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Schwartz GL, Leifheit KM, Arcaya MC, Keene D. Eviction as a community health exposure. Soc Sci Med 2024; 340:116496. [PMID: 38091853 PMCID: PMC11249083 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that being evicted harms health. Largely ignored in the existing literature is the possibility that evictions exert community-level health effects, affecting evicted individuals' social networks and shaping broader community conditions. In this narrative review, we summarize evidence and lay out a theoretical model for eviction as a community health exposure, mediated through four paths: 1) shifting ecologies of infectious disease and health behaviors, 2) disruption of neighborhood social cohesion, 3) strain on social networks, and 4) increasing salience of eviction risk. We describe methods for parsing eviction's individual and contextual effects and discuss implications for causal inference. We conclude by addressing eviction's potentially multilevel consequences for policy advocacy and cost-benefit analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L Schwartz
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Urban Health Collaborative & Department of Health Management and Policy, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Kathryn M Leifheit
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mariana C Arcaya
- Department of Urban Studies & Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Danya Keene
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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2
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Gu KD, Faulkner KC, Thorndike AN. Housing instability and cardiometabolic health in the United States: a narrative review of the literature. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:931. [PMID: 37221492 PMCID: PMC10203673 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15875-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Housing instability is variably defined but generally encompasses difficulty paying rent, living in poor or overcrowded conditions, moving frequently, or spending the majority of household income on housing costs. While there is strong evidence that people experiencing homelessness (i.e., lack of regular housing) are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes, less is known about housing instability and health. We synthesized evidence from 42 original research studies conducted in the United States examining the association of housing instability and cardiometabolic health conditions of overweight/obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The included studies varied widely in their definitions and methods of measuring housing instability, but all exposure variables were related to housing cost burden, frequency of moves, living in poor or overcrowded conditions, or experiencing eviction or foreclosure, measured at either the individual household level or at a population level. We also included studies examining the impact of receipt of government rental assistance, which serves as a marker of housing instability given that its purpose is to provide affordable housing for low-income households. Overall, we found mixed but generally adverse associations between housing instability and cardiometabolic health, including higher prevalence of overweight/obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease; worse hypertension and diabetes control; and higher acute health care utilization among those with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We propose a conceptual framework for pathways linking housing instability and cardiometabolic disease that could be targeted in future research and housing policies or programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine D. Gu
- Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, Suite 340, Boston, MA 02114 USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Katherine C. Faulkner
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Anne N. Thorndike
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
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3
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Wang K. Housing Instability and Socioeconomic Disparities in Health: Evidence from the U.S. Economic Recession. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2022; 9:2451-2467. [PMID: 34837164 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
While a number of studies have observed the effects of housing instability on health outcomes, fewer have emphasized pre-existing socioeconomic disparities in health and the influence of housing instability on subsequent health outcomes in the wake of the economic recession. Using national data on six adult health indictors and foreclosure data aggregated by census tract, this study examines the association between neighborhood housing insecurity and health outcomes, particularly focusing on various income levels and racial groups in about 200 U.S. metropolitan areas after the 2008 housing crisis. Results suggest that high levels of housing instability induced by high levels of foreclosed properties in certain neighborhoods were strongly associated with more health problems among residents, but the results varied according to the income level and the dominant racial group in these neighborhoods. With regard to income levels, adverse health conditions in lower income neighborhoods remained longer and became stronger than those in higher income neighborhoods. The findings also show variation among racial groups: While multiple health problems plagued all income levels in white tracts, more severe and worsening pre-existing health problems appeared in lower income minority tracts. In addition, neighborhood housing instability generated by mortgage foreclosures was strongly associated with heart-related diseases, particularly in middle-income White neighborhoods, and mental health problems, particularly in upper-income Hispanic tracts. Finally, among multiple health indicators, mental health problems were the most common health conditions during the U.S. economic recession. In light of the socioeconomic disparities in health, policy makers should establish effective policy tools that integrate health and urban and housing planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsoon Wang
- Housing and Urban Research Institute, Alpharetta, GA, USA.
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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4
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Threats to and Opportunities for Low-Income Homeownership, Housing Stability, and Health: Protocol for the Detroit 2017 Make-It-Home Evaluation Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111230. [PMID: 34769749 PMCID: PMC8582874 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the combined effects of affordability, housing conditions and neighborhood characteristics on the housing stability and health of low-income homeowners. We begin to address these gaps through a mixed-method study design that evaluates the Make-it-Home program (MiH) in Detroit, Michigan, aimed at helping low-income tenants become homeowners when their landlords lose their homes to tax foreclosure. We compare the ‘intervened group’ of MiH homeowners to a ‘comparison’ group of similarly situated households whose homes experience property tax foreclosure at the same time. The comparison group represents the likely outcomes for the participants had they not participated the program. Participants will be surveyed twice (intervened group), or once (comparison group) per year over a three-year period, regarding their housing and neighborhood conditions, health, life events, and socio-economic status, including income and employment. We will use property and neighborhood census data to further examine the conditions experienced. The findings for policy and program development from this study are timely as the nation faces a chronic shortage of affordable housing for both purchasers and renters. The results suggest ways to improve the MiH program and lay out approaches for researchers to navigate some of the complexities associated with this type of research.
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Friedman EM, Houle JN, Cagney KA, Slaughter ME, Shih RA. The Foreclosure Crisis, Community Change, and the Cognitive Health of Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:956-967. [PMID: 32303760 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While home foreclosures are often thought of as a household-level event, the consequences may be far-reaching, and spill over to the broader community. Older adults, in particular, could be affected by the spiral of community changes that result from foreclosures, but we know very little about how the foreclosure crisis is related to older adult health, in particular cognition. METHOD This article uses growth curve models and data from the Health and Retirement Study matched to Census and county-level foreclosure data to examine whether community foreclosures are related to older adults' cognitive health and the mechanisms responsible. RESULTS We find that higher rates of county-level foreclosures are associated with a faster decline in individual cognition at older ages. Although we examined an extensive number of individual and community mechanisms, including individual housing wealth and depressive symptoms, community structural factors, social factors, and perceptions of physical disorder and cohesion, none of the mechanisms examined here explained this relationship. DISCUSSION This study shows that the adverse consequences of home foreclosures spill over to the local community, with implications for the cognitive health of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason N Houle
- Department of Sociology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
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Sims M, Kershaw KN, Breathett K, Jackson EA, Lewis LM, Mujahid MS, Suglia SF. Importance of Housing and Cardiovascular Health and Well-Being: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2020; 13:e000089. [PMID: 32673512 DOI: 10.1161/hcq.0000000000000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease disparities are shaped by differences in risk factors across racial and ethnic groups. Housing remains an important social determinant of health. The objective of this statement is to review and summarize research that has examined the associations of housing status with cardiovascular health and overall health. PubMed/Medline, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data, US Census data, Cochrane Library reviews, and the annual Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics report from the American Heart Association were used to identify empirical research studies that examined associations of housing with cardiovascular health and overall well-being. Health is affected by 4 prominent dimensions of housing: stability, quality and safety, affordability and accessibility, and neighborhood environment. Vulnerable and underserved populations are adversely affected by housing insecurity and homelessness, are at risk for lower-quality and unsafe housing conditions, confront structural barriers that limit access to affordable housing, and are at risk for living in areas with substandard built environment features that are linked to cardiovascular disease. Research linking select pathways to cardiovascular health is relatively strong, but research gaps in other housing pathways and cardiovascular health remain. Efforts to eliminate cardiovascular disease disparities have recently emphasized the importance of social determinants of health. Housing is a prominent social determinant of cardiovascular health and well-being and should be considered in the evaluation of prevention efforts to reduce and eliminate racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities.
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Chambers EC, Hanna DB, Hua S, Duncan DT, Camacho-Rivera M, Zenk SN, McCurley JL, Perreira K, Gellman MD, Gallo LC. Relationship between area mortgage foreclosures, homeownership, and cardiovascular disease risk factors: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:77. [PMID: 30654781 PMCID: PMC6335763 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The risk of mortgage foreclosure disproportionately burdens Hispanic/Latino populations perpetuating racial disparities in health. In this study, we examined the relationship between area-level mortgage foreclosure risk, homeownership, and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among participants of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Methods HCHS/SOL participants were age 18–74 years when recruited from four U.S. metropolitan areas. Mortgage foreclosure risk was obtained from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Homeownership, sociodemographic factors, and cardiovascular disease risk factors were measured at baseline interview between 2008 and 2011. There were 13,856 individuals contributing to the analysis (median age 39 years old, 53% female). Results Renters in high foreclosure risk areas had a higher prevalence of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia but no association with smoking status compared to renters in low foreclosure risk areas. Renters were more likely to smoke cigarettes than homeowners. Conclusion Among US Hispanic/Latinos in urban cities, area foreclosure and homeownership have implications for risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earle C Chambers
- Department of Family & Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Harold and Muriel Block Building, Rm. 409, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - David B Hanna
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Simin Hua
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Dustin T Duncan
- NYU Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Marlene Camacho-Rivera
- Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Shannon N Zenk
- Department of Health Systems Science, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Nursing, Chicago, IL, 60610, USA
| | - Jessica L McCurley
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Krista Perreira
- Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7240, USA
| | - Marc D Gellman
- Behavioral Medicine Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Linda C Gallo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA
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Duran AC, Zenk SN, Tarlov E, Duda S, Smith G, Lee JM, Berbaum ML. Foreclosures and weight gain: Differential associations by longer neighborhood exposure. Prev Med 2019; 118:23-29. [PMID: 30026119 PMCID: PMC6322928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
While home foreclosure can lead to mental and physical health declines in persons experiencing the foreclosure, whether neighborhood foreclosures can affect the health of other residents is debatable. Using a racially/ethnically diverse sample of Chicago metropolitan area residents linked to foreclosure data from 2008 to 2014, we assessed whether exposure to neighborhood foreclosure fillings was associated with changes in objectively measured body mass index (BMI) over time. Using a retrospective longitudinal design, we employed fixed-effects regression models that controlled for individual- and neighborhood-level covariates to test the association of neighborhood foreclosures and BMI in >60,000 individuals and for individuals who did not move during the follow-up period. We also adjusted for the non-linear association of age and BMI and comorbidities and employed a series of sensitivity analysis to test for robustness. In fully adjusted models, a standard-deviation increase in neighborhood foreclosure filings within 500 m was associated with increases in BMI for individuals who did not move (nonmovers) (mean = 0.03 BMI units, 95% confidence interval: 0.01, 0.06). Neighborhood foreclosure rates were not associated with changes in BMI for the full sample. Given the potential deleterious effects of neighborhood foreclosure on individuals with longer exposure to the local vicinity, clarifying the potential health effects of neighborhood foreclosures would help policymakers when planning actions to prevent home losses, predatory home loans, and that aim to more efficiently return foreclosure properties to productive uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Duran
- Department of Health Systems Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Food Studies, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Shannon N Zenk
- Department of Health Systems Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Tarlov
- Department of Health Systems Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Sarah Duda
- Institute for Housing Studies, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Geoff Smith
- Institute for Housing Studies, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jin Man Lee
- Institute for Housing Studies, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael L Berbaum
- Institute for Health Research and Policym, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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McClure E, Feinstein L, Cordoba E, Douglas C, Emch M, Robinson W, Galea S, Aiello AE. The legacy of redlining in the effect of foreclosures on Detroit residents' self-rated health. Health Place 2018; 55:9-19. [PMID: 30448354 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Historical practices, such as housing discrimination in Detroit, have been shown to have lasting impacts on communities. Perhaps the most explicit example is the practice of redlining in the 1930s, whereby lenders outlined financially undesirable neighborhoods, populated by minority families, on maps and prevented residents from moving to better resourced neighborhoods. Awareness of historical housing discrimination may improve research assessing the impacts of current neighborhood characteristics on health. Using the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study (DNHS), we assessed the association between two-year changes in home foreclosure rates following the 2007-2008 Great Recession, and residents' five-year self-rated health trajectories (2008-2013); and estimated the confounding bias introduced by ignoring historical redlining practices in the city. We used both ecological and multilevel models to make inference about person- and community-level processes. In a neighborhood-level linear regression adjusted for confounders (including percent redlined); a 10%-point slower foreclosure rate recovery was associated with an increase in prevalence of poor self-rated health of 0.31 (95% CI:-0.02 to 0.64). At the individual level, it was associated with a within-person increase in probability of poor health of 0.45 (95% CI:0.15-0.72). Removing redlining from the model biased the estimated effect upward to 0.38 (95% CI:0.07-0.69) and 0.56 (95% CI:0.21-0.84) in the neighborhood and individual-level models, respectively. Stratum-specific foreclosure recovery effects indicate stronger influence in neighborhoods with a greater proportion of residents identifying as white and a greater degree of historic redlining. These findings support earlier theory suggesting a historical influence of structural discrimination on the association between current neighborhood characteristics and health, and suggests that historical redlining specifically may increase vulnerability to contemporary neighborhood foreclosures. Community interventions should consider historical discrimination in conjunction with current place-based indicators to more equitably improve population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth McClure
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lydia Feinstein
- Social & Scientific Systems, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Evette Cordoba
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | - Michael Emch
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Whitney Robinson
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sandro Galea
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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Crawford ND, Moore K, Christine PJ, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Seeman T, Diez Roux AV. Examining the Role of Neighborhood-Level Foreclosure in Smoking and Alcohol Use Among Older Adults in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:1863-1870. [PMID: 29961880 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The US Great Recession resulted in an alarming number of home foreclosures that weakened the social and physical environment of thousands of neighborhoods. Few studies have evaluated whether these neighborhood changes were related to changes in individual behaviors. We examined the relationship between changes in neighborhood-level home foreclosure within a quarter-mile (0.4-km) buffer of the residence and changes in cigarette smoking and alcohol use among 3,807 adults enrolled in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis during 2005-2012, using econometric individual-level fixed-effects models. Increases in neighborhood-level foreclosure were associated with small decreases in the number of cigarettes smoked per day (mean difference = -0.08, 95% confidence interval: -0.11, -0.04) and small increases in the number of alcoholic beverages consumed per week (mean difference = 0.11, 95% confidence interval: 0.05, 0.17). Neighborhood-level foreclosure may not uniformly influence high-risk behaviors. The impact of home foreclosure on adult drinking should be further explored, given its potentially negative implications for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie D Crawford
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kari Moore
- Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul J Christine
- Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Teresa Seeman
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ana V Diez Roux
- Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Houle JN, Light MT. The harder they fall? Sex and race/ethnic specific suicide rates in the U.S. foreclosure crisis. Soc Sci Med 2017; 180:114-124. [PMID: 28343110 PMCID: PMC6076432 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous work shows suicide rates increase during economic recessions, but little research has examined the extent to which the foreclosure crisis-a unique aspect of the Great Recession-has contributed to disparities in rising suicide rates by race and sex. We develop and test two competing hypotheses regarding the association between foreclosures and race by sex specific suicide rates. We link foreclosure data (RealtyTrac) and suicide data (CDC) from 174 metropolitan areas from 2005 to 2010 (1044 MSA-year observations) and find that-net of time invariant unobserved between-metro area differences, national time trends, and time-varying confounders-a rise in the foreclosure rate is associated with a marginal increase in suicide, but this main effect masks considerable heterogeneity across groups. The association is particularly strong for white males, and weaker or non-existent for other race by sex groups.
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12
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Arcaya MC. Invited Commentary: Foreclosures and Health in a Neighborhood Context. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 185:436-439. [PMID: 28184426 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kww169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent systematic reviews link foreclosure to worse health at both the individual and population levels. In this issue of the Journal, Downing et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2017;185(6):429-435) add to what is known about foreclosure and health by examining annual measures of glycemic control in relation to local foreclosure activity. They provided evidence that between 2007 and 2010, glycemic control was not associated with rates of completed foreclosure among a continuously insured managed-care population of persons with type 2 diabetes living in 9 California counties. In this commentary, I consider 5 possible interpretations of the null results: 1) foreclosures do not affect health in general, 2) glycated hemoglobin is insensitive to local foreclosure activity, 3) the presence of real estate owned foreclosures (rather than the competed foreclosure rate) affects health, 4) an integrated health-care delivery system buffers patients from the effects of the foreclosure crisis, and 5) community conditions and responses to the foreclosure crisis buffer patients from the effects of the foreclosure crisis. I close by arguing that research on the contextual effects of foreclosure on health should continue despite the ongoing recovery of the housing market.
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Vásquez-Vera H, Palència L, Magna I, Mena C, Neira J, Borrell C. The threat of home eviction and its effects on health through the equity lens: A systematic review. Soc Sci Med 2017; 175:199-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Christine PJ, Moore K, Crawford ND, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Sánchez BN, Seeman T, Diez Roux AV. Exposure to Neighborhood Foreclosures and Changes in Cardiometabolic Health: Results From MESA. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 185:106-114. [PMID: 27986705 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kww186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Home foreclosures can precipitate declines in health among the individuals who lost their homes. Whether home foreclosures can "spillover" to affect the health of other neighborhood residents is largely unknown. Using longitudinal data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis that were linked to foreclosure data from 2005 to 2012, we assessed whether greater exposure to neighborhood foreclosures was associated with temporal changes in 3 objectively measured cardiometabolic risk factors: body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and fasting glucose level. We used fixed-effects models to estimate mean changes in cardiometabolic risk factors associated with changes in neighborhood foreclosures over time. In models in which we controlled for time-varying income, working status, medication use, neighborhood poverty, neighborhood unemployment, and interactions of age, sex, race, and state foreclosure laws with time, a standard-deviation increase in neighborhood foreclosures (1.9 foreclosures per quarter mile) was associated with increases in fasting glucose (mean = 0.22 mg/dL, 95% confidence interval: -0.05, 0.50) and decreases in blood pressure (mean = -0.27 mm Hg, 95% confidence interval: -0.49, -0.04). Changes in neighborhood foreclosure rates were not associated with changes in body mass index. Overall, greater exposure to neighborhood foreclosures had mixed associations with cardiometabolic risk factors over time. Given the millions of mortgages still in default, further research clarifying the potential health effects of neighborhood foreclosures is needed.
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Marí-Dell'Olmo M, Novoa AM, Camprubí L, Peralta A, Vásquez-Vera H, Bosch J, Amat J, Díaz F, Palència L, Mehdipanah R, Rodríguez-Sanz M, Malmusi D, Borrell C. Housing Policies and Health Inequalities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 2016; 47:207-232. [PMID: 28030990 DOI: 10.1177/0020731416684292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A large body of literature shows the link between inadequate housing conditions and poor physical and mental health. The aim of this paper is to summarize the research on the impact of local housing policies on health inequalities, focusing on the issues of access to housing and fuel poverty as studied in the SOPHIE project. Our case studies in Spain showed that people facing housing insecurity, experienced intense levels of mental distress. We found that access to secure and adequate housing can improve the health of these populations, therefore, public policies that address housing instability and their consequences are urgently needed. Housing conditions related to fuel poverty are associated with poorer health and are unevenly distributed across Europe. We found possible positive effects of façade insulation interventions on cold-related mortality in women living in social housing; but not in men. Policies on housing energy efficiency can reduce the health consequences of fuel poverty, but need to be free to users, target the most vulnerable groups and be adaptable to their needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Marí-Dell'Olmo
- 1 Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,2 CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,3 Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,4 Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana M Novoa
- 1 Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,3 Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Camprubí
- 1 Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,2 CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Peralta
- 1 Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,4 Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hugo Vásquez-Vera
- 1 Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,4 Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,5 Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jordi Bosch
- 4 Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Amat
- 1 Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Laia Palència
- 1 Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,2 CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,3 Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roshanak Mehdipanah
- 1 Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,7 University of Michigan School of Public Health, Michigan, USA
| | - Maica Rodríguez-Sanz
- 1 Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,2 CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,3 Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,4 Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Davide Malmusi
- 1 Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,2 CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,3 Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Borrell
- 1 Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,2 CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,3 Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,4 Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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The health effects of the foreclosure crisis and unaffordable housing: A systematic review and explanation of evidence. Soc Sci Med 2016; 162:88-96. [PMID: 27343818 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The foreclosure crisis was detrimental to the financial well-being of many households, yet the non-economic consequences are still poorly understood. This systematic review aims to understand the direct and spillover effect of foreclosures on several health-related outcomes by synthesizing evidence from 40 studies. First, this study identifies research gaps using a schema to organize studies by line of inquiry, health-related outcome, and measure of homeowner financial distress. In order to provide context for the findings, four pathways - stress, effect-budgeting, frustration-aggression, and trust - evoked in the literature are described to explain the relationship between foreclosures and health. The research suggests that experiencing a foreclosure and living near foreclosures are associated with poor psychological and behavioral morbidities, namely anxiety and violent behavior, and declining health utilization. Evidence is sparse on suicide, substance abuse, somatic morbidities, and mortality. Future research is needed to fill the gaps and explicitly test the mechanisms proposed.
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17
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Daponte Codina A, Mateo Rodríguez I, Vásquez-Vera H. [Evictions and health, a response from the public health in Spain is needed]. GACETA SANITARIA 2016; 30:239-41. [PMID: 27184757 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Daponte Codina
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España; Observatorio de Salud y Medio Ambiente de Andalucía (OSMAN), Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, España.
| | - Inmaculada Mateo Rodríguez
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España; Observatorio de Salud y Medio Ambiente de Andalucía (OSMAN), Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, España
| | - Hugo Vásquez-Vera
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, España; Centro de Estudios para la Equidad en Salud, Universidad de La Frontera, Chile
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18
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Vásquez-Vera H, Rodríguez-Sanz M, Palència L, Borrell C. Foreclosure and Health in Southern Europe: Results from the Platform for People Affected by Mortgages. J Urban Health 2016; 93:312-30. [PMID: 26940706 PMCID: PMC4835360 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-016-0030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Housing instability has been shown to be related to poorer health outcomes in various studies, mainly in the USA and UK. Affected individuals are more prone to psychiatric (e.g., major depression, anxiety) and physical disorders (e.g., hypertension). This situation has deteriorated with the onset of the economic crisis. One of the most affected countries is Spain, which has high rates of foreclosure and eviction that continue to rise. In response, a civil movement, The Platform for People Affected by Mortgages (PAH), works to provide solutions to its members affected by foreclosure and advocates for the right to decent housing. The aims of this study ware to describe and compare the health status of PAH members from Catalonia to a sample of the general population and to analyze the association between health status and mortgage status, foreclosure stage, and other socioeconomic variables, among members of the PAH. We conducted a cross-sectional study using a self-administered online questionnaire (2014) administered to 905 PAH members in Catalonia (>18 years; 559 women and 346 men). Results were compared with health indicators from The Health Survey of Catalonia 2013 (n = 4830). The dependent variables were poor mental health (GHQ 12 ≥ 3), and poor self-reported health (fair or poor). All analyses were stratified by sex. We computed age-standardized prevalence and prevalence ratios of poor mental and self-reported health in both samples. We also analyzed health outcomes among PAH members according to mortgage status (mortgage holders or guarantors), stage of foreclosure, and other socioeconomic variables by computing prevalence ratios from robust Poisson regression models. The prevalence of poor mental health among PAH members was 90.6 % in women and 84.4 % in men, and 15.5 and 10.2 % in the general population, respectively. The prevalence of poor self-reported health was 55.6 % in women and 39.4 % in men from the PAH, and 19.2 and 16.1 % in the general population, respectively. These health inequalities were independent of socioeconomic status. The prevalence of poor mental health was higher among individuals in the non-payment stage of foreclosure than among those who were up to date with their payments (e.g., PRc = 1.16 [95 % CI 1.04-1.28]). In contrast, self-reported poor health was more prominent in later stages of foreclosure, such as in post-eviction without dation in payment stage in men (PRc = 2.24 [95 %CI = 1.35-3.72]). We observed a considerably higher prevalence of poor mental and self-reported health among male and female PAH members than in the general population. Public policies that tackle housing instability and its consequences are urgently needed in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vásquez-Vera
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Estudios para la Equidad en Salud, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Maica Rodríguez-Sanz
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Palència
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carme Borrell
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Avinguda Lesseps 1, ES-08023, Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Downing J, Karter A, Rodriguez H, Dow WH, Adler N, Schillinger D, Warton M, Laraia B. No Spillover Effect of the Foreclosure Crisis on Weight Change: The Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151334. [PMID: 26985671 PMCID: PMC4795787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging body of research suggests the unprecedented increase in housing foreclosures and unemployment between 2007 and 2009 had detrimental effects on health. Using data from electronic health records of 105,919 patients with diabetes in Northern California, this study examined how increases in foreclosure rates from 2006 to 2010 affected weight change. We anticipated that two of the pathways that explain how the spike in foreclosure rates affects weight gain-increasing stress and declining salutary health behaviors- would be acute in a population with diabetes because of metabolic sensitivity to stressors and health behaviors. Controlling for unemployment, housing prices, temporal trends, and time-invariant confounders with individual fixed effects, we found no evidence of an association between the foreclosure rate in each patient's census block of residence and body mass index. Our results suggest, although more than half of the population was exposed to at least one foreclosure within their census block, the foreclosure crisis did not independently impact weight change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Downing
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Karter
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Hector Rodriguez
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - William H Dow
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Nancy Adler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Dean Schillinger
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret Warton
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara Laraia
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Margerison-Zilko C, Goldman-Mellor S, Falconi A, Downing J. Health Impacts of the Great Recession: A Critical Review. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2016; 3:81-91. [PMID: 27239427 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-016-0068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The severity, sudden onset, and multipronged nature of the Great Recession (2007-2009) provided a unique opportunity to examine the health impacts of macroeconomic downturn. We comprehensively review empirical literature examining the relationship between the Recession and mental and physical health outcomes in developed nations. Overall, studies reported detrimental impacts of the Recession on health, particularly mental health. Macro- and individual-level employment- and housing-related sequelae of the Recession were associated with declining fertility and self-rated health, and increasing morbidity, psychological distress, and suicide, although traffic fatalities and population-level alcohol consumption declined. Health impacts were stronger among men and racial/ethnic minorities. Importantly, strong social safety nets in some European countries appear to have buffered those populations from negative health effects. This literature, however, still faces multiple methodological challenges, and more time may be needed to observe the Recession's full health impact. We conclude with suggestions for future work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Margerison-Zilko
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, 909 Fee Rd., Rm 601, East Lansing, MI 48824, Ph: 517-353-8623
| | - Sidra Goldman-Mellor
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95342, Ph: (209) 228-2498
| | - April Falconi
- General Internal Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, Ph: (703) 328-4851
| | - Janelle Downing
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 545 University Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, Ph: (510) 643-8571
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21
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[The health of adults undergoing an eviction process]. GACETA SANITARIA 2015; 30:4-10. [PMID: 26548977 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze perceived health status and other health-related indicators in the adult population in Granada (Spain) undergoing an eviction process from their homes, whether rented or owned, in comparison with health indicators in the general adult population in Andalusia. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was administered by trained staff. The survey included instruments from the Andalusian Health Survey 2011 for measuring variables related to physical and mental health, as well as health-related habits. We compared the results with those obtained from the Andalusian general population through the Andalusian Health Survey. A bivariate analysis using the χ2 test and a multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted. RESULTS We obtained a total sample of 205 people in the process of eviction. A total of 59.5% (n=122) were women, and 40.5% (n=83) were men. Participants were more likely to have poor health (odds ratio [OR]: 12.63, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 8.74-18.27), have cardiovascular diseases (OR: 3.08; 95%CI: 1.54- 6.16), or to smoke (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.21-2.33) compared with the Andalusian general population. Most of the health indicators analyzed showed a worse outcome for women undergoing an eviction process. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that, in the current context of economic crisis, people undergoing a process of eviction in Granada and its metropolitan area show poorer health than the Andalusian general population. Further research is needed on health and evictions from different methodological approaches, for a better understanding of the topic.
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22
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How substandard dwellings and housing affordability problems are associated with poor health in a vulnerable population during the economic recession of the late 2000s. Int J Equity Health 2015; 14:120. [PMID: 26530721 PMCID: PMC4632653 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-015-0238-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Given the increasing number of people in Spain struggling to pay housing-related costs during the economic recession, it is important to assess the health status of these communities as compared to the general population and to better understand the different housing dimensions that are related with poor mental health. This study aims to describe the housing conditions and health status of a sample of people assisted by Caritas Barcelona (Spain) and living in inadequate housing and/or struggling to pay their rent or mortgage, to compare the health outcomes of this population with those of the overall population of Barcelona, and to analyze the association between housing dimensions and mental health. Methods We used a cross-sectional design. The participating adults (n = 320) and children (n = 177) were those living in the dioceses of Barcelona, Sant Feliu and Terrassa (Spain) in 2012 and assisted by Cáritas. They were asked to answer to three questionnaires on housing and health conditions. Eight health related variables were used to compare participants with Barcelona’s residents and associations between housing conditions and poor mental health were examined with multivariate logistic regression models. Results In Barcelona, people seeking Caritas’s help and facing serious housing problems had a much poorer health status than the general population, even when compared to those belonging to the most deprived social classes. For example, 69.4 % of adult participants had poor mental health compared to 11.5 % male and 15.2 % female Barcelona residents. Moreover, housing conditions were associated with poor mental health. Conclusions This study has shown how, in a country hit by the financial recession, those people facing housing problems have much worse health compared to the general population.
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Abstract
In the USA, hypertension affects one in three adults, and anxiety disorders are the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorders. Both hypertension and anxiety have been studied extensively. Yet, a full understanding of anxiety's relationship to hypertension has been elusive. In this review, we discuss the spectrum of anxiety disorders. In addition, we consider the evidence for acute and long-term effects of anxiety on blood pressure. We review the effect on blood pressure of several "real-world" stressors, such as natural disasters. In addition, we review the effect of anxiety treatments on blood pressure. We explain the American Heart Association's recent recommendations regarding meditation and other relaxation methods in the management of hypertension. We conclude that novel research methods are needed in order to better elucidate many aspects of how anxiety relates to hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brian Byrd
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, 20-209 W, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA,
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24
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Tsai AC. Home foreclosure, health, and mental health: a systematic review of individual, aggregate, and contextual associations. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123182. [PMID: 25849962 PMCID: PMC4388711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The U.S. foreclosure crisis intensified markedly during the Great Recession of 2007-09, and currently an estimated five percent of U.S. residential properties are more than 90 days past due or in the process of foreclosure. Yet there has been no systematic assessment of the effects of foreclosure on health and mental health. METHODS AND FINDINGS I applied systematic search terms to PubMed and PsycINFO to identify quantitative or qualitative studies about the relationship between home foreclosure and health or mental health. After screening the titles and abstracts of 930 publications and reviewing the full text of 76 articles, dissertations, and other reports, I identified 42 publications representing 35 unique studies about foreclosure, health, and mental health. The majority of studies (32 [91%]) concluded that foreclosure had adverse effects on health or mental health, while three studies yielded null or mixed findings. Only two studies examined the extent to which foreclosure may have disproportionate impacts on ethnic or racial minority populations. CONCLUSIONS Home foreclosure adversely affects health and mental health through channels operating at multiple levels: at the individual level, the stress of personally experiencing foreclosure was associated with worsened mental health and adverse health behaviors, which were in turn linked to poorer health status; at the community level, increasing degradation of the neighborhood environment had indirect, cross-level adverse effects on health and mental health. Early intervention may be able to prevent acute economic shocks from eventually developing into the chronic stress of foreclosure, with all of the attendant benefits this implies for health and mental health status. Programs designed to encourage early return of foreclosed properties back into productive use may have similar health and mental health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C. Tsai
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- * E-mail:
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25
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Houle JN, Keene DE. Getting sick and falling behind: health and the risk of mortgage default and home foreclosure. J Epidemiol Community Health 2014; 69:382-7. [PMID: 25430548 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An emerging literature shows that mortgage strain can lead to poor health outcomes, but less work has focused on whether and how health shocks influence mortgage distress. We examine the link between changes in health status and default/foreclosure risk among older middle-aged adults. METHOD We used National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 data and multivariate logistic regression models to examine the relationship between changes in health limitations and chronic conditions across survey waves and risk of mortgage default and foreclosure. RESULTS We found that changes in health limitations and chronic conditions increased the risk of default and foreclosure between 2007 and 2010. These associations were partially mediated by changes in family income and loss of health insurance. CONCLUSIONS From a policy perspective, the strong link between the onset of illness and foreclosure suggests a need to re-examine the safety-nets that are available to individuals who become ill or disabled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N Houle
- Department of Sociology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Danya E Keene
- Social Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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26
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Houle JN. Mental health in the foreclosure crisis. Soc Sci Med 2014; 118:1-8. [PMID: 25084488 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that the rise in home foreclosures that began in 2007 created feelings of stress, vulnerability, and sapped communities of social and economic resources. Minority and low SES communities were more likely to be exposed to predatory lending and hold subprime mortgages, and were the hardest hit by the foreclosure crisis. Little research has examined whether and how the foreclosure crisis has undermined population mental health. I use data from 2245 counties in 50 U.S. states to examine whether living in high foreclosure areas is associated with residents' mental health and whether the foreclosure crisis has the potential to exacerbate existing disparities in mental health during the recessionary period. I use county-level data from RealtyTrac and other data sources, and individual-level data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey from 2006 to 2011. I find that - net of time invariant unobserved between-county differences, national time trends, and observed confounders - a rise in a county's foreclosure rate is associated with a decline in residents' mental health. This association is especially pronounced in counties with a high concentration of low SES and minority residents, which supports the perspective that the foreclosure crisis has the potential to exacerbate existing social disparities in mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N Houle
- Dartmouth College, 6104 Silsby Hall, Room 111, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V Diez Roux
- From Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA.
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