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Lust ST, Shanahan CM, Shipley RJ, Lamata P, Gentleman E. Design considerations for engineering 3D models to study vascular pathologies in vitro. Acta Biomater 2021; 132:114-128. [PMID: 33652164 PMCID: PMC7611653 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are driven by pathological remodelling of blood vessels, which can lead to aneurysms, myocardial infarction, ischaemia and strokes. Aberrant remodelling is driven by changes in vascular cell behaviours combined with degradation, modification, or abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The underlying mechanisms that drive the pathological remodelling of blood vessels are multifaceted and disease specific; however, unravelling them may be key to developing therapies. Reductionist models of blood vessels created in vitro that combine cells with biomaterial scaffolds may serve as useful analogues to study vascular disease progression in a controlled environment. This review presents the main considerations for developing such in vitro models. We discuss how the design of blood vessel models impacts experimental readouts, with a particular focus on the maintenance of normal cellular phenotypes, strategies that mimic normal cell-ECM interactions, and approaches that foster intercellular communication between vascular cell types. We also highlight how choice of biomaterials, cellular arrangements and the inclusion of mechanical stimulation using fluidic devices together impact the ability of blood vessel models to mimic in vivo conditions. In the future, by combining advances in materials science, cell biology, fluidics and modelling, it may be possible to create blood vessel models that are patient-specific and can be used to develop and test therapies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Simplified models of blood vessels created in vitro are powerful tools for studying cardiovascular diseases and understanding the mechanisms driving their progression. Here, we highlight the key structural and cellular components of effective models and discuss how including mechanical stimuli allows researchers to mimic native vessel behaviour in health and disease. We discuss the primary methods used to form blood vessel models and their limitations and conclude with an outlook on how blood vessel models that incorporate patient-specific cells and flows can be used in the future for personalised disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette T Lust
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine M Shanahan
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J Shipley
- Institute of Healthcare Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Lamata
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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2
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Dasí A, Hernández-Romero I, Gomez JF, Climent AM, Ferrero JM, Trenor B. Analysis of the response of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocyte tissue to I CaL block. A combined in vitro and in silico approach. Comput Biol Med 2021; 137:104796. [PMID: 34461502 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The high incidence of cardiac arrythmias underlines the need for the assessment of pharmacological therapies. In this field of drug efficacy, as in the field of drug safety highlighted by the Comprehensive in Vitro Proarrhythmia Assay initiative, new pillars for research have become crucial: firstly, the integration of in-silico experiments, and secondly the evaluation of fully integrated biological systems, such as human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). In this study, we therefore aimed to combine in-vitro experiments and in-silico simulations to evaluate the antiarrhythmic effect of L-type calcium current (ICaL) block in hiPSC-CMs. For this, hiPSC-CM preparations were cultured and an equivalent virtual tissue was modeled. Re-entry patterns of electrical activation were induced and several biomarkers were obtained before and after ICaL block. The virtual hiPSC-CM simulations were also reproduced using a tissue composed of adult ventricular cardiomyocytes (hAdultV-CMs). The analysis of phases, currents and safety factor for propagation showed an increased size of the re-entry core when ICaL was blocked as a result of depressed cellular excitability. The bigger wavefront curvature yielded reductions of 12.2%, 6.9%, and 4.2% in the frequency of the re-entry for hiPSC-CM cultures, virtual hiPSC-CM, and hAdultV-CM tissues, respectively. Furthermore, ICaL block led to a 47.8% shortening of the vulnerable window for re-entry in the virtual hiPSC-CM tissue and to re-entry vanishment in hAdultV-CM tissue. The consistent behavior between in-vitro and in-silico hiPSC-CMs and between in-silico hiPSC-CMs and hAdultV-CMs evidences that virtual hiPSC-CM tissues are suitable for assessing cardiac efficacy, as done in the present study through the analysis of ICaL block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Dasí
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Ci2B, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ismael Hernández-Romero
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications and Telematics Systems and Computing, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Juan F Gomez
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Ci2B, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Valencian International University, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andreu M Climent
- Instituto ITACA, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose M Ferrero
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Ci2B, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Trenor
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Ci2B, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
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3
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Gähwiler EKN, Motta SE, Martin M, Nugraha B, Hoerstrup SP, Emmert MY. Human iPSCs and Genome Editing Technologies for Precision Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:639699. [PMID: 34262897 PMCID: PMC8273765 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.639699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) originate from the reprogramming of adult somatic cells using four Yamanaka transcription factors. Since their discovery, the stem cell (SC) field achieved significant milestones and opened several gateways in the area of disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. In parallel, the emergence of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) revolutionized the field of genome engineering, allowing the generation of genetically modified cell lines and achieving a precise genome recombination or random insertions/deletions, usefully translated for wider applications. Cardiovascular diseases represent a constantly increasing societal concern, with limited understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. The ability of iPSCs to differentiate into multiple cell types combined with CRISPR-Cas9 technology could enable the systematic investigation of pathophysiological mechanisms or drug screening for potential therapeutics. Furthermore, these technologies can provide a cellular platform for cardiovascular tissue engineering (TE) approaches by modulating the expression or inhibition of targeted proteins, thereby creating the possibility to engineer new cell lines and/or fine-tune biomimetic scaffolds. This review will focus on the application of iPSCs, CRISPR-Cas9, and a combination thereof to the field of cardiovascular TE. In particular, the clinical translatability of such technologies will be discussed ranging from disease modeling to drug screening and TE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K. N. Gähwiler
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah E. Motta
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wyss Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Martin
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Bramasta Nugraha
- Molecular Parasitology Lab, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simon P. Hoerstrup
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wyss Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Y. Emmert
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wyss Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Urine-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiol Res Pract 2020; 2020:3563519. [PMID: 32377426 PMCID: PMC7199581 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3563519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that stem cells are equipped with the potential to differentiate into various types of cells, including cardiomyocytes. Meanwhile, stem cells are highly promising in curing cardiovascular diseases. However, owing to the ethical challenges posed in stem cell acquisition and the complexity and invasive nature of the method, large-scale expansions and clinical applications in the laboratory have been limited. The current generation of cardiomyocytes is available from diverse sources; urine is one of the promising sources among them. Although advanced research was established in the generation of human urine cells as cardiomyocytes, the reprogramming of urine cells to cardiomyocytes remains unclear. In this context, it is necessary to develop a minimally invasive method to create induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This review focuses on the latest advances in research on urine-derived iPSCs and their application mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases.
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5
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Khamis T, Abdelalim AF, Abdallah SH, Saeed AA, Edress NM, Arisha AH. Early intervention with breast milk mesenchymal stem cells attenuates the development of diabetic-induced testicular dysfunction via hypothalamic Kisspeptin/Kiss1r-GnRH/GnIH system in male rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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6
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Amin N, Tan X, Ren Q, Zhu N, Botchway BOA, Hu Z, Fang M. Recent advances of induced pluripotent stem cells application in neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 95:109674. [PMID: 31255650 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell is defined by its ability to self-renewal and generates differentiated functional cell types, which are derived from the embryo and various sources of postnatal animal. These cells can be divided according to their potential development into totipotent, unipotent, multipotent andpluripotent. Pluripotent is considered as the most important type due to its advantageous capability to create different cell types of the body in a similar behavior as embryonic stem cell. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are adult cells that maintain the characteristics of embryonic stem cells because it can be genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state via express genes and transcription factors. Such cells provide an efficient pathway to explorehuman diseases and their corresponding therapy, particularly, neurodevelopmental disorders. Consequently, iPSCs can be investigated to check the specific mutations of neurodegenerative disease due to their unique ability to differentiate into neural cell types and/or neural organoids. The current review addresses the different neurodegenerative diseases model by using iPSCs approach such as Alzheimer's diseases (AD), Parkinson diseases (PD),multiplesclerosis(MS) and psychiatric disorders. We also highlight the importance of autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa Amin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Egypt
| | - Xiaoning Tan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiannan Ren
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Hebei North University,Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Benson O A Botchway
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Hu
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, Zhejiang Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Hospital, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Marong Fang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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7
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Farraha M, Kumar S, Chong J, Cho HC, Kizana E. Gene Therapy Approaches to Biological Pacemakers. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5040050. [PMID: 30347716 PMCID: PMC6306875 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bradycardia arising from pacemaker dysfunction can be debilitating and life threatening. Electronic pacemakers serve as effective treatment options for pacemaker dysfunction. They however present their own limitations and complications. This has motivated research into discovering more effective and innovative ways to treat pacemaker dysfunction. Gene therapy is being explored for its potential to treat various cardiac conditions including cardiac arrhythmias. Gene transfer vectors with increasing transduction efficiency and biosafety have been developed and trialed for cardiovascular disease treatment. With an improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving pacemaker development, several gene therapy targets have been identified to generate the phenotypic changes required to correct pacemaker dysfunction. This review will discuss the gene therapy vectors in use today along with methods for their delivery. Furthermore, it will evaluate several gene therapy strategies attempting to restore biological pacing, having the potential to emerge as viable therapies for pacemaker dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melad Farraha
- Centre for Heart Research, the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - James Chong
- Centre for Heart Research, the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Hee Cheol Cho
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Eddy Kizana
- Centre for Heart Research, the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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8
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Manipulation-free cultures of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes offer a novel screening method for cardiotoxicity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1590-1603. [PMID: 29620051 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based cardiac regenerative medicine requires the efficient generation, structural soundness and proper functioning of mature cardiomyocytes, derived from the patient's somatic cells. The most important functional property of cardiomyocytes is the ability to contract. Currently available methods routinely used to test and quantify cardiomyocyte function involve techniques that are labor-intensive, invasive, require sophisticated instruments or can adversely affect cell vitality. We recently developed optical flow imaging method analyses and quantified cardiomyocyte contractile kinetics from video microscopic recordings without compromising cell quality. Specifically, our automated particle image velocimetry (PIV) analysis of phase-contrast video images captured at a high frame rate yields statistical measures characterizing the beating frequency, amplitude, average waveform and beat-to-beat variations. Thus, it can be a powerful assessment tool to monitor cardiomyocyte quality and maturity. Here we demonstrate the ability of our analysis to characterize the chronotropic responses of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes to a panel of ion channel modulators and also to doxorubicin, a chemotherapy agent with known cardiotoxic side effects. We conclude that the PIV-derived beat patterns can identify the elongation or shortening of specific phases in the contractility cycle, and the obtained chronotropic responses are in accord with known clinical outcomes. Hence, this system can serve as a powerful tool to screen the new and currently available pharmacological compounds for cardiotoxic effects.
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9
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Abou-Saleh H, Zouein FA, El-Yazbi A, Sanoudou D, Raynaud C, Rao C, Pintus G, Dehaini H, Eid AH. The march of pluripotent stem cells in cardiovascular regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:201. [PMID: 30053890 PMCID: PMC6062943 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Heart failure remains a major contributor to this mortality. Despite major therapeutic advances over the past decades, a better understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of CVD as well as improved therapeutic strategies for the management or treatment of heart failure are increasingly needed. Loss of myocardium is a major driver of heart failure. An attractive approach that appears to provide promising results in reducing cardiac degeneration is stem cell therapy (SCT). In this review, we describe different types of stem cells, including embryonic and adult stem cells, and we provide a detailed discussion of the properties of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We also present and critically discuss the key methods used for converting somatic cells to pluripotent cells and iPSCs to cardiomyocytes (CMs), along with their advantages and limitations. Integrating and non-integrating reprogramming methods as well as characterization of iPSCs and iPSC-derived CMs are discussed. Furthermore, we critically present various methods of differentiating iPSCs to CMs. The value of iPSC-CMs in regenerative medicine as well as myocardial disease modeling and cardiac regeneration are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haissam Abou-Saleh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fouad A. Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Despina Sanoudou
- Clinical Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Unit, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, “Attikon” Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christopher Rao
- Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich, London, UK
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan Dehaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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10
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Shen J, Wang X, Zhou D, Li T, Tang L, Gong T, Su J, Liang P. Modelling cadmium-induced cardiotoxicity using human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4221-4235. [PMID: 29993192 PMCID: PMC6111808 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium, a highly ubiquitous toxic heavy metal, has been widely recognized as an environmental and industrial pollutant, which confers serious threats to human health. The molecular mechanisms of the cadmium-induced cardiotoxicity (CIC) have not been studied in human cardiomyocytes at the cellular level. Here we showed that human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) can recapitulate the CIC at the cellular level. The cadmium-treated hPSC-CMs exhibited cellular phenotype including reduced cell viability, increased apoptosis, cardiac sarcomeric disorganization, elevated reactive oxygen species, altered action potential profile and cardiac arrhythmias. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed a differential transcriptome profile and activated MAPK signalling pathway in cadmium-treated hPSC-CMs, and suppression of P38 MAPK but not ERK MAPK or JNK MAPK rescued CIC phenotype. We further identified that suppression of PI3K/Akt signalling pathway is sufficient to reverse the CIC phenotype, which may play an important role in CIC. Taken together, our data indicate that hPSC-CMs can serve as a suitable model for the exploration of molecular mechanisms underlying CIC and for the discovery of CIC cardioprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Shen
- Key Laboratory of combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Key Laboratory of combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danni Zhou
- Key Laboratory of combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tongyu Li
- Key Laboratory of combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Key Laboratory of combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingyu Gong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Su
- Key Laboratory of combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Liang
- Key Laboratory of combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Rawat N, Singh MK. Induced pluripotent stem cell: A headway in reprogramming with promising approach in regenerative biology. Vet World 2017; 10:640-649. [PMID: 28717316 PMCID: PMC5499081 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.640-649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the embryonic stem cells have knocked the doorsteps, they have proved themselves in the field of science, research, and medicines, but the hovered restrictions confine their application in human welfare. Alternate approaches used to reprogram the cells to the pluripotent state were not up to par, but the innovation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) paved a new hope for the researchers. Soon after the discovery, iPSCs technology is undergoing renaissance day by day, i.e., from the use of genetic material to recombinant proteins and now only chemicals are employed to convert somatic cells to iPSCs. Thus, this technique is moving straightforward and productive at an astonishing pace. Here, we provide a brief introduction to iPSCs, the mechanism and methods for their generation, their prevailing and prospective applications and the future opportunities that can be expected from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rawat
- Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India
| | - M K Singh
- Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India
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12
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Sayed N, Liu C, Wu JC. Translation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: From Clinical Trial in a Dish to Precision Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 67:2161-2176. [PMID: 27151349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The prospect of changing the plasticity of terminally differentiated cells toward pluripotency has completely altered the outlook for biomedical research. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a new source of therapeutic cells free from the ethical issues or immune barriers of human embryonic stem cells. iPSCs also confer considerable advantages over conventional methods of studying human diseases. Since its advent, iPSC technology has expanded with 3 major applications: disease modeling, regenerative therapy, and drug discovery. Here we discuss, in a comprehensive manner, the recent advances in iPSC technology in relation to basic, clinical, and population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazish Sayed
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Chun Liu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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13
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Grzybek M, Golonko A, Walczak M, Lisowski P. Epigenetics of cell fate reprogramming and its implications for neurological disorders modelling. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 99:84-120. [PMID: 27890672 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The reprogramming of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) proceeds in a stepwise manner with reprogramming factors binding and epigenetic composition changes during transition to maintain the epigenetic landscape, important for pluripotency. There arises a question as to whether the aberrant epigenetic state after reprogramming leads to epigenetic defects in induced stem cells causing unpredictable long term effects in differentiated cells. In this review, we present a comprehensive view of epigenetic alterations accompanying reprogramming, cell maintenance and differentiation as factors that influence applications of hiPSCs in stem cell based technologies. We conclude that sample heterogeneity masks DNA methylation signatures in subpopulations of cells and thus believe that beside a genetic evaluation, extensive epigenomic screening should become a standard procedure to ensure hiPSCs state before they are used for genome editing and differentiation into neurons of interest. In particular, we suggest that exploitation of the single-cell composition of the epigenome will provide important insights into heterogeneity within hiPSCs subpopulations to fast forward development of reliable hiPSC-based analytical platforms in neurological disorders modelling and before completed hiPSC technology will be implemented in clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Grzybek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Golonko
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Marta Walczak
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Pawel Lisowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; iPS Cell-Based Disease Modelling Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany.
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14
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Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cells Strategy for Cardiovascular Diseases. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:4285938. [PMID: 27829839 PMCID: PMC5088322 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4285938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite development of medicine, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are still the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Over the past 10 years, various stem cells have been utilized in therapeutic strategies for the treatment of CVDs. CVDs are characterized by a broad range of pathological reactions including inflammation, necrosis, hyperplasia, and hypertrophy. However, the causes of CVDs are still unclear. While there is a limit to the currently available target-dependent treatments, the therapeutic potential of stem cells is very attractive for the treatment of CVDs because of their paracrine effects, anti-inflammatory activity, and immunomodulatory capacity. Various studies have recently reported increased therapeutic potential of transplantation of microRNA- (miRNA-) overexpressing stem cells or small-molecule-treated cells. In addition to treatment with drugs or overexpressed miRNA in stem cells, stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles also have therapeutic potential because they can deliver the stem cell-specific RNA and protein into the host cell, thereby improving cell viability. Here, we reported the state of stem cell-based therapy for the treatment of CVDs and the potential for cell-free based therapy.
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15
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Hill AP, Perry MD, Abi-Gerges N, Couderc JP, Fermini B, Hancox JC, Knollmann BC, Mirams GR, Skinner J, Zareba W, Vandenberg JI. Computational cardiology and risk stratification for sudden cardiac death: one of the grand challenges for cardiology in the 21st century. J Physiol 2016; 594:6893-6908. [PMID: 27060987 PMCID: PMC5134408 DOI: 10.1113/jp272015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk stratification in the context of sudden cardiac death has been acknowledged as one of the major challenges facing cardiology for the past four decades. In recent years, the advent of high performance computing has facilitated organ-level simulation of the heart, meaning we can now examine the causes, mechanisms and impact of cardiac dysfunction in silico. As a result, computational cardiology, largely driven by the Physiome project, now stands at the threshold of clinical utility in regards to risk stratification and treatment of patients at risk of sudden cardiac death. In this white paper, we outline a roadmap of what needs to be done to make this translational step, using the relatively well-developed case of acquired or drug-induced long QT syndrome as an exemplar case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Hill
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Matthew D Perry
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Najah Abi-Gerges
- AnaBios Corporation, 3030 Bunker Hill St., San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | | | - Bernard Fermini
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc, MS8274-1347 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Jules C Hancox
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bjorn C Knollmann
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1285 Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
| | - Gary R Mirams
- Computational Biology, Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Skinner
- Cardiac Inherited Disease Group, Starship Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wojciech Zareba
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jamie I Vandenberg
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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16
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Zheng T, Wang J, Wang Q, Nie C, Shi Z, Wang X, Gao Z. A bibliometric analysis of micro/nano-bubble related research: current trends, present application, and future prospects. Scientometrics 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-016-2004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Burrows CK, Banovich NE, Pavlovic BJ, Patterson K, Gallego Romero I, Pritchard JK, Gilad Y. Genetic Variation, Not Cell Type of Origin, Underlies the Majority of Identifiable Regulatory Differences in iPSCs. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005793. [PMID: 26812582 PMCID: PMC4727884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) revolutionized human genetics by allowing us to generate pluripotent cells from easily accessible somatic tissues. This technology can have immense implications for regenerative medicine, but iPSCs also represent a paradigm shift in the study of complex human phenotypes, including gene regulation and disease. Yet, an unresolved caveat of the iPSC model system is the extent to which reprogrammed iPSCs retain residual phenotypes from their precursor somatic cells. To directly address this issue, we used an effective study design to compare regulatory phenotypes between iPSCs derived from two types of commonly used somatic precursor cells. We find a remarkably small number of differences in DNA methylation and gene expression levels between iPSCs derived from different somatic precursors. Instead, we demonstrate genetic variation is associated with the majority of identifiable variation in DNA methylation and gene expression levels. We show that the cell type of origin only minimally affects gene expression levels and DNA methylation in iPSCs, and that genetic variation is the main driver of regulatory differences between iPSCs of different donors. Our findings suggest that studies using iPSCs should focus on additional individuals rather than clones from the same individual. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a new and powerful cell type that provides scientists the ability to model complex human diseases in vitro. These cells can be cryopreserved and later expanded, providing a renewable source of cells from the same individual. iPSCs can be made from a variety of somatic cells in the body and many labs have created them from blood and skin cells. We asked whether the cell type of origin impacts methylation and gene expression patterns in the reprogrammed iPSCs. Our findings indicate that there are remarkably few regulatory remnants of the cell type of origin in the iPSCs. In other words, most of the variation between iPSCs can be attributed to individual genetics. Our findings suggest that studies using iPSCs should focus on obtaining additional individuals rather than additional clones from the same individual. We caution that our current findings are limited to iPSCs and further studies are needed to address the question of somatic memory in differentiated cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K. Burrows
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nicholas E. Banovich
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bryan J. Pavlovic
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kristen Patterson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Irene Gallego Romero
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jonathan K. Pritchard
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Departments of Genetics and Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Yoav Gilad
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Hartjes KA, Li X, Martinez-Fernandez A, Roemmich AJ, Larsen BT, Terzic A, Nelson TJ. Selection via pluripotency-related transcriptional screen minimizes the influence of somatic origin on iPSC differentiation propensity. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2350-9. [PMID: 24802033 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The value of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) within regenerative medicine is contingent on predictable and consistent iPSC differentiation. However, residual influence of the somatic origin or reprogramming technique may variegate differentiation propensity and confound comparative genotype/phenotype analyses. The objective of this study was to define quality control measures to select iPSC clones that minimize the influence of somatic origin on differentiation propensity independent of the reprogramming strategy. More than 60 murine iPSC lines were derived from different fibroblast origins (embryonic, cardiac, and tail tip) via lentiviral integration and doxycycline-induced transgene expression. Despite apparent equivalency according to established iPSC histologic and cytomorphologic criteria, clustering of clonal variability in pluripotency-related gene expression identified transcriptional outliers that highlighted cell lines with unpredictable cardiogenic propensity. Following selection according to a standardized gene expression profile calibrated by embryonic stem cells, the influence of somatic origin on iPSC methylation and transcriptional patterns was negated. Furthermore, doxycycline-induced iPSCs consistently demonstrated earlier differentiation than lentiviral-reprogrammed lines using contractile cardiac tissue as a measure of functional differentiation. Moreover, delayed cardiac differentiation was predominately associated with upregulation in pluripotency-related gene expression upon differentiation. Starting from a standardized pool of iPSCs, relative expression levels of two pluripotency genes, Oct4 and Zfp42, statistically correlated with enhanced cardiogenicity independent of somatic origin or reprogramming strategy (R(2) = 0.85). These studies demonstrate that predictable iPSC differentiation is independent of somatic origin with standardized gene expression selection criteria, while the residual impact of reprogramming strategy greatly influences predictable output of tissue-specification required for comparative genotype/phenotype analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Hartjes
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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19
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Rajasingh S, Thangavel J, Czirok A, Samanta S, Roby KF, Dawn B, Rajasingh J. Generation of Functional Cardiomyocytes from Efficiently Generated Human iPSCs and a Novel Method of Measuring Contractility. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134093. [PMID: 26237415 PMCID: PMC4523188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived cardiomyocytes (iCMCs) would provide an unlimited cell source for regenerative medicine and drug discoveries. The objective of our study is to generate functional cardiomyocytes from human iPSCs and to develop a novel method of measuring contractility of CMCs. In a series of experiments, adult human skin fibroblasts (HSF) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with a combination of pluripotent gene DNA and mRNA under specific conditions. The iPSC colonies were identified and differentiated into various cell lineages, including CMCs. The contractile activity of CMCs was measured by a novel method of frame-by-frame cross correlation (particle image velocimetry-PIV) analysis. Our treatment regimen transformed 4% of HSFs into iPSC colonies at passage 0, a significantly improved efficiency compared with use of either DNA or mRNA alone. The iPSCs were capable of differentiating both in vitro and in vivo into endodermal, ectodermal and mesodermal cells, including CMCs with >88% of cells being positive for troponin T (CTT) and Gata4 by flow cytometry. We report a highly efficient combination of DNA and mRNA to generate iPSCs and functional iCMCs from adult human cells. We also report a novel approach to measure contractility of iCMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeja Rajasingh
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jayakumar Thangavel
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Andras Czirok
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Saheli Samanta
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Katherine F. Roby
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Buddhadeb Dawn
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Johnson Rajasingh
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JR)
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20
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Csöbönyeiová M, Polák Š, Danišovič L. Perspectives of induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiovascular system regeneration. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:549-56. [PMID: 25595188 PMCID: PMC4935267 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214565976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for basic research and regenerative medicine. They offer the same advantages as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and moreover new perspectives for personalized medicine. iPSCs can be generated from adult somatic tissues by over-expression of a few defined transcription factors, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-myc. For regenerative medicine in particular, the technology provides great hope for patients with incurable diseases or potentially fatal disorders such as heart failure. The endogenous regenerative potentials of adult hearts are extremely limited and insufficient to compensate for myocardial loss occurring after myocardial infarction. Recent discoveries have demonstrated that iPSCs have the potential to significantly advance future cardiovascular regenerative therapies. Moreover, iPSCs can be generated from somatic cells of patients with genetic basis for their disease. This human iPSC derivates offer tremendous potential for new disease models. This paper reviews current applications of iPSCs in cardiovascular regenerative medicine and discusses progress in modeling cardiovascular diseases using iPSCs-derived cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Csöbönyeiová
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81108 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Štefan Polák
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81108 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - L'uboš Danišovič
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81108 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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21
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Meijer van Putten RME, Mengarelli I, Guan K, Zegers JG, van Ginneken ACG, Verkerk AO, Wilders R. Ion channelopathies in human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes: a dynamic clamp study with virtual IK1. Front Physiol 2015; 6:7. [PMID: 25691870 PMCID: PMC4315032 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are widely used in studying basic mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias that are caused by ion channelopathies. Unfortunately, the action potential profile of hiPSC-CMs-and consequently the profile of individual membrane currents active during that action potential-differs substantially from that of native human cardiomyocytes, largely due to almost negligible expression of the inward rectifier potassium current (IK1). In the present study, we attempted to "normalize" the action potential profile of our hiPSC-CMs by inserting a voltage dependent in silico IK1 into our hiPSC-CMs, using the dynamic clamp configuration of the patch clamp technique. Recordings were made from single hiPSC-CMs, using the perforated patch clamp technique at physiological temperature. We assessed three different models of IK1, with different degrees of inward rectification, and systematically varied the magnitude of the inserted IK1. Also, we modified the inserted IK1 in order to assess the effects of loss- and gain-of-function mutations in the KCNJ2 gene, which encodes the Kir2.1 protein that is primarily responsible for the IK1 channel in human ventricle. For our experiments, we selected spontaneously beating hiPSC-CMs, with negligible IK1 as demonstrated in separate voltage clamp experiments, which were paced at 1 Hz. Upon addition of in silico IK1 with a peak outward density of 4-6 pA/pF, these hiPSC-CMs showed a ventricular-like action potential morphology with a stable resting membrane potential near -80 mV and a maximum upstroke velocity >150 V/s (n = 9). Proarrhythmic action potential changes were observed upon injection of both loss-of-function and gain-of-function IK1, as associated with Andersen-Tawil syndrome type 1 and short QT syndrome type 3, respectively (n = 6). We conclude that injection of in silico IK1 makes the hiPSC-CM a more reliable model for investigating mechanisms underlying cardiac arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie M E Meijer van Putten
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Isabella Mengarelli
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kaomei Guan
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan G Zegers
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Antoni C G van Ginneken
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arie O Verkerk
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald Wilders
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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22
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Madonna R, Ferdinandy P, De Caterina R, Willerson JT, Marian AJ. Recent developments in cardiovascular stem cells. Circ Res 2014; 115:e71-8. [PMID: 25477490 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.305567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda Madonna
- From the Center of Excellence on Aging, Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy (R.M., R.D.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (R.M., J.T.W.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (R.M., J.T.W., A.J.M.), and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (A.J.M.)
| | - Peter Ferdinandy
- From the Center of Excellence on Aging, Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy (R.M., R.D.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (R.M., J.T.W.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (R.M., J.T.W., A.J.M.), and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (A.J.M.)
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- From the Center of Excellence on Aging, Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy (R.M., R.D.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (R.M., J.T.W.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (R.M., J.T.W., A.J.M.), and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (A.J.M.)
| | - James T Willerson
- From the Center of Excellence on Aging, Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy (R.M., R.D.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (R.M., J.T.W.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (R.M., J.T.W., A.J.M.), and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (A.J.M.)
| | - Ali J Marian
- From the Center of Excellence on Aging, Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy (R.M., R.D.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (R.M., J.T.W.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (R.M., J.T.W., A.J.M.), and Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (A.J.M.).
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23
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Jones BS, Lamb LS, Goldman F, Di Stasi A. Improving the safety of cell therapy products by suicide gene transfer. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:254. [PMID: 25505885 PMCID: PMC4245885 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T-cell therapy can involve donor lymphocyte infusion after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the administration of tumor infiltrating lymphocyte expanded ex-vivo, or more recently the use of T cell receptor or chimeric antigen receptor redirected T cells. However, cellular therapies can pose significant risks, including graft-vs.-host-disease and other on and off-target effects, and therefore strategies need to be implemented to permanently reverse any sign of toxicity. A suicide gene is a genetically encoded molecule that allows selective destruction of adoptively transferred cells. Suicide gene addition to cellular therapeutic products can lead to selective ablation of gene-modified cells, preventing collateral damage to contiguous cells and/or tissues. The “ideal” suicide gene would ensure the safety of gene modified cellular applications by granting irreversible elimination of “all” and “only” the cells responsible for the unwanted toxicity. This review presents the suicide gene safety systems reported to date, with a focus on the state-of-the-art and potential applications regarding two of the most extensively validated suicide genes, including the clinical setting: herpes-simplex-thymidine-kinase and inducible-caspase-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Jones
- Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Unit, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lawrence S Lamb
- Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Unit, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Frederick Goldman
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Antonio Di Stasi
- Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Unit, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
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24
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Chao TH, Chen IC, Tseng SY, Li YH. Pluripotent Stem Cell Therapy in Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease. ACTA CARDIOLOGICA SINICA 2014; 30:365-374. [PMID: 27122813 PMCID: PMC4834953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stem cell therapy has been viewed as a promising therapeutic strategy in ischemic cardiovascular disease for almost a decade. Although many progenitor/stem cells obtained from patients have been investigated, and are alleged to be suitable for autologous transplantation, their therapeutic application has been limited by their inability to yield a sufficient number of stem cells, as well as impaired regeneration capacity from ageing and cardiovascular risk factors. Pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have the capacity for functional multi-lineage differentiation and properties of self-renewal and immortality, and can generate clinically relevant amounts of stem cells. The regeneration capacity of these cells is not affected by ageing. Patient-specific pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs, can be established by epigenetically reprogramming somatic fibroblasts. iPSCs and iPSC-derived stem cells share similar phenotypes and gene expressions of ESCs and ESC-derived stem cells. Transplantation of pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells, mural cells, cardiomyocytes, or cardiovascular progenitor cells contribute to neovascularization and cardiomyogenesis with better limb perfusion and recovery of myocardial contractility in the preclinical studies. Several strategies have been developed to enhance the efficacy of reprogramming and engrafting, and improve graft survival, proliferation, and electromechanical coupling by tissue engineering. However, the therapeutic application of ESCs and derivatives is limited by ethical concerns. Before wide clinical application of these cells in regeneration therapy occurs, substantial effort should be undertaken to discover the most promising cell type and derivatives, the best protocol regarding cell preparation, reprogramming and differentiation, and the most efficacious methods to avoid adverse effects. KEY WORDS Embryonic stem cells; Induced pluripotent stem cells; Limb ischemia; Myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hsing Chao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, Yun-Lin County
| | - I-Chih Chen
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital, Tainan
| | - Shi-Ya Tseng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Heng Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan
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25
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Heterelogous expression of mutated HLA-G decreases immunogenicity of human embryonic stem cells and their epidermal derivatives. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:342-54. [PMID: 25218797 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are capable of extensive self-renewal and expansion and can differentiate into any somatic tissue, making them useful for regenerative medicine applications. Allogeneic transplantation of hESC-derived tissues from results in immunological rejection absent adjunctive immunosuppression. The goal of our study was to generate a universal pluripotent stem cell source by nucleofecting a mutated human leukocyte antigen G (mHLA-G) gene into hESCs using the PiggyBac transposon. We successfully generated stable mHLA-G(EF1α)-hESC lines using chEF1α promoter system that stably expressed mHLA-G protein during prolonged undifferentiated proliferation andin differentiated embryoid bodies as well as teratomas. Morphology, karyotype, and telomerase activity of mHLA-G expressing hESC were normal. Immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry analysis revealed persistent expression of pluripotent markers, OCT-3/4 and SSEA-4, in undifferentiated mHLA-G(EF1α)-hESC. Nucleofected hESC formed teratomas and when directed to differentiate into epidermal precursors, expressed high levels of mHLA-G and keratinocyte markers K14 and CD29. Natural killer cell cytotoxicity assays demonstrated a significant decrease in lysis of mHLA-G(EF1a)-hESC targets relative to control cells. Similar results were obtained with mHLA-G(EF1α)-hESC-derived epidermal progenitors (hEEP). One way mixed T lymphocyte reactions unveiled that mHLA-G(EF1a)-hESC and -hEEP restrained the proliferative activity of mixed T lymphocytes. We conclude that heterologous expression of mHLA-G decreases immunogenicity of hESCs and their epidermal differentiated derivatives.
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Martinez-Fernandez A, Nelson TJ, Reyes S, Alekseev AE, Secreto F, Perez-Terzic C, Beraldi R, Sung HK, Nagy A, Terzic A. iPS cell-derived cardiogenicity is hindered by sustained integration of reprogramming transgenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:667-76. [PMID: 25077947 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear reprogramming inculcates pluripotent capacity by which de novo tissue differentiation is enabled. Yet, introduction of ectopic reprogramming factors may desynchronize natural developmental schedules. This study aims to evaluate the effect of imposed transgene load on the cardiogenic competency of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Targeted inclusion and exclusion of reprogramming transgenes (c-MYC, KLF4, OCT4, and SOX2) was achieved using a drug-inducible and removable cassette according to the piggyBac transposon/transposase system. Pulsed transgene overexpression, before iPS cell differentiation, hindered cardiogenic outcomes. Delayed in counterparts with maintained integrated transgenes, transgene removal enabled proficient differentiation of iPS cells into functional cardiac tissue. Transgene-free iPS cells generated reproducible beating activity with robust expression of cardiac α-actinin, connexin 43, myosin light chain 2a, α/β-myosin heavy chain, and troponin I. Although operational excitation-contraction coupling was demonstrable in the presence or absence of transgenes, factor-free derivatives exhibited an expedited maturing phenotype with canonical responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation. CONCLUSIONS A disproportionate stemness load, caused by integrated transgenes, affects the cardiogenic competency of iPS cells. Offload of transgenes in engineered iPS cells ensures integrity of cardiac developmental programs, underscoring the value of nonintegrative nuclear reprogramming for derivation of competent cardiogenic regenerative biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Martinez-Fernandez
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.)
| | - Timothy J Nelson
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.)
| | - Santiago Reyes
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.)
| | - Alexey E Alekseev
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.)
| | - Frank Secreto
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.)
| | - Carmen Perez-Terzic
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.)
| | - Rosanna Beraldi
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.)
| | - Hoon-Ki Sung
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.)
| | - Andras Nagy
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.)
| | - Andre Terzic
- From the Center for Regenerative Medicine (A.M.-F., T.J.N., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.-F., S.R., A.E.A., A.T.), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (C.P.-T.), General Internal Medicine and Transplant Center (T.J.N., F.S., R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.-K.S., A.N.).
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Directed differentiation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells identifies the transcriptional repression and epigenetic modification of NKX2-5, HAND1, and NOTCH1 in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102796. [PMID: 25050861 PMCID: PMC4106834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) remains unknown, and the lack of animal models to reconstitute the cardiac maldevelopment has hampered the study of this disease. This study investigated the altered control of transcriptional and epigenetic programs that may affect the development of HLHS by using disease-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) were isolated from patients with congenital heart diseases to generate patient-specific iPS cells. Comparative gene expression analysis of HLHS- and biventricle (BV) heart-derived iPS cells was performed to dissect the complex genetic circuits that may promote the disease phenotype. Both HLHS- and BV heart-derived CPCs were reprogrammed to generate disease-specific iPS cells, which showed characteristic human embryonic stem cell signatures, expressed pluripotency markers, and could give rise to cardiomyocytes. However, HLHS-iPS cells exhibited lower cardiomyogenic differentiation potential than BV-iPS cells. Quantitative gene expression analysis demonstrated that HLHS-derived iPS cells showed transcriptional repression of NKX2-5, reduced levels of TBX2 and NOTCH/HEY signaling, and inhibited HAND1/2 transcripts compared with control cells. Although both HLHS-derived CPCs and iPS cells showed reduced SRE and TNNT2 transcriptional activation compared with BV-derived cells, co-transfection of NKX2-5, HAND1, and NOTCH1 into HLHS-derived cells resulted in synergistic restoration of these promoters activation. Notably, gain- and loss-of-function studies revealed that NKX2-5 had a predominant impact on NPPA transcriptional activation. Moreover, differentiated HLHS-derived iPS cells showed reduced H3K4 dimethylation as well as histone H3 acetylation but increased H3K27 trimethylation to inhibit transcriptional activation on the NKX2-5 promoter. These findings suggest that patient-specific iPS cells may provide molecular insights into complex transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms, at least in part, through combinatorial expression of NKX2-5, HAND1, and NOTCH1 that coordinately contribute to cardiac malformations in HLHS.
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28
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Induced pluripotent stem cells and their implication for regenerative medicine. Cell Tissue Bank 2014; 16:171-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10561-014-9462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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29
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Martins AM, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Reis RL. The current status of iPS cells in cardiac research and their potential for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 10:177-90. [PMID: 24425421 PMCID: PMC4476262 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The recent availability of human cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells opens new opportunities to build in vitro models of cardiac disease, screening for new drugs, and patient-specific cardiac therapy. Notably, the use of iPS cells enables studies in the wide pool of genotypes and phenotypes. We describe progress in reprogramming of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells towards the cardiac lineage/differentiation. The focus is on challenges of cardiac disease modeling using iPS cells and their potential to produce safe, effective and affordable therapies/applications with the emphasis of cardiac tissue engineering. We also discuss implications of human iPS cells to biological research and some of the future needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Martins
- 3B’s Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal. ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal. ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, S. Cláudio do Barco, 4806-909 Caldas das Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal
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30
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Valamehr B, Robinson M, Abujarour R, Rezner B, Vranceanu F, Le T, Medcalf A, Lee TT, Fitch M, Robbins D, Flynn P. Platform for induction and maintenance of transgene-free hiPSCs resembling ground state pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:366-81. [PMID: 24672758 PMCID: PMC3964282 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell banking, disease modeling, and cell therapy applications have placed increasing demands on hiPSC technology. Specifically, the high-throughput derivation of footprint-free hiPSCs and their expansion in systems that allow scaled production remains technically challenging. Here, we describe a platform for the rapid, parallel generation, selection, and expansion of hiPSCs using small molecule pathway inhibitors in stage-specific media compositions. The platform supported efficient and expedited episomal reprogramming using just OCT4/SOX2/SV40LT combination (0.5%-4.0%, between days 12 and 16) in a completely feeder-free environment. The resulting hiPSCs are transgene-free, readily cultured, and expanded as single cells while maintaining a homogeneous and genomically stable pluripotent population. hiPSCs generated or maintained in the media compositions described exhibit properties associated with the ground state of pluripotency. The simplicity and robustness of the system allow for the high-throughput generation and rapid expansion of a uniform hiPSC product that is applicable to industrial and clinical-grade use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Valamehr
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Megan Robinson
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ramzey Abujarour
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Betsy Rezner
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Florin Vranceanu
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Thuy Le
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Amanda Medcalf
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Tom Tong Lee
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Michael Fitch
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - David Robbins
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Peter Flynn
- Fate Therapeutics, Inc., 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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31
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Abstract
Cardiac regeneration strategies and de novo generation of cardiomyocytes have long been significant areas of research interest in cardiovascular medicine. In this review, we outline a variety of common cell sources and methods used to regenerate cardiomyocytes and highlight the important role that key Circulation Research articles have played in this flourishing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Matsa
- From the Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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32
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Abstract
Recent advances in the burgeoning field of genome engineering are accelerating the realization of personalized therapeutics for cardiovascular disease. In the postgenomic era, sequence-specific gene-editing tools enable the functional analysis of genetic alterations implicated in disease. In partnership with high-throughput model systems, efficient gene manipulation provides an increasingly powerful toolkit to study phenotypes associated with patient-specific genetic defects. Herein, this review emphasizes the latest developments in genome engineering and how applications within the field are transforming our understanding of personalized medicine with an emphasis on cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarryd M Campbell
- Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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33
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Navarrete EG, Liang P, Lan F, Sanchez-Freire V, Simmons C, Gong T, Sharma A, Burridge PW, Patlolla B, Lee AS, Wu H, Beygui RE, Wu SM, Robbins RC, Bers DM, Wu JC. Screening drug-induced arrhythmia [corrected] using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and low-impedance microelectrode arrays. Circulation 2013; 128:S3-13. [PMID: 24030418 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-induced arrhythmia is one of the most common causes of drug development failure and withdrawal from market. This study tested whether human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) combined with a low-impedance microelectrode array (MEA) system could improve on industry-standard preclinical cardiotoxicity screening methods, identify the effects of well-characterized drugs, and elucidate underlying risk factors for drug-induced arrhythmia. hiPSC-CMs may be advantageous over immortalized cell lines because they possess similar functional characteristics as primary human cardiomyocytes and can be generated in unlimited quantities. METHODS AND RESULTS Pharmacological responses of beating embryoid bodies exposed to a comprehensive panel of drugs at 65 to 95 days postinduction were determined. Responses of hiPSC-CMs to drugs were qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with the reported drug effects in literature. Torsadogenic hERG blockers, such as sotalol and quinidine, produced statistically and physiologically significant effects, consistent with patch-clamp studies, on human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes hESC-CMs. False-negative and false-positive hERG blockers were identified accurately. Consistent with published studies using animal models, early afterdepolarizations and ectopic beats were observed in 33% and 40% of embryoid bodies treated with sotalol and quinidine, respectively, compared with negligible early afterdepolarizations and ectopic beats in untreated controls. CONCLUSIONS We found that drug-induced arrhythmias can be recapitulated in hiPSC-CMs and documented with low impedance MEA. Our data indicate that the MEA/hiPSC-CM assay is a sensitive, robust, and efficient platform for testing drug effectiveness and for arrhythmia screening. This system may hold great potential for reducing drug development costs and may provide significant advantages over current industry standard assays that use immortalized cell lines or animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique G Navarrete
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (E.G.N., P.L., F.L., V.S.-F., T.G., A.S., P.W.B., A.S.L., H.W., S.M.W., J.C.W.); Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA (E.G.N., P.L., F.L., V.S.-F., T.G., A.S., P.W.B., A.S.L., H.W., S.M.W.); Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA (E.G.N., P.L., F.L., V.S.-F., C.S., T.G., P.W.B., B.P., A.S.L., H.W., R.E.B., S.M.W., R.C.R., J.C.W.); Department of Radiology, Stanford, CA (E.G.N., P.L., F.L., V.S.-F., T.G., P.W.B., A.S.L., H.W., J.C.W.); School of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford, CA (C.S.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford, CA (B.P., R.E.B., R.C.R.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA (D.M.B.)
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Potential of cardiac stem/progenitor cells and induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiac repair in ischaemic heart disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 125:319-27. [PMID: 23746375 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for cardiac and vascular repair. The ultimate goal is to rebuild functional myocardium by transplanting exogenous stem cells or by activating native stem cells to induce endogenous repair. CS/PCs (cardiac stem/progenitor cells) are one type of adult stem cell with the potential to differentiate into cardiac lineages (cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells). iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells) also have the capacity to differentiate into necessary cells to rebuild injured cardiac tissue. Both types of stem cells have brought promise for cardiac repair. The present review summarizes recent advances in cardiac cell therapy based on these two cell sources and discusses the advantages and limitations of each candidate. We conclude that, although both types of stem cells can be considered for autologous transplantation with promising outcomes in animal models, CS/PCs have advanced more in their clinical application because iPSCs and their derivatives possess inherent obstacles for clinical use. Further studies are needed to move cell therapy forward for the treatment of heart disease.
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35
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Jahnke HG, Steel D, Fleischer S, Seidel D, Kurz R, Vinz S, Dahlenborg K, Sartipy P, Robitzki AA. A novel 3D label-free monitoring system of hES-derived cardiomyocyte clusters: a step forward to in vitro cardiotoxicity testing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68971. [PMID: 23861955 PMCID: PMC3704625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unexpected adverse effects on the cardiovascular system remain a major challenge in the development of novel active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). To overcome the current limitations of animal-based in vitro and in vivo test systems, stem cell derived human cardiomyocyte clusters (hCMC) offer the opportunity for highly predictable pre-clinical testing. The three-dimensional structure of hCMC appears more representative of tissue milieu than traditional monolayer cell culture. However, there is a lack of long-term, real time monitoring systems for tissue-like cardiac material. To address this issue, we have developed a microcavity array (MCA)-based label-free monitoring system that eliminates the need for critical hCMC adhesion and outgrowth steps. In contrast, feasible field potential derived action potential recording is possible immediately after positioning within the microcavity. Moreover, this approach allows extended observation of adverse effects on hCMC. For the first time, we describe herein the monitoring of hCMC over 35 days while preserving the hCMC structure and electrophysiological characteristics. Furthermore, we demonstrated the sensitive detection and quantification of adverse API effects using E4031, doxorubicin, and noradrenaline directly on unaltered 3D cultures. The MCA system provides multi-parameter analysis capabilities incorporating field potential recording, impedance spectroscopy, and optical read-outs on individual clusters giving a comprehensive insight into induced cellular alterations within a complex cardiac culture over days or even weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Tecnology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Fleischer
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Tecnology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Diana Seidel
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Tecnology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Randy Kurz
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Tecnology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Silvia Vinz
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Tecnology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Peter Sartipy
- Cellectis Stem Cells, Cellartis AB, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Andrea A. Robitzki
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Tecnology, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Lan F, Lee AS, Liang P, Sanchez-Freire V, Nguyen PK, Wang L, Han L, Yen M, Wang Y, Sun N, Abilez OJ, Hu S, Ebert AD, Navarrete EG, Simmons CS, Wheeler M, Pruitt B, Lewis R, Yamaguchi Y, Ashley EA, Bers DM, Robbins RC, Longaker MT, Wu JC. Abnormal calcium handling properties underlie familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy pathology in patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 12:101-13. [PMID: 23290139 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a prevalent hereditary cardiac disorder linked to arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. While the causes of HCM have been identified as genetic mutations in the cardiac sarcomere, the pathways by which sarcomeric mutations engender myocyte hypertrophy and electrophysiological abnormalities are not understood. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying HCM development, we generated patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) from a ten-member family cohort carrying a hereditary HCM missense mutation (Arg663His) in the MYH7 gene. Diseased iPSC-CMs recapitulated numerous aspects of the HCM phenotype including cellular enlargement and contractile arrhythmia at the single-cell level. Calcium (Ca(2+)) imaging indicated dysregulation of Ca(2+) cycling and elevation in intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) are central mechanisms for disease pathogenesis. Pharmacological restoration of Ca(2+) homeostasis prevented development of hypertrophy and electrophysiological irregularities. We anticipate that these findings will help elucidate the mechanisms underlying HCM development and identify novel therapies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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de Almeida PE, Ransohoff JD, Nahid A, Wu JC. Immunogenicity of pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives. Circ Res 2013; 112:549-61. [PMID: 23371903 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.249243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of pluripotent stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all somatic cell types brings great prospects to regenerative medicine and human health. However, before clinical applications, much translational research is necessary to ensure that their therapeutic progenies are functional and nontumorigenic, that they are stable and do not dedifferentiate, and that they do not elicit immune responses that could threaten their survival in vivo. For this, an in-depth understanding of their biology, genetic, and epigenetic make-up and of their antigenic repertoire is critical for predicting their immunogenicity and for developing strategies needed to assure successful long-term engraftment. Recently, the expectation that reprogrammed somatic cells would provide an autologous cell therapy for personalized medicine has been questioned. Induced pluripotent stem cells display several genetic and epigenetic abnormalities that could promote tumorigenicity and immunogenicity in vivo. Understanding the persistence and effects of these abnormalities in induced pluripotent stem cell derivatives is critical to allow clinicians to predict graft fate after transplantation, and to take requisite measures to prevent immune rejection. With clinical trials of pluripotent stem cell therapy on the horizon, the importance of understanding immunologic barriers and devising safe, effective strategies to bypass them is further underscored. This approach to overcome immunologic barriers to stem cell therapy can take advantage of the validated knowledge acquired from decades of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E de Almeida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA
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38
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Circulation Research
Thematic Synopsis. Circ Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.281113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Li W, Xiang AP. Safeguarding clinical translation of pluripotent stem cells with suicide genes. Organogenesis 2013; 9:34-9. [PMID: 23511011 DOI: 10.4161/org.24317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) opens a new avenue in regenerative medicine. However, transplantation of hiPSC-derived cells carries a risk of tumor formation by residual pluripotent stem cells. Numerous adaptive strategies have been developed to prevent or minimize adverse events and control the in vivo behavior of transplanted stem cells and their progeny. Among them, the application of suicide gene modifications, which is conceptually similar to cancer gene therapy, is considered an ideal means to control wayward stem cell progeny in vivo. In this review, the choices of vectors, promoters, and genes for use in suicide gene approaches for improving the safety of hiPSCs-based cell therapy are introduced and possible new strategies for improvements are discussed. Safety-enhancing strategies that can selectively ablate undifferentiated cells without inducing virus infection or insertional mutations may greatly aid in translating human pluripotent stem cells into cell therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Li
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong P.R. China
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40
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Trokovic R, Weltner J, Manninen T, Mikkola M, Lundin K, Hämäläinen R, Suomalainen A, Otonkoski T. Small Molecule Inhibitors Promote Efficient Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells From Human Skeletal Myoblasts. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:114-23. [PMID: 22671711 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ras Trokovic
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jere Weltner
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Manninen
- Research Program of Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milla Mikkola
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karolina Lundin
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Hämäläinen
- Research Program of Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Research Program of Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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41
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Lieu DK, Turnbull IC, Costa KD, Li RA. Engineered human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac cells and tissues for electrophysiological studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 9:e209-e217. [PMID: 29422934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human cardiomyocytes (CMs) do not proliferate in culture and are difficult to obtain for practical reasons. As such, our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the physiological and pathophysiological development of the human heart is mostly extrapolated from studies of the mouse and other animal models or heterologus expression of defective gene product(s) in non-human cells. Although these studies provided numerous important insights, much of the exact behavior in human cells remains unexplored given that significant species differences exist. With the derivation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients with underlying heart disease, a source of human CMs for disease modeling, cardiotoxicity screening and drug discovery is now available. In this review, we focus our discussion on the use of hESC/ iPSC-derived cardiac cells and tissues for studying various heart rhythm disorders and the associated pro-arrhythmogenic properties in relation to advancements in electrophysiology and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K Lieu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Irene C Turnbull
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kevin D Costa
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ronald A Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Department of Physiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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42
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Huang C, Wu JC. Epigenetic Modulations of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Novel Therapies and Disease Models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 9:e153-e160. [PMID: 23646061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology hold promise for novel cell-based therapies as well as for effective drug development. The therapeutic potential of iPSCs makes it important to understand the reprogramming mechanisms and iPSC differentiation process. Epigenetic states that mediate exogenous stimulations on cell-intrinsic transcriptional features play a key role in iPSCs. This review focuses on epigenetic mechanisms that control iPSC pluripotency and differentiation. We discuss the potential application of epigenetic modulations in development of iPSC-based therapies and disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyang Huang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA ; Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA ; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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43
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Plews JR, Gu M, Longaker MT, Wu JC. Large animal induced pluripotent stem cells as pre-clinical models for studying human disease. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1196-202. [PMID: 22212700 PMCID: PMC3340484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The derivation of human embryonic stem cells and subsequently human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has energized regenerative medicine research and enabled seemingly limitless applications. Although small animal models, such as mouse models, have played an important role in the progression of the field, typically, they are poor representations of the human disease phenotype. As an alternative, large animal models should be explored as a potentially better approach for clinical translation of cellular therapies. However, only fragmented information regarding the derivation, characterization and clinical usefulness of pluripotent large animal cells is currently available. Here, we briefly review the latest advances regarding the derivation and use of large animal iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Plews
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Zhang P, Su J, Mende U. Cross talk between cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts: from multiscale investigative approaches to mechanisms and functional consequences. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H1385-96. [PMID: 23064834 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01167.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The heart is comprised of a syncytium of cardiac myocytes (CM) and surrounding nonmyocytes, the majority of which are cardiac fibroblasts (CF). CM and CF are highly interspersed in the myocardium with one CM being surrounded by one or more CF. Bidirectional cross talk between CM and CF plays important roles in determining cardiac mechanical and electrical function in both normal and diseased hearts. Genetically engineered animal models and in vitro studies have provided evidence that CM and CF can regulate each other's function. Their cross talk contributes to structural and electrical remodeling in both atria and ventricles and appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of various heart diseases that lead to heart failure and arrhythmia disorders. Mechanisms of CM-CF cross talk, which are not yet fully understood, include release of paracrine factors, direct cell-cell interactions via gap junctions and potentially adherens junctions and nanotubes, and cell interactions with the extracellular matrix. In this article, we provide an overview of the existing multiscale experimental and computational approaches for the investigation of cross talk between CM and CF and review recent progress in our understanding of the functional consequences and underlying mechanisms. Targeting cross talk between CM and CF could potentially be used therapeutically for the modulation of the cardiac remodeling response in the diseased heart and may lead to new strategies for the treatment of heart failure or rhythm disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, USA
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Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great hopes for therapeutic application in various diseases. Although ongoing research is dedicated to achieving clinical translation of iPSCs, further understanding of the mechanisms that underlie complex pathogenic conditions is required. Compared with other classical models for studying diseases, iPSCs provide considerable advantages. A newly emerging application of iPSCs is in vitro disease modeling, which can significantly improve the never-ending search for new pharmacological cures. Here, we will discuss current efforts to create iPSC-dependent patient-specific disease models. Furthermore, we will review the use of iPSCs for development and testing of new therapeutic agents and the implications for high-throughput drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje D. Ebert
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Joseph C. Wu
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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46
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Wang Y, Zhang WY, Hu S, Lan F, Lee AS, Huber B, Lisowski L, Liang P, Huang M, de Almeida PE, Won JH, Sun N, Robbins RC, Kay MA, Urnov FD, Wu JC. Genome editing of human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells with zinc finger nucleases for cellular imaging. Circ Res 2012; 111:1494-503. [PMID: 22967807 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.274969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Molecular imaging has proven to be a vital tool in the characterization of stem cell behavior in vivo. However, the integration of reporter genes has typically relied on random integration, a method that is associated with unwanted insertional mutagenesis and positional effects on transgene expression. OBJECTIVE To address this barrier, we used genome editing with zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) technology to integrate reporter genes into a safe harbor gene locus (PPP1R12C, also known as AAVS1) in the genome of human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells for molecular imaging. METHODS AND RESULTS We used ZFN technology to integrate a construct containing monomeric red fluorescent protein, firefly luciferase, and herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase reporter genes driven by a constitutive ubiquitin promoter into a safe harbor locus for fluorescence imaging, bioluminescence imaging, and positron emission tomography imaging, respectively. High efficiency of ZFN-mediated targeted integration was achieved in both human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. ZFN-edited cells maintained both pluripotency and long-term reporter gene expression. Functionally, we successfully tracked the survival of ZFN-edited human embryonic stem cells and their differentiated cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells in murine models, demonstrating the use of ZFN-edited cells for preclinical studies in regenerative medicine. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates a novel application of ZFN technology to the targeted genetic engineering of human pluripotent stem cells and their progeny for molecular imaging in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Hoekstra M, Mummery CL, Wilde AAM, Bezzina CR, Verkerk AO. Induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes as models for cardiac arrhythmias. Front Physiol 2012; 3:346. [PMID: 23015789 PMCID: PMC3449331 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In younger patients, the majority of sudden cardiac deaths have an underlying Mendelian genetic cause. Over the last 15 years, enormous progress has been made in identifying the distinct clinical phenotypes and in studying the basic cellular and genetic mechanisms associated with the primary Mendelian (monogenic) arrhythmia syndromes. Investigation of the electrophysiological consequences of an ion channel mutation is ideally done in the native cardiomyocyte (CM) environment. However, the majority of such studies so far have relied on heterologous expression systems in which single ion channel genes are expressed in non-cardiac cells. In some cases, transgenic mouse models have been generated, but these also have significant shortcomings, primarily related to species differences. The discovery that somatic cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotency as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has generated much interest since it presents an opportunity to generate patient- and disease-specific cell lines from which normal and diseased human CMs can be obtained These genetically diverse human model systems can be studied in vitro and used to decipher mechanisms of disease and identify strategies and reagents for new therapies. Here, we review the present state of the art with respect to cardiac disease models already generated using IPSC technology and which have been (partially) characterized. Human iPSC (hiPSC) models have been described for the cardiac arrhythmia syndromes, including LQT1, LQT2, LQT3-Brugada Syndrome, LQT8/Timothy syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). In most cases, the hiPSC-derived cardiomyoctes recapitulate the disease phenotype and have already provided opportunities for novel insight into cardiac pathophysiology. It is expected that the lines will be useful in the development of pharmacological agents for the management of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Hoekstra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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48
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Gu M, Nguyen PK, Lee AS, Xu D, Hu S, Plews JR, Han L, Huber BC, Lee WH, Gong Y, de Almeida PE, Lyons J, Ikeno F, Pacharinsak C, Connolly AJ, Gambhir SS, Robbins RC, Longaker MT, Wu JC. Microfluidic single-cell analysis shows that porcine induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells improve myocardial function by paracrine activation. Circ Res 2012; 111:882-93. [PMID: 22821929 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.269001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for the development of patient-specific therapies for cardiovascular disease. However, clinical translation will require preclinical optimization and validation of large-animal iPSC models. OBJECTIVE To successfully derive endothelial cells from porcine iPSCs and demonstrate their potential utility for the treatment of myocardial ischemia. METHODS AND RESULTS Porcine adipose stromal cells were reprogrammed to generate porcine iPSCs (piPSCs). Immunohistochemistry, quantitative PCR, microarray hybridization, and angiogenic assays confirmed that piPSC-derived endothelial cells (piPSC-ECs) shared similar morphological and functional properties as endothelial cells isolated from the autologous pig aorta. To demonstrate their therapeutic potential, piPSC-ECs were transplanted into mice with myocardial infarction. Compared with control, animals transplanted with piPSC-ECs showed significant functional improvement measured by echocardiography (fractional shortening at week 4: 27.2±1.3% versus 22.3±1.1%; P<0.001) and MRI (ejection fraction at week 4: 45.8±1.3% versus 42.3±0.9%; P<0.05). Quantitative protein assays and microfluidic single-cell PCR profiling showed that piPSC-ECs released proangiogenic and antiapoptotic factors in the ischemic microenvironment, which promoted neovascularization and cardiomyocyte survival, respectively. Release of paracrine factors varied significantly among subpopulations of transplanted cells, suggesting that transplantation of specific cell populations may result in greater functional recovery. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this is the first study to successfully differentiate piPSCs-ECs from piPSCs and demonstrate that transplantation of piPSC-ECs improved cardiac function after myocardial infarction via paracrine activation. Further development of these large animal iPSC models will yield significant insights into their therapeutic potential and accelerate the clinical translation of autologous iPSC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Gu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Gnecchi M, Schwartz PJ. The unstoppable attraction for induced pluripotent stem cells: are they the magic bullet for modeling inherited arrhythmogenic diseases? J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:1001-4. [PMID: 22749307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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50
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Matsa E, Denning C. In Vitro Uses of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:581-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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