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Dunaway LS, Saii K, LoBue A, Nyshadham S, Abib N, Heuser SK, Loeb SA, Simonsen U, Cortese-Krott MM, Isakson BE. The hemodynamic response to nitrite is acute and dependent upon tissue perfusion. Nitric Oxide 2024; 150:47-52. [PMID: 39097183 PMCID: PMC11330714 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
In the vasculature, nitric oxide (NO) is produced in the endothelium by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and is critical for the regulation of blood flow and blood pressure. Blood flow may also be regulated by the formation of nitrite-derived NO catalyzed by hemoproteins under hypoxic conditions. We sought to investigate whether nitrite administration may affect tissue perfusion and systemic hemodynamics in WT and eNOS knockout mice. We found that global eNOS KO mice show decreased tissue perfusion compared to WT mice by using laser speckle contrast imaging. To study both the acute and long-term effects of sodium nitrite (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg) on peripheral blood flow and systemic blood pressure, a bolus of nitrite was delivered intraperitoneally every 24 h over 4 consecutive days. We found that nitrite administration resulted in a dose-dependent and acute increase in peripheral blood flow in eNOS KO mice but had no effects in WT mice. The nitrite induced changes in tissue perfusion were transient, as determined by intraindividual comparisons of tissue perfusion 24-h after injection. Accordingly, 10 mg/kg sodium nitrite acutely decreased blood pressure in eNOS KO mice but not in WT mice as determined by invasive Millar catheterization. Interestingly, we found the vasodilatory effects of nitrite to be inversely correlated to baseline tissue perfusion. These results demonstrate the nitrite acutely recovers hypoperfusion and hypertension in global eNOS KO mice and suggest the vasodilatory actions of nitrite are dependent upon tissue hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke S Dunaway
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Germany
| | - Khatera Saii
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Germany
| | - Anthea LoBue
- Myocardial Infarction Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Angiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany
| | - Shruthi Nyshadham
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Germany
| | - Nasim Abib
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Germany
| | - Sophia K Heuser
- Myocardial Infarction Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Angiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany
| | - Skylar A Loeb
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Germany; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Germany
| | - Ulf Simonsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Germany
| | - Miriam M Cortese-Krott
- Myocardial Infarction Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Angiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Germany; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Germany.
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Ferrer MD, Reynés C, Jiménez L, Malagraba G, Monserrat-Mesquida M, Bouzas C, Sureda A, Tur JA, Pons A. Nitrite Attenuates the In Vitro Inflammatory Response of Immune Cells to the SARS-CoV-2 S Protein without Interfering in the Antioxidant Enzyme Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3001. [PMID: 38474248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 induces a hyperinflammatory reaction due to the excessive release of cytokines during the immune response. The bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contributes to the low-grade inflammation associated with the metabolic syndrome, enhancing the hyperinflammatory reaction induced by the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The intake of sodium nitrate, a precursor of nitrite and nitric oxide, influences the antioxidant and pro-inflammatory gene expression profile after immune stimulation with LPS in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from metabolic syndrome patients. We aimed to assess the inflammatory and antioxidant responses of immune cells from metabolic syndrome patients to exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein) together with LPS and the effect of nitrite in these responses. Whole blood samples obtained from six metabolic syndrome patients were cultured for 16 h at 37 °C with four different media: control medium, control medium plus LPS (100 ng/mL), control medium plus LPS (100 ng/mL) plus S protein (10 ng/mL), and control medium plus LPS (100 ng/mL) plus S protein (10 ng/mL) plus nitrite (5 µM). Immune stimulation with the LPS/S protein enhanced nitrate biosynthesis from nitrite oxidation and probably from additional organic precursors. In vitro incubations with the LPS/S protein enhanced the expression and/or release of pro-inflammatory TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, and TLR4, as well as the expression of the anti-inflammatory IL-1ra and IL-10 and antioxidant enzymes. Nitrite attenuated the pro- and anti-inflammatory response induced by the S protein without interfering with the activation of TLR4 and antioxidant enzyme expression, raising the possibility that nitrite could have potential as a coadjutant in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel D Ferrer
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Clara Reynés
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Laura Jiménez
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Gianluca Malagraba
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Margalida Monserrat-Mesquida
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Bouzas
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep A Tur
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Pons
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Jimenez J, Dubey P, Carter B, Koomen JM, Markowitz J. A metabolic perspective on nitric oxide function in melanoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189038. [PMID: 38061664 PMCID: PMC11380350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) generated from nitric oxide synthase (NOS) exerts a dichotomous effect in melanoma, suppressing or promoting tumor progression. This dichotomy is thought to depend on the intracellular NO concentration and the cell type in which it is generated. Due to its central role in the metabolism of multiple critical constituents involved in signaling and stress, it is crucial to explore NO's contribution to the metabolic dysfunction of melanoma. This review will discuss many known metabolites linked to NO production in melanoma. We discuss the synthesis of these metabolites, their role in biochemical pathways, and how they alter the biological processes observed in the melanoma tumor microenvironment. The metabolic pathways altered by NO and the corresponding metabolites reinforce its dual role in melanoma and support investigating this effect for potential avenues of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jimenez
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani School of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Parul Dubey
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bethany Carter
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John M Koomen
- Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Joseph Markowitz
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani School of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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4
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Wu J, Jia J, Ji D, Jiao W, Huang Z, Zhang Y. Advances in nitric oxide regulators for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 262:115912. [PMID: 37931330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a life-threatening disease worldwide. Nitric oxide (NO) derived from l-arginine catalyzed by NO synthase (NOS) is closely associated with IS. Three isomers of NOS (nNOS, eNOS and iNOS) produce different concentrations of NO, resulting in quite unlike effects during IS. Of them, n/iNOSs generate high levels of NO, detrimental to brain by causing nerve cell apoptosis and/or necrosis, whereas eNOS releases small amounts of NO, beneficial to the brain via increasing cerebral blood flow and improving nerve function. As a result, a large variety of NO regulators (NO donors or n/iNOS inhibitors) have been developed for fighting IS. Regrettably, up to now, no review systematically introduces the progresses in this area. This article first outlines dynamic variation rule of NOS/NO in IS, subsequently highlights advances in NO regulators against IS, and finally presents perspectives based on concentration-, site- and timing-effects of NO production to promote this field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jian Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Novel Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Duorui Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Weijie Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhangjian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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5
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DeMartino AW, Poudel L, Dent MR, Chen X, Xu Q, Gladwin BS, Tejero J, Basu S, Alipour E, Jiang Y, Rose JJ, Gladwin MT, Kim-Shapiro DB. Thiol-catalyzed formation of NO-ferroheme regulates intravascular NO signaling. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:1256-1266. [PMID: 37710075 PMCID: PMC10897909 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenously produced signaling molecule that regulates blood flow and platelet activation. However, intracellular and intravascular diffusion of NO are limited by scavenging reactions with several hemoproteins, raising questions as to how free NO can signal in hemoprotein-rich environments. We explore the hypothesis that NO can be stabilized as a labile ferrous heme-nitrosyl complex (Fe2+-NO, NO-ferroheme). We observe a reaction between NO, labile ferric heme (Fe3+) and reduced thiols to yield NO-ferroheme and a thiyl radical. This thiol-catalyzed reductive nitrosylation occurs when heme is solubilized in lipophilic environments such as red blood cell membranes or bound to serum albumin. The resulting NO-ferroheme resists oxidative inactivation, is soluble in cell membranes and is transported intravascularly by albumin to promote potent vasodilation. We therefore provide an alternative route for NO delivery from erythrocytes and blood via transfer of NO-ferroheme and activation of apo-soluble guanylyl cyclase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W DeMartino
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laxman Poudel
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Matthew R Dent
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiukai Chen
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qinzi Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brendan S Gladwin
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jesús Tejero
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Swati Basu
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Elmira Alipour
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yiyang Jiang
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jason J Rose
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Daniel B Kim-Shapiro
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
- Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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6
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Houston M, Chen C, D'Adamo CR, Papathanassiu AE, Green SJ. Effects of S-Allylcysteine-Rich Garlic Extract and Dietary Inorganic Nitrate Formula on Blood Pressure and Salivary Nitric Oxide: An Open-Label Clinical Trial Among Hypertensive Subjects. Cureus 2023; 15:e45369. [PMID: 37849591 PMCID: PMC10578647 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The conversion of dietary inorganic nitrate (NO3-) to nitric oxide (NO) is a non-canonical pathway that plays an important role in NO biology, especially under pathological conditions. Inorganic NO3- supplementation is a proven method for controlling mild hypertension. Recent reports have suggested that another gaseous transmitter, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), influences NO biosynthesis and metabolism. Here, data are presented from an open-label clinical trial examining the effect of an encapsulated formulation (Vascanox® HP) that combines dietary sources of inorganic NO3- and S-allylcysteine (SAC), a source of H2S from garlic, on NO bioavailability and blood pressure in subjects experiencing elevated blood pressure or mild hypertension. METHODS An open-label clinical trial was conducted among patients with hypertension. Participants took Vascanox® for four weeks. Blood pressure was measured at baseline, two weeks, and four weeks. Salivary nitrite (NO2-), a surrogate of NO bioavailability, and NO3- were assessed prior to and two, six, and 24 hours after dosing on the first day of the study and prior to and two hours after dosing at subsequent study visits using saliva NO test strips. Changes in study outcomes over time were evaluated via analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t-tests. RESULTS Twelve participants completed the clinical trial. Vascanox® HP decreased systolic blood pressure by ~11 mmHg (p < 0.001) at two weeks and persisted beyond four weeks with daily supplementation. It also decreased the diastolic blood pressure of hypertensive subjects but not normotensive ones. The magnitude of the decrease was 11 mmHg (p < 0.01) at four weeks of study. Measurements of salivary concentrations of NO2- revealed high peak levels (743 uM) at two hours post-administration and a slow decay to elevated levels (348 uM) at 24 hours. NO2- salivary concentrations, a surrogate biomarker of NO bioavailability, remained above baseline for the duration of the study. CONCLUSIONS Vascanox® HP was shown to be a safe, effective, quick-acting, and long-lasting dietary supplement for controlling mild hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Houston
- Cardiology, Hypertension Institute at Saint Thomas West Hospital, Nashville, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Nutrition, Calroy Health Sciences, Greensboro, USA
| | - Christopher R D'Adamo
- Family and Community Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Shawn J Green
- Cardiology, Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Medical Center, Torrance, USA
- Nutrition, MyFitStrip, Rockville, USA
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Macuh M, Kojić N, Knap B. The Effects of Nitrate Supplementation on Performance as a Function of Habitual Dietary Intake of Nitrates: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Elite Football Players. Nutrients 2023; 15:3721. [PMID: 37686753 PMCID: PMC10489871 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrates are an effective ergogenic supplement; however, the effects of nitrate supplements based on habitual dietary nitrate intake through diet alone are not well understood. We aimed to assess this in a group of 15 highly trained football players from Slovenian football's First Division. Participants underwent two separate Cooper performance tests either with nitrate supplementation (400 mg nitrates) or placebo while having their nutrition assessed for nitrate intake, as well as energy and macronutrient intake. Nitrate supplementation had a statistically significant positive effect on performance if baseline dietary nitrate intake was below 300 mg (p = 0.0104) in both the placebo and intervention groups. No effects of nitrate supplementation when baseline dietary nitrate intake was higher than 300 mg in the placebo group could be concluded due to the small sample size. Nitrate supplementation did not have a significant effect on perceived exertion. The daily nitrate intake of the participants was measured at 165 mg, with the majority of nitrates coming from nitrate-rich vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Macuh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 10, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nenad Kojić
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 10, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Knap
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova ulica 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Maia LB. Bringing Nitric Oxide to the Molybdenum World-A Personal Perspective. Molecules 2023; 28:5819. [PMID: 37570788 PMCID: PMC10420851 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Molybdenum-containing enzymes of the xanthine oxidase (XO) family are well known to catalyse oxygen atom transfer reactions, with the great majority of the characterised enzymes catalysing the insertion of an oxygen atom into the substrate. Although some family members are known to catalyse the "reverse" reaction, the capability to abstract an oxygen atom from the substrate molecule is not generally recognised for these enzymes. Hence, it was with surprise and scepticism that the "molybdenum community" noticed the reports on the mammalian XO capability to catalyse the oxygen atom abstraction of nitrite to form nitric oxide (NO). The lack of precedent for a molybdenum- (or tungsten) containing nitrite reductase on the nitrogen biogeochemical cycle contributed also to the scepticism. It took several kinetic, spectroscopic and mechanistic studies on enzymes of the XO family and also of sulfite oxidase and DMSO reductase families to finally have wide recognition of the molybdoenzymes' ability to form NO from nitrite. Herein, integrated in a collection of "personal views" edited by Professor Ralf Mendel, is an overview of my personal journey on the XO and aldehyde oxidase-catalysed nitrite reduction to NO. The main research findings and the path followed to establish XO and AO as competent nitrite reductases are reviewed. The evidence suggesting that these enzymes are probable players of the mammalian NO metabolism is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa B Maia
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT NOVA), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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9
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Vaz-Salvador P, Adão R, Vasconcelos I, Leite-Moreira AF, Brás-Silva C. Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: a Pharmacotherapeutic Update. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023; 37:815-832. [PMID: 35098432 PMCID: PMC8801287 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-021-07306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While guidelines for management of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) are consensual and have led to improved survival, treatment options for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remain limited and aim primarily for symptom relief and improvement of quality of life. Due to the shortage of therapeutic options, several drugs have been investigated in multiple clinical trials. The majority of these trials have reported disappointing results and have suggested that HFpEF might not be as simply described by ejection fraction as previously though. In fact, HFpEF is a complex clinical syndrome with various comorbidities and overlapping distinct phenotypes that could benefit from personalized therapeutic approaches. This review summarizes the results from the most recent phase III clinical trials for HFpEF and the most promising drugs arising from phase II trials as well as the various challenges that are currently holding back the development of new pharmacotherapeutic options for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Vaz-Salvador
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center - UnIC, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Adão
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center - UnIC, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Vasconcelos
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center - UnIC, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adelino F. Leite-Moreira
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center - UnIC, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Brás-Silva
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center - UnIC, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 823 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
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10
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Muskat JC, Babbs CF, Goergen CJ, Rayz VL. Transport of nitrite from large arteries modulates regional blood flow during stress and exercise. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1146717. [PMID: 37378407 PMCID: PMC10291090 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1146717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute cardiovascular stress increases systemic wall shear stress (WSS)-a frictional force exerted by the flow of blood on vessel walls-which raises plasma nitrite concentration due to enhanced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. Upstream eNOS inhibition modulates distal perfusion, and autonomic stress increases both the consumption and vasodilatory effects of endogenous nitrite. Plasma nitrite maintains vascular homeostasis during exercise and disruption of nitrite bioavailability can lead to intermittent claudication. Hypothesis During acute cardiovascular stress or strenuous exercise, we hypothesize enhanced production of nitric oxide (NO) by vascular endothelial cells raises nitrite concentrations in near-wall layers of flowing blood, resulting in cumulative NO concentrations in downstream arterioles sufficient for vasodilation. Confirmation and implications Utilizing a multiscale model of nitrite transport in bifurcating arteries, we tested the hypothesis for femoral artery flow under resting and exercised states of cardiovascular stress. Results indicate intravascular transport of nitrite from upstream endothelium could result in vasodilator-active levels of nitrite in downstream resistance vessels. The hypothesis could be confirmed utilizing artery-on-a-chip technology to measure NO production rates directly and help validate numerical model predictions. Further characterization of this mechanism may improve our understanding of symptomatic peripheral artery occlusive disease and exercise physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Muskat
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - C. F. Babbs
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - C. J. Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - V. L. Rayz
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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11
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da Silva DVT, Baião DDS, Almeida CC, Paschoalin VMF. A Critical Review on Vasoactive Nutrients for the Management of Endothelial Dysfunction and Arterial Stiffness in Individuals under Cardiovascular Risk. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112618. [PMID: 37299579 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathophysiological conditions such as endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness, characterized by low nitric oxide bioavailability, deficient endothelium-dependent vasodilation and heart effort, predispose individuals to atherosclerotic lesions and cardiac events. Nitrate (NO3-), L-arginine, L-citrulline and potassium (K+) can mitigate arterial dysfunction and stiffness by intensifying NO bioavailability. Dietary compounds such as L-arginine, L-citrulline, NO3- and K+ exert vasoactive effects as demonstrated in clinical interventions by noninvasive flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) and pulse-wave velocity (PWV) prognostic techniques. Daily L-arginine intakes ranging from 4.5 to 21 g lead to increased FMD and reduced PWV responses. Isolated L-citrulline intake of at least 5.6 g has a better effect compared to watermelon extract, which is only effective on endothelial function when supplemented for longer than 6 weeks and contains at least 6 g of L-citrulline. NO3- supplementation employing beetroot at doses greater than 370 mg promotes hemodynamic effects through the NO3--NO2-/NO pathway, a well-documented effect. A potassium intake of 1.5 g/day can restore endothelial function and arterial mobility, where decreased vascular tone takes place via ATPase pump/hyperpolarization and natriuresis, leading to muscle relaxation and NO release. These dietary interventions, alone or synergically, can ameliorate endothelial dysfunction and should be considered as adjuvant therapies in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi Vieira Teixeira da Silva
- Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, sala 545, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
| | - Diego Dos Santos Baião
- Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, sala 545, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cristine Couto Almeida
- Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, sala 545, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vania Margaret Flosi Paschoalin
- Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, sala 545, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
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12
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Ortega-Trejo JA, Bobadilla NA. Is Renal Ischemic Preconditioning an Alternative to Ameliorate the Short- and Long-Term Consequences of Acute Kidney Injury? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098345. [PMID: 37176051 PMCID: PMC10178892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a global health problem and has recently been recognized as a risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). Unfortunately, there are no effective treatments to reduce or prevent AKI, which results in high morbidity and mortality rates. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has emerged as a promising strategy to prevent, to the extent possible, renal tissue from AKI. Several studies have used this strategy, which involves short or long cycles of ischemia/reperfusion (IR) prior to a potential fatal ischemic injury. In most of these studies, IPC was effective at reducing renal damage. Since the first study that showed renoprotection due to IPC, several studies have focused on finding the best strategy to activate correctly and efficiently reparative mechanisms, generating different modalities with promising results. In addition, the studies performing remote IPC, by inducing an ischemic process in distant tissues before a renal IR, are also addressed. Here, we review in detail existing studies on IPC strategies for AKI pathophysiology and the proposed triggering mechanisms that have a positive impact on renal function and structure in animal models of AKI and in humans, as well as the prospects and challenges for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Ortega-Trejo
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Norma A Bobadilla
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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Lv F, Zhang J, Tao Y. Efficacy and safety of inorganic nitrate/nitrite supplementary therapy in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1054666. [PMID: 36818337 PMCID: PMC9932197 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1054666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately half of patients with heart failure have a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). To date, only SGLT-2i, ARNi, and MRAs treatments have been shown to be effective for HFpEF. Exercise intolerance is the primary clinical feature of HFpEF. The aim of this meta-analysis was to explore the effect of inorganic nitrate/nitrite supplementary therapy on the exercise capacity of HFpEF patients. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, OVID, and Web of Science for eligible studies for this meta-analysis. The primary outcomes were peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2), exercise time, and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during exercise. The secondary outcomes were cardiac output, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and systemic vascular resistance during rest and exercise, respectively. Results A total of eight randomized-controlled trials were enrolled for this meta-analysis. We found no benefit of inorganic nitrate/nitrite on exercise capacity in patients with HFpEF. Inorganic nitrate/nitrite compared to placebo, did not significantly increased peak VO2 (MD = 0.361, 95% CI = -0.17 to 0.89, p = 0.183), exercise time (MD = 9.74, 95% CI = -46.47 to 65.95, p = 0.734), and respiratory exchange ratio during exercise (MD = -0.003, 95% CI = -0.036 to 0.029, p = 0.834). Among the six diameters reflecting cardiac and artery hemodynamics, inorganic nitrate/nitrite can lower rest SBP, rest/exercise DBP, rest/exercise MAP, and exercise SVR, but has no effect in cardiac output and heart rate for HFpEF patients. Conclusion Our meta-analysis suggested that inorganic nitrate/nitrite supplementary therapy has no benefit in improving the exercise capacity of patients with HFpEF, but can yield a blood pressure lowering effect, especially during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Shengzhou People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shengzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junyi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuan Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Shengzhou People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shengzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China,*Correspondence: Yuan Tao,
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14
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DeMartino AW, Poudel L, Dent MR, Chen X, Xu Q, Gladwin BS, Tejero J, Basu S, Alipour E, Jiang Y, Rose JJ, Gladwin MT, Kim-Shapiro DB. Thiol catalyzed formation of NO-ferroheme regulates canonical intravascular NO signaling. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2402224. [PMID: 36711928 PMCID: PMC9882697 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2402224/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenously produced physiological signaling molecule that regulates blood flow and platelet activation. However, both the intracellular and intravascular diffusion of NO is severely limited by scavenging reactions with hemoglobin, myoglobin, and other hemoproteins, raising unanswered questions as to how free NO can signal in hemoprotein-rich environments, like blood and cardiomyocytes. We explored the hypothesis that NO could be stabilized as a ferrous heme-nitrosyl complex (Fe 2+ -NO, NO-ferroheme) either in solution within membranes or bound to albumin. Unexpectedly, we observed a rapid reaction of NO with free ferric heme (Fe 3+ ) and a reduced thiol under physiological conditions to yield NO-ferroheme and a thiyl radical. This thiol-catalyzed reductive nitrosylation reaction occurs readily when the hemin is solubilized in lipophilic environments, such as red blood cell membranes, or bound to serum albumin. NO-ferroheme albumin is stable, even in the presence of excess oxyhemoglobin, and potently inhibits platelet activation. NO-ferroheme-albumin administered intravenously to mice dose-dependently vasodilates at low- to mid-nanomolar concentrations. In conclusion, we report the fastest rate of reductive nitrosylation observed to date to generate a NO-ferroheme molecule that resists oxidative inactivation, is soluble in cell membranes, and is transported intravascularly by albumin to promote potent vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W. DeMartino
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Laxman Poudel
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Matthew R. Dent
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiukai Chen
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Qinzi Xu
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Brendan S. Gladwin
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jesús Tejero
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Swati Basu
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
- Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Elmira Alipour
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Yiyang Jiang
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Jason J. Rose
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mark T. Gladwin
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Daniel B. Kim-Shapiro
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
- Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
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15
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Bryan NS. Nitric oxide deficiency is a primary driver of hypertension. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Park LK, Coggan AR, Peterson LR. Skeletal Muscle Contractile Function in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction-A Focus on Nitric Oxide. Front Physiol 2022; 13:872719. [PMID: 35721565 PMCID: PMC9198547 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.872719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances over the past few decades, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) remains not only a mortal but a disabling disease. Indeed, the New York Heart Association classification of HFrEF severity is based on how much exercise a patient can perform. Moreover, exercise capacity-both aerobic exercise performance and muscle power-are intimately linked with survival in patients with HFrEF. This review will highlight the pathologic changes in skeletal muscle in HFrEF that are related to impaired exercise performance. Next, it will discuss the key role that impaired nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability plays in HFrEF skeletal muscle pathology. Lastly, it will discuss intriguing new data suggesting that the inorganic nitrate 'enterosalivary pathway' may be leveraged to increase NO bioavailability via ingestion of inorganic nitrate. This ingestion of inorganic nitrate has several advantages over organic nitrate (e.g., nitroglycerin) and the endogenous nitric oxide synthase pathway. Moreover, inorganic nitrate has been shown to improve exercise performance: both muscle power and aerobic capacity, in some recent small but well-controlled, cross-over studies in patients with HFrEF. Given the critical importance of better exercise performance for the amelioration of disability as well as its links with improved outcomes in patients with HFrEF, further studies of inorganic nitrate as a potential novel treatment is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K. Park
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrew R. Coggan
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Linda R. Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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17
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Piacenza L, Zeida A, Trujillo M, Radi R. The superoxide radical switch in the biology of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1881-1906. [PMID: 35605280 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucìa Piacenza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Ari Zeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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18
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Gajecki D, Gawryś J, Szahidewicz-Krupska E, Doroszko A. Role of Erythrocytes in Nitric Oxide Metabolism and Paracrine Regulation of Endothelial Function. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050943. [PMID: 35624807 PMCID: PMC9137828 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies provide new data shedding some light on the complex and pivotal role of red blood cells (RBCs) in nitric oxide (NO) metabolism and paracrine regulation of endothelial function. NO is involved in the regulation of vasodilatation, platelet aggregation, inflammation, hypoxic adaptation, and oxidative stress. Even though tremendous knowledge about NO metabolism has been collected, the exact RBCs’ status still requires evaluation. This paper summarizes the actual knowledge regarding the role of erythrocytes as a mobile depot of amino acids necessary for NO biotransformation. Moreover, the complex regulation of RBCs’ translocases is presented with a particular focus on cationic amino acid transporters (CATs) responsible for the NO substrates and derivatives transport. The main part demonstrates the intraerythrocytic metabolism of L-arginine with its regulation by reactive oxygen species and arginase activity. Additionally, the process of nitrite and nitrate turnover was demonstrated to be another stable source of NO, with its reduction by xanthine oxidoreductase or hemoglobin. Additional function of hemoglobin in NO synthesis and its subsequent stabilization in steady intermediates is also discussed. Furthermore, RBCs regulate the vascular tone by releasing ATP, inducing smooth muscle cell relaxation, and decreasing platelet aggregation. Erythrocytes and intraerythrocytic NO metabolism are also responsible for the maintenance of normotension. Hence, RBCs became a promising new therapeutic target in restoring NO homeostasis in cardiovascular disorders.
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19
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Miller GD, Nesbit BA, Kim-Shapiro DB, Basu S, Berry MJ. Effect of Vitamin C and Protein Supplementation on Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite Response following Consumption of Beetroot Juice. Nutrients 2022; 14:1880. [PMID: 35565845 PMCID: PMC9100995 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Beetroot juice is a food high in nitrate and is associated with cardiometabolic health benefits and enhanced exercise performance through the production of nitric oxide in the nitrate−nitrite−nitric oxide pathway. Since various food components influence this pathway, the aim of this trial was to study the effect of beetroot juice alone and in conjunction with vitamin C or protein on the acute response to plasma nitrate and nitrite levels in healthy middle- to older-aged adults. In this cross-over trial, each participant received, in a randomized order, a single dose of Beet It Sport® alone; Beet It Sport®, plus a 200 mg vitamin C supplement; and Beet It Sport® plus 15 g of whey protein. Plasma levels of nitrate and nitrite were determined prior to and at 1 and 3 h after intervention. Log plasma nitrate and nitrite was calculated to obtain data that were normally distributed, and these data were analyzed using two-way within-factors ANOVA, with time and treatment as the independent factors. There were no statistically significant differences for log plasma nitrate (p = 0.308) or log plasma nitrite (p = 0.391) values across treatments. Log plasma nitrate increased significantly from pre-consumption levels after 1 h (p < 0.001) and 3 h (p < 0.001), but plasma nitrate was lower at 3 h than 1 h (p < 0.001). Log plasma nitrite increased from pre to 1 h (p < 0.001) and 3 h (p < 0.001) with log values at 3 h higher than at 1 h (p = 0.003). In this cohort, we observed no differences in log plasma nitrate and nitrite at 1 h and 3 h after co-ingesting beetroot juice with vitamin C or a whey protein supplement compared to beetroot juice alone. Further research needs to be undertaken to expand the blood-sampling time-frame and to examine factors that may influence the kinetics of the plasma nitrate to nitrite efficacy, such as differences in fluid volume and osmolarity between treatments employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D. Miller
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA;
- Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (B.A.N.); (D.B.K.-S.); (S.B.)
| | - Beverly A. Nesbit
- Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (B.A.N.); (D.B.K.-S.); (S.B.)
| | - Daniel B. Kim-Shapiro
- Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (B.A.N.); (D.B.K.-S.); (S.B.)
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Swati Basu
- Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (B.A.N.); (D.B.K.-S.); (S.B.)
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Michael J. Berry
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA;
- Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (B.A.N.); (D.B.K.-S.); (S.B.)
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20
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Lehnert N, Kim E, Dong HT, Harland JB, Hunt AP, Manickas EC, Oakley KM, Pham J, Reed GC, Alfaro VS. The Biologically Relevant Coordination Chemistry of Iron and Nitric Oxide: Electronic Structure and Reactivity. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14682-14905. [PMID: 34902255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological events in biology. Metal coordination chemistry, especially with iron, is at the heart of many biological transformations involving NO. A series of heme proteins, nitric oxide synthases (NOS), soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), and nitrophorins, are responsible for the biosynthesis, sensing, and transport of NO. Alternatively, NO can be generated from nitrite by heme- and copper-containing nitrite reductases (NIRs). The NO-bearing small molecules such as nitrosothiols and dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs) can serve as an alternative vehicle for NO storage and transport. Once NO is formed, the rich reaction chemistry of NO leads to a wide variety of biological activities including reduction of NO by heme or non-heme iron-containing NO reductases and protein post-translational modifications by DNICs. Much of our understanding of the reactivity of metal sites in biology with NO and the mechanisms of these transformations has come from the elucidation of the geometric and electronic structures and chemical reactivity of synthetic model systems, in synergy with biochemical and biophysical studies on the relevant proteins themselves. This review focuses on recent advancements from studies on proteins and model complexes that not only have improved our understanding of the biological roles of NO but also have provided foundations for biomedical research and for bio-inspired catalyst design in energy science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Eunsuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Hai T Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jill B Harland
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Andrew P Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Manickas
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Kady M Oakley
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - John Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Garrett C Reed
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Victor Sosa Alfaro
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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21
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Capper TE, Siervo M, Clifford T, Taylor G, Iqbal W, West D, Stevenson EJ. Pharmacokinetic Profile of Incremental Oral Doses of Dietary Nitrate in Young and Older Adults: A Crossover Randomized Clinical Trial. J Nutr 2021; 152:130-139. [PMID: 34718635 PMCID: PMC8754575 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary nitrate consumption can increase concentrations of nitrate and nitrite in blood, saliva, and urine. Whether the change in concentrations is influenced by age is currently unknown. OBJECTIVES We aimed to measure changes in nitrate and nitrite concentrations in plasma, urine, and saliva and exhaled NO concentrations after single incremental doses of dietary nitrate in young and older healthy adults. METHODS Twelve young (18-35 y old) and 12 older (60-75 y old) healthy, nonsmoking participants consumed single doses of 100 g, 200 g, 300 g whole beetroot (BR) and 1000 mg potassium nitrate (positive control) ≥7 d apart in a crossover, randomized clinical trial. Plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and exhaled NO concentrations were measured over a 5-h period. Salivary nitrate and nitrite concentrations were measured over a 12-h period and urinary nitrate over a 24-h period. Time, intervention, age, and interaction effects were measured with repeated-measures ANOVAs. RESULTS Dose-dependent increases were seen in plasma, salivary, and urinary nitrate after BR ingestion (all P ≤ 0.002) but there were no differences between age groups at baseline (all P ≥ 0.56) or postintervention (all P ≥ 0.12). Plasma nitrite concentrations were higher in young than older participants at baseline (P = 0.04) and after consumption of 200 g (P = 0.04; +25.7 nmol/L; 95% CI: 0.97, 50.3 nmol/L) and 300 g BR (P = 0.02; +50.3 nmol/L; 95% CI: 8.57, 92.1 nmol/L). Baseline fractional exhaled NO (FeNO) concentrations were higher in the younger group [P = 0.03; +8.60 parts per billion (ppb); 95% CI: 0.80, 16.3 ppb], and rose significantly over the 5-h period, peaking 5 h after KNO3 consumption (39.4 ± 4.5 ppb; P < 0.001); however, changes in FeNO were not influenced by age (P = 0.276). CONCLUSIONS BR is a source of bioavailable dietary nitrate in both young and older adults and can effectively raise nitrite and nitrate concentrations. Lower plasma nitrite and FeNO concentrations were found in older subjects, confirming the impact of ageing on NO bioavailability across different systems.This trial was registered at www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN86706442.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tom Clifford
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Taylor
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Wasim Iqbal
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel West
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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22
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Dent MR, DeMartino AW, Tejero J, Gladwin MT. Endogenous Hemoprotein-Dependent Signaling Pathways of Nitric Oxide and Nitrite. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15918-15940. [PMID: 34313417 PMCID: PMC9167621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interdisciplinary research at the interface of chemistry, physiology, and biomedicine have uncovered pivotal roles of nitric oxide (NO) as a signaling molecule that regulates vascular tone, platelet aggregation, and other pathways relevant to human health and disease. Heme is central to physiological NO signaling, serving as the active site for canonical NO biosynthesis in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes and as the highly selective NO binding site in the soluble guanylyl cyclase receptor. Outside of the primary NOS-dependent biosynthetic pathway, other hemoproteins, including hemoglobin and myoglobin, generate NO via the reduction of nitrite. This auxiliary hemoprotein reaction unlocks a "second axis" of NO signaling in which nitrite serves as a stable NO reservoir. In this Forum Article, we highlight these NO-dependent physiological pathways and examine complex chemical and biochemical reactions that govern NO and nitrite signaling in vivo. We focus on hemoprotein-dependent reaction pathways that generate and consume NO in the presence of nitrite and consider intermediate nitrogen oxides, including NO2, N2O3, and S-nitrosothiols, that may facilitate nitrite-based signaling in blood vessels and tissues. We also discuss emergent therapeutic strategies that leverage our understanding of these key reaction pathways to target NO signaling and treat a wide range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Dent
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Anthony W DeMartino
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Jesús Tejero
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Antioxidant tempol modulates the increases in tissue nitric oxide metabolites concentrations after oral nitrite administration. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 349:109658. [PMID: 34543659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) metabolites have physiological and pharmacological importance and increasing their tissue concentrations may result in beneficial effects. Tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl) has antioxidant properties that may improve NO bioavailability. Moreover, tempol increases oral nitrite-derived gastric formation of S-nitrosothiols (RSNO). We hypothesized that pretreatment with tempol may further increase tissue concentrations of NO-related species after oral nitrite administration and therefore we carried out a time-dependent analysis of how tempol affects the concentrations of NO metabolites in different tissues after oral nitrite administration to rats. NO metabolites (nitrate, nitrite and RSNO) were assessed by ozone-based reductive chemiluminescence assays in plasma, stomach, aorta, heart and liver samples obtained from anesthetized rats at baseline conditions and 15 min, 30 min, 2 h or 24 h after oral nitrite (15 mg/kg) was administered to rats pretreated with tempol (18 mg/kg) or vehicle 15 min prior to nitrite administration. Aortic protein nitrosation was assessed by resin-assited capture (SNO-RAC) method. We found that pretreatment with tempol transiently enhanced nitrite-induced increases in nitrite, RSNO and nitrate concentrations in the stomach and in the plasma (all P < 0.05), particularly for 15-30 min, without affecting aortic protein nitrosation. Pretreatment with tempol enhanced nitrite-induced increases in nitrite (but not RSNO or nitrate) concentrations in the heart (P < 0.05). In contrast, tempol attenuated nitrite-induced increases in nitrite, RSNO or nitrate concentrations in the liver. These findings show that pretreatment with tempol affects oral nitrite-induced changes in tissue concentrations of NO metabolites depending on tissue type and does not increase nitrite-induced vascular nitrosation. These results may indicate that oral nitrite therapy aiming at achieving increased nitrosation of cardiovascular targets requires appropriate doses of nitrite and is not optimized by tempol.
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Subotički T, Mitrović Ajtić O, Djikić D, Kovačić M, Santibanez JF, Tošić M, Čokić VP. Nitric Oxide Mediation in Hydroxyurea and Nitric Oxide Metabolites' Inhibition of Erythroid Progenitor Growth. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1562. [PMID: 34827560 PMCID: PMC8616001 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In several systems, hydroxyurea has been shown to trigger nitric oxide (NO) release or activation of NO synthase (NOS). To elucidate this duality in its pharmacological effects, during myelosuppression, we individually examined hydroxyurea's (NO releasing agent) and NO metabolites' (stable NO degradation products) effects on erythroid colony growth and NOS/NO levels in mice using NO scavenger 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO). Hydroxyurea and nitrite/nitrate decreased the bone marrow cellularity that was blocked by PTIO only for the NO metabolites. Hydroxyurea inhibition of colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) formation and reticulocytes was reversed by PTIO. Moreover, hydroxyurea, through a negative feedback mechanism, reduced inducible NOS (iNOS) expressing cells in CFU-E, also prevented by PTIO. Nitrate inhibition of burst-forming units-erythroid (BFU-E) colony growth was blocked by PTIO, but not in mature CFU-E. The presented results reveal that NO release and/or production mediates the hydroxyurea inhibition of mature erythroid colony growth and the frequency of iNOS immunoreactive CFU-E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Subotički
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.S.); (O.M.A.); (D.D.); (M.K.); (J.F.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Olivera Mitrović Ajtić
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.S.); (O.M.A.); (D.D.); (M.K.); (J.F.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Dragoslava Djikić
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.S.); (O.M.A.); (D.D.); (M.K.); (J.F.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Marijana Kovačić
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.S.); (O.M.A.); (D.D.); (M.K.); (J.F.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Juan F. Santibanez
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.S.); (O.M.A.); (D.D.); (M.K.); (J.F.S.); (M.T.)
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile
| | - Milica Tošić
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.S.); (O.M.A.); (D.D.); (M.K.); (J.F.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Vladan P. Čokić
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.S.); (O.M.A.); (D.D.); (M.K.); (J.F.S.); (M.T.)
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25
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Mondal P, Tolbert GB, Wijeratne GB. Bio-inspired nitrogen oxide (NO x) interconversion reactivities of synthetic heme Compound-I and Compound-II intermediates. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 226:111633. [PMID: 34749065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dioxygen activating heme enzymes have long predicted to be powerhouses for nitrogen oxide interconversion, especially for nitric oxide (NO) oxidation which has far-reaching biological and/or environmental impacts. Lending credence, reactivity of NO with high-valent heme‑oxygen intermediates of globin proteins has recently been implicated in the regulation of a variety of pivotal physiological events such as modulating catalytic activities of various heme enzymes, enhancing antioxidant activity to inhibit oxidative damage, controlling inflammatory and infectious properties within the local heme environments, and NO scavenging. To reveal insights into such crucial biological processes, we have investigated low temperature NO reactivities of two classes of synthetic high-valent heme intermediates, Compound-II and Compound-I. In that, Compound-II rapidly reacts with NO yielding the six-coordinate (NO bound) heme ferric nitrite complex, which upon warming to room temperature converts into the five-coordinate heme ferric nitrite species. These ferric nitrite complexes mediate efficient substrate oxidation reactions liberating NO; i.e., shuttling NO2- back to NO. In contrast, Compound-I and NO proceed through an oxygen-atom transfer process generating the strong nitrating agent NO2, along with the corresponding ferric nitrosyl species that converts to the naked heme ferric parent complex upon warmup. All reaction components have been fully characterized by UV-vis, 2H NMR and EPR spectroscopic methods, mass spectrometry, elemental analyses, and semi-quantitative determination of NO2- anions. The clean, efficient, potentially catalytic NOx interconversions driven by high-valent heme species presented herein illustrate the strong prospects of a heme enzyme/O2/NOx dependent unexplored territory that is central to human physiology, pathology, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States
| | - Garrett B Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States
| | - Gayan B Wijeratne
- Department of Chemistry and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States.
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Miller L, Hébert CD, Grimes SD, Toomey JS, Oh JY, Rose JJ, Patel RP. Safety and toxicology assessment of sodium nitrite administered by intramuscular injection. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 429:115702. [PMID: 34464673 PMCID: PMC8459319 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular (IM) injection of nitrite (1-10 mg/kg) confers survival benefit and protects against lung injury after exposure to chlorine gas in preclinical models. Herein, we evaluated safety/toxicity parameters after single, and repeated (once daily for 7 days) IM injection of nitrite in male and female Sprague Dawley rats and Beagle dogs. The repeat dose studies were performed in compliance with the Federal Drug Administration's (FDA) Good Laboratory Practices Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR Part 58). Parameters evaluated consisted of survival, clinical observations, body weights, clinical pathology, plasma drug levels, methemoglobin and macroscopic and microscopic pathology. In rats and dogs, single doses of ≥100 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg resulted in death and moribundity, while repeated administration of ≤30 or ≤ 10 mg/kg/day, respectively, was well tolerated. Therefore, the maximum tolerated dose following repeated administration in rats and dogs were determined to be 30 mg/kg/day and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively. Effects at doses below the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) were limited to emesis (in dogs only) and methemoglobinemia (in both species) with clinical signs (e.g. blue discoloration of lips) being dose-dependent, transient and reversible. These signs were not considered adverse, therefore the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for both rats and dogs was 10 mg/kg/day in males (highest dose tested for dogs), and 3 mg/kg/day in females. Toxicokinetic assessment of plasma nitrite showed no difference between male and females, with Cmax occurring between 5 mins and 0.5 h (rats) or 0.25 h (dogs). In summary, IM nitrite was well tolerated in rats and dogs at doses previously shown to confer protection against chlorine gas toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutfiya Miller
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - James S Toomey
- Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Joo-Yeun Oh
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jason J Rose
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rakesh P Patel
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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27
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da Silva GM, da Silva MC, Nascimento DVG, Lima Silva EM, Gouvêa FFF, de França Lopes LG, Araújo AV, Ferraz Pereira KN, de Queiroz TM. Nitric Oxide as a Central Molecule in Hypertension: Focus on the Vasorelaxant Activity of New Nitric Oxide Donors. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101041. [PMID: 34681140 PMCID: PMC8533285 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases include all types of disorders related to the heart or blood vessels. High blood pressure is an important risk factor for cardiac complications and pathological disorders. An increase in circulating angiotensin-II is a potent stimulus for the expression of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines that activate oxidative stress, perpetuating a deleterious effect in hypertension. Studies demonstrate the capacity of NO to prevent platelet or leukocyte activation and adhesion and inhibition of proliferation, as well as to modulate inflammatory or anti-inflammatory reactions and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. However, in conditions of low availability of NO, such as during hypertension, these processes are impaired. Currently, there is great interest in the development of compounds capable of releasing NO in a modulated and stable way. Accordingly, compounds containing metal ions coupled to NO are being investigated and are widely recognized as having great relevance in the treatment of different diseases. Therefore, the exogenous administration of NO is an attractive and pharmacological alternative in the study and treatment of hypertension. The present review summarizes the role of nitric oxide in hypertension, focusing on the role of new NO donors, particularly the metal-based drugs and their protagonist activity in vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Maria da Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
| | - Mirelly Cunha da Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
| | - Déborah Victória Gomes Nascimento
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
| | - Ellen Mayara Lima Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
| | - Fabíola Furtado Fialho Gouvêa
- School of Technical Health, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58.051-900, PB, Brazil;
| | - Luiz Gonzaga de França Lopes
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60.020-181, CE, Brazil;
| | - Alice Valença Araújo
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
| | - Kelli Nogueira Ferraz Pereira
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
| | - Thyago Moreira de Queiroz
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
- Correspondence:
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28
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Chou HC, Lo CH, Chang LH, Chiu SJ, Hu TM. Organosilica colloids as nitric oxide carriers: Pharmacokinetics and biocompatibility. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 208:112136. [PMID: 34628305 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a potential therapeutic agent for various diseases. However, it is challenging to deliver this unstable, free-radical gaseous molecule in the body. Various nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have been investigated as promising NO carriers without detailed characterization of their biological fate. The purpose of this study is to investigate the pharmacokinetics and biocompatibility of organosilica-based NO-delivering nanocarriers. Two distinct NO nanoformulations, namely NO-SiNP-1 and NO-SiNP-2, were prepared from a thiol-functionalized organosilane using nanoprecipitation and direct aqueous synthesis, respectively. During the preparation, the thiol group was converted to S-nitrosothiol (SNO) under a nitrosation condition. The final products contain SNO-loaded organosilica particles of similar sizes (~130 nm), but of different morphologies and surface charges (between the two formulations). In the in vitro release kinetics study, NO-SiNP-1 exhibited a much slower NO release rate than NO-SiNP-2 (by 5-fold); therefore, the former is considered as a slow NO releaser, and the latter a fast NO releaser. However, in the rat pharmacokinetic study (IV bolus of 50 μmol/kg), NO-SiNP-1 was rapidly eliminated from the blood (within 20 min); in contrast, NO-SiNP-2 was slowly eliminated with an extended circulation time of 12 h for plasma SNO, along with markedly higher plasma levels of nitrite and nitrate. The two formulations are generally biocompatible. In conclusion, the paper presents contrast biological fates of two organosilica colloidal formulations for nitric oxide delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chang Chou
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hui Lo
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hao Chang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jiuan Chiu
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Teh-Min Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Center for Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Research, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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Cialoni D, Brizzolari A, Samaja M, Bosco G, Paganini M, Sponsiello N, Lancellotti V, Marroni A. Endothelial Nitric Oxide Production and Antioxidant Response in Breath-Hold Diving: Genetic Predisposition or Environment Related? Front Physiol 2021; 12:692204. [PMID: 34305646 PMCID: PMC8300565 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.692204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nitric oxide (NO) is an essential signaling molecule modulating the endothelial adaptation during breath-hold diving (BH-diving). This study aimed to investigate changes in NO derivatives (NOx) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), searching for correlations with different environmental and hyperbaric exposure. Materials and methods Blood samples were obtained from 50 breath-hold divers (BH-divers) before, and 30 and 60 min after the end of training sessions performed both in a swimming pool or the sea. Samples were tested for NOx and TAC differences in different groups related to their hyperbaric exposure, experience, and additional genetic polymorphism. Results We found statistically significant differences in NOx plasma concentration during the follow-up (decrease at T30 and increase at T60) compared with the pre-dive values. At T30, we found a significantly lower decrease of NOx in subjects with a higher diving experience, but no difference was detected between the swimming pool and Sea. No significant difference was found in TAC levels, as well as between NOx and TAC levels and the genetic variants. Conclusion These data showed how NO consumption in BH-diving is significantly lower in the expert group, indicating a possible training-related adaptation process. Data confirm a significant NO use during BH-diving, compatible with the well-known BH-diving related circulatory adaptation suggesting that the reduction in NOx 30 min after diving can be ascribed to the lower NO availability in the first few minutes after the dives. Expert BH-divers suffered higher oxidative stress. A preliminary genetic investigation seems to indicate a less significant influence of genetic predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Cialoni
- Environmental Physiology and Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy.,DAN Europe Research Division, DAN Europe Foundation, Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy.,Apnea Academy Research, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Brizzolari
- DAN Europe Research Division, DAN Europe Foundation, Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Samaja
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gerardo Bosco
- Environmental Physiology and Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Paganini
- Environmental Physiology and Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Lancellotti
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marroni
- DAN Europe Research Division, DAN Europe Foundation, Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy
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30
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Stamm P, Oelze M, Steven S, Kröller-Schön S, Kvandova M, Kalinovic S, Jasztal A, Kij A, Kuntic M, Bayo Jimenez MT, Proniewski B, Li H, Schulz E, Chlopicki S, Daiber A, Münzel T. Direct comparison of inorganic nitrite and nitrate on vascular dysfunction and oxidative damage in experimental arterial hypertension. Nitric Oxide 2021; 113-114:57-69. [PMID: 34091009 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Arterial hypertension is one of the major health risk factors leading to coronary artery disease, stroke or peripheral artery disease. Dietary uptake of inorganic nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) via vegetables leads to enhanced vascular NO bioavailability and provides antihypertensive effects. The present study aims to understand the underlying vasoprotective effects of nutritional NO2- and NO3- co-therapy in mice with angiotensin-II (AT-II)-induced arterial hypertension. High-dose AT-II (1 mg/kg/d, 1w, s. c.) was used to induce arterial hypertension in male C57BL/6 mice. Additional inorganic nitrite (7.5 mg/kg/d, p. o.) or nitrate (150 mg/kg/d, p. o.) were administered via the drinking water. Blood pressure (tail-cuff method) and endothelial function (isometric tension) were determined. Oxidative stress and inflammation markers were quantified in aorta, heart, kidney and blood. Co-treatment with inorganic nitrite, but not with nitrate, normalized vascular function, oxidative stress markers and inflammatory pathways in AT-II treated mice. Of note, the highly beneficial effects of nitrite on all parameters and the less pronounced protection by nitrate, as seen by improvement of some parameters, were observed despite no significant increase in plasma nitrite levels by both therapies. Methemoglobin levels tended to be higher upon nitrite/nitrate treatment. Nutritional nitric oxide precursors represent a non-pharmacological treatment option for hypertension that could be applied to the general population (e.g. by eating certain vegetables). The more beneficial effects of inorganic nitrite may rely on superior NO bioactivation and stronger blood pressure lowering effects. Future large-scale clinical studies should investigate whether hypertension and cardiovascular outcome in general can be influenced by dietary inorganic nitrite therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Stamm
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Oelze
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Steven
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Swenja Kröller-Schön
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Miroslava Kvandova
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sanela Kalinovic
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marin Kuntic
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria Teresa Bayo Jimenez
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bartosz Proniewski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Huige Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eberhard Schulz
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Celle General Hospital, Celle, Germany
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany.
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O'Gallagher K, Cabaco AR, Ryan M, Roomi A, Gu H, Dancy L, Melikian N, Chowienczyk PJ, Webb AJ, Shah AM. Direct cardiac versus systemic effects of inorganic nitrite on human left ventricular function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H175-H184. [PMID: 34018850 PMCID: PMC8505166 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00081.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic nitrite is a source of nitric oxide (NO) and is considered as a potential therapy in settings where endogenous NO bioactivity is reduced and left ventricular (LV) function impaired. However, the effects of nitrite on human cardiac contractile function, and the extent to which these are direct or indirect, are unclear. We studied 40 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization who had normal LV systolic function and were not found to have obstructive coronary disease. They received either an intracoronary sodium nitrite infusion (8.7–26 µmol/min, n = 20) or an intravenous sodium nitrite infusion (50 µg/kg/min, n = 20). LV pressure-volume relations were recorded. The primary end point was LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). Secondary end points included indices of LV systolic and diastolic function. Intracoronary nitrite infusion induced a significant reduction in LVEDP, LV end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship (EDPVR), and the time to LV end-systole (LVEST) but had no significant effect on LV systolic function or systemic hemodynamics. Intravenous nitrite infusion induced greater effects, with significant decreases in LVEDP, EDPVR, LVEST, LV dP/dtmin, tau, and mean arterial pressure. Inorganic nitrite has modest direct effects on human LV diastolic function, independent of LV loading conditions and without affecting LV systolic properties. However, the systemic administration of nitrite has larger effects on LV diastolic function, which are related to reduction in both preload and afterload. These contractile effects of inorganic nitrite may indicate a favorable profile for conditions characterized by LV diastolic dysfunction. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to assess the direct and indirect effects of inorganic nitrite on invasive measures of left ventricular function in humans in vivo. Inorganic nitrite has a modest direct myocardial effect, improving diastolic function. Systemic administration of nitrite has larger effects related to alterations in cardiac preload and afterload. The changes induced by nitrite appear favorable for potential use in conditions characterized by LV diastolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O'Gallagher
- Department of Cardiology, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana R Cabaco
- Department of Cardiology, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Ryan
- Department of Cardiology, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Roomi
- Department of Cardiology, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Haotian Gu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Dancy
- Department of Cardiology, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Narbeh Melikian
- Department of Cardiology, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Chowienczyk
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Webb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ajay M Shah
- Department of Cardiology, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
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Pulmonary Vasodilation by Intravenous Infusion of Organic Mononitrites Of 1,2-Propanediol in Acute Pulmonary Hypertension Induced by Aortic Cross Clamping and Reperfusion: A Comparison With Nitroglycerin in Anesthetized Pigs. Shock 2021; 54:119-127. [PMID: 31425404 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suprarenal aortic cross clamping (SRACC) and reperfusion may cause acute pulmonary hypertension and multiple organ failure. HYPOTHESIS The organic mononitrites of 1,2-propanediol (PDNO), an nitric oxide donor with a very short half-life, are a more efficient pulmonary vasodilator and attenuator of end-organ damage and inflammation without significant side effects compared with nitroglycerin and inorganic nitrite in a porcine SRACC model. METHODS Anesthetized and instrumented domestic pigs were randomized to either of four IV infusions until the end of the experiment (n = 10 per group): saline (control), PDNO (45 nmol kg min), nitroglycerin (44 nmol kg min), or inorganic nitrite (a dose corresponding to PDNO). Thereafter, all animals were subjected to 90 min of SRACC and 10 h of reperfusion and protocolized resuscitation. Hemodynamic and respiratory variables as well as blood samples were collected and analysed. RESULTS During reperfusion, mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance were significantly lower, and stroke volume was significantly higher in the PDNO group compared with the control, nitroglycerin, and inorganic nitrite groups. In parallel, mean arterial pressure, arterial oxygenation, and fraction of methaemoglobin were similar in all groups. The serum concentration of creatinine and tumor necrosis factor alpha were lower in the PDNO group compared with the control group during reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS PDNO was an effective pulmonary vasodilator and appeared superior to nitroglycerin and inorganic nitrite, without causing significant systemic hypotension, impaired arterial oxygenation, or methaemoglobin formation in an animal model of SRACC and reperfusion. Also, PDNO may have kidney-protective effects and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Griffiths K, Lee JJ, Frenneaux MP, Feelisch M, Madhani M. Nitrite and myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury. Where are we now? Pharmacol Ther 2021; 223:107819. [PMID: 33600852 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide despite major advances in technology and treatment, with coronary heart disease (CHD) being a key contributor. Following an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), it is imperative that blood flow is rapidly restored to the ischaemic myocardium. However, this restoration is associated with an increased risk of additional complications and further cardiomyocyte death, termed myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Endogenously produced nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in protecting the myocardium from IRI. It is well established that NO mediates many of its downstream functions through the 'canonical' NO-sGC-cGMP pathway, which is vital for cardiovascular homeostasis; however, this pathway can become impaired in the face of inadequate delivery of necessary substrates, in particular L-arginine, oxygen and reducing equivalents. Recently, it has been shown that during conditions of ischaemia an alternative pathway for NO generation exists, which has become known as the 'nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway'. This pathway has been reported to improve endothelial dysfunction, protect against myocardial IRI and attenuate infarct size in various experimental models. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that nitrite itself provides multi-faceted protection, in an NO-independent fashion, against a myriad of pathophysiologies attributed to IRI. In this review, we explore the existing pre-clinical and clinical evidence for the role of nitrate and nitrite in cardioprotection and discuss the lessons learnt from the clinical trials for nitrite as a perconditioning agent. We also discuss the potential future for nitrite as a pre-conditioning intervention in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh Griffiths
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jordan J Lee
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Michael P Frenneaux
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Melanie Madhani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Neuroanesthesiology Update. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2021; 33:107-136. [PMID: 33480638 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the literature published in 2020 that is relevant to the perioperative care of neurosurgical patients and patients with neurological diseases as well as critically ill patients with neurological diseases. Broad topics include general perioperative neuroscientific considerations, stroke, traumatic brain injury, monitoring, anesthetic neurotoxicity, and perioperative disorders of cognitive function.
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Abstract
The prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic disease coupled with kidney dysfunction is increasing worldwide. This triad of disorders is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality as well as a substantial economic burden. Further understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is important to develop novel preventive or therapeutic approaches. Among the proposed mechanisms, compromised nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity associated with oxidative stress is considered to be important. NO is a short-lived diatomic signalling molecule that exerts numerous effects on the kidneys, heart and vasculature as well as on peripheral metabolically active organs. The enzymatic L-arginine-dependent NO synthase (NOS) pathway is classically viewed as the main source of endogenous NO formation. However, the function of the NOS system is often compromised in various pathologies including kidney, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. An alternative pathway, the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, enables endogenous or dietary-derived inorganic nitrate and nitrite to be recycled via serial reduction to form bioactive nitrogen species, including NO, independent of the NOS system. Signalling via these nitrogen species is linked with cGMP-dependent and independent mechanisms. Novel approaches to restoring NO homeostasis during NOS deficiency and oxidative stress have potential therapeutic applications in kidney, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.
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Sriboonyong T, Kawamatawong T, Sriwantana T, Srihirun S, Titapiwatanakun V, Vivithanaporn P, Pornsuriyasak P, Sibmooh N, Kamalaporn H. Efficacy and safety of inhaled nebulized sodium nitrite in asthmatic patients. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2020; 66:101984. [PMID: 33338662 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2020.101984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrite is a physiologic nitric oxide (NO) derivative that can be bioactivated to NO. NO has been shown to attenuate airway inflammation and enhance the anti-inflammatory effect of corticosteroids in the animal model of asthma. Here, we aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of inhaled sodium nitrite as add-on therapy with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) in adult patients with persistent asthma. METHODS In protocol 1, 10 asthmatic patients were administered a single dose of nebulized 15-mg sodium nitrite to assess safety, effect on lung function, and pharmacokinetics of nitrite within 120 min. In protocol 2, 20 patients were randomly assigned to a nitrite (15 mg twice daily) group or a placebo group to assess the efficacy over 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). The secondary outcomes were other lung function parameters, unplanned asthma-related visits at the emergency department (ED) or outpatient department (OPD), admission days, asthma control test (ACT), and safety. RESULTS Nebulized sodium nitrite had neither acute adverse effect nor effect on lung function test within 120 min. No blood pressure change was seen. At week 12, FEV1 increased in the nitrite group, whereas there was no change in the placebo group. There were 5 events of asthma exacerbation, 4 ED visits, and one unplanned OPD visit in the placebo group, but none of these was noted in the nitrite group. There was no change in ACT scores in both groups. No adverse event was reported during 12 weeks in the nitrite group. There was no change in methemoglobin levels and sputum inflammatory markers. CONCLUSION From our pilot trial, nebulized sodium nitrite is safe in asthmatic patients, and shows the potential to reduce asthma exacerbation compared with placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tidarat Sriboonyong
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Theerasuk Kawamatawong
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanaporn Sriwantana
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Sirada Srihirun
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Varin Titapiwatanakun
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Pornpun Vivithanaporn
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Prapaporn Pornsuriyasak
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nathawut Sibmooh
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Harutai Kamalaporn
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Tsikas D, Surdacki A. Biotransformation of organic nitrates by glutathione S-transferases and other enzymes: An appraisal of the pioneering work by William B. Jakoby. Anal Biochem 2020; 644:113993. [PMID: 33080215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Organic nitrates (R-ONO2; R, organic residue) such as nitroglycerin are used as drugs in part for more than a century. Their pharmacological use is associated with clinically relevant tolerance which is reportedly known since 1888. The underlying mechanisms of both, the mechanisms of action and the main pharmacological effect, which is vasodilatation and reduction of blood pressure, and the development of tolerance, which means increasing need of drug amount in sustained long-term therapy, are still incompletely understood. William B. Jakoby and associates were the first to report the biotransformation of organic nitrates, notably including nitroglycerin (i.e., glycerol trinitrate; GTN), by glutathione S-transferase (GST)-catalyzed conjugation of glutathione (GSH) to the nitrogen atom of one of the three nitrate groups of GTN to generate glutathione sulfenyl nitrite (glutathione thionitrate, S-nitroglutathione; GSNO2). Jakoby's group was also the first to suggest that GSNO2 reacts with a second GSH molecule to produce inorganic nitrite (ONO-) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) without the catalytic involvement of GST. This mechanism has been adopted by others to the biotransformation of GTN by mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (mtALDH-(CysSH)2) which does not require GSH as a substrate. The main difference between these reactions is that mtALDH forms an internal thionitrate (mtALDH-(CysSH)-CysSNO2) which releases inorganic nitrite upon intra-molecular reaction to form mtALDH disulfide (mtALDH-(CysS)2). Subsequently, ONO- and GSNO2 are reduced by several proteins and enzymes to nitric oxide (NO) which is a very potent activator of soluble guanylyl cyclase to finally relax the smooth muscles thus dilating the vasculature. GSNO2 is considered to rearrange to GSONO which undergoes further reactions including GSNO and GSSG formation. The present article is an appraisal of the pioneering work of William B. Jakoby in the area of the biotransformation of organic nitrates by GST. The two above mentioned enzymatic reactions are discussed in the context of tolerance development to organic nitrates, still a clinically relevant pharmacological concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andrzej Surdacki
- Second Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical Colleague and University Hospital, Cracow, Poland
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Basaqr R, Skleres M, Jayswal R, Thomas DT. The effect of dietary nitrate and vitamin C on endothelial function, oxidative stress and blood lipids in untreated hypercholesterolemic subjects: A randomized double-blind crossover study. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:1851-1860. [PMID: 33115598 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin C may enhance nitric oxide (NO) production through stepwise reduction of dietary nitrate (NO3) to nitrite (NO2) to NO. The combined effect of vitamin C and NO3 supplementation is relatively unexplored in untreated hypercholesterolemia. AIMS We aimed to examine whether co-administration of vitamin C and nitrate for 4-weeks would improve endothelial function (primary outcome), plasma NO metabolites, oxidative stress, and blood lipids (secondary outcomes). METHODS Subjects 50-70 years of age with low density lipoprotein (LDL) > 130 mg/dL and RHI ≤2 were enrolled in this randomized double-blind crossover study. Subjects were assigned to two 4-week supplementation treatments starting with 70 ml of concentrated beetroot juice (CBJ) with 1000 mg of vitamin C (NC) or CBJ with matched placebo (N), then switched to alternate treatment following 2-week washout. The change in reactive hyperemia index (RHI), sum of plasma NO metabolites (NO2 + NO3 (NOx)), oxidized LDL (oxLDL), and serum lipids were assessed at baseline and at 4-weeks of each treatment period. RESULTS Eighteen subjects (11M:7F) completed all study visits. No significant treatment differences were observed in RHI change (N: 0.21 ± 0.12; NC: 0.20 ± 0.17; p = 0.99). Secondary analysis revealed that a subgroup of NC subjects who started with a baseline RHI of <1.67 (threshold value for ED) had greater improvements in RHI compared to subjects with RHI >1.67 (1.23 ± 0.15 to 1.96 ± 0.19; n = 8 vs. 1.75 ± 0.11 to 1.43 ± 0.10; n = 8; p = 0.02). Compared to N, NC experienced a significant increase in plasma NOx (N: 94.2 ± 15.5 μmol/L; NC: 128.7 ± 29.1 μmol/L; p = 0.01). Although there was no significant difference in oxLDL change between treatments (N: -1.08 ± 9.8 U/L; NC: -6.07 ± 9.14 U/L; p = 0.19), NC elicited significant reductions in LDL (N: 2.2 ± 2; NC: -10.7 ± 23; p = 0.049), triglycerides (N: 14.6 ± 43; NC: -43.7 ± 45; p = 0.03), and no change in serum high density lipoprotein. Within treatment group comparisons showed that only NC reduced oxLDL significantly from baseline to 4 weeks (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS No between intervention differences were observed in RHI. RHI only improved in NC subjects with ED at intervention baseline. Four weeks of NC enriched the NO pool and promoted reduction of blood lipids and oxidative stress in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. These preliminary findings highlight a supplementation strategy that may reduce the progression of atherosclerotic disease and deserves further attention in studies using flow mediated dilation methods. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04283630).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Basaqr
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, USA.
| | - Michealia Skleres
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, USA.
| | - Rani Jayswal
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, University of Kentucky, USA.
| | - D Travis Thomas
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, USA.
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Bourassa KA, Postolache TT, Dagdag A, Fuchs D, Okusaga OO. Plasma soluble P-selectin correlates with triglycerides and nitrite in overweight/obese patients with schizophrenia. Pteridines 2020; 31:61-67. [PMID: 32982068 PMCID: PMC7518413 DOI: 10.1515/pteridines-2020-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) is associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) but this association has not been evaluated in patients with schizophrenia. This study primarily evaluated the association of sP-selectin with plasma lipids and nitrite (NO2−) respectively in overweight/obese adults with schizophrenia. Methods: One-hundred and six patients with schizophrenia (mean age 32.9 years; 71.60% male) were recruited from a psychiatric hospital. Participants completed a structured interview and provided a fasting blood sample. Body mass index (BMI) was used to divide the sample into normal weight and overweight/obese groups. Pearson’s and partial correlation coefficients (controlling for age, sex, race, education, and inflammation) were calculated to examine the association of sP-selectin with plasma lipids, and NO2− in the overweight/obese patients (primary analysis), as well as in the normal weight patients and the total sample (exploratory analyses). Results: After controlling for potential confounders, sP-selectin positively correlated with triglycerides (r = 0.38, p = 0.01) and NO2− (r = 0.40, p < 0.01) in the overweight/obese group only. Conclusions: Future longitudinal studies should evaluate the utility of sP-selectin as a biomarker of CVD in overweight/obese adults with schizophrenia (for example, by relating sP-selectin to incidence of cardiovascular events).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teodor T Postolache
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Aurora, CO, USA, Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, USA, VISN 5 Capitol Health Care Network Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aline Dagdag
- Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Olaoluwa O Okusaga
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Hughan KS, Levine A, Helbling N, Anthony S, DeLany JP, Stefanovic-Racic M, Goodpaster BH, Gladwin MT. Effects of Oral Sodium Nitrite on Blood Pressure, Insulin Sensitivity, and Intima-Media Arterial Thickening in Adults With Hypertension and Metabolic Syndrome. Hypertension 2020; 76:866-874. [PMID: 32755471 PMCID: PMC7429358 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway regulates NO synthase-independent vasodilation and NO signaling. Ingestion of inorganic nitrite has vasodilatory and blood pressure-lowering effects. Preclinical studies in rodent models suggest there may be a benefit of nitrite in lowering serum triglyceride levels and improving the metabolic syndrome. In a phase 2 study, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of chronic oral nitrite therapy in patients with hypertension and the metabolic syndrome. Twenty adult subjects with stage 1 or 2 hypertension and the metabolic syndrome were enrolled in an open-label safety and efficacy study. The primary efficacy end point was blood pressure reduction; secondary end points included insulin-dependent glucose disposal and endothelial function measured by flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery and intima-media diameter of the carotid artery. Chronic oral nitrite therapy (40 mg/3× daily) was well tolerated. Oral nitrite significantly lowered systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures, but tolerance was observed after 10 to 12 weeks of therapy. There was significant improvement in the intima-media thickness of the carotid artery and trends toward improvements in flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery and insulin sensitivity. Chronic oral nitrite therapy is safe in patients with hypertension and the metabolic syndrome. Despite an apparent lack of enzymatic tolerance to nitrite, we observed tolerance after 10 weeks of chronic therapy, which requires additional mechanistic studies and possible therapeutic dose titration in clinical trials. Nitrite may be a safe therapy to concominantly improve multiple features of the metabolic syndrome including hypertension, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction. Registration- URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01681810.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara S Hughan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Andrea Levine
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nicole Helbling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Steven Anthony
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - James P DeLany
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Maja Stefanovic-Racic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Bret H. Goodpaster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mark T. Gladwin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Sun HJ, Wu ZY, Cao L, Zhu MY, Nie XW, Huang DJ, Sun MT, Bian JS. Role of nitroxyl (HNO) in cardiovascular system: From biochemistry to pharmacology. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104961. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Plasma nitrite as an indicator of cerebral ischemia during extracranial/intracranial bypass surgery in moyamoya patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:104830. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Feelisch M, Akaike T, Griffiths K, Ida T, Prysyazhna O, Goodwin JJ, Gollop ND, Fernandez BO, Minnion M, Cortese-Krott MM, Borgognone A, Hayes RM, Eaton P, Frenneaux MP, Madhani M. Long-lasting blood pressure lowering effects of nitrite are NO-independent and mediated by hydrogen peroxide, persulfides, and oxidation of protein kinase G1α redox signalling. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:51-62. [PMID: 31372656 PMCID: PMC6918062 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Under hypoxic conditions, nitrite (NO2-) can be reduced to nitric oxide (NO) eliciting vasorelaxation. However, nitrite also exerts vasorelaxant effects of potential therapeutic relevance under normal physiological conditions via undetermined mechanisms. We, therefore, sought to investigate the mechanism(s) by which nitrite regulates the vascular system in normoxia and, specifically, whether the biological effects are a result of NO generation (as in hypoxia) or mediated via alternative mechanisms involving classical downstream targets of NO [e.g. effects on protein kinase G1α (PKG1α)]. METHODS AND RESULTS Ex vivo myography revealed that, unlike in thoracic aorta (conduit vessels), the vasorelaxant effects of nitrite in mesenteric resistance vessels from wild-type (WT) mice were NO-independent. Oxidants such as H2O2 promote disulfide formation of PKG1α, resulting in NO- cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) independent kinase activation. To explore whether the microvascular effects of nitrite were associated with PKG1α oxidation, we used a Cys42Ser PKG1α knock-in (C42S PKG1α KI; 'redox-dead') mouse that cannot transduce oxidant signals. Resistance vessels from these C42S PKG1α KI mice were markedly less responsive to nitrite-induced vasodilation. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) bolus application of nitrite in conscious WT mice induced a rapid yet transient increase in plasma nitrite and cGMP concentrations followed by prolonged hypotensive effects, as assessed using in vivo telemetry. In the C42S PKG1α KI mice, the blood pressure lowering effects of nitrite were lower compared to WT. Increased H2O2 concentrations were detected in WT resistance vessel tissue challenged with nitrite. Consistent with this, increased cysteine and glutathione persulfide levels were detected in these vessels by mass spectrometry, matching the temporal profile of nitrite's effects on H2O2 and blood pressure. CONCLUSION Under physiological conditions, nitrite induces a delayed and long-lasting blood pressure lowering effect, which is NO-independent and occurs via a new redox mechanism involving H2O2, persulfides, and PKG1α oxidation/activation. Targeting this novel pathway may provide new prospects for anti-hypertensive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kayleigh Griffiths
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tomoaki Ida
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Oleksandra Prysyazhna
- King's College of London, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Joanna J Goodwin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nicholas D Gollop
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Bernadette O Fernandez
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Magdalena Minnion
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Miriam M Cortese-Krott
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Alessandra Borgognone
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Rosie M Hayes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Philip Eaton
- King's College of London, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Michael P Frenneaux
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Melanie Madhani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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44
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Amdahl MB, DeMartino AW, Gladwin MT. Inorganic nitrite bioactivation and role in physiological signaling and therapeutics. Biol Chem 2020; 401:201-211. [PMID: 31747370 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The bioactivation of inorganic nitrite refers to the conversion of otherwise 'inert' nitrite to the diatomic signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO), which plays important roles in human physiology and disease, notably in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. While the most well-known sources of NO are the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes, another source of NO is the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, whereby nitrite (obtained from reduction of dietary nitrate) is further reduced to form NO. The past few decades have seen extensive study of the mechanisms of NO generation through nitrate and nitrite bioactivation, as well as growing appreciation of the contribution of this pathway to NO signaling in vivo. This review, prepared for the volume 400 celebration issue of Biological Chemistry, summarizes some of the key reactions of the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway such as reduction, disproportionation, dehydration, and oxidative denitrosylation, as well as current evidence for the contribution of the pathway to human cardiovascular physiology. Finally, ongoing efforts to develop novel medical therapies for multifarious conditions, especially those related to pathologic vasoconstriction and ischemia/reperfusion injury, are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Amdahl
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Anthony W DeMartino
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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45
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Blood AB, Liu T, Mukosera G, Hanson SF, Terry MH, Schroeder H, Power GG. Evidence for placental-derived iron-nitrosyls in the circulation of the fetal lamb and against a role for nitrite in mediating the cardiovascular transition at birth. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R401-R411. [PMID: 32813540 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00196.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Circulating metabolites of nitric oxide, such as nitrite, iron nitrosyls (FeNO), and nitrosothiols, have vasodilatory bioactivity. In both human and sheep neonates, plasma concentrations of these NO metabolite (NOx) concentrations fall >50% within minutes after birth, raising the possibility that circulating NOx plays a role in maintaining low fetal vascular resistance and in the cardiovascular transition at birth. To test whether the fall in plasma NOx concentrations at birth is due to either ligation of the umbilical cord or oxygenation of the fetus to newborn levels, plasma NOx concentrations were measured during stepwise delivery of near-term fetal lambs. When fetal lambs were intubated and mechanically ventilated with 100% O2 to oxygenate the arterial blood while still in utero with the umbilical circulation still intact, there was no change in plasma NOx levels. In contrast, when the umbilical cord was ligated while fetal lambs were mechanically ventilated with O2 levels that maintained fetal arterial blood gases, plasma NOx levels decreased by nearly 50%. Characterization of the individual NOx species in plasma revealed that the overall fall in NOx at birth was attributable mainly to FeNO compounds. Finally, when the typical fall in NOx after birth was prevented by intravenous nitrite infusion, birth-related changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and carotid flow changes were little affected, suggesting the cardiovascular transition at birth is not dependent on a fall in plasma NOx. In conclusion, this study shows FeNO is released from the placenta and that its decline accounts for most of the measured fall in plasma NOx at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlin B Blood
- Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Taiming Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - George Mukosera
- Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Shawn F Hanson
- Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Michael H Terry
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Hobe Schroeder
- Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Gordon G Power
- Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
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46
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Park JW, Piknova B, Jenkins A, Hellinga D, Parver LM, Schechter AN. Potential roles of nitrate and nitrite in nitric oxide metabolism in the eye. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13166. [PMID: 32759980 PMCID: PMC7406513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) signaling has been studied in the eye, including in the pathophysiology of some eye diseases. While NO production by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes in the eye has been characterized, the more recently described pathways of NO generation by nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) ions reduction has received much less attention. To elucidate the potential roles of these pathways, we analyzed nitrate and nitrite levels in components of the eye and lacrimal glands, primarily in porcine samples. Nitrate and nitrite levels were higher in cornea than in other eye parts, while lens contained the least amounts. Lacrimal glands exhibited much higher levels of both ions compared to other organs, such as liver and skeletal muscle, and even to salivary glands which are known to concentrate these ions. Western blotting showed expression of sialin, a known nitrate transporter, in the lacrimal glands and other eye components, and also xanthine oxidoreductase, a nitrate and nitrite reductase, in cornea and sclera. Cornea and sclera homogenates possessed a measurable amount of nitrate reduction activity. These results suggest that nitrate ions are concentrated in the lacrimal glands by sialin and can be secreted into eye components via tears and then reduced to nitrite and NO, thereby being an important source of NO in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Park
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 9N314, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Barbora Piknova
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 9N314, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | | | - Leonard M Parver
- Department of Ophthalmology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alan N Schechter
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 9N314, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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47
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Sanches-Lopes JM, Ferreira GC, Pinheiro LC, Kemp R, Tanus-Santos JE. Consistent gastric pH-dependent effects of suppressors of gastric acid secretion on the antihypertensive responses to oral nitrite. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113940. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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48
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Kapil V, Khambata RS, Jones DA, Rathod K, Primus C, Massimo G, Fukuto JM, Ahluwalia A. The Noncanonical Pathway for In Vivo Nitric Oxide Generation: The Nitrate-Nitrite-Nitric Oxide Pathway. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:692-766. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.120.019240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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49
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Bescos R, Ashworth A, Cutler C, Brookes ZL, Belfield L, Rodiles A, Casas-Agustench P, Farnham G, Liddle L, Burleigh M, White D, Easton C, Hickson M. Effects of Chlorhexidine mouthwash on the oral microbiome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5254. [PMID: 32210245 PMCID: PMC7093448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a single blind, cross-over and non-randomized design we investigated the effect of 7-day use of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on the salivary microbiome as well as several saliva and plasma biomarkers in 36 healthy individuals. They rinsed their mouth (for 1 min) twice a day for seven days with a placebo mouthwash and then repeated this protocol with CHX mouthwash for a further seven days. Saliva and blood samples were taken at the end of each treatment to analyse the abundance and diversity of oral bacteria, and pH, lactate, glucose, nitrate and nitrite concentrations. CHX significantly increased the abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, and reduced the content of Bacteroidetes, TM7, SR1 and Fusobacteria. This shift was associated with a significant decrease in saliva pH and buffering capacity, accompanied by an increase in saliva lactate and glucose levels. Lower saliva and plasma nitrite concentrations were found after using CHX, followed by a trend of increased systolic blood pressure. Overall, this study demonstrates that mouthwash containing CHX is associated with a major shift in the salivary microbiome, leading to more acidic conditions and lower nitrite availability in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Bescos
- Institute of Health & Community, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Ann Ashworth
- Institute of Health & Community, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Craig Cutler
- Institute of Health & Community, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Zoe L Brookes
- Peninsula Dental School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Louise Belfield
- Peninsula Dental School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Ana Rodiles
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | | | - Garry Farnham
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Luke Liddle
- School of Social Sciences, Bishop Grosseteste University, Lincolnshire, LN1 3DY, UK.,Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, South Lanarkshire, G72 0LH, UK
| | - Mia Burleigh
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, South Lanarkshire, G72 0LH, UK
| | - Desley White
- Institute of Health & Community, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Chris Easton
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, South Lanarkshire, G72 0LH, UK
| | - Mary Hickson
- Institute of Health & Community, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
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50
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Liu Y, Croft KD, Hodgson JM, Mori T, Ward NC. Mechanisms of the protective effects of nitrate and nitrite in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Nitric Oxide 2020; 96:35-43. [PMID: 31954804 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Within the body, NO is produced by nitric oxide synthases via converting l-arginine to citrulline. Additionally, NO is also produced via the NOS-independent nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. Unlike the classical pathway, the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway is oxygen independent and viewed as a back-up function to ensure NO generation during ischaemia/hypoxia. Dietary nitrate and nitrite have emerged as substrates for endogenous NO generation and other bioactive nitrogen oxides with promising protective effects on cardiovascular and metabolic function. In brief, inorganic nitrate and nitrite can decrease blood pressure, protect against ischaemia-reperfusion injury, enhance endothelial function, inhibit platelet aggregation, modulate mitochondrial function and improve features of the metabolic syndrome. However, many questions regarding the specific mechanisms of these protective effects on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases remain unclear. In this review, we focus on nitrate/nitrite bioactivation, as well as the potential mechanisms for nitrate/nitrite-mediated effects on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Understanding how dietary nitrate and nitrite induce beneficial effect on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases could open up novel therapeutic opportunities in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Kevin D Croft
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Hodgson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Trevor Mori
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Natalie C Ward
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Public Health and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
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