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Marhoffer EA, Ein-Alshaeba S, Grimshaw AA, Holleck JL, Rudikoff B, Bastian LA, Gunderson CG. Gender Disparity in Full Professor Rank Among Academic Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2024; 99:801-809. [PMID: 38498314 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000005695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The gender gap in promotion in academic medicine is well established. However, few studies have reported gender differences in promotion adjusted for scholarly production and national or international reputation, namely, career duration, publications, grant funding, and leadership positions. The authors performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the differences between men and women in achieving benchmarks for promotion and analyze where such differences lie geographically and within specialties. METHOD A systematic search of Academic Search Premier, Business Source Complete, Cochrane Library, ERIC, GenderWatch, Google Scholar, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted from inception to August 17, 2022. All studies that reported the number of male and female full professors on medical school faculty were included. The primary outcome was the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for promotion to full professor for women compared with men. RESULTS Two hundred forty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. The unadjusted OR for promotion to full professor for women was 0.38 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.36-0.41). Sixteen studies reported an AOR. The pooled AOR of promotion for women to full professor was 0.60 (95% CI, 0.46-0.77). The AOR for promotion to full professor was 0.55 (95% CI, 0.34-0.88) in surgery and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.57-1.11) in internal medicine. Statistical heterogeneity was high ( Q = 66.6, I2 = 79.4%, P < .001). On meta-regression, 77% of the heterogeneity was from studies outside the United States, where more disparity was reported (AOR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.22-0.38). CONCLUSIONS Most studies continued to find decreased promotion of women. Gender disparity was particularly notable in surgery and in studies from outside the United States. The results suggest that differences in promotion were due to differences in productivity and leadership and to gender bias.
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Philbin MM, Everett BG, Auerbach JD. Gender(ed) science: How the institutionalization of gender continues to shape the conduct and content of women's health research. Soc Sci Med 2024; 351 Suppl 1:116456. [PMID: 38825378 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, and attributes that a particular society considers appropriate for men and women based on assumptions about biological sex. It also operates as a major social organizing principle that confers unequal power, status, and resources to men and women, with direct consequences for health. Historic patriarchal and misogynistic beliefs and values are reinforced through social institutions, including health science, which reify gender inequities. This commentary examines two key domains in which the social organization and institutionalization of gender in scientific research affect the conduct of women's health research and, by extension, women's health outcomes. These domains are: 1) decisions about which topics are prioritized, researched, and funded and 2) the dissemination of research findings. Using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as a case study to illustrate broader patterns in scientific research, we present evidence of gender-based inequities in what is prioritized, deemed fundable, and disseminated, and how this affects knowledge production and attention to women's health. We highlight efforts and progress made by the NIH and call for additional attention to further address gender-based inequities and their impact on women's health research. We conclude with a call for critical social science analyses-ideally supported by the NIH-of the social organization of health science research to identify points of intervention for redressing deep-seated obstacles to advancing research on women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M Philbin
- Division of Vulnerable Populations, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, United States.
| | | | - Judith D Auerbach
- Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, United States
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Chowdhury D, Bansal N, Ansong A, Baker Smith C, Bauser‐Heaton H, Choueiter N, Co‐Vu J, Elliott P, Fuller S, Jain SS, Jone P, Johnson JN, Karamlou T, Kipps AK, Laraja K, Lopez KN, Rasheed M, Ronai C, Sachdeva R, Saidi A, Snyder C, Sutton N, Stiver C, Taggart NW, Shaffer K, Williams R. Mind the Gap! Working Toward Gender Equity in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease: Present and Future. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e032837. [PMID: 38639355 PMCID: PMC11179897 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Evidence from medicine and other fields has shown that gender diversity results in better decision making and outcomes. The incoming workforce of congenital heart specialists (especially in pediatric cardiology) appears to be more gender balanced, but past studies have shown many inequities. Gender-associated differences in leadership positions, opportunities presented for academic advancement, and recognition for academic contributions to the field persist. In addition, compensation packages remain disparate if evaluated based on gender with equivalent experience and expertise. This review explores these inequities and has suggested individual and institutional changes that could be made to recruit and retain women, monitor the climate of the institution, and identify and eliminate bias in areas like salary and promotions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neha Bansal
- Division of Pediatric CardiologyMount Sinai Kravis Children’s HospitalNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Annette Ansong
- Division of Pediatric CardiologyChildren’s National HospitalWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | - Holly Bauser‐Heaton
- Division of Pediatric CardiologyChildren’s Healthcare of AtlantaAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Nadine Choueiter
- Division of Pediatric CardiologyMount Sinai Kravis Children’s HospitalNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Jennifer Co‐Vu
- University of Florida Congenital Heart CenterGainesvilleFLUSA
| | | | - Stephanie Fuller
- Division of Cardiothoracic SurgeryChildren’s Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Supriya S. Jain
- New York Medical College‐Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital at Westchester Medical CenterValhallaNYUSA
| | - Pei‐Ni Jone
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology)Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoILUSA
| | - Jonathan N. Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric CardiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | - Tara Karamlou
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryCleveland Clinic Children’sClevelandOHUSA
| | - Alaina K. Kipps
- Division of Pediatric CardiologyStanford School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | - Kristin Laraja
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of PediatricsUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Keila N. Lopez
- Department of Pediatric CardiologyBaylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - Muneera Rasheed
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary CareUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Christina Ronai
- Department of Cardiology,Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Ritu Sachdeva
- Division of Pediatric CardiologyChildren’s Healthcare of AtlantaAtlantaGAUSA
| | | | - Chris Snyder
- Division of Pediatric CardiologyUH Cleveland Medical CenterClevelandOHUSA
| | - Nicole Sutton
- Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Corey Stiver
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s HospitalColumbusOHUSA
| | - Nathaniel W. Taggart
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric CardiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | - Kenneth Shaffer
- Dell Children’s Medical CenterUniversity of Texas at Austin Dell Medical SchoolAustinTXUSA
| | - Roberta Williams
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Keck School of Medicine of USCChildren’s Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
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Wei W, Cai Z, Ding J, Fares S, Patel A, Khosa F. Organizational Leadership Gender Differences in Medical Schools and Affiliated Universities. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2024; 33:662-670. [PMID: 38061046 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2023.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: To compare gender compositions in the leadership of the top 25 medical schools in North America with the leadership of their affiliated university senior leadership and other faculties. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional observational study used publicly available gender data from 2018 to 2019 of universities drawn from the U.S. News Best Global Universities for Clinical Medicine Ranking report. Gender compositions in eight leadership tiers from senior leadership to medical school department directors were analyzed. Data analysis included gender compositions by leadership tier and faculty. Results: Male representation is greater at higher leadership tiers, with the largest imbalance being at the level of medical school department heads. The faculty of medicine has more men in leadership positions than the average of the other faculties (p = 0.02), though similar to schools of engineering, business, dentistry, and pharmacy. Across the eight leadership tiers, a significant trend exists between tier and proportions, indicating that male representation was greater at higher tiers (p < 0.001). No correlation was found between a university's leadership gender composition and its ranking. Conclusion: The under-representation of women is greater in medical school leadership than the leadership of their affiliated universities. The faculty of medicine has greater male over-representation than the average of the other faculties.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Wei
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zhenglun Cai
- Department of Statistics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Saleh Fares
- Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response at the Department of Emergency Medicine, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amy Patel
- Department of Radiology, The University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Mahowald MK, Esmail K, Ezzeddine FM, Choi C, Mieszczanska H, Velarde G. Sex Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2024; 20:107-119. [PMID: 38495656 PMCID: PMC10941692 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women. It remains underdiagnosed, undertreated, and portends worse outcomes in women than men. Disparities exist in every stage of science, from bench research to the editorial board of major journals and in every cardiovascular subspecialty. This review summarizes differences in cardiovascular risk factors and disparities in management and outcomes of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, aortic stenosis, and atrial fibrillation. It also provides an overview of female representation as participants and leaders of clinical trials, editorial boards, and academic institutions. Strategies to overcome these disparities are proposed with examples of successful programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khadeeja Esmail
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, US
| | | | - Calvin Choi
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, US
| | | | - Gladys Velarde
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, US
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Chen J, Gu J, Ru Y, Wang J, Hu Y, Liu K, Liu Q, Zhang X, Xiao Z, Zhao W, Xu Y, Huang X, Wu D. Hematologic health services and practical characteristics: report of a nationwide survey among Chinese hematologists. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:326. [PMID: 38475797 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-10829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past 40 years, China has experienced tremendous economic development, but the current situation of hematologists has rarely been reported. A landscape survey of human resources is essential for healthcare development and policy formulation in the future. METHODS The Chinese Society of Hematology initiated a survey of Chinese hematologists in mainland China for evaluating demographic and practice characteristics. Respondents were anonymous, and there were no limitations regarding their age, sex, etc. RESULTS: Totally 2032 hematologists responded, with a median age bracket of 36-45 years. Respondents were well engaged into subspecialties, and 28.1% acquired doctorates of philosophy. Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) centers have been established all over China. Higher-GDP regions reported more advantages, including bigger scale of transplant centers (P < 0.001), younger age structure (P = 0.039), better education qualifications (P = 0.001) and less turnover intentions (P = 0.004), despite of increased risk of medical disputes (P = 0.028). Although females accounted for 65.5% of hematologists, males were older (P < 0.001), and had more senior professional titles (P < 0.001), academic positions (P < 0.001), opportunities for continuing education (P < 0.001), and paper publishing in the recent two years (P = 0.001). For turnover intention, the higher GDP regions led to an independently reduced risk (HR = 0.673, 95%CI [0.482-0.940], P = 0.020), whereas medical disputes resulted in an increased the risk (HR = 2.037, 95%CI [1.513-2.743], P < 0.001). Considering the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, majority of respondents believed that the decline in patient visits and delay in treatment was within 30%. 67.9% of respondents reported a decrease of the use of bone marrow as grafts but 18.8% reported an increase of cord blood units. 35.0% of the respondents switched their daily work to support the anti-epidemic medical activities. CONCLUSIONS We concluded the discipline of hematology in China has flourished in recent years with a young workforce, while regional economic and gender disparities warrant further continuous optimization. Joint efforts against the impact of COVID-19 are needed in the post-pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Jiali Gu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Yuhua Ru
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiyan Liu
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Qifa Liu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Zhijian Xiao
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, China
| | - Weili Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China.
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Depei Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China.
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Carman M, Zink H, Larson K, Balanoff C, Wagner J, Chollet-Hinton L, Kilgore L. Advanced degrees, gender, and professional rank in surgery, disparities in academic medicine. Am J Surg 2024; 228:5-9. [PMID: 37517902 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Women comprise nearly half of all residents in training, yet there is a significant disparity of women in academic leadership. Surgical subspecialties are dominated by men in both percentages of physicians and leadership positions. We sought to examine the association of advanced non-medical degrees with academic rank and gender in academic surgery departments. METHODS Faculty from 126 ACGME-accredited academic medical centers were analyzed to identify faculty gender as described in online biographical information, advanced non-medical degrees, academic rank, and additional leadership positions held. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS 4536 surgeons were identified, 69.3% men, 27.3% female, and 3.3% unlisted. Female surgeons were more likely to hold advanced non-doctoral degrees than men (18.2% vs. 13.8%, p < 0.002). Among those with advanced degrees, PhDs were held by 3.3% of women and 5.7% of men (p < 0.001). Female surgeons were less likely to hold the rank of Professor than male surgeons (15.8% vs 30.3%, p < 0.001), and more likely to hold the rank of Assistant Professor than male surgeons (51.9% vs 36.1%, p < 0.001). This likelihood remained true when analyzing only surgeons with one or more advanced non-medical degrees. Men were more likely to be Chair of Surgery (3.0%), Division Chief (9.6%), and Research Chair (0.5%); compared to women (1.3%; 4.8%; 0.2%; p = 0.001, <0.001, 0.21 respectively). CONCLUSIONS There continues to be a significant male predominance in general surgery. Gender discrepancy is also seen in professional rank and academic title despite women holding more advanced degrees. Advanced degrees are currently considered academic qualifications, but this does not reflect surgical academic leadership roles or rank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Carman
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66061, USA
| | - Holly Zink
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66061, USA
| | - Kelsey Larson
- Division of Breast Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66061, USA
| | - Christa Balanoff
- Division of Breast Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66061, USA
| | - Jamie Wagner
- Division of Breast Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66061, USA
| | - Lynn Chollet-Hinton
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66061, USA
| | - Lyndsey Kilgore
- Division of Breast Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66061, USA.
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Hunt KM, Foley M, Connors LA, Hildebrand KJ, Ellis AK. Trends in the proportion of women speakers at North American Allergy and Immunology conferences, 2008 to 2020. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2023; 131:728-736. [PMID: 37689114 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.08.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women in medicine continue to be underrepresented at medical conferences. Previous studies have evaluated the proportion of invited female speakers across multiple specialties and evaluated factors that may have led to this disparity. The field of Allergy and Immunology has often been excluded and analyses have not illustrated how the trends have changed over the past decade. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the distribution of invited speakers by gender over time at the 3 largest North American Allergy and Immunology conferences. METHODS This retrospective longitudinal analysis used conference programs from 2008 to 2020 from the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI), the American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (ACAAI), and the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (CSACI). The gender (binary definition, man or woman, based on names, photos, pronouns, from conference programs and institutional profiles) of invited speakers was analyzed as the primary outcome, and planning committee members, and multispeaker sessions as secondary outcomes. These data were compared with publicly available data on the composition of the specialty by gender in the United States and Canada. RESULTS Women speakers at AAAAI, ACAAI, and CSACI conferences have historically been lower than male speakers and underrepresented compared with specialty composition. However, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of women speakers over time for all 3 conferences individually (AAAAI: 23.7% in 2008, 41.1% by 2020; ACAAI: 16.7% in 2008, 37.3% by 2020; CSACI: 19.4% in 2008, 54.8% by 2020; P < .001 for each) and combined (21.3% in 2008, 40.7% by 2020, P < .001). This trend coincides with a significant increase in women on the planning committee (all conferences: 20% in 2008, 50.6% by 2020; P < .001). There is also a decreasing trend over time for men-only multispeaker sessions. CONCLUSION This study sheds light on the trends of women speaker representation at Allergy and Immunology conferences and provides clarity on future needs to reach equal representation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Hunt
- Department of Pediatrics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Allergy and Immunology The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Mary Foley
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lori A Connors
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kyla J Hildebrand
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anne K Ellis
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Meo M, Fenske S, Chowdhury R. Editorial: Women in Cardiac Electrophysiology: 2022. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1299403. [PMID: 37908339 PMCID: PMC10614286 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1299403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Meo
- Boston Scientific Corp, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Stefanie Fenske
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Rasheda Chowdhury
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Lerchenmueller MJ, Schmallenbach L, Bley M, Lerchenmüller C. Gender disparities in altmetric attention scores for cardiovascular research. Commun Biol 2023; 6:741. [PMID: 37460580 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Lerchenmueller
- Department of Organization and Innovation, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Leibniz Center for European Economic Research, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Leo Schmallenbach
- Department of Organization and Innovation, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maximilian Bley
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolin Lerchenmüller
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Bañuelos Marco B, 't Hoen L, O'Kelly F, Dönmez MI, Haid B, Baydilli N, Sforza S, Bindi E, Lammers RJ. Primum Non Discernere: Glass Ceilings and Female Representation at the European Association of Urology and European Society for Paediatric Urology Annual Meetings, 2012-2022. EUR UROL SUPPL 2023; 52:60-65. [PMID: 37284042 PMCID: PMC10240511 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The term glass ceiling coined by Loden in 1978 is commonly used to describe difficulties faced by minorities and women when trying to move into senior roles. Objective To analyse trends and patterns for female representation at the European Association of Urology (EAU) and European Society for Paediatric Urology (ESPU) annual general meetings over the past decade. Design setting and participants We used objective data on female representation in the roles of chairs, moderators, and lecture speakers at the EAU and ESPU meetings from 2012 to 2022. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis We evaluated gender based representation in paediatric urology sessions at the EAU and ESPU meetings, collecting data on the overall number of sessions, lectures, symposiums, abstract/poster sessions, and courses, and analysed the male/female ratio. Data were derived from printed and digital programmes for the relevant meetings. Results and limitations During the period from 2012 to 2022, the percentage female representation varied from 0% (2012) to a maximum of 35% (2022) at EUA paediatric urology sessions, and from 13.5% (2014) to a maximum of 32% (2022) at ESPU meetings. Both associations show clear progression towards equality. Conclusions Female representation at EAU and ESPU meetings has risen over the years, reaching 35% and 32%, respectively, in 2022, which is in line with the number of female members. We hope that this motivates a move towards the equality objectives for 2030. A clear and fundamental societal change is needed, with fair and more consistent institutional policies and framework commitments in the areas of science, medicine, and global health. Gender equality and diversity taskforces are essential to achieve these goals. Patient summary We analysed the male/female ratio for participants in annual meetings held by the European Association of Urology and the European Society for Paediatric Urology. From a low level in 2012, the ratio increased to over 30% in 2022, in line with the female membership of the societies. Focus on fair and consistent policies is needed to ensure that women are well represented in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bañuelos Marco
- Department of Urology, Renal Transplant Division, University Hospital El Clinico, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fardod O'Kelly
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Bernhard Haid
- Ordensklinikum Linz, Barmherzige Schwestern Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Rianne J.M. Lammers
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Mancini D, Douglas PS, De Marco T, Constanzo MR, Walsh MN, Hunt S, Horn EM, Lindenfeld J, Jessup M. Hidden Bias: The Intersection of Ageism and Gender in Adult Cardiology. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2023:S2213-1779(23)00172-5. [PMID: 37115137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donna Mancini
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York New York, USA.
| | | | - Teresa De Marco
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Sharon Hunt
- Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Evelyn M Horn
- NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Blumer V, Zhbannikov IY, Douglas PS. Contributions of Women to Cardiovascular Science Over Two Decades: Authorship, Leadership, and Mentorship. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e026828. [PMID: 36847072 PMCID: PMC10111442 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.026828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Women remain underrepresented in cardiology. We aimed to assess gender trends in research authorship, authorship in leading roles, mentorship, and research team diversity. Methods and Results We identified "cardiac and cardiovascular systems" journals from 2002 to 2020 using Journal Citation Reports 2019 (Web of Science, Clarivate Analytics). Gender authorship, mentorship, research team diversity, and trends were assessed. Associations between author gender and impact factor, journal region, and cardiology subspecialties were analyzed. Analysis of 396 549 research papers from 122 journals showed the percentage of women authors increased from 16.6% to 24.6% (β=0.38 [95% CI, 0.29-0.46]; P<0.001), whereas the proportion of women first (β=-0.03 [95% CI, -0.06 to 0.004]; P=0.09) or last authors (β=-0.017 [95% CI, -0.04 to 0.006]; P=0.15) was unchanged. Compared with men last authors, women last authors were more likely to mentor women first authors and lead more diverse research teams (both P<0.001). Journal impact factor was related to percentage of women authors overall (Spearman's correlation coefficient RS=0.208 [95% CI, 0.02-0.38]; P=0.03) but not first or last women authors (both P>0.5). Women comprised 18.4%-25.7% of authors in cardiology subspecialties. Journal region and author gender were unrelated (all P>0.4). Conclusions Women's inclusion as authors of cardiology papers increased slightly over the past 2 decades, yet the proportions of women in first and last authorship roles were unchanged. Women are increasingly likely to mentor women first authors and lead diverse research teams. Women last authors are essential to increasing diversity of future independent investigators and inclusive research teams, both of which are associated with innovation and excellence in science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Blumer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Section of Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Cardiology Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland OH USA
| | | | - Pamela S Douglas
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Duke University Medical Center Durham NC USA.,Center of Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine Duke University Durham NC USA
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14
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Zafar MDB, Jamil Y, Bilal M, Rathi S, Anwer A. Impact of racial, ethnic and gender disparities in Cardiology. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023; 48:101725. [PMID: 36990187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Literature shows evidence of racial and gender biases in many sub-specialties of medicine including cardiology. Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities exist along the path to cardiology residency, beginning as early as medical school admissions. Approximately 65.62% White, 4.71% Black, 18.06% Asian, and 8.86% Hispanic are cardiologists, while there are a total of 60.1% White, 12.2% Black, 5.6% Asian, and 18.5% Hispanic people in the US in 2019, showing evident underrepresentation. Gender disparities have an inevitable role in the lack of a diverse cardiovascular workforce. According to a recent study, only 13% of practicing cardiologists in the US are women, even though the female population in the US is 50.52% as compared to 49.48%- of men. These disparities led to underrepresented physicians earning less than their similarly qualified counterparts, decreased equity, increased workplace harassment, and also results in patients facing unconscious bias from their physicians leading to deteriorated clinical outcomes. Implications in the field of research include the underrepresentation of minorities and the female population despite the increased burden of cardiovascular disease they face. However, efforts are underway to eradicate the disparities that exist in cardiology. This paper aims to increase awareness regarding the issue and inform future policies with the goal of encouraging underrepresented communities to join the cardiology workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yumna Jamil
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Maham Bilal
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sushma Rathi
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Anusha Anwer
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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15
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Lerchenmüller C, Zelarayan L, Streckfuss-Bömeke K, Gimenez MR, Schnabel R, Hashemi D, Baldus S, Rudolph TK, Morbach C. Moving toward gender equity in the cardiology and cardiovascular research workforce in Germany: a report from the German Cardiac Society. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL OPEN 2023; 3:oead034. [PMID: 37090057 PMCID: PMC10114529 DOI: 10.1093/ehjopen/oead034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Aims Although the share of women in cardiology in Germany is growing steadily, this does not translate into leadership positions. Medical societies play a crucial role in shaping the national and international medical and scientific environment. The German Cardiac Society (DGK) aims to serve the public discourse on gender-equity by systematic analysis of data on gender representation within the society and in Germany. Methods and results We present gender disaggregated data collection of members, official organs, working groups, scientific meetings, as well as awards of the DGK based on anonymized exports from the DGK office as well as on data gathered from the DGK web page. From 2000 to 2020, the overall number of DGK members as well as the share of women increased (12.5% to 25.3%). In 2021, the share of women ranged from 40% to 50% in earlier career stages but was substantially lower at senior levels (23.9% of consulting/attending physicians, 7.1% of physicians-in-chief, 3.4% of directors). The share of women serving in DGK working groups had gained overall proportionality, but nuclei and speaker positions were largely held by men. Boards and project groups were predominantly represented by men as well. At the DGK-led scientific meetings, women contributed more often in junior relative to (invited) senior roles. Conclusion Increasing numbers of women in cardiology and in the DGK over the past 20 years did not translate into the respective increase in representation of women in leadership positions. There is an urgent need to identify and, more importantly, to overcome barriers towards gender equity. Transparent presentation of society-related data is the first step for future targeted actions in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Lerchenmüller
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Heart and Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Zelarayan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Heart and Cardiovascular Research), partner site Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Streckfuss-Bömeke
- DZHK (German Center for Heart and Cardiovascular Research), partner site Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumonology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Würzburg University, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Rubini Gimenez
- Leipzig Heart Institute, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at the University of Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Renate Schnabel
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Heart and Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Djawid Hashemi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 11, 3353 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 11, 3353 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Heart and Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 11, 3353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Baldus
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, Electrophysiology, Angiology, Pulmonology and Intensive Care, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - Tanja K Rudolph
- Department for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Heart and Diabetes Center North Rhine-Westphalia, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstr. 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Caroline Morbach
- Department Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Department for Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Bonk N, Elias R, White A, Payne S, Wagner C, Kaiksow F, Sheehy A, Auerbach A, Vaughn VM. COVID-19-Related Publications by Hospitalists in the United States. Cureus 2023; 15:e35553. [PMID: 37007364 PMCID: PMC10058386 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the degree to which hospitalists published academic manuscripts related to COVID-19 during the first year of the pandemic. Patients and methods The study was a cross-sectional analysis of the author's specialty, defined by byline or professional online biography, from articles related to COVID-19 published between March 1, 2020, and February 28, 2021. It included the top four internal medicine journals by impact factor: New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association, Journal of the American Medical Association Internal Medicine, and Annals of Internal Medicine. Participants were all United States (US)-based physician authors contributing to COVID-19 publications. Our primary outcome was the percentage of US-based physician authors of COVID-19 articles who were hospitalists. Subgroup analyses characterized author specialty by authorship position (first, middle, last) and article type (research vs. non-research). Results Between March 1, 2020, and February 28, 2021, the top four US-based medical journals published 870 articles related to COVID-19 of which 712 articles with 1940 US-based physician authors were included. Hospitalists accounted for 4.2% (82) of authorship positions including 4.7% (49/1038) of authorship positions in research articles and 3.7% (33/902) of authorship positions in non-research articles. First, middle, and last authorship positions were held by hospitalists at 3.7% (18/485), 4.4% (45/1034), and 4.5% (19/421) of the time, respectively. Conclusions Despite caring for a large number of patients with COVID-19, hospitalists were rarely involved in disseminating COVID-19 knowledge. Limited authorship by hospitalists could constrain the dissemination of inpatient medicine knowledge, impact patient outcomes, and affect the academic promotion of early-career hospitalists.
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17
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Sierra-Galan LM, Aggarwal NR, Stojanovska J, Raman SV, Han Y, Ferreira VM, Thomas K, Seiberlich N, Parwani P, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Baldassarre LA, Mavrogeni S, Ordovas K, Schulz-Menger J, Bandettini WP. Women physicians in cardiovascular magnetic resonance: Past, present, and future. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:984326. [PMID: 36684587 PMCID: PMC9848434 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.984326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Women's engagement in medicine, and more specifically cardiovascular imaging and cardiovascular MRI (CMR), has undergone a slow evolution over the past several decades. As a result, an increasing number of women have joined the cardiovascular imaging community to contribute their expertise. This collaborative work summarizes the barriers that women in cardiovascular imaging have overcome over the past several years, the positive interventions that have been implemented to better support women in the field of CMR, and the challenges that still remain, with a special emphasis on women physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia M. Sierra-Galan
- Cardiology Department of the Cardiovascular Division at the American British Cowdray Medical Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Niti R. Aggarwal
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Subha V. Raman
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Yuchi Han
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vanessa M. Ferreira
- University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Oxford British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre at the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine Thomas
- University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Oxford British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre at the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Seiberlich
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Purvi Parwani
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | | | - Lauren A. Baldassarre
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Karen Ordovas
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeanette Schulz-Menger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, ECRC Cardiology, Helios-Clinics Berlin-Buch, Clinic of Cardiology and Nephrology, DZHK Partnersite Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - W. Patricia Bandettini
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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18
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Burns CJ, Russell CB, Griffith KA, Mangurian C, Johnson TRB, Jagsi R. Gender Differences of Endowed Professorship in Obstetrics and Gynecology Departments at Top Academic Institutions. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2023; 32:39-46. [PMID: 36126297 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2022.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Gender equity is a critical issue in academic medicine. Whether there is equitable access to the prestige and resources of endowed professorships merits evaluation. We investigated this question in obstetrics and gynecology, a field that focuses on the health of women and in which women are much better represented than other specialties of medicine. Materials and Methods: We compiled a list of the top 25 United States departments of obstetrics and gynecology and contacted department chairs (and used department websites) to obtain lists of faculty and their positions. Scopus, department websites, and National Institutes of Health (NIH) RePORTER were used to collect h-Index, number of publications and citations, graduation year, degrees, gender, and NIH-funding. We conducted a bivariate comparison of endowed professorship attainment by gender using a chi-square test and created a multiple variable regression model. Results: Of the 680 obstetrics and gynecology faculty across 23 departments that had endowed chairs, 64 out of 400 women (16%) and 66 out of 280 men (24%) held endowed chairs (p = 0.01). The multivariable model suggested no independent gender difference in attainment of an endowed chair after adjusting for covariates. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine gender as a variable in endowed chair allocation in top obstetrics and gynecology academic departments. Our findings suggest a significant gender difference in the allocation of endowed chairs. That difference is driven by gender differences in academic rank, graduation year, publications, and funding. To promote the intraprofessional equity necessary to optimally advance women's health, further research and intervention are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin B Russell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kent A Griffith
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christina Mangurian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Timothy R B Johnson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Gender and Women's Studies Department, College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Reshma Jagsi
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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19
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Gandhi A, Kaur G, Mares AC, Lundberg GP, Tamirisa KP. Building Support to Increase Representation of Women in Cardiology: The Trainee Perspective. JACC. ADVANCES 2023; 2:100171. [PMID: 38939028 PMCID: PMC11198128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2022.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adriana C. Mares
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Gina P. Lundberg
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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20
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Stead W, Manne-Goehler J, Blackshear L, Marcelin JR, Salles A, del Rio C, Krakower D. Wondering If I'd Get There Quicker If I Was a Man: Factors Contributing to Delayed Academic Advancement of Women in Infectious Diseases. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 10:ofac660. [PMID: 36686641 PMCID: PMC9844245 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gender inequities in academic advancement persist in many specialties, including Infectious Diseases (ID). Prior studies of advancement disparities have been predominantly quantitative, utilizing large physician databases or surveys. We used qualitative methods to explore ID physicians' experiences and beliefs about causes and ways to mitigate gender inequities in advancement. Methods We conducted semistructured focus group discussions with academic ID physicians in the United States at IDWeek 2019 to explore perceived barriers and facilitators to academic advancement. Participants were assigned to focus groups based on their academic rank and gender. We analyzed focus group transcripts using content analysis to summarize emergent themes. Results We convened 3 women-only focus groups (1 for instructors/assistant professors, 1 for associate professors, and 1 for full professors) and 1 men-only focus group of full professors (total N = 50). Our analyses identified several major themes on barriers to equitable academic advancement, including (1) interpersonal and institutional gender bias, (2) difficulty balancing the demands of family life with work life, and (3) gender differences in negotiation strategies. Conclusions Barriers to gender equity in academic advancement are myriad and enduring and span the professional and personal lives of ID physicians. In addition to swift enactment of policy changes directed at critical issues such as ending workplace harassment and ensuring adequate parental leaves for birth and nonbirth parents, leaders in academic medicine must shine a bright light on biases within the system at large and within themselves to correct these disparities with the urgency required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Stead
- Correspondence: Wendy Stead, MD, Program Director, Infectious Diseases Fellowship, BIDMC, 110 Francis Street, LMOB-GB, Boston, MA 02215 (). Douglas Krakower, MD, Associate Program Director, Infectious Diseases Fellowship, BIDMC, 110 Francis Street, LMOB-GB, Boston, MA 02215 ()
| | - Jennifer Manne-Goehler
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leslie Blackshear
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Beth Israel Lahey Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jasmine R Marcelin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Arghavan Salles
- Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, Stanford University Department of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA,Senior Research Scholar, Clayman Institute for Gender Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Carlos del Rio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Douglas Krakower
- Correspondence: Wendy Stead, MD, Program Director, Infectious Diseases Fellowship, BIDMC, 110 Francis Street, LMOB-GB, Boston, MA 02215 (). Douglas Krakower, MD, Associate Program Director, Infectious Diseases Fellowship, BIDMC, 110 Francis Street, LMOB-GB, Boston, MA 02215 ()
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21
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Social Media and Cardiovascular Health: Implications for Women. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:901-913. [PMID: 36441421 PMCID: PMC10017051 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-01069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in adult women in the USA, yet CVD is underrecognized in women. Disparities in care are further pronounced in women of racial/ethnic minority backgrounds. In this review, we discuss the role of social media (SoMe) as a tool to (i) promote women's cardiovascular (CV) health and (ii) address and potentially reduce gaps in care, particularly in general cardiology (targeting atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease), cardio-oncology, and cardio-obstetrics. We also briefly discuss women's CV health as a common, although not unique, focus of women in cardiology on SoMe. RECENT FINDINGS Studies have suggested the utility of social media to help advance subspecialties of cardiology. Leaders within general cardiology, cardio-oncology, and cardio-obstetrics have curated social media strategies to advance their respective fields and call attention to cardiovascular health disparities in female populations and racial/ethnic minorities. In addition to these types of uses, women in cardiology also frequently use SoMe to encourage a career in cardiology and to share experiences, challenges, and resources for support and career advancement as healthcare professionals; men in cardiology and especially those who are allies for sex and racial/ethnic minorities also use SoMe for these means. Herein, we highlight the role and myriad applications of social media in the promotion of women's cardiovascular health. We discuss five primary roles of social media: increasing public awareness, disseminating medical literature in a rapid and accessible fashion, facilitating professional networking, serving as a platform for medical conferences, and empowering patients. These core strategies are discussed through the lens of general cardiology, cardio-oncology, and cardio-obstetrics. We also demonstrate how these applications can be leveraged to increase representation of women in cardiology, also supporting an increased focus on women's cardiovascular health.
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22
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Sullivan BG, Al-Khouja F, Herre M, Manasa M, Kreger A, Escobar J, Dinicu A, Naaseh A, Dehkordi-Vakil F, Stamos M, Pigazzi A, Jafari MD. Assessment of Medical Industry Compensation to US Physicians by Gender. JAMA Surg 2022; 157:1017-1022. [PMID: 36169943 PMCID: PMC9520440 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2022.4301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance It has been well established that female physicians earn less than their male counterparts in all specialties and ranks despite controlling for confounding variables. Objective To investigate payments made from highest-grossing medical industry companies to female and male physicians and to assess compensation and engagement disparities based on gender. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective, population-based cross-sectional study used data from the Open Payments database for the 5 female and 5 male physicians who received the most financial compensation from each of the 15 highest-grossing medical supply companies in the US from January 2013 to January 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was total general payments received by female and male physicians from medical industry over time and across industries. The secondary outcome was trends in industry payment to female and male physicians from 2013 to 2019. Results Among the 1050 payments sampled, 1017 (96.9%) of the 5 highest earners were men and 33 (3.1%) were women. Female physicians were paid a mean (SD) of $41 320 ($88 695), and male physicians were paid a mean (SD) of $1 226 377 ($3 377 957) (P < .001). On multivariate analysis, male gender was significantly associated with higher payment after adjusting for rank, h-index, and specialty (mean [SD], $1 025 413 [$162 578]; P < .001). From 2013 to 2019, the payment gap between female and male physicians increased from $54 343 to $166 778 (P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance This study found that male physicians received significantly higher payments from the highest-grossing medical industry companies compared with female physicians. This disparity persisted across all medical specialties and academic ranks. The health care industry gender payment gap continued to increase from 2013 to 2019, with a wider compensation gap in 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fares Al-Khouja
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange
| | - Margaret Herre
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Morgan Manasa
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange
| | | | - Jessica Escobar
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange
| | - Andreea Dinicu
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange
| | - Ariana Naaseh
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange
| | | | - Michael Stamos
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange
| | - Alessio Pigazzi
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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23
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Lyu HG, Lu P, Mahvi DA, Kuo LEY, Wong SL, Raut CP, Cho NL. Gender Disparities in Presentations at the Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO) Meetings From 2014 to 2019. Ann Surg Oncol 2022; 29:8107-8114. [PMID: 35821294 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-12109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Participation in surgical society meetings serves as a proxy for academic success and is important for career development. This study aimed to investigate and report the gender breakdown of presenters at recent Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO) meetings. METHODS Genders of presenters for poster, parallel, plenary, and video sessions at SSO meetings from 2014 through 2019 were collected. These data were broken down to first-last authorship relationships including female-female, female-male, male-female, and male-male. The proportions of female-to-male presenters were compared for each session type. Statistical significance was set at p value lower than 0.05. RESULTS From 2014 through 2019, the SSO had 2920 presenters, and 47% were female. Women were listed as first authors more often for the poster session (48%) than for other sessions (parallel, plenary, and video) (p = 0.003). Women also were listed more often as senior authors for the poster session (31%) than for other sessions (p = 0.004). Female senior authors were fewer than male senior authors across all session types. Female first authors had the highest representation in breast (75%), endocrine (48%), and cutaneous (46%) specialties (p < 0.001). The most common combination of first and senior authors was male-male (43%), followed by female-male (28%), female-female (19%), and male-female (10%). CONCLUSION Overall, female presentation at SSO is comparable with society demographics, and female first authorship is relatively equal to male first authorship in poster sessions. Whereas female first authorship improved over time, female senior authorship remained relatively flat. Opportunities to improve gender equality in senior authorship positions should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather G Lyu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Pamela Lu
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Mahvi
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay E Y Kuo
- Department of Surgery, Temple University Hospital, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sandra L Wong
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Chandrajit P Raut
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy L Cho
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Renner CS, Sumarsono A, Mathew A, Warsi M, Niaz U, Patel V, Chu ES. Scholarly productivity and growth of academic hospital medicine full professors. J Hosp Med 2022; 17:509-516. [PMID: 35761782 DOI: 10.1002/jhm.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scholarship remains the principal currency for faculty promotion in academic medicine. Reference points for scholarly growth and productivity at academic medical centers (AMCs) are lacking. METHODS We identified hospital medicine full professors (HMFPs) at AMCs ranked in research by US News & World Report. Scopus was used to identify each HMFP's publications, citations, and Hirsch-index (H-index). Publications; citations; and first, middle, and senior author papers were measured in 3-year intervals postresidency. Scholarly productivity was analyzed by quintile based on publications, AMC research ranking, years postresidency, and grant funding. RESULTS Data were extracted for 128 HMFPs from 54 AMCs. HMFPs were a mean of 20.5 (SD: 5.4) years postresidency. The median H-index was 7.0 (interquartile range [IQR]: 2.0-16.0); the median number of publications was 15.0 (IQR: 4.0-51.0). Top quintile HMFPs had a median of 175.5 (IQR: 101.5-248.0) publications, whereas fifth quintile HMFPs had a median of 0.0 (IQR: 0.0-1.0) (p < .001). HMFPs on faculty at the top 20 AMCs had a median of 35.5 (IQR: 11.0-108.0) publications, whereas HMFPs in AMCs ranked 81-122 had a median of 3.0 (IQR: 1.0-9.0) (p < .001). Grant-funded HMFPs had a median of 177.0 (IQR: 71.0-278.0) publications, while nongrant-funded HMFPs had a median of 11.0 (IQR: 3.0-25.0) (p < .001). At 3, 6, and 9 years postresidency, HMFPs had a median of 0.0 (IQR: 0.0-1.0), 1.5 (IQR: 0.0-5.0), and 3.5 (IQR: 0.0-11.0) publications. Fellowship training, additional degrees, and top 25 residency programs correlated with the top half of scholarly productivity. CONCLUSIONS Scholarly productivity among HMFPs varies considerably. At 3, 6, and 9 years postresidency, it is minimal to modest. Grant funding and AMC research rank may establish separate frames of reference for scholarly growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana S Renner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine at Parkland Memorial Hospital, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Sumarsono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine at Parkland Memorial Hospital, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Achsah Mathew
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Maryam Warsi
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Usman Niaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine at Parkland Memorial Hospital, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Vivek Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine at Parkland Memorial Hospital, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Eugene S Chu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine at Parkland Memorial Hospital, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Bennett CL, Ling AY, Agrawal P, Pierce A, Pasao MA, Ray D, Cleveland Manchanda EC. How we compare: Society for Academic Emergency Medicine faculty membership demographics. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2022; 6:S93-S96. [PMID: 35783079 PMCID: PMC9222880 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Background The Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) has a core value to promote a diverse workforce for patients, providers, and learners. Understanding the organization's membership demographics and how that compares to the academic emergency medicine (EM) workforce is prerequisite to the success of this core value. Methods We obtained 2020 faculty membership data sets from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and SAEM; data included self-reported sex, race and ethnicity, and academic rank (professor, associate professor, assistant professor, and instructor). We employed standardized mean difference (SMD) to quantify difference in proportions between data sets. Results We identified 5874 (AAMC) and 2785 (SAEM) faculty. The AAMC (38.3%) and the SAEM (41.3%) had similar proportions of overall female faculty (SMD 0.063) although SAEM (compared to AAMC) had a higher proportion of female full (25.5% vs. 20.5%, SMD 0.121) and assistant (46.5% vs. 41.2%, SMD 0.106) professors. With the exception of Hispanic instructors, SAEM (compared to AAMC) also had higher proportions of Black and Hispanic female faculty at all ranks (SMD ranging from 0.109 to 0.777). Conclusion SAEM faculty demographics generally reflect that of the academic EM workforce demographics reported in the AAMC database and that overall, the proportions of female, Black, and Hispanic faculty in SAEM are slightly larger than those in the AAMC database. However, faculty who identify as Black or Hispanic in both the AAMC and the SAEM databases (compared to the overall U.S. population) are dramatically underrepresented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Albee Y. Ling
- Quantitative Sciences UnitStanford School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Pooja Agrawal
- Department of Emergency MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Ava Pierce
- Department of Emergency MedicineUT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Melissa A. Pasao
- Department of Emergency MedicineStanford School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Douglas Ray
- Society for Academic Emergency MedicineDes PlainesIllinoisUSA
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Y Wang
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham NC
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27
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Eshtehardi P, Bullock-Palmer RP, Bravo-Jaimes K, Bozkurt B, Dorbala S, Gillam LD, Grines CL, Mehran R, Mieres JH, Singh T, Wenger NK. Women leaders: transforming the culture in cardiology. Open Heart 2022; 9:openhrt-2022-001967. [PMID: 35228269 PMCID: PMC8886417 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2022-001967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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28
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Bikdeli B, Khairani CD, Barns BM, Rosovsky RP, Jimenez D, Monreal M, Sylvester KW, Middeldorp S, Bates SM, Krumholz HM, Goldhaber SZ, Hunt BJ, Piazza G. Women's representation in venous thromboembolism randomized trials and registries: The illustrative example of direct oral anticoagulants for acute treatment. Contemp Clin Trials 2022; 115:106714. [PMID: 35202841 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behnood Bikdeli
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Thrombosis Research Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Candrika D Khairani
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Thrombosis Research Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Briana M Barns
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Thrombosis Research Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel P Rosovsky
- Division of Hematology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Jimenez
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Medicine Department, Universidad de Alcalá (Instituto de Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Monreal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trials i Pujol, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katelyn W Sylvester
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saskia Middeldorp
- Department of Internal Medicine &, Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Shannon M Bates
- Division of Hematology and Thromboembolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Harlan M Krumholz
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Health Policy and Administration, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Samuel Z Goldhaber
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Thrombosis Research Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beverley J Hunt
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Centre, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Piazza
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Thrombosis Research Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Han JK, Belardo D, Ibrahim NE, Capers Q, Grines CL, Smith SC, Walsh MN, Gulati M. A Look Back, A Path Forward: Moving Toward Diversity and Inclusion in Cardiovascular Society Presidents. JACC Case Rep 2022; 4:247-253. [PMID: 35199026 PMCID: PMC8855113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2021.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet K Han
- Division of Cardiology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | - Quinn Capers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Cindy L Grines
- Northside Hospital Cardiovascular Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sidney C Smith
- Heart and Vascular Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Martha Gulati
- Division of Cardiology, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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30
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Gender Differences in Number of Citations Per Paper Among Well-Cited Researchers in Cardiology in the United States (1960 to 2018). Am J Cardiol 2022; 163:138-139. [PMID: 34736720 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Raymundo-Martínez GI, Alanis-Estrada GP, Araiza-Garaygordobil D, Delgado-Cruz IV, Gopar-Nieto R, Cabello-López A, Martínez-Amezcua P, Arias-Mendoza MA. Gender differences in cardiology professionals: A Latin American Survey. ARCHIVOS DE CARDIOLOGIA DE MEXICO 2022; 92:11-18. [PMID: 34987234 PMCID: PMC8771022 DOI: 10.24875/acm.200001591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender-based differences among cardiology professionals have been reported in North America and Europe. However, the perspective of Latin American cardiologists remains unexplored. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to analyze the gender gap perspective among cardiologists from Latin America. METHODS A cross-sectional study using an online survey directed to Latin American cardiologists from five different cardiology societies. The survey included questions on demographic data, professional development in the field of cardiology, and perceived barriers in clinical practice. RESULTS A total of 240 professionals were surveyed, of which 41.7% were women (100) and 58.3% were men (140). The majority of women tend to work in the subfields of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular imaging. Women were underrepresented as heads of departments, earn less, and report less work satisfaction than men. The barriers that female cardiologists face at their workplace include labor discrimination, sexual harassment, family-related concerns, and lack of career development. CONCLUSIONS The survey points toward the prevalence of a gender gap among cardiologists in Latin America, which is primarily driven by labor discrimination, sexual harassment, family-related concerns, and lack of career development among female cardiologists. Actions aimed at addressing this issue should be considered by different parties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diego Araiza-Garaygordobil
- Coronary Care Unit and Emergency Department. Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Pablo Martínez-Amezcua
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - María A. Arias-Mendoza
- Coronary Care Unit and Emergency Department. Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico City, Mexico
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Coylewright M, Dodge SE, Bachour K, Hossain S, Zeitler EP, Kearing S, Douglas PS, Holmes D, Reddy VY, Nair D. Women in Procedural Leadership Roles in Cardiology: The Women In Local Leadership (WILL) Observational Study. Heart Rhythm 2021; 19:623-629. [PMID: 34923161 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While 50% of U.S. medical students are women, this fails to translate to cardiology: gender disparities are striking in interventional cardiology (IC) and electrophysiology (EP) and in leadership. Left atrial appendage closure with the WATCHMAN device, as a novel procedure, is a lens into inequities. OBJECTIVE To identify characteristics and prevalence of women: 1) as early WATCHMAN implanters, and 2) in related leadership. METHODS Data was collected on WATCHMAN implanters and hospitals from January 2017-December 2018. The gender of physicians in leadership positions was identified via survey: Director of IC and EP, and Chief of Cardiology. Firth's logistic model controlling for covariates modeled the rare event of a woman implanter. RESULTS Data obtained on 100% of cohort. Men comprised 97% of implanters (860/886). No difference in subspecialty or implants by gender. There were 414 hospitals performing WATCHMAN: 24% academic, 97% urban, and most medium/large sized (94%). EP made up 61% of implanters. Only 4.8% of hospitals had women in selected leadership roles. Women represented <1% of Directors of IC and only 2.6% of both Directors of EP and Chiefs of Cardiology. Hospitals with a woman in leadership had four times greater odds of a woman implanter (OR=4.24, 95% CI 1.16-15.41, p=0.028). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Women are underrepresented in cardiology procedural subspecialties in use of novel technology and key leadership roles. There was a greater odds of women early implanters of WATCHMAN if a woman led locally. Increasing women in leadership may improve gender diversity though visibility of role models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Coylewright
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Erlanger Heart and Lung Institute, Chattanooga, Tennessee.
| | - Shayne E Dodge
- Heart and Vascular Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Kinan Bachour
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Sharmin Hossain
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emily P Zeitler
- Heart and Vascular Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Stephen Kearing
- Heart and Vascular Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | | | - David Holmes
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Vivek Y Reddy
- Helmsley Electrophysiology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Devi Nair
- St. Bernard's Heart and Vascular Center, Jonesboro, Arkansas
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Whaley CM, Koo T, Arora VM, Ganguli I, Gross N, Jena AB. Female Physicians Earn An Estimated $2 Million Less Than Male Physicians Over A Simulated 40-Year Career. Health Aff (Millwood) 2021; 40:1856-1864. [PMID: 34871074 PMCID: PMC9910787 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Differences in income between male and female academic physicians are well known, but differences for community physicians and career differences in income have not been quantified. We used earnings data from 80,342 full-time US physicians to estimate career differences in income between men and women. The differences in annual income between male and female physicians that we observed in our simulations increased most rapidly during the initial years of practice. Over the course of a simulated forty-year career, male physicians earned an average adjusted gross income of $8,307,327 compared with an average of $6,263,446 for female physicians-an absolute adjusted difference of $2,043,881 and relative difference of 24.6 percent. Gender differences in career earnings were largest for surgical specialists ($2.5 million difference), followed by nonsurgical specialists ($1.6 million difference) and primary care physicians ($0.9 million difference). These findings imply that over the course of a career, female US physicians were estimated to earn, on average, more than $2 million less than male US physicians after adjustment for factors that may otherwise explain observed differences in income, such as hours worked, clinical revenue, practice type, and specialty.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tina Koo
- health policy at the RAND Corporation
| | | | - Ishani Ganguli
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, both in Boston, Massachusetts
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34
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Beygui N, Bahl D, Mansour C, Michos ED, Velagapudi P, Grapsa J, Choi A, Naidu SS, Parwani P. Social Media as a Tool to Advance Women in Cardiology: Paving the Way for Gender Equality and Diversity. CJC Open 2021; 3:S130-S136. [PMID: 34993442 PMCID: PMC8712539 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the number of women in the field of medicine continues to rise, the discrimination against women and the gender inequity in both leadership roles and salary remains persistent. The gender divide is particularly prominent in male-dominated specialties, such as cardiology. Social media help foster global connections and disseminate information quickly and worldwide. The rise of social media has influenced how female physicians communicate and has shown its benefits particularly within the field of cardiology. Virtual platforms are important avenues where female physicians have united for greater representation of gender issues and advocacy efforts. Social media further amplify gender-equality activism by facilitating the conversations surrounding gender equity and proposing solutions to self-identified issues by the virtual community of female physicians and their allies. In this review, we discuss the role of social media as tools for advancing women in the field of cardiology and fostering gender equality and diversity.
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35
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Eliya Y, Whitelaw S, Thabane L, Voors AA, Douglas PS, Van Spall HGC. Temporal Trends and Clinical Trial Characteristics Associated With the Inclusion of Women in Heart Failure Trial Steering Committees: A Systematic Review. Circ Heart Fail 2021; 14:e008064. [PMID: 34281362 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.120.008064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trial steering committees (TSCs) steer the conduct of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We examined the gender composition of TSCs in impactful heart failure RCTs and explored whether trial leadership by a woman was independently associated with the inclusion of women in TSCs. METHODS We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL for heart failure RCTs published in journals with impact factor ≥10 between January 2000 and May 2019. We used the Jonckheere-Terpstra test to assess temporal trends and multivariable logistic regression to explore trial characteristics associated with TSC inclusion of women. RESULTS Of 403 RCTs that met inclusion criteria, 127 (31.5%) reported having a TSC but 20 of these (15.7%) did not identify members. Among 107 TSCs that listed members, 56 (52.3%) included women and 6 of these (10.7%) restricted women members to the RCT leaders. Of 1213 TSC members, 11.1% (95% CI, 9.4%-13.0%) were women, with no change in temporal trends (P=0.55). Women had greater odds of TSC inclusion in RCTs led by women (adjusted odds ratio, 2.48 [95% CI, 1.05-8.72], P=0.042); this association was nonsignificant when analysis excluded TSCs that restricted women to the RCT leaders (adjusted odds ratio 1.46 [95% CI, 0.43-4.91], P=0.36). CONCLUSIONS Women were included in 52.3% of TSCs and represented 11.1% of TSC members in 107 heart failure RCTs, with no change in trends since 2000. RCTs led by women had higher adjusted odds of including women in TSCs, partly due to the self-inclusion of RCT leaders in TSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousif Eliya
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Y.E., S.W., L.T., H.G.C.V.S.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sera Whitelaw
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Y.E., S.W., L.T., H.G.C.V.S.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Y.E., S.W., L.T., H.G.C.V.S.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adriaan A Voors
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center, the Netherlands (A.A.V.)
| | - Pamela S Douglas
- Duke University Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (P.S.D.)
| | - Harriette G C Van Spall
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Y.E., S.W., L.T., H.G.C.V.S.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine (H.G.C.V.S.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.G.C.V.S.).,ICES (Cardiovascular Research Program) (H.G.C.V.S.)
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Ribeiras R. Women in cardiology: Between the "glass ceiling" and the "sticky floor". Rev Port Cardiol 2021; 40:505-508. [PMID: 34274098 DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2021.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Ribeiras R. Women in cardiology: Between the “glass ceiling” and the “sticky floor”. Rev Port Cardiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Sumarsono A, Keshvani N, Saleh SN, Sumarsono N, Tran M, Warsi M, Renner C, Chu ES. Scholarly Productivity and Rank in Academic Hospital Medicine. J Hosp Med 2021; 16:jhm.3631. [PMID: 34197300 DOI: 10.12788/jhm.3631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the rapid growth of academic hospital medicine, scholarly productivity remains poorly characterized. In this cross-sectional study, distribution of academic rank and scholarly output of academic hospital medicine faculty are described. We extracted data for 1,554 hospitalists on faculty at the top 25 internal medicine residency programs. Only 11.7% of faculty had reached associate (9.0%) or full professor (2.7%). The median number of publications was 0.0 (interquartile range [IQR], 0.0-4.0), with 51.4% without a single publication. Faculty 6 to 10 years post residency had a median of 1.0 (IQR, 0.0-4.0) publication, with 46.8% of these faculty without a publication. Among men, 54.3% had published at least one manuscript, compared to 42.7% of women (P < .0001). Predictors of promotion included H-index, number of years post residency graduation, completion of chief residency, and graduation from a top 25 medical school. Promotion remains uncommon in academic hospital medicine, which may be partially due to low rates of scholarly productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sumarsono
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Neil Keshvani
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sameh N Saleh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, Texas
- Clinical Informatics Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nathan Sumarsono
- University of Texas Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mindy Tran
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Maryam Warsi
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, Texas
| | - Christiana Renner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, Texas
| | - Eugene S Chu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, Texas
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Van Spall HGC, Lala A, Deering TF, Casadei B, Zannad F, Kaul P, Mehran R, Pearson GD, Shah MR, Gulati M, Grines C, Volgman AS, Revkin JH, Piña I, Lam CSP, Hochman JS, Simon T, Walsh MN, Bozkurt B. Ending Gender Inequality in Cardiovascular Clinical Trial Leadership: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 77:2960-2972. [PMID: 34112322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Women are under-represented as leaders of cardiovascular randomized controlled trials, representing 1 in 10 lead authors of cardiovascular trials published in high-impact journals. Although the proportion of cardiovascular specialists who are women has increased in recent years, the proportion of cardiovascular clinical trialists who are women has not. This gap, underpinned by systemic sexism, has not been adequately addressed. The benefits of diverse randomized controlled trial leadership extend to patients and professionals. In this position statement, we present strategies adopted by some organizations to end gender inequality in research leadership. We offer an actionable roadmap for early-career researchers, scientists, academic institutions, professional societies, trial sponsors, and journals to follow, with the goal of harnessing the strength of women and under-represented groups as research leaders and facilitating a just culture in the cardiovascular clinical trial enterprise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriette G C Van Spall
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Anuradha Lala
- The Zena and Michael A Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas F Deering
- Piedmont Heart Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Barbara Casadei
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Faiez Zannad
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm and CHRU de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Padma Kaul
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roxana Mehran
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gail D Pearson
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Cindy Grines
- Northside Hospital Cardiovascular Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Ileana Piña
- Department of Medicine Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Carolyn S P Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore and Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Judith S Hochman
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tabassome Simon
- Sorbonne Universite, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Clinical pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform of East of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mary N Walsh
- St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Biykem Bozkurt
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Winters Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Institute, Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Raghu Subramanian C, Khan SU, Lone AN, Reza N, DeFilippis EM, Gulati M, Michos ED. Representation of Women Authors in Trials of Lipid-Lowering Therapy. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020663. [PMID: 34013740 PMCID: PMC8483514 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.020663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Safi U Khan
- Department of Medicine West Virginia University Morgantown WV
| | | | - Nosheen Reza
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Medicine Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | | | - Martha Gulati
- Division of Cardiology University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix AZ
| | - Erin D Michos
- Division of Cardiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
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Varpio L, Harvey E, Jaarsma D, Dudek N, Hay M, Day K, Bader Larsen K, Cleland J. Attaining full professor: Women's and men's experiences in medical education. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 55:582-594. [PMID: 33034082 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The underrepresentation of women among senior faculty members in medical education is a longstanding problem. The purpose of this international qualitative investigation was to explore women and men's experiences of attaining full professorship and to investigate why women remain underrepresented among the senior faculty ranks. METHODS Conducted within a social constructionist orientation, our qualitative study employed narrative analysis. Two female and two male participants working in medical education were recruited from five nations: Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, United Kingdom and United States. All participants held an MD or PhD. During telephone interviews, participants narrated the story of their careers. The five faculty members on the research team were also interviewed. Their narratives were included in analysis, rendering their experiences equal to those of the participants. RESULTS A total of 24 full professors working in medical education were interviewed (n = 15 females and n = 9 males). While some aspects were present across all narratives (ie personal events, career milestones and facilitating and/or impeding factors), participants' experience of those aspects differed by gender. Men did not narrate fatherhood as a role navigated professionally, but women narrated motherhood as intimately connected to their professional roles. Both men and women narrated career success in terms of hard work and overcoming obstacles; however, male participants described promotion as inevitable, whereas women narrated promotion as a tenuous navigation of social structures towards uncertain outcomes. Female and male participants encountered facilitators and inhibitors throughout their careers but described acting on those experiences differently within the cultural contexts they faced. DISCUSSION Our data suggest that female and male participants had different experiences of the work involved in achieving full professor status. Understanding these gendered experiences and their impact on career progression is an important advancement for better understanding what leads to the underrepresentation of women among senior faculty members in medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Varpio
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Health Professions Education, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily Harvey
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Debbie Jaarsma
- University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy Dudek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Hay
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Kathy Day
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Karlen Bader Larsen
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Cleland
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Lerchenmüller C, Schmallenbach L, Jena AB, Lerchenmueller MJ. Longitudinal analyses of gender differences in first authorship publications related to COVID-19. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e045176. [PMID: 33820790 PMCID: PMC8025238 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Concerns have been raised that the COVID-19 pandemic has shifted research productivity to the disadvantage of women in academia, particularly in early career stages. In this study, we aimed to assess the pandemic's effect on women's COVID-19-related publishing over the first year of the pandemic. METHODS AND RESULTS We compared the gender distribution of first authorships for 42 898 publications on COVID-19 from 1 February 2020 to 31 January 2021 to 483 232 publications appearing in the same journals during the same period the year prior. We found that the gender gap-the percentage of articles on which men versus women were first authors-widened by 14 percentage points during the COVID-19 pandemic, despite many pertinent research fields showing near equal proportions of men and women first authors publishing in the same fields before the pandemic. Longitudinal analyses revealed that the significant initial expansions of the gender gap began to trend backwards to expected values over time in many fields. As women may have been differentially affected depending on their geography, we also assessed the gender distribution of first authorships grouped by countries and geographical areas. While we observed a significant reduction of the shares of women first authors in almost all countries, longitudinal analyses confirmed a resolving trend over time. CONCLUSION The reduction in women's COVID-19-related research output appears particularly concerning as many disciplines informing the response to the pandemic had near equal gender shares of first authorship in the year prior to the pandemic. The acute productivity drain with the onset of the pandemic magnifies deep-rooted obstacles on the way to gender equity in scientific contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Lerchenmüller
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Heart and Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Anupam B Jena
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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DeFilippis EM, Moayedi Y, Reza N. Representation of Women Physicians in Heart Failure Clinical Practice. Card Fail Rev 2021; 7:e05. [PMID: 33889424 PMCID: PMC8054365 DOI: 10.15420/cfr.2020.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Women have been integral in the development of advanced heart failure (HF) and transplantation as a clinical subspecialty of cardiovascular medicine. However, women remain underrepresented in leadership positions, senior academic ranks and as researchers in HF. In recent years, there have been accelerating efforts to examine sex differences in the clinical and research domains of HF. The purpose of this review is to discuss the representation of women in HF training programmes and clinical practice, the demographics of HF clinicians compared with other cardiology subspecialties, the persistent sex disparities in HF practice and research environments and potential strategies to promote equity and inclusion for women in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersilia M DeFilippis
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York, NY, US
| | - Yasbanoo Moayedi
- Ted Rogers Centre of Excellence for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network Toronto, Canada
| | - Nosheen Reza
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, US
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Manne-Goehler J, Krakower D, Marcelin J, Salles A, Del Rio C, Stead W. Peering Through the Glass Ceiling: A Mixed Methods Study of Faculty Perceptions of Gender Barriers to Academic Advancement in Infectious Diseases. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:S528-S534. [PMID: 32926743 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The drivers of the gap in advancement between men and women faculty in academic Infectious Diseases (ID) remain poorly understood. This study sought to identify key barriers to academic advancement among faculty in ID and offer policy suggestions to narrow this gap. METHODS During the 2019 IDWeek, we conducted focus groups with women faculty members at all ranks and men Full Professors, then we administered a brief survey regarding work-related barriers to advancement to the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) membership. We report themes from the 4 focus group discussions that are most closely linked to policy changes and descriptive analyses of the complementary survey domains. RESULTS Policy change suggestions fell into 3 major categories: (1) Policy changes for IDSA to implement; (2) Future IDWeek Program Recommendations; and (3) Policy Changes for IDSA to Endorse as Best Practices for ID Divisions. Among 790 faculty respondents, fewer women reported that their institutional promotion process was transparent and women Full Professors were significantly more likely to have been sponsored. CONCLUSIONS Sponsorship and informed advising about institutional promotions tracks may help to narrow the advancement gap. The Infectious Disease Society of America should consider ambitious policy changes within the society and setting expectations for best practices among ID divisions across the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Manne-Goehler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas Krakower
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jasmine Marcelin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Arghavan Salles
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Carlos Del Rio
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wendy Stead
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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45
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Murrar S, Johnson PA, Lee YG, Carnes M. Research Conducted in Women Was Deemed More Impactful but Less Publishable than the Same Research Conducted in Men. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 30:1259-1267. [PMID: 33719578 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Female scientists, who are more likely than their male counterparts to study women and report findings by sex/gender, fare worse in the article peer review process. It is unknown whether the gender of research participants influences the recommendation to publish an article describing the study. Materials and Methods: Reviewers were randomly assigned to evaluate one of three versions of an article abstract describing a clinical study conducted in men, women, or individuals. Reviewers assessed the study's scientific rigor, its level of contribution to medical science, and whether they would recommend publishing the full article. Responses were analyzed with logistic regression controlling for reviewer background variables, including sex and experience level. Results: There was no significant difference in perceived research rigor by abstract condition; contribution to medical science was perceived to be greater for research conducted in women than men (odds ratio = 1.7; p = 0.030). Nevertheless, reviewers were almost twice as likely to recommend publication for research conducted in men than the same research conducted in women (predicted probability 0.606 vs. 0.322; p = 0.000). Conclusions: These results are consistent with abundant data from multiple sources showing a lower societal value placed on women than men. Because female investigators are more likely than male investigators to study women, our findings suggest a previously unrecognized bias that could contribute to gender asymmetries in the publication outcomes of peer review. This pro-male publication bias could be an additional barrier to leadership attainment for women in academic medicine and the advancement of women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohad Murrar
- Division of Psychology and Counseling, College of Education, Governors State University, University Park, Illinois, USA
| | | | - You-Geon Lee
- Wisconsin Center for Education Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Molly Carnes
- Center for Women's Health Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Women in Science and Engineering Leadership Institute (WISELI), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry, and Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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46
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Burgess S, Shaw E, Ellenberger KA, Segan L, Castles AV, Biswas S, Thomas L, Zaman S. Gender equity within medical specialties of Australia and New Zealand: cardiology's outlier status. Intern Med J 2021; 50:412-419. [PMID: 31211491 DOI: 10.1111/imj.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender disparity remains a prominent medical workforce issue, extending beyond surgical specialties with low proportions of female doctors. AIMS To examine female representation within Australia and New Zealand (NZ) among physician specialties and certain comparator surgical specialties with a focus on cardiology as an outlier of workforce gender equality. METHODS Data of practising medical specialists, new consultants and trainees were sought from the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency, the Medical Council of NZ and the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (2015-2017). The stratified data pertaining to interventional cardiologists were obtained through direct contact with individual hospitals (from 2017 to 2018) and derived from state-based cardiac registries. RESULTS In Australia and NZ, there were fewer female practising adult medicine physician consultants (n = 8956, 32%, P < 0.001), with gender disparities seen across most physician specialties. Cardiology (15%) was the only physician specialty with <20% representation; gastroenterology (23%), neurology (27%) and respiratory medicine (29%) had <30% female representation at the consultant level. The rates of cardiology (15%) and interventional cardiology (5%) were similar to general surgery (15%) and orthopaedics (4%). Although more than half of physician trainees are female, and most physician specialties are approaching or have equal gender ratios at the trainee level, cardiology (23%) and interventional cardiology (9%) remain significantly underrepresented. CONCLUSIONS Cardiology is the only physician specialty with <20% female consultants, and this disparity is reflected throughout every stage of the cardiology training programme. Increased awareness and proactive strategies are needed to improve gender disparity within this underrepresented medical specialty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Burgess
- Department of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Shaw
- Department of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Cardiology Department, Macquarie University Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Louise Segan
- Department of Cardiology, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Clinical Research, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anastasia V Castles
- Department of Cardiology, The Northern Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sinjini Biswas
- Department of Cardiology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liza Thomas
- Department of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Zaman
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Heart, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Radico J, Oser TK, Fausnight TB, Berg A, Ouyang A, Leong SL. Factors that Influence Work Family Conflict for Women Faculty. MEDEDPUBLISH 2021; 10:63. [PMID: 38486540 PMCID: PMC10939630 DOI: 10.15694/mep.2021.000063.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Purpose: This study examined the interaction between work role overload, work-to-family conflict, and departmental/division culture conducive to women's academic success. Methods: All women assistant and associate professors eligible for promotion from the Departments of Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, and Pediatrics were invited to complete a validated web-based survey that measured work-to-family conflict, work hours, work role overload, and culture conducive to women's academic success ( Westring et al., 2012). Results: With 88 survey respondents, high work role overload was associated with increased levels of work-to-family conflict while those who reported a higher culture conducive to women's academic success reported less work-to-family conflict. Culture conducive to women's academic success did not moderate the impact of work demand on work-to-family conflict. Conclusions: While departmental/division culture was important, it was not sufficient to completely mitigate work-to-family conflict. Work demand appears to impact work-to-family conflict related to strain, in which women report being too stressed by work to focus on their family and their own health and wellness. Employers can greatly impact work culture by reducing the strain of work demands that interfere with women pursuing promotion, increase burnout, and contribute to women faculty deciding to work part-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Radico
- Penn State College of Medicine and Penn State Health
| | - Tamara K. Oser
- University of Colorado School of Medicine Anschutz and the Penn State College of Medicine
| | | | | | - Ann Ouyang
- Penn State College of Medicine and Penn State Health
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Dettmer S, Wenzel A, Trenkwalder T, Tiefenbacher C, Regitz-Zagrosek V. Gender and career in cardiology-a cross-sectional study. Herz 2021; 46:150-157. [PMID: 33599803 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-021-05027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proportion of women as leading physicians in cardiology in university medicine has stagnated and the share of women in senior positions in cardiology is low compared with other medical specialist fields. Here, we analyze the typical barriers for women as doctors in cardiology and point to issues that make the discipline less attractive for both genders. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, a standardized online questionnaire was sent to 3873 members of the German Cardiac Society (DGK). Answers from 567 (278 women, 289 men) were analyzed, using comparisons between groups, correlation analyses, and tests of normal distribution. RESULTS For 47.4% of respondents (52.0%, of women; 42.8%, of men; p = 0.049), training had lasted longer than anticipated. Average monthly gross income (full-time work) differed significantly between women and men as specialists (p = 0.004) and assistant doctors (p = 0.030). Of women, 32.1% had experienced sexual harassment in the workplace. The main arguments against a career in university medicine were an extremely competitive working climate (66.7% of women, 63.2% of men), lack of work-life balance (66.7% women, 55.3% men), and excessive workload (57.8% women, 62.5% men). As strategies to increase job attractiveness, both mentioned measures to improve the work-life balance, and the flexibility of working times and improved financial provision. Women asked for gender balance at management level (76.3% vs. 32.9% of men) and opportunities for sharing management tasks (82.4% vs. 57.9%). Flatter hierarchies were requested by more men (67.1 vs. 54.8%). CONCLUSION Further development of the work culture in cardiology seems necessary. In order to increase the attractiveness of the field overall and to provide equal opportunities in cardiology, more targeted support should be provided to young doctors and more flexibility introduced into work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Dettmer
- Institute for Medical Sociology and Rehabilitation Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arlett Wenzel
- Institute for Medical Sociology and Rehabilitation Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Teresa Trenkwalder
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Vera Regitz-Zagrosek
- Gender in Medicine (GiM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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49
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Rai D, Tahir MW, Waheed SH, Kapoor A, Pandey R, Barssoum K, Hajra A, Balmer-Swain M, Michos ED, Gulati M. National Trends of Sex Disparity in the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guideline Writing Committee Authors Over 15 Years. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2021; 14:e007578. [PMID: 33541108 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.120.007578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Rai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, NY (D.R., M.W.T., S.H.W., A.K., R.P., K.B.)
| | - Muhammad Waqas Tahir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, NY (D.R., M.W.T., S.H.W., A.K., R.P., K.B.)
| | - Syed Hamza Waheed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, NY (D.R., M.W.T., S.H.W., A.K., R.P., K.B.)
| | - Ankita Kapoor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, NY (D.R., M.W.T., S.H.W., A.K., R.P., K.B.)
| | - Ritambhara Pandey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, NY (D.R., M.W.T., S.H.W., A.K., R.P., K.B.)
| | - Kirolos Barssoum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, NY (D.R., M.W.T., S.H.W., A.K., R.P., K.B.)
| | - Adrija Hajra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (A.H.)
| | - Mallory Balmer-Swain
- Department of Cardiology, Sands-Constellation Heart Institute, Rochester Regional Health, NY (M.B.-S.)
| | - Erin D Michos
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (E.D.M.)
| | - Martha Gulati
- Division of Cardiology, University of Arizona, Phoenix (M.G.)
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50
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Burgos LM, Farina J, Sauce Perez AL, Ortiz Lopez HIA, Gupta SD, Baranchuk A, Saldarriaga Giraldo CI. Gender Equity Imbalance in Cardiology Scientific Sessions in the Americas. Curr Probl Cardiol 2021; 46:100785. [PMID: 33516090 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Women remain largely under-represented in cardiology worldwide. This is especially reflected in scientific sessions where panelists have a male preponderant representation. The amount of gender equity in cardiology during scientific activities in the American continent is unknown. The objective was to compare gender distribution of invited panelists in cardiology scientific sessions across the Americas during the period 2019-2020. A retrospective analysis of the cardiology scientific sessions held in North, Central, and South America was conducted. Sessions published on the official site and social networks of the national cardiology societies from January 1, 2019 to August 10, 2020 were included. Gender distribution and all-male panels were compared according to geographic regions, year, roles in the panel, and the main topics of the session. Seven hundred fifty-two scientific sessions were analyzed, with 3786 participants. The median participation of women was 20% (IQR 0%-37.5%). Specifically, the statistics reflected a female participation of 25% (IQR 0%-43.6%) in North America, 12.5% (IQR 0%-43%) in Central America and 10% (IQR 0%-33.3%) in South America (P < 0.0001). Women participation in the panels was different according to the main topic of the session (P < 0.0001), with higher proportions in topics such as cardiovascular diseases in women, congenital heart disease and cardio oncology. The frequency of all-male panels was 36.8% (CI95% 33.3-40.1), and it increased over time (2019: 30.9% vs 2020: 40.3%; P = 0.012). There is gender inequity in cardiology scientific sessions held in different regions of the Americas, with low participation of women especially in interventionist panels and leadership roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrecia María Burgos
- Department of heart failure, pulmonary hypertension and heart transplant, Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires city, Argentina.
| | - Juan Farina
- Division of Cardiology, Clínica Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Shyla Devi Gupta
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Science Center, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrián Baranchuk
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Science Center, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clara Inés Saldarriaga Giraldo
- Department of Cardiology and Heart Failure Clinic, Clinica Cardiovascular Santa María, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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