, Jean-Beltran PM, Bae D, Dasari S, Dennis C, Evans CR, Gaul DA, Ilkayeva O, Ivanova AA, Kachman MT, Keshishian H, Lanza IR, Lira AC, Muehlbauer MJ, Nair VD, Piehowski PD, Rooney JL, Smith KS, Stowe CL, Zhao B, Clark NM, Jimenez-Morales D, Lindholm ME, Many GM, Sanford JA, Smith GR, Vetr NG, Zhang T, Almagro Armenteros JJ, Avila-Pacheco J, Bararpour N, Ge Y, Hou Z, Marwaha S, Presby DM, Natarajan Raja A, Savage EM, Steep A, Sun Y, Wu S, Zhen J, Bodine SC, Esser KA, Goodyear LJ, Schenk S, Montgomery SB, Fernández FM, Sealfon SC, Snyder MP, Adkins JN, Ashley E, Burant CF, Carr SA, Clish CB, Cutter G, Gerszten RE, Kraus WE, Li JZ, Miller ME, Nair KS, Newgard C, Ortlund EA, Qian WJ, Tracy R, Walsh MJ, Wheeler MT, Dalton KP, Hastie T, Hershman SG, Samdarshi M, Teng C, Tibshirani R, Cornell E, Gagne N, May S, Bouverat B, Leeuwenburgh C, Lu CJ, Pahor M, Hsu FC, Rushing S, Walkup MP, Nicklas B, Rejeski WJ, Williams JP, Xia A, Albertson BG, Barton ER, Booth FW, Caputo T, Cicha M, De Sousa LGO, Farrar R, Hevener AL, Hirshman MF, Jackson BE, Ke BG, Kramer KS, Lessard SJ, Makarewicz NS, Marshall AG, Nigro P, Powers S, Ramachandran K, Rector RS, Richards CZT, Thyfault J, Yan Z, Zang C, Amper MAS, Balci AT, Chavez C, Chikina M, Chiu R, Gritsenko MA, Guevara K, Hansen JR, Hennig KM, Hung CJ, Hutchinson-Bunch C, Jin CA, Liu X, Maner-Smith KM, Mani DR, Marjanovic N, Monroe ME, Moore RJ, Moore SG, Mundorff CC, Nachun D, Nestor MD, Nudelman G, Pearce C, Petyuk VA, Pincas H, Ramos I, Raskind A, Rirak S, Robbins JM, Rubenstein AB, Ruf-Zamojski F, Sagendorf TJ, Seenarine N, Soni T, Uppal K, Vangeti S, Vasoya M, Vornholt A, Yu X, Zaslavsky E, Zebarjadi N, Bamman M, Bergman BC, Bessesen DH, Buford TW, Chambers TL, Coen PM, Cooper D, Haddad F, Gadde K, Goodpaster BH, Harris M, Huffman KM, Jankowski CM, Johannsen NM, Kohrt WM, Lester B, Melanson EL, Moreau KL, Musi N, Newton RL, Radom-Aizik S, Ramaker ME, Rankinen T, Rasmussen BB, Ravussin E, Schauer IE, Schwartz RS, Sparks LM, Thalacker-Mercer A, Trappe S, Trappe TA, Volpi E. Temporal dynamics of the multi-omic response to endurance exercise training. Nature 2024; 629:174-183. [PMID: 38693412 PMCID: PMC11062907 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06877-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Regular exercise promotes whole-body health and prevents disease, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood1-3. Here, the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium4 profiled the temporal transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, lipidome, phosphoproteome, acetylproteome, ubiquitylproteome, epigenome and immunome in whole blood, plasma and 18 solid tissues in male and female Rattus norvegicus over eight weeks of endurance exercise training. The resulting data compendium encompasses 9,466 assays across 19 tissues, 25 molecular platforms and 4 training time points. Thousands of shared and tissue-specific molecular alterations were identified, with sex differences found in multiple tissues. Temporal multi-omic and multi-tissue analyses revealed expansive biological insights into the adaptive responses to endurance training, including widespread regulation of immune, metabolic, stress response and mitochondrial pathways. Many changes were relevant to human health, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular health and tissue injury and recovery. The data and analyses presented in this study will serve as valuable resources for understanding and exploring the multi-tissue molecular effects of endurance training and are provided in a public repository ( https://motrpac-data.org/ ).
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Alvares TS, de Souza LVM, Soares RN, Lessard SJ. Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Impaired in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024:00005768-990000000-00521. [PMID: 38650120 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease by up to 8-fold, and is one of the strongest predictors of mortality. Some studies demonstrate impaired CRF in people living with type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared to those without diabetes, while others demonstrate no diabetes-associated impairment in CRF. PURPOSE We aimed to determine whether diabetes can influence CRF, and if so, identify clinical associations underlying diabetes-associated exercise impairments. METHODS 68 studies were included in the quantitative analysis. Standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated and meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed by using a random-effects model. RESULTS Diabetes is associated with a large negative effect on CRF (SMD = -0.80; p < 0.001)- an effect that is partially mitigated, but still significant, in those with high physical activity levels (SMD = -0.50; p = 0.007). A sedentary lifestyle (SMD = -0.83; p = 0.007), and the presence of clinical complications related to diabetes (SMD = -1.66; p < 0.001) predict a greater magnitude of CRF reduction in people with diabetes compared to controls without diabetes. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are independently associated with impaired CRF compared to controls without diabetes; however, the effect is significantly greater in those type 2 diabetes (SMD = -0.97; p < 0.001). Meta-regression analysis demonstrates the effects of diabetes on CRF are primarily associated with HbA1c levels for type 1 diabetes (B = -0.07; p < 0.001) and body mass index for type 2 diabetes (B = -0.17; p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a negative influence of diabetes on the key risk factor of low CRF and provide critical insight into specific clinical markers of low CRF associated with diabetes.
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Soares RN, Lessard SJ. Low Response to Aerobic Training in Metabolic Disease: Role of Skeletal Muscle. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2024; 52:47-53. [PMID: 38112622 PMCID: PMC10963145 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise is established to increase cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), which is linked to reduced morbidity and mortality. However, people with metabolic diseases such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes may be more likely to display blunted improvements in CRF with training. Here, we present evidence supporting the hypothesis that altered skeletal muscle signaling and remodeling may contribute to low CRF with metabolic disease.
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MacDonald TL, Pattamaprapanont P, Cooney EM, Nava RC, Mitri J, Hafida S, Lessard SJ. Canagliflozin Prevents Hyperglycemia-Associated Muscle Extracellular Matrix Accumulation and Improves the Adaptive Response to Aerobic Exercise. Diabetes 2022; 71:881-893. [PMID: 35108373 PMCID: PMC9044131 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with low response to aerobic exercise training in rodent models and humans, including reduced aerobic exercise capacity and impaired oxidative remodeling in skeletal muscle. Here, we investigated whether glucose lowering with the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), canagliflozin (Cana; 30 mg/kg/day), could restore exercise training response in a model of hyperglycemia (low-dose streptozotocin [STZ]). Cana effectively prevented increased blood glucose in STZ-treated mice. After 6 weeks of voluntary wheel running, Cana-treated mice displayed improvements in aerobic exercise capacity, higher capillary density in striated muscle, and a more oxidative fiber-type in skeletal muscle. In contrast, these responses were blunted or absent in STZ-treated mice. Recent work implicates glucose-induced accumulation of skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) and hyperactivation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/SMAD2 mechanical signaling as potential mechanisms underlying poor exercise response. In line with this, muscle ECM accretion was prevented by Cana in STZ-treated mice. JNK/SMAD2 signaling with acute exercise was twofold higher in STZ compared with control but was normalized by Cana. In human participants, ECM accumulation was associated with increased JNK signaling, low VO2peak, and impaired metabolic health (oral glucose tolerance test-derived insulin sensitivity). These data demonstrate that hyperglycemia-associated impairments in exercise adaptation can be ameliorated by cotherapy with SGLT2i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L. MacDonald
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Roberto C. Nava
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joanna Mitri
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Samar Hafida
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah J. Lessard
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Corresponding author: Sarah J. Lessard,
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Affiliation(s)
- Kivanç Birsoy
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sarah J Lessard
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Queiroz AL, Lessard SJ, Ouchida AT, Araujo HN, Gonçalves DA, Simões Fróes Guimarães DSP, Teodoro BG, So K, Espreafico EM, Hirshman MF, Alberici LC, Kettelhut IDC, Goodyear LJ, Silveira LR. The MicroRNA miR-696 is regulated by SNARK and reduces mitochondrial activity in mouse skeletal muscle through Pgc1α inhibition. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101226. [PMID: 33812060 PMCID: PMC8121711 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MicroRNAs (miRNA) are known to regulate the expression of genes involved in several physiological processes including metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. METHODS Using "in silico" analyses, we identified 219 unique miRNAs that potentially bind to the 3'UTR region of a critical mitochondrial regulator, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC) 1 alpha (Pgc1α). Of the 219 candidate miRNAs, miR-696 had one of the highest interactions at the 3'UTR of Pgc1α, suggesting that miR-696 may be involved in the regulation of Pgc1α. RESULTS Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that miR-696 was highly expressed in the skeletal muscle of STZ-induced diabetic mice and chronic high-fat-fed mice. C2C12 muscle cells exposed to palmitic acid also exhibited a higher expression of miR-696. This increased expression corresponded with a reduced expression of oxidative metabolism genes and reduced mitochondrial respiration. Importantly, reducing miR-696 reversed decreases in mitochondrial activity in response to palmitic acid. Using C2C12 cells treated with the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator AICAR and skeletal muscle from AMPKα2 dominant-negative (DN) mice, we found that the signaling mechanism regulating miR-696 did not involve AMPK. In contrast, overexpression of SNF1-AMPK-related kinase (SNARK) in C2C12 cells increased miR-696 transcription while knockdown of SNARK significantly decreased miR-696. Moreover, muscle-specific transgenic mice overexpressing SNARK exhibited a lower expression of Pgc1α, elevated levels of miR-696, and reduced amounts of spontaneous activity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that metabolic stress increases miR-696 expression in skeletal muscle cells, which in turn inhibits Pgc1α, reducing mitochondrial function. SNARK plays a role in this process as a metabolic stress signaling molecule inducing the expression of miR-696.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L Queiroz
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah J Lessard
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda T Ouchida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Hygor N Araujo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, OCRC, IB, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Dawit A Gonçalves
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno G Teodoro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Kawai So
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Enilza M Espreafico
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luciane C Alberici
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Isis do Carmo Kettelhut
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Leonardo R Silveira
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, OCRC, IB, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.
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West DWD, Doering TM, Thompson JLM, Budiono BP, Lessard SJ, Koch LG, Britton SL, Steck R, Byrne NM, Brown MA, Peake JM, Ashton KJ, Coffey VG. Low responders to endurance training exhibit impaired hypertrophy and divergent biological process responses in rat skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:714-725. [PMID: 33486778 DOI: 10.1113/ep089301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The extent to which genetics determines adaptation to endurance versus resistance exercise is unclear. Previously, a divergent selective breeding rat model showed that genetic factors play a major role in the response to aerobic training. Here, we asked: do genetic factors that underpin poor adaptation to endurance training affect adaptation to functional overload? What is the main finding and its importance? Our data show that heritable factors in low responders to endurance training generated differential gene expression that was associated with impaired skeletal muscle hypertrophy. A maladaptive genotype to endurance exercise appears to dysregulate biological processes responsible for mediating exercise adaptation, irrespective of the mode of contraction stimulus. ABSTRACT Divergent skeletal muscle phenotypes result from chronic resistance-type versus endurance-type contraction, reflecting the principle of training specificity. Our aim was to determine whether there is a common set of genetic factors that influence skeletal muscle adaptation to divergent contractile stimuli. Female rats were obtained from a genetically heterogeneous rat population and were selectively bred from high responders to endurance training (HRT) or low responders to endurance training (LRT; n = 6/group; generation 19). Both groups underwent 14 days of synergist ablation to induce functional overload of the plantaris muscle before comparison to non-overloaded controls of the same phenotype. RNA sequencing was performed to identify Gene Ontology biological processes with differential (LRT vs. HRT) gene set enrichment. We found that running distance, determined in advance of synergist ablation, increased in response to aerobic training in HRT but not LRT (65 ± 26 vs. -6 ± 18%, mean ± SD, P < 0.0001). The hypertrophy response to functional overload was attenuated in LRT versus HRT (20.1 ± 5.6 vs. 41.6 ± 16.1%, P = 0.015). Between-group differences were observed in the magnitude of response of 96 upregulated and 101 downregulated pathways. A further 27 pathways showed contrasting upregulation or downregulation in LRT versus HRT in response to functional overload. In conclusion, low responders to aerobic endurance training were also low responders for compensatory hypertrophy, and attenuated hypertrophy was associated with differential gene set regulation. Our findings suggest that genetic factors that underpin aerobic training maladaptation might also dysregulate the transcriptional regulation of biological processes that contribute to adaptation to mechanical overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W D West
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas M Doering
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jamie-Lee M Thompson
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Boris P Budiono
- School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah J Lessard
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Roland Steck
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nuala M Byrne
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Matthew A Brown
- Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kevin J Ashton
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vernon G Coffey
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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MacDonald TL, Pattamaprapanont P, Pathak P, Fernandez N, Freitas EC, Hafida S, Mitri J, Britton SL, Koch LG, Lessard SJ. Hyperglycaemia is associated with impaired muscle signalling and aerobic adaptation to exercise. Nat Metab 2020; 2:902-917. [PMID: 32694831 PMCID: PMC8278496 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased aerobic exercise capacity, as a result of exercise training, has important health benefits. However, some individuals are resistant to improvements in exercise capacity, probably due to undetermined genetic and environmental factors. Here, we show that exercise-induced improvements in aerobic capacity are blunted and aerobic remodelling of skeletal muscle is impaired in several animal models associated with chronic hyperglycaemia. Our data point to chronic hyperglycaemia as a potential negative regulator of aerobic adaptation, in part, via glucose-mediated modifications of the extracellular matrix, impaired vascularization and aberrant mechanical signalling in muscle. We also observe low exercise capacity and enhanced c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation in response to exercise in humans with impaired glucose tolerance. Our work indicates that current shifts in dietary and metabolic health, associated with increasing incidence of hyperglycaemia, might impair muscular and organismal adaptations to exercise training, including aerobic capacity as one of its key health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L MacDonald
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pattarawan Pattamaprapanont
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Prerana Pathak
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ellen C Freitas
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Samar Hafida
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joanna Mitri
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sarah J Lessard
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Alves CRR, MacDonald TL, Nigro P, Pathak P, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ, Lessard SJ. Reduced sucrose nonfermenting AMPK-related kinase (SNARK) activity aggravates cancer-induced skeletal muscle wasting. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109197. [PMID: 31387190 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sucrose nonfermenting AMPK-related kinase (SNARK) is a member of the AMPK family of kinases and has been implicated in the regulation of critical metabolic processes. Recent findings demonstrate that SNARK has an important role in the maintenance of muscle mass with age. Loss of skeletal muscle mass (cachexia) is a key problem for cancer patients. Thus, based on our previous findings with aging, we hypothesized that SNARK would play a role in regulating muscle mass under conditions of cancer cachexia. To test this hypothesis, Lewis Lung Carcinoma tumor cells or vehicle were injected subcutaneously in the right flank of wild type mice, muscle-specific transgenic mice expressing inactive SNARK mutant (SDN) or muscle-specific transgenic mice overexpressing wild-type SNARK (SWT). All tumor-bearing mice presented muscle wasting compared to vehicle-injected mice. However, SDN tumor-bearing mice had more pronounced atrophy compared to wild-type and SWT tumor-bearing mice. Histological analysis confirmed muscle atrophy in tumor-bearing mice, and SDN tumor-bearing mice exhibited a significantly smaller skeletal muscle cross-sectional area than wild-type and SWT tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, SDN tumor-bearing mice had increased skeletal muscle BAX protein expression, a marker of apoptosis, compared to other groups.Thus, lack of SNARK in skeletal muscle aggravates cancer-induced skeletal muscle wasting. These findings uncover a role for SNARK in the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass under cachexia conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiano R R Alves
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tara L MacDonald
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pasquale Nigro
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Prerana Pathak
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sarah J Lessard
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Sun XL, Lessard SJ, An D, Koh HJ, Esumi H, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ. Sucrose nonfermenting AMPK-related kinase (SNARK) regulates exercise-stimulated and ischemia-stimulated glucose transport in the heart. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:685-696. [PMID: 30256437 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The signaling mechanisms mediating myocardial glucose transport are not fully understood. Sucrose nonfermenting AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related kinase (SNARK) is an AMPK-related protein kinase that is expressed in the heart and has been implicated in contraction-stimulated glucose transport in mouse skeletal muscle. We first determined if SNARK is phosphorylated on Thr208 , a site critical for SNARK activity. Mice were treated with exercise, ischemia, submaximal insulin, or maximal insulin. Treadmill exercise slightly, but significantly increased SNARK Thr208 phosphorylation. Ischemia also increased SNARK Thr208 phosphorylation, but there was no effect of submaximal or maximal insulin. HL1 cardiomyocytes were used to overexpress wild-type (WT) SNARK and to knockdown endogenous SNARK. Overexpression of WT SNARK had no effect on ischemia-stimulated glucose transport; however, SNARK knockdown significantly decreased ischemia-stimulated glucose transport. SNARK overexpression or knockdown did not alter insulin-stimulated glucose transport or glycogen concentrations. To study SNARK function in vivo, SNARK heterozygous knockout mice (SNARK+/- ) and WT littermates performed treadmill exercise. Exercise-stimulated glucose transport was decreased by ~50% in hearts from SNARK+/- mice. In summary, exercise and ischemia increase SNARK Thr208 phosphorylation in the heart and SNARK regulates exercise-stimulated and ischemia-stimulated glucose transport. SNARK is a novel mediator of insulin-independent glucose transport in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah J Lessard
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ding An
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ho-Jin Koh
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hiroyasu Esumi
- Cancer Physiology Project, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Lessard SJ, MacDonald TL, Pathak P, Han MS, Coffey VG, Edge J, Rivas DA, Hirshman MF, Davis RJ, Goodyear LJ. JNK regulates muscle remodeling via myostatin/SMAD inhibition. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3030. [PMID: 30072727 PMCID: PMC6072737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has a remarkable plasticity to adapt and remodel in response to environmental cues, such as physical exercise. Endurance exercise stimulates improvements in muscle oxidative capacity, while resistance exercise induces muscle growth. Here we show that the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a molecular switch that when active, stimulates muscle fibers to grow, resulting in increased muscle mass. Conversely, when muscle JNK activation is suppressed, an alternative remodeling program is initiated, resulting in smaller, more oxidative muscle fibers, and enhanced aerobic fitness. When muscle is exposed to mechanical stress, JNK initiates muscle growth via phosphorylation of the transcription factor, SMAD2, at specific linker region residues leading to inhibition of the growth suppressor, myostatin. In human skeletal muscle, this JNK/SMAD signaling axis is activated by resistance exercise, but not endurance exercise. We conclude that JNK acts as a key mediator of muscle remodeling during exercise via regulation of myostatin/SMAD signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Lessard
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, 02215, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02215, MA, USA.
| | - Tara L MacDonald
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, 02215, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02215, MA, USA
| | - Prerana Pathak
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, 02215, MA, USA
| | - Myoung Sook Han
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01605, MA, USA
| | - Vernon G Coffey
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, 4226, QLD, Australia
- School of Medical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - Johann Edge
- Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Donato A Rivas
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, 02111, MA, USA
| | | | - Roger J Davis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01605, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01605, MA, USA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, 02215, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02215, MA, USA
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12
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Margolis LM, Lessard SJ, Ezzyat Y, Fielding RA, Rivas DA. Circulating MicroRNA Are Predictive of Aging and Acute Adaptive Response to Resistance Exercise in Men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:1319-1326. [PMID: 27927764 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating microRNA (c-miRNA) have the potential to function as novel noninvasive markers of the underlying physiological state of skeletal muscle. This investigation sought to determine the influence of aging on c-miRNA expression at rest and following resistance exercise in male volunteers (Young: n = 9; Older: n = 9). Primary findings were that fasting c-miRNA expression profiles were significantly predictive of aging, with miR-19b-3p, miR-206, and miR-486 distinguishing between age groups. Following resistance exercise, principal component analysis revealed a divergent response in expression of 10 c-miRNA, where expression profiles were upregulated in younger and downregulated in older participants. Using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to test c-miRNA-to-mRNA interactions in skeletal muscle, it was found that response of c-miRNA to exercise was indicative of an anabolic response in younger but not older participants. These findings were corroborated with a positive association observed with the phosphorylation status of p-AktSer473 and p-S6K1Thr389 and expression of miR-19a-3p, miR-19b-3p, miR-20a-5p, miR-26b-5p, miR-143-3p, and miR-195-5p. These important findings provide compelling evidence that dysregulation of c-miRNA expression with aging may not only serve as a predictive marker, but also reflect underlying molecular mechanisms resulting in age-associated declines in skeletal muscle mass, increased fat mass, and "anabolic resistance."
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M Margolis
- Nutrition, Exercise, Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah J Lessard
- Section of Clinical Research, Joslin Diabetes Center.,Brigham and Women's Hospital.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yassine Ezzyat
- Nutrition, Exercise, Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roger A Fielding
- Nutrition, Exercise, Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donato A Rivas
- Nutrition, Exercise, Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
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13
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Lessard SJ, Rivas DA, So K, Koh HJ, Queiroz AL, Hirshman MF, Fielding RA, Goodyear LJ. The AMPK-related kinase SNARK regulates muscle mass and myocyte survival. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:560-70. [PMID: 26690705 DOI: 10.1172/jci79197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is critical for sustaining health; however, the mechanisms responsible for muscle loss with aging and chronic diseases, such as diabetes and obesity, are poorly understood. We found that expression of a member of the AMPK-related kinase family, the SNF1-AMPK-related kinase (SNARK, also known as NUAK2), increased with muscle cell differentiation. SNARK expression increased in skeletal muscles from young mice exposed to metabolic stress and in muscles from healthy older human subjects. The regulation of SNARK expression in muscle with differentiation and physiological stress suggests that SNARK may function in the maintenance of muscle mass. Consistent with this hypothesis, decreased endogenous SNARK expression (using siRNA) in cultured muscle cells resulted in increased apoptosis and decreased cell survival under conditions of metabolic stress. Likewise, muscle-specific transgenic animals expressing a SNARK dominant-negative inactive mutant (SDN) had increased myonuclear apoptosis and activation of apoptotic mediators in muscle. Moreover, animals expressing SDN had severe, age-accelerated muscle atrophy and increased adiposity, consistent with sarcopenic obesity. Reduced SNARK activity, in vivo and in vitro, caused downregulation of the Rho kinase signaling pathway, a key mediator of cell survival. These findings reveal a critical role for SNARK in myocyte survival and the maintenance of muscle mass with age.
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14
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Rivas DA, Lessard SJ, Rice NP, Lustgarten MS, So K, Goodyear LJ, Parnell LD, Fielding RA. Diminished skeletal muscle microRNA expression with aging is associated with attenuated muscle plasticity and inhibition of IGF-1 signaling. FASEB J 2014; 28:4133-47. [PMID: 24928197 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-254490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Older individuals have a reduced capacity to induce muscle hypertrophy with resistance exercise (RE), which may contribute to the age-induced loss of muscle mass and function, sarcopenia. We tested the novel hypothesis that dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) may contribute to reduced muscle plasticity with aging. Skeletal muscle expression profiling of protein-coding genes and miRNA was performed in younger (YNG) and older (OLD) men after an acute bout of RE. 21 miRNAs were altered by RE in YNG men, while no RE-induced changes in miRNA expression were observed in OLD men. This striking absence in miRNA regulation in OLD men was associated with blunted transcription of mRNAs, with only 42 genes altered in OLD men vs. 175 in YNG men following RE, demonstrating a reduced adaptability of aging muscle to exercise. Integrated bioinformatics analysis identified miR-126 as an important regulator of the transcriptional response to exercise and reduced lean mass in OLD men. Manipulation of miR-126 levels in myocytes, in vitro, revealed its direct effects on the expression of regulators of skeletal muscle growth and activation of insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling. This work identifies a mechanistic role of miRNA in the adaptation of muscle to anabolic stimulation and reveals a significant impairment in exercise-induced miRNA/mRNA regulation with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato A Rivas
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory and
| | - Sarah J Lessard
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas P Rice
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory and
| | | | - Kawai So
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory and
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laurence D Parnell
- Nutritional Genomics Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and
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15
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An D, Lessard SJ, Toyoda T, Lee MY, Koh HJ, Qi L, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ. Overexpression of TRB3 in muscle alters muscle fiber type and improves exercise capacity in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R925-33. [PMID: 24740654 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00027.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that TRB3, a mammalian homolog of Drosophila tribbles, plays an important role in cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. In the liver, TRB3 binds and inhibits Akt activity, whereas in adipocytes, TRB3 upregulates fatty acid oxidation. In cultured muscle cells, TRB3 has been identified as a potential regulator of insulin signaling. However, little is known about the function and regulation of TRB3 in skeletal muscle in vivo. In the current study, we found that 4 wk of voluntary wheel running (6.6 ± 0.4 km/day) increased TRB3 mRNA by 1.6-fold and protein by 2.5-fold in the triceps muscle. Consistent with this finding, muscle-specific transgenic mice that overexpress TRB3 (TG) had a pronounced increase in exercise capacity compared with wild-type (WT) littermates (TG: 1,535 ± 283; WT: 644 ± 67 joules). The increase in exercise capacity in TRB3 TG mice was not associated with changes in glucose uptake or glycogen levels; however, these mice displayed a dramatic shift toward a more oxidative/fatigue-resistant (type I/IIA) muscle fiber type, including threefold more type I fibers in soleus muscles. Skeletal muscle from TRB3 TG mice had significantly decreased PPARα expression, twofold higher levels of miR208b and miR499, and corresponding increases in the myosin heavy chain isoforms Myh7 and Myb7b, which encode these microRNAs. These findings suggest that TRB3 regulates muscle fiber type via a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α)-regulated miR499/miR208b pathway, revealing a novel function for TRB3 in the regulation of skeletal muscle fiber type and exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding An
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Sarah J Lessard
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Taro Toyoda
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Min-Young Lee
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Ho-Jin Koh
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Ling Qi
- Salk Institute, San Diego, California
| | | | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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16
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Stephenson EJ, Lessard SJ, Rivas DA, Watt MJ, Yaspelkis BB, Koch LG, Britton SL, Hawley JA. Exercise training enhances white adipose tissue metabolism in rats selectively bred for low- or high-endurance running capacity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E429-38. [PMID: 23757406 PMCID: PMC4073983 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00544.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Impaired visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) metabolism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several lifestyle-related disease states, with diminished expression of several WAT mitochondrial genes reported in both insulin-resistant humans and rodents. We have used rat models selectively bred for low- (LCR) or high-intrinsic running capacity (HCR) that present simultaneously with divergent metabolic phenotypes to test the hypothesis that oxidative enzyme expression is reduced in epididymal WAT from LCR animals. Based on this assumption, we further hypothesized that short-term exercise training (6 wk of treadmill running) would ameliorate this deficit. Approximately 22-wk-old rats (generation 22) were studied. In untrained rats, the abundance of mitochondrial respiratory complexes I-V, citrate synthase (CS), and PGC-1 was similar for both phenotypes, although CS activity was greater than 50% in HCR (P = 0.09). Exercise training increased CS activity in both phenotypes but did not alter mitochondrial protein content. Training increased the expression and phosphorylation of proteins with roles in β-adrenergic signaling, including β3-adrenergic receptor (16% increase in LCR; P < 0.05), NOR1 (24% decrease in LCR, 21% decrease in HCR; P < 0.05), phospho-ATGL (25% increase in HCR; P < 0.05), perilipin (25% increase in HCR; P < 0.05), CGI-58 (15% increase in LCR; P < 0.05), and GLUT4 (16% increase in HCR; P < 0.0001). A training effect was also observed for phospho-p38 MAPK (12% decrease in LCR, 20% decrease in HCR; P < 0.05) and phospho-JNK (29% increase in LCR, 20% increase in HCR; P < 0.05). We conclude that in the LCR-HCR model system, mitochondrial protein expression in WAT is not affected by intrinsic running capacity or exercise training. However, training does induce alterations in the activity and expression of several proteins that are essential to the intracellular regulation of WAT metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Stephenson
- School of Medical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Bundoora, Australia
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17
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Lessard SJ, Rivas DA, Alves-Wagner AB, Hirshman MF, Gallagher IJ, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Atkins R, Greenhaff PL, Qi NR, Gustafsson T, Fielding RA, Timmons JA, Britton SL, Koch LG, Goodyear LJ. Resistance to aerobic exercise training causes metabolic dysfunction and reveals novel exercise-regulated signaling networks. Diabetes 2013; 62:2717-27. [PMID: 23610057 PMCID: PMC3717870 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Low aerobic exercise capacity is a risk factor for diabetes and a strong predictor of mortality, yet some individuals are "exercise-resistant" and unable to improve exercise capacity through exercise training. To test the hypothesis that resistance to aerobic exercise training underlies metabolic disease risk, we used selective breeding for 15 generations to develop rat models of low and high aerobic response to training. Before exercise training, rats selected as low and high responders had similar exercise capacities. However, after 8 weeks of treadmill training, low responders failed to improve their exercise capacity, whereas high responders improved by 54%. Remarkably, low responders to aerobic training exhibited pronounced metabolic dysfunction characterized by insulin resistance and increased adiposity, demonstrating that the exercise-resistant phenotype segregates with disease risk. Low responders had impaired exercise-induced angiogenesis in muscle; however, mitochondrial capacity was intact and increased normally with exercise training, demonstrating that mitochondria are not limiting for aerobic adaptation or responsible for metabolic dysfunction in low responders. Low responders had increased stress/inflammatory signaling and altered transforming growth factor-β signaling, characterized by hyperphosphorylation of a novel exercise-regulated phosphorylation site on SMAD2. Using this powerful biological model system, we have discovered key pathways for low exercise training response that may represent novel targets for the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donato A. Rivas
- Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Ryan Atkins
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L. Greenhaff
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan R. Qi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Roger A. Fielding
- Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James A. Timmons
- Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Steven L. Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lauren G. Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laurie J. Goodyear
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding author: Laurie J. Goodyear,
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18
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Ritchie RH, Leo CH, Qin C, Stephenson EJ, Bowden MA, Buxton KD, Lessard SJ, Rivas DA, Koch LG, Britton SL, Hawley JA, Woodman OL. Low intrinsic exercise capacity in rats predisposes to age-dependent cardiac remodeling independent of macrovascular function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 304:H729-39. [PMID: 23262135 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00638.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rats selectively bred for low (LCR) or high (HCR) intrinsic running capacity simultaneously present with contrasting risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic disease. However, the impact of these phenotypes on left ventricular (LV) morphology and microvascular function, and their progression with aging, remains unresolved. We tested the hypothesis that the LCR phenotype induces progressive age-dependent LV remodeling and impairments in microvascular function, glucose utilization, and β-adrenergic responsiveness, compared with HCR. Hearts and vessels isolated from female LCR (n = 22) or HCR (n = 26) were studied at 12 and 35 wk. Nonselected N:NIH founder rats (11 wk) were also investigated (n = 12). LCR had impaired glucose tolerance and elevated plasma insulin (but not glucose) and body-mass at 12 wk compared with HCR, with early LV remodeling. By 35 wk, LV prohypertrophic and glucose transporter GLUT4 gene expression were up- and downregulated, respectively. No differences in LV β-adrenoceptor expression or cAMP content between phenotypes were observed. Macrovascular endothelial function was predominantly nitric oxide (NO)-mediated in both phenotypes and remained intact in LCR for both age-groups. In contrast, mesenteric arteries microvascular endothelial function, which was impaired in LCR rats regardless of age. At 35 wk, endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor-mediated relaxation was impaired whereas the NO contribution to relaxation is intact. Furthermore, there was reduced β2-adrenoceptor responsiveness in both aorta and mesenteric LCR arteries. In conclusion, diminished intrinsic exercise capacity impairs systemic glucose tolerance and is accompanied by progressive development of LV remodeling. Impaired microvascular perfusion is a likely contributing factor to the cardiac phenotype.
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Rivas DA, Lessard SJ, Saito M, Friedhuber AM, Koch LG, Britton SL, Yaspelkis BB, Hawley JA. Low intrinsic running capacity is associated with reduced skeletal muscle substrate oxidation and lower mitochondrial content in white skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 300:R835-43. [PMID: 21270346 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00659.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic metabolic diseases develop from the complex interaction of environmental and genetic factors, although the extent to which each contributes to these disorders is unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that artificial selection for low intrinsic aerobic running capacity is associated with reduced skeletal muscle metabolism and impaired metabolic health. Rat models for low- (LCR) and high- (HCR) intrinsic running capacity were derived from genetically heterogeneous N:NIH stock for 20 generations. Artificial selection produced a 530% difference in running capacity between LCR/HCR, which was associated with significant functional differences in glucose and lipid handling by skeletal muscle, as assessed by hindlimb perfusion. LCR had reduced rates of skeletal muscle glucose uptake (∼30%; P = 0.04), glucose oxidation (∼50%; P = 0.04), and lipid oxidation (∼40%; P = 0.02). Artificial selection for low aerobic capacity was also linked with reduced molecular signaling, decreased muscle glycogen, and triglyceride storage, and a lower mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle, with the most profound changes to these parameters evident in white rather than red muscle. We show that a low intrinsic aerobic running capacity confers reduced insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and is associated with impaired markers of metabolic health compared with high intrinsic running capacity. Furthermore, selection for high running capacity, in the absence of exercise training, endows increased skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and oxidative capacity in specifically white muscle rather than red muscle. These data provide evidence that differences in white muscle may have a role in the divergent aerobic capacity observed in this generation of LCR/HCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato A Rivas
- Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
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20
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Lessard SJ, Rivas DA, Stephenson EJ, Yaspelkis BB, Koch LG, Britton SL, Hawley JA. Exercise training reverses impaired skeletal muscle metabolism induced by artificial selection for low aerobic capacity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 300:R175-82. [PMID: 21048074 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00338.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We have used a novel model of genetically imparted endurance exercise capacity and metabolic health to study the genetic and environmental contributions to skeletal muscle glucose and lipid metabolism. We hypothesized that metabolic abnormalities associated with low intrinsic running capacity would be ameliorated by exercise training. Selective breeding for 22 generations resulted in rat models with a fivefold difference in intrinsic aerobic capacity. Low (LCR)- and high (HCR)-capacity runners remained sedentary (SED) or underwent 6 wk of exercise training (EXT). Insulin-stimulated glucose transport, insulin signal transduction, and rates of palmitate oxidation were lower in LCR SED vs. HCR SED (P < 0.05). Decreases in glucose and lipid metabolism were associated with decreased β₂-adrenergic receptor (β₂-AR), and reduced expression of Nur77 target proteins that are critical regulators of muscle glucose and lipid metabolism [uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3), fatty acid transporter (FAT)/CD36; P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively]. EXT reversed the impairments to glucose and lipid metabolism observed in the skeletal muscle of LCR, while increasing the expression of β₂-AR, Nur77, GLUT4, UCP3, and FAT/CD36 (P < 0.05) in this tissue. However, no metabolic improvements were observed following exercise training in HCR. Our results demonstrate that metabolic impairments resulting from genetic factors (low intrinsic aerobic capacity) can be overcome by an environmental intervention (exercise training). Furthermore, we identify Nur77 as a potential mechanism for improved skeletal muscle metabolism in response to EXT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Lessard
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Yaspelkis BB, Kvasha IA, Lessard SJ, Rivas DA, Hawley JA. Aerobic training reverses high-fat diet-induced pro-inflammatory signalling in rat skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:779-88. [PMID: 20596724 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
High-fat feeding activates components of the pro-inflammatory pathway and increases co-immunoprecipitation of suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS)-3 with both the insulin receptor (IR)-β subunit and IRS-1, which together contribute to keeping PI-3 kinase from being fully activated. However, whether aerobic training reverses these impairments is unknown. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a chow (CON, n = 8) or saturated high-fat (n = 16) diets for 4 weeks. High-fat-fed rats were then allocated (n = 8/group) to either sedentary (HF) or aerobic exercise training (HFX) for an additional 4 weeks after which all animals underwent hind limb perfusions. Insulin-stimulated red quadriceps 3-O-methylglucose transport rates and PI-3 kinase activity were greater (p < 0.05) in CON and HFX compared to HF. IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation was increased (p < 0.05) and IRS-1 serine 307 phosphorylation was decreased (p < 0.05) in HFX compared to HF. IR-β subunit co-immunoprecipitation with IRS-1 was increased in HFX compared to HF. SOCS-3 co-immunoprecipitation with both the IR-β subunit and IRS-1 was decreased (p < 0.05) in HFX compared to HF. IKKα/β serine phosphorylation, and IκBα serine phosphorylation were decreased (p < 0.05) while IκBα protein concentration was increased in HFX compared to HF. By decreasing the association of SOCS-3 with both the IR-β subunit and IRS-1 the interaction between IRS-1 and the IR-β subunit was normalized in the HFX, and may have contributed to skeletal muscle PI-3 kinase being fully activated by insulin. Additionally, the reduction in IKKα/β serine phosphorylation in HFX may have contributed to decreasing IRS-1 serine phosphorylation, and in turn, promoted the normalization of insulin-stimulated activation of PI-3 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben B Yaspelkis
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8287, USA.
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22
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Lessard SJ, Rivas DA, Chen ZP, van Denderen BJ, Watt MJ, Koch LG, Britton SL, Kemp BE, Hawley JA. Impaired skeletal muscle beta-adrenergic activation and lipolysis are associated with whole-body insulin resistance in rats bred for low intrinsic exercise capacity. Endocrinology 2009; 150:4883-91. [PMID: 19819977 PMCID: PMC2775978 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Rats selectively bred for high endurance running capacity (HCR) have higher insulin sensitivity and improved metabolic health compared with those bred for low endurance capacity (LCR). We investigated several skeletal muscle characteristics, in vitro and in vivo, that could contribute to the metabolic phenotypes observed in sedentary LCR and HCR rats. After 16 generations of selective breeding, HCR had approximately 400% higher running capacity (P < 0.001), improved insulin sensitivity (P < 0.001), and lower fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides (P < 0.05) compared with LCR. Skeletal muscle ceramide and diacylglycerol content, basal AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, and basal lipolysis were similar between LCR and HCR. However, the stimulation of lipolysis in response to 10 mum isoproterenol was 70% higher in HCR (P = 0.004). Impaired isoproterenol sensitivity in LCR was associated with lower basal triacylglycerol lipase activity, Ser660 phosphorylation of HSL, and beta2-adrenergic receptor protein content in skeletal muscle. Expression of the orphan nuclear receptor Nur77, which is induced by beta-adrenergic signaling and is associated with insulin sensitivity, was lower in LCR (P < 0.05). Muscle protein content of Nur77 target genes, including uncoupling protein 3, fatty acid translocase/CD36, and the AMPK gamma3 subunit were also lower in LCR (P < 0.05). Our investigation associates whole-body insulin resistance with impaired beta-adrenergic response and reduced expression of genes that are critical regulators of glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle. We identify impaired beta-adrenergic signal transduction as a potential mechanism for impaired metabolic health after artificial selection for low intrinsic exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Lessard
- Joslin Diabetes Center, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a highly conserved atypical serine–threonine kinase that controls numerous functions essential for cell homeostasis and adaptation in mammalian cells via 2 distinct protein complex formations. Moreover, mTOR is a key regulatory protein in the insulin signalling cascade and has also been characterized as an insulin-independent nutrient sensor that may represent a critical mediator in obesity-related impairments of insulin action in skeletal muscle. Exercise characterizes a remedial modality that enhances mTOR activity and subsequently promotes beneficial metabolic adaptation in skeletal muscle. Thus, the metabolic effects of nutrients and exercise have the capacity to converge at the mTOR protein complexes and subsequently modify mTOR function. Accordingly, the aim of the present review is to highlight the role of mTOR in the regulation of insulin action in response to overnutrition and the capacity for exercise to enhance mTOR activity in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato A. Rivas
- Exercise Metabolism Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
- The Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sarah J. Lessard
- Exercise Metabolism Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
- The Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Vernon G. Coffey
- Exercise Metabolism Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
- The Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Rivas DA, Yaspelkis BB, Hawley JA, Lessard SJ. Lipid-induced mTOR activation in rat skeletal muscle reversed by exercise and 5'-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside. J Endocrinol 2009; 202:441-51. [PMID: 19574345 PMCID: PMC5055835 DOI: 10.1677/joe-09-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is regulated by insulin and nutrient availability and has been proposed to play a central role as a nutrient sensor in skeletal muscle. mTOR associates with its binding partners, raptor and rictor, to form two structurally and functionally distinct complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) respectively. We have investigated the assembly of mTORC1/2 and the activation of their downstream substrates (i.e. Akt, S6K1) in response to known effectors of mTOR, excess lipid availability and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation/exercise training in rat skeletal muscle. The in vivo formation of mTORC1 and 2 and the activation of their respective downstream substrates were increased in response to chronic (8 weeks) consumption of a high-fat diet. Diet-induced mTORC activation and skeletal muscle insulin resistance were reversed by 4 weeks of exercise training, which was associated with enhanced muscle AMPK activation. In order to determine whether AMPK activation reverses lipid-induced mTOR activation, L6 myotubes were exposed to 0.4 mM palmitate to activate mTORC1/2 in the absence or presence of 5'-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR). Palmitate exposure (4 h) increased insulin-stimulated S6K1 Thr389 phosphorylation by 60%, indicating activation of mTORC1. AMPK activation with 1 mM AICAR abolished lipid-induced mTOR activation in vitro. Our data implicates reductions in mTOR complex activation with the reversal of lipid-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance in response to exercise training or AICAR and identifies mTOR as a potential target for the treatment of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato A Rivas
- Exercise Metabolism Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Yeo WK, Lessard SJ, Chen ZP, Garnham AP, Burke LM, Rivas DA, Kemp BE, Hawley JA. Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate restoration increases AMPK activity in skeletal muscle from trained humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:1519-26. [PMID: 18801964 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90540.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that 5 days of a high-fat diet followed by 1 day of high-carbohydrate intake (Fat-adapt) increased rates of fat oxidation and decreased rates of muscle glycogenolysis during submaximal cycling compared with consumption of an isoenergetic high-carbohydrate diet (HCHO) for 6 days (Burke et al. J Appl Physiol 89: 2413-2421, 2000; Stellingwerff et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290: E380-E388, 2006). To determine potential mechanisms underlying shifts in substrate selection, eight trained subjects performed Fat-adapt and HCHO. On day 7, subjects performed 1-h cycling at 70% peak O2 uptake. Muscle biopsies were taken immediately before and after exercise. Resting muscle glycogen content was similar between treatments, but muscle triglyceride levels were higher after Fat-adapt (P < 0.05). Resting AMPK-alpha1 and -alpha2 activity was higher after Fat-adapt (P = 0.02 and P = 0.05, respectively), while the phosphorylation of AMPK's downstream target, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (pACC at Ser221), tended to be elevated after Fat-adapt (P = 0.09). Both the respiratory exchange ratio (P < 0.01) and muscle glycogen utilization (P < 0.05) were lower during exercise after Fat-adapt. Exercise increased AMPK-alpha1 activity after HCHO (P = 0.03) but not Fat-adapt. Exercise was associated with an increase in pACC at Ser221 for both dietary treatments (P < 0.05), with postexercise pACC Ser221 higher after Fat-adapt (P = 0.02). In conclusion, compared with HCHO, Fat-adapt increased resting muscle triglyceride stores and resting AMPK-alpha1 and -alpha2 activity. Fat-adapt also resulted in higher rates of whole body fat oxidation, reduced muscle glycogenolysis, and attenuated the exercise-induced rise in AMPK-alpha1 and AMPK-alpha2 activity compared with HCHO. Our results demonstrate that AMPK-alpha1 and AMPK-alpha2 activity and fuel selection in skeletal muscle in response to exercise can be manipulated by diet and/or the interactive effects of diet and exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee Kian Yeo
- Exercise Metabolism Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia
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Saito M, Lessard SJ, Rivas DA, Reeder DW, Hawley JA, Yaspelkis BB. Activation of atypical protein kinase Czeta toward TC10 is regulated by high-fat diet and aerobic exercise in skeletal muscle. Metabolism 2008; 57:1173-80. [PMID: 18702941 PMCID: PMC2597576 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We determined whether sustained aerobic exercise reverses high-fat diet-induced impairments in the c-Cbl associated protein (CAP)/Casitas b-lineage lymphoma (c-Cbl) signaling cascade in rodent skeletal muscle. Sprague-Dawley rats were placed into either control (n = 16) or high-fat-fed (n = 32) diet groups for 4 weeks. During a subsequent 4-week experimental period, 16 high-fat-fed rats remained sedentary, 16 high-fat-fed rats completed 4 weeks of exercise training, and control animals were sedentary and remained on the control diet. After the intervention period, animals were subjected to hind limb perfusions in the presence (n = 8 per group) or absence (n = 8 per group) of insulin. In the plasma membrane fractions, neither high-fat feeding nor exercise training altered adaptor protein with PH and SH2 domains, (APS), c-Cbl, or TC10 protein concentrations. In contrast, CAP protein concentration and insulin-stimulated plasma membrane c-Cbl tyrosine phosphorylation were reduced by high-fat feeding; but exercise training reversed these impairments. Of note was that insulin-stimulated atypical protein kinase Czeta kinase activity toward TC10 was reduced by high-fat feeding but normalized by exercise training. We conclude that sustained (4 weeks) exercise training can reverse high-fat diet-induced impairments on the CAP/c-Cbl pathway in high-fat-fed rodent skeletal muscle. We also provide the first evidence that the CAP/c-Cbl insulin signaling cascade in skeletal muscle may directly interact with components of the classic (phosphoinositide 3-kinase dependent) insulin signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Saito
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Northridge, CA 91330-8287, USA
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Pedersen DJ, Lessard SJ, Coffey VG, Churchley EG, Wootton AM, Ng T, Watt MJ, Hawley JA. High rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis after exhaustive exercise when carbohydrate is coingested with caffeine. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:7-13. [PMID: 18467543 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01121.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the effect of coingestion of caffeine (Caff) with carbohydrate (CHO) on rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis during recovery from exhaustive exercise in seven trained subjects who completed two experimental trials in a randomized, double-blind crossover design. The evening before an experiment subjects performed intermittent exhaustive cycling and then consumed a low-CHO meal. The next morning subjects rode until volitional fatigue. On completion of this ride subjects consumed either CHO [4 g/kg body mass (BM)] or the same amount of CHO + Caff (8 mg/kg BM) during 4 h of passive recovery. Muscle biopsies and blood samples were taken at regular intervals throughout recovery. Muscle glycogen levels were similar at exhaustion [ approximately 75 mmol/kg dry wt (dw)] and increased by a similar amount ( approximately 80%) after 1 h of recovery (133 +/- 37.8 vs. 149 +/- 48 mmol/kg dw for CHO and Caff, respectively). After 4 h of recovery Caff resulted in higher glycogen accumulation (313 +/- 69 vs. 234 +/- 50 mmol/kg dw, P < 0.001). Accordingly, the overall rate of resynthesis for the 4-h recovery period was 66% higher in Caff compared with CHO (57.7 +/- 18.5 vs. 38.0 +/- 7.7 mmol x kg dw(-1) x h(-1), P < 0.05). After 1 h of recovery plasma Caff levels had increased to 31 +/- 11 microM (P < 0.001) and at the end of the recovery reached 77 +/- 11 microM (P < 0.001) with Caff. Phosphorylation of CaMK(Thr286) was similar after exercise and after 1 h of recovery, but after 4 h CaMK(Thr286) phosphorylation was higher in Caff than CHO (P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)(Thr172) and Akt(Ser473) was similar for both treatments at all time points. We provide the first evidence that in trained subjects coingestion of large amounts of Caff (8 mg/kg BM) with CHO has an additive effect on rates of postexercise muscle glycogen accumulation compared with consumption of CHO alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Pedersen
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia
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Hawley JA, Pedersen DJ, Lessard SJ, Coffey VG, Churchley EG, Wootton AM, Hg T, Watt MJ. High Rates Of Muscle Glycogen Resynthesis After Exhaustive Exercise When Carbohydrate Is Co-ingested With Caffeine. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000321603.71004.fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lessard SJ. Exercise Training and TZD's: Combined Effects and Mechanisms of Action. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000320859.39080.9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rivas DA, Lessard SJ, Yaspelkis BB, Hawley JA. Regulation of mTORC 1/2 Formation in Response to a High- fat Diet and Exercise Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000321459.29650.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Individuals with insulin resistance are characterized by impaired insulin action on whole-body glucose uptake, in part due to impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. A single bout of exercise increases skeletal muscle glucose uptake via an insulin-independent mechanism that bypasses the typical insulin signalling defects associated with these conditions. However, this 'insulin sensitizing' effect is short-lived and disappears after approximately 48 h. In contrast, repeated physical activity (i.e. exercise training) results in a persistent increase in insulin action in skeletal muscle from obese and insulin-resistant individuals. The molecular mechanism(s) for the enhanced glucose uptake with exercise training have been attributed to the increased expression and/or activity of key signalling proteins involved in the regulation of glucose uptake and metabolism in skeletal muscle. Evidence now suggests that the improvements in insulin sensitivity associated with exercise training are also related to changes in the expression and/or activity of proteins involved in insulin signal transduction in skeletal muscle such as the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the protein kinase B (Akt) substrate AS160. In addition, increased lipid oxidation and/or turnover is likely to be another mechanism by which exercise improves insulin sensitivity: exercise training results in an increase in the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle by up-regulating lipid oxidation and the expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Determination of the underlying biological mechanisms that result from exercise training is essential in order to define the precise variations in physical activity that result in the most desired effects on targeted risk factors, and to aid in the development of such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hawley
- Exercise Metabolism Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Vic., Australia.
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Yaspelkis BB, Lessard SJ, Reeder DW, Limon JJ, Saito M, Rivas DA, Kvasha I, Hawley JA. Exercise reverses high-fat diet-induced impairments on compartmentalization and activation of components of the insulin-signaling cascade in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 293:E941-9. [PMID: 17623749 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00230.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this investigation were 1) to determine whether endurance exercise training could reverse impairments in insulin-stimulated compartmentalization and/or activation of aPKCzeta/lambda and Akt2 in skeletal muscle from high-fat-fed rodents and 2) to assess whether the PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone could reverse impairments in skeletal muscle insulin signaling typically observed after high-fat feeding. Sprague-Dawley rats were placed on chow (NORCON, n = 16) or high-fat (n = 64) diets for 4 wk. During a subsequent 4-wk experimental period, high-fat-fed rats were allocated (n = 16/group) to either sedentary control (HFC), exercise training (HFX), rosiglitazone treatment (HFRSG), or a combination of both exercise training and rosiglitazone (HFRX). Following the 4-wk experimental period, animals underwent hindlimb perfusions. Insulin-stimulated plasma membrane-associated aPKCzeta and -lambda protein concentration, aPKCzeta/lambda activity, GLUT4 protein concentration, cytosolic Akt2, and aPKCzeta/lambda activities were reduced (P < 0.05) in HFC compared with NORCON. Cytosolic Akt2, aPKCzeta, and aPKClambda protein concentrations were not affected in HFC compared with NORCON. Exercise training reversed the deleterious effects of the high-fat diet such that insulin-stimulated compartmentalization and activation of components of the insulin-signaling cascade in HFX were normalized to NORCON. High-fat diet-induced impairments to skeletal muscle glucose metabolism were not reversed by rosiglitazone administration, nor did rosiglitazone augment the effect of exercise. Our findings indicate that chronic exercise training, but not rosiglitazone, reverses high-fat diet induced impairments in compartmentalization and activation of components of the insulin-signaling cascade in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben B Yaspelkis
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Dept. of Kinesiology, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St., Northridge, CA 91330-8287, USA.
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Lessard SJ, Rivas DA, Chen ZP, Bonen A, Febbraio MA, Reeder DW, Kemp BE, Yaspelkis BB, Hawley JA. Tissue-specific effects of rosiglitazone and exercise in the treatment of lipid-induced insulin resistance. Diabetes 2007; 56:1856-64. [PMID: 17440174 DOI: 10.2337/db06-1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Both pharmacological intervention (i.e., thiazolidinediones [TZDs]) and lifestyle modification (i.e., exercise training) are clinically effective treatments for improving whole-body insulin sensitivity. However, the mechanism(s) by which these therapies reverse lipid-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is unclear. We determined the effects of 4 weeks of rosiglitazone treatment and exercise training and their combined actions (rosiglitazone treatment and exercise training) on lipid and glucose metabolism in high-fat-fed rats. High-fat feeding resulted in decreased muscle insulin sensitivity, which was associated with increased rates of palmitate uptake and the accumulation of the fatty acid metabolites ceramide and diacylglycerol. Impairments in lipid metabolism were accompanied by defects in the Akt/AS160 signaling pathway. Exercise training, but not rosiglitazone treatment, reversed these impairments, resulting in improved insulin-stimulated glucose transport and increased rates of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle. The improvements to glucose and lipid metabolism observed with exercise training were associated with increased AMP-activated protein kinase alpha1 activity; increased expression of Akt1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1, and GLUT4; and a decrease in AS160 expression. In contrast, rosiglitazone treatment exacerbated lipid accumulation and decreased insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle. However, rosiglitazone, but not exercise training, increased adipose tissue GLUT4 and acetyl CoA carboxylase expression. Both exercise training and rosiglitazone decreased liver triacylglycerol content. Although both interventions can improve whole-body insulin sensitivity, our results show that they produce divergent effects on protein expression and triglyceride storage in different tissues. Accordingly, exercise training and rosiglitazone may act as complementary therapies for the treatment of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Lessard
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hawley
- Exercise Metabolism Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora, 3083, VIC, Australia.
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Lessard SJ, Chen ZP, Watt MJ, Hashem M, Reid JJ, Febbraio MA, Kemp BE, Hawley JA. Chronic rosiglitazone treatment restores AMPKalpha2 activity in insulin-resistant rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:E251-7. [PMID: 16118254 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00096.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone (RSG) is an insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinedione (TZD) that exerts peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma)-dependent and -independent effects. We tested the hypothesis that part of the insulin-sensitizing effect of RSG is mediated through the action of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). First, we determined the effect of acute (30-60 min) incubation of L6 myotubes with RSG on AMPK regulation and palmitate oxidation. Compared with control (DMSO), 200 microM RSG increased (P < 0.05) AMPKalpha1 activity and phosphorylation of AMPK (Thr172). In addition, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Ser218) phosphorylation and palmitate oxidation were increased (P < 0.05) in these cells. To investigate the effects of chronic RSG treatment on AMPK regulation in skeletal muscle in vivo, obese Zucker rats were randomly allocated into two experimental groups: control and RSG. Lean Zucker rats were treated with vehicle and acted as a control group for obese Zucker rats. Rats were dosed daily for 6 wk with either vehicle (0.5% carboxymethylcellulose, 100 microl/100 g body mass), or 3 mg/kg RSG. AMPKalpha1 activity was similar in muscle from lean and obese animals and was unaffected by RSG treatment. AMPKalpha2 activity was approximately 25% lower in obese vs. lean animals (P < 0.05) but was normalized to control values after RSG treatment. ACC phosphorylation was decreased with obesity (P < 0.05) but restored to the level of lean controls with RSG treatment. Our data demonstrate that RSG restores AMPK signaling in skeletal muscle of insulin-resistant obese Zucker rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Lessard
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Spargo FJ, Lessard SJ, Watt MJ, Fam BC, Andrikopoulos S, Proietto J, Febbraio MA, Hawley JA. Post-Exercise Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Disposal are Unaffected by Intramuscular Triglyceride (IMTG) Levels. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-200505001-01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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McInerney P, Lessard SJ, Burke LM, Coffey VG, Lo Giudice SL, Southgate RJ, Hawley JA. Failure to Repeatedly Supercompensate Muscle Glycogen Stores in Highly Trained Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37:404-11. [PMID: 15741838 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000155699.51360.2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is not known whether it is possible to repeatedly supercompensate muscle glycogen stores after exhaustive exercise bouts undertaken within several days. METHODS We evaluated the effect of repeated exercise-diet manipulation on muscle glycogen and triacylglycerol (IMTG) metabolism and exercise capacity in six well-trained subjects who completed an intermittent, exhaustive cycling protocol (EX) on three occasions separated by 48 h (i.e., days 1, 3, and 5) in a 5-d period. Twenty-four hours before day 1, subjects consumed a moderate (6 g.kg)-carbohydrate (CHO) diet, followed by 5 d of a high (12 g.kg.d)-CHO diet. Muscle biopsies were taken at rest, immediately post-EX on days 1, 3, and 5, and after 3 h of recovery on days 1 and 3. RESULTS Compared with day 1, resting muscle [glycogen] was elevated on day 3 but not day 5 (435+/-57 vs 713+/-60 vs 409+/-40 mmol.kg, P<0.001). [IMTG] was reduced by 28% (P<0.05) after EX on day 1, but post-EX levels on days 3 and 5 were similar to rest. EX was enhanced on days 3 and 5 compared with day 1 (31.9+/-2.5 and 35.4+/-3.8 vs 24.1+/-1.4 kJ.kg, P<0.05). Glycogen synthase activity at rest and immediately post-EX was similar between trials. Additionally, the rates of muscle glycogen accumulation were similar during the 3-h recovery period on days 1 and 3. CONCLUSION We show that well-trained men cannot repeatedly supercompensate muscle [glycogen] after glycogen-depleting exercise and 2 d of a high-CHO diet, suggesting that the mechanisms responsible for glycogen accumulation are attenuated as a consequence of successive days of glycogen-depleting exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick McInerney
- Exercise Metabolism Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
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Lessard SJ, Lo Giudice SL, Lau W, Reid JJ, Turner N, Febbraio MA, Hawley JA, Watt MJ. Rosiglitazone enhances glucose tolerance by mechanisms other than reduction of fatty acid accumulation within skeletal muscle. Endocrinology 2004; 145:5665-70. [PMID: 15375026 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that improved glucose tolerance with rosiglitazone treatment would coincide with decreased levels of i.m. triacylglycerol (IMTG), diacylglycerol, and ceramide. Obese Zucker rats were randomly divided into two experimental groups: control (n = 9) and rosiglitazone (n = 9), with lean Zucker rats (n = 9) acting as a control group for obese controls. Rats received either vehicle or 3 mg/kg rosiglitazone for 6 wk. Glucose tolerance was impaired (P < 0.01) in obese compared with lean rats, but was normalized after rosiglitazone treatment. IMTG content was higher in obese compared with lean rats (70.5 +/- 5.1 vs. 27.5 +/- 2.0 micromol/g dry mass; P < 0.05) and increased an additional 30% (P < 0.05) with rosiglitazone treatment. Intramuscular fatty acid composition shifted toward a higher proportion of monounsaturates (P < 0.05) in obese rosiglitazone-treated rats due to an increase in palmitoleate (16:1; P < 0.05). Rosiglitazone treatment increased (P < 0.05) skeletal muscle diacylglycerol and ceramide levels by 65% and 100%, respectively, compared with obese rats, but elevated muscle diacylglycerol was not associated with changes in the total or membrane contents of the diacylglycerol-sensitive protein kinase C isoforms theta;, delta, alpha, and beta. In summary, we observed a disassociation among skeletal muscle IMTG, diacylglycerol and ceramide content, and glucose tolerance with rosiglitazone treatment in obese Zucker rats. Our data suggest, therefore, that rosiglitazone enhances glucose tolerance by mechanisms other than reduction of fatty acid accumulation within skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Lessard
- Exercise Metabolism Group, RMIT University School of Medical Sciences, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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McInerney P, Lo Giudice SL, Lessard SJ, Coffey VG, Southgate RJ, Burke LM, Hawley JA. Failure of Repeated Carbohydrate Loading to Supercompensate Muscle Glycogen Stores. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-200405001-00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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