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Ference BA, Braunwald E, Catapano AL. The LDL cumulative exposure hypothesis: evidence and practical applications. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024:10.1038/s41569-024-01039-5. [PMID: 38969749 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-024-01039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The trapping of LDL and other apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins within the artery wall causes atherosclerosis. As more LDL becomes trapped within the artery wall over time, the atherosclerotic plaque burden gradually increases, raising the risk of an acute cardiovascular event. Therefore, the biological effect of LDL on the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) depends on both the magnitude and duration of exposure. Maintaining low levels of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) over time decreases the number of LDL particles trapped within the artery wall, slows the progression of atherosclerosis and, by delaying the age at which mature atherosclerotic plaques develop, substantially reduces the lifetime risk of ASCVD events. Summing LDL-C measurements over time to calculate cumulative exposure to LDL generates a unique biomarker that captures both the magnitude and duration of exposure, which facilitates the estimation of the absolute risk of having an acute cardiovascular event at any point in time. Titrating LDL-C lowering to keep cumulative exposure to LDL below the threshold at which acute cardiovascular events occur can effectively prevent ASCVD. In this Review, we provide the first comprehensive overview of how the LDL cumulative exposure hypothesis can guide the prevention of ASCVD. We also discuss the benefits of maintaining lower LDL-C levels over time and how this knowledge can be used to inform clinical practice guidelines as well as to design novel primary prevention trials and ASCVD prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Ference
- DeepCausalAI Institute for Clinical Translation, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Eugene Braunwald
- TIMI Study Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy.
- Multimedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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Kohli-Lynch C, Thanassoulis G, Pencina M, Sehayek D, Pencina K, Moran A, Sniderman AD. The Causal-Benefit Model to Prevent Cardiovascular Events. JACC. ADVANCES 2024; 3:100825. [PMID: 38938840 PMCID: PMC11198721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Selecting individuals for preventive lipid-lowering therapy is presently governed by the 10-year risk model. Once a prespecified level of cardiovascular disease risk is equaled or exceeded, individuals become eligible for preventive lipid-lowering therapy. A key limitation of this model is that only a small minority of individuals below the age of 65 years are eligible for therapy. However, just under one-half of all cardiovascular disease events occur below this age. Additionally, in many, the disease that caused their events after 65 years of age developed and progressed before 65 years of age. The causal-benefit model of prevention identifies individuals based both on their risk and the estimated benefit from lowering atherogenic apoB lipoprotein levels. Adopting the causal-benefit model would increase the number of younger subjects eligible for preventive treatment, would increase the total number of cardiovascular disease events prevented at virtually the same number to treat, and would be cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran Kohli-Lynch
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - George Thanassoulis
- Department of Medicine, Mike and Valeria Rosenbloom Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Pencina
- Department of Medicine, Mike and Valeria Rosenbloom Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, DCRI, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel Sehayek
- Department of Medicine, Mike and Valeria Rosenbloom Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karol Pencina
- Department of Medicine, Mike and Valeria Rosenbloom Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Moran
- Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Allan D. Sniderman
- Department of Medicine, Mike and Valeria Rosenbloom Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Kulkarni S, Watts MM, Kostapanos M. Statins. BMJ 2024; 384:e072584. [PMID: 38267068 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-072584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Spoorthy Kulkarni
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michaela M Watts
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Lipid clinic, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Michalis Kostapanos
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Lipid clinic, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
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Lubieniecki P, Wołyniec M, Połtyn-Zaradna K, Zatońska K, Szuba A. Lipid-Lowering Therapy in PURE Poland Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2023; 13:60. [PMID: 38202067 PMCID: PMC10780221 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to present data on the use of lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) in relation to calculated cardiovascular risk (CVR) and an additionally defined target LDL-C concentration. The cohort consisted of 1287 participants in the Polish edition of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological Study (PURE). CVR was calculated for each participant using the SCORE2 or SCORE2-OP scale, and for patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD) or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) according to the respective criteria. In the cohort analysed, 107 of 212 people (50.5%) in the low cardiovascular risk (CVR) group, 284 of 414 people (68.6%) in the moderate CVR group, 562 of 612 people (91.8%) in the high CVR group and 48 of 49 people (98%) in the very high CVR group did not meet the target LDL-c criterion. Of those in the low CVR group, 86% of participants were not receiving lipid-lowering therapy (LLT); in the moderate CVR group, the proportion was 77.8%; in the high CVR group, 68.1% and in the very high CVR group, 75%. In each cardiovascular risk group, participants who did not meet the target LDL-c concentration criterion and did not take LLT made up the larger group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Lubieniecki
- Clinical Department of Diabetology and Internal Disease, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maria Wołyniec
- Department of Social Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-345 Wrocław, Poland; (M.W.); (K.P.-Z.); (K.Z.)
| | - Katarzyna Połtyn-Zaradna
- Department of Social Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-345 Wrocław, Poland; (M.W.); (K.P.-Z.); (K.Z.)
| | - Katarzyna Zatońska
- Department of Social Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-345 Wrocław, Poland; (M.W.); (K.P.-Z.); (K.Z.)
| | - Andrzej Szuba
- Clinical Department of Angiology and Internal Disease, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Thompson A, Youn JH, Guthrie B, Hainsworth R, Donnan P, Rogers G, Morales D, Payne K. Quantifying the impact of taking medicines for primary prevention: a time-trade off study to elicit direct treatment disutility in the UK. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e063800. [PMID: 37734893 PMCID: PMC10514632 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct treatment disutility (DTD) represents an individual's disutility associated with the inconvenience of taking medicine over a long period of time. OBJECTIVES The main aim of this study was to elicit DTD values for taking a statin or a bisphosphonate for primary prevention. A secondary aim was to understand factors which influence DTD values. METHODS Design: We used a cross-sectional study consisting of time-trade off exercises embedded within online surveys. Respondents were asked to compare a one-off pill ('Medicine A') assumed to have no inconvenience and a daily pill ('Medicine B') over 10 years (statins) or 5 years (bisphosphonates).Setting: Individuals from National Health Service (NHS) primary care and the general population were surveyed using an online panel company.Participants: Two types of participants were recruited. First, a purposive sample of patients with experience of taking a statin (n=260) or bisphosphonate (n=100) were recruited from an NHS sampling frame. Patients needed to be aged over 30, have experience of taking the medicine of interest and have no diagnosis of dementia or of using dementia drugs. Second, a demographically balanced sample of members of the public were recruited for statins (n=376) and bisphosphonates (n=359).Primary and secondary outcome measures: Primary outcome was mean DTD. Regression analysis explored factors which could influence DTD values. RESULTS A total of 879 respondents were included for analysis (514 for statins and 365 for bisphosphonates). The majority of respondents reported a disutility associated with medicine use. Mean DTD for statins was 0.034 and for bisphosphonates 0.067, respectively. Respondent characteristics including age and sex did not influence DTD. Experience of bisphosphonate-use reduced reported disutilities. CONCLUSIONS Statins and bisphosphonates have a quantifiable DTD. The size of estimated disutilities suggest they are likely to be important for cost-effectiveness, particularly in individuals at low-risk when treated for primary prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Thompson
- Manchester Centre for Health Economics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ji-Hee Youn
- Manchester Centre for Health Economics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Bruce Guthrie
- Advanced Care Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert Hainsworth
- Manchester Centre for Health Economics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Peter Donnan
- Dundee Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Gabriel Rogers
- Manchester Centre for Health Economics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel Morales
- Division of Population Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Katherine Payne
- Manchester Centre for Health Economics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Sharma JR, Dludla PV, Dwivedi G, Johnson R. Measurement Tools and Utility of Hair Analysis for Screening Adherence to Antihypertensive Medication. Glob Heart 2023; 18:17. [PMID: 36968302 PMCID: PMC10038111 DOI: 10.5334/gh.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor adherence to the prescribed antihypertensive therapy is an understated public health problem and is one of the main causes of the high prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa. Medication adherence is vital for the effectiveness of antihypertensive treatment and is key to ameliorating the clinical outcomes in hypertensive patients. However, it has often been ignored because the current methods used to assess medication adherence are not reliable, limiting their utilization in clinical practice. Therefore, the identification of the most accurate and clinically feasible method for measuring medication adherence is critical for tailoring effective strategies to improve medication adherence and consequently achieve blood pressure goals. This review not only explores various available methods for estimating medication adherence but also proposes therapeutic drug monitoring in hair for the measurement of medication adherence to the antihypertensive medication period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti R. Sharma
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Girish Dwivedi
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Sciences, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Verdun Street, Nedlands WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
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An J, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Zhou M, Safford MM, Muntner P, Moran AE, Reynolds K. Incidence of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Young Adults at Low Short-Term But High Long-Term Risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023; 81:623-632. [PMID: 36792277 PMCID: PMC10251803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adults may have high long-term atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk despite low short-term risk. OBJECTIVES In this study, we sought to compare the performance of short-term and long-term ASCVD risk prediction tools in young adults and evaluate ASCVD incidence associated with predicted short-term and long-term risk. METHODS We included adults aged 18 to 39 years, from 2008 to 2009 in a U.S. integrated health care system, and followed them through 2019. We calculated 10-year and 30-year ASCVD predicted risk and assessed ASCVD incidence. RESULTS Among 414,260 young adults, 813 had an incident ASCVD event during a median of 4 years (maximum 11 years). Compared with 10-year predicted risk, 30-year predicted risk improved reclassification (net reclassification index: 16%) despite having similar discrimination (Harrell's C: 0.749 vs 0.726). Overall, 1.0% and 2.2% of young adults were categorized as having elevated 10-year (≥7.5%) and elevated 30-year (≥20%) predicted risk, respectively, and 1.6% as having low 10-year (<7.5%) but elevated 30-year predicted risk. The ASCVD incidence rate per 1,000 person-years was 2.60 (95% CI: 1.92-3.52) for those with elevated 10-year predicted risk, 1.87 (95% CI: 1.42-2.46) for those with low 10-year but elevated 30-year predicted risk, and 0.32 (95% CI: 0.30-0.35) for those with low 10-year and 30-year predicted risk. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate ratio was 3.04 (95% CI: 2.25-4.10) comparing those with low 10-year but elevated 30-year predicted risk and those with low 10-year and 30-year predicted risk. CONCLUSIONS Long-term ASCVD risk prediction tools further discriminate a subgroup of young adults with elevated observed risk despite low estimated short-term risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaejin An
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA; Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, California, USA.
| | - Yiyi Zhang
- Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA; Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Mengnan Zhou
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Monika M Safford
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul Muntner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Andrew E Moran
- Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristi Reynolds
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA; Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, California, USA
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Shah K, Sharma K, Saxena D. Editorial: Health technology assessment in cardiovascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1108503. [PMID: 36760565 PMCID: PMC9904768 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1108503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Shah
- Department of Public Health, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India,*Correspondence: Komal Shah ✉
| | - Kamal Sharma
- Department of Cardiology, SAL Hospital, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Public Health, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Lees JS, Rutherford E, Stevens KI, Chen DC, Scherzer R, Estrella MM, Sullivan MK, Ebert N, Mark PB, Shlipak MG. Assessment of Cystatin C Level for Risk Stratification in Adults With Chronic Kidney Disease. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2238300. [PMID: 36282503 PMCID: PMC9597396 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.38300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Kidney function is usually estimated from serum creatinine level, whereas an alternative glomerular filtration marker (cystatin C level) associates more closely with future risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. Objectives To evaluate whether testing concordance between estimated glomerular filtration rates based on cystatin C (eGFRcys) and creatinine (eGFRcr) levels would improve risk stratification for future outcomes and whether estimations differ by age. Design, Setting, and Participants A prospective population-based cohort study (UK Biobank), with participants recruited between 2006-2010 with median follow-up of 11.5 (IQR, 10.8-12.2) years; data were collected until August 31, 2020. Participants had eGFRcr greater than or equal to 45 mL/min/1.73 m2, albuminuria (albumin <30 mg/g), and no preexisting CVD or kidney failure. Exposures Chronic kidney disease status was categorized by concordance between eGFRcr and eGFRcys across the threshold for hronic kidney disease (CKD) diagnosis (60 mL/min/1.73 m2). Main Outcomes and Measures Ten-year probabilities of CVD, mortality, and kidney failure were assessed according to CKD status. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models tested associations between CVD and mortality. Area under the receiving operating curve tested discrimination of eGFRcr and eGFRcys for CVD and mortality. The Net Reclassification Index assessed the usefulness of eGFRcr and eGFRcys for CVD risk stratification. Analyses were stratified by older (age 65-73 years) and younger (age <65 years) age. Results There were 428 402 participants: median age was 57 (IQR, 50-63) years and 237 173 (55.4%) were women. Among 76 629 older participants, there were 9335 deaths and 5205 CVD events. Among 351 773 younger participants, there were 14 776 deaths and 9328 CVD events. The 10-year probability of kidney failure was less than 0.1%. Regardless of the eGFRcr, the 10-year probabilities of CVD and mortality were low when eGFRcys was greater than or equal to 60 mL/min/1.73 m2; conversely, with eGFRcys less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, 10-year risks were nearly doubled in older adults and more than doubled in younger adults. Use of eGFRcys better discriminated CVD and mortality risk than eGFRcr. Across a 7.5% 10-year risk threshold for CVD, eGFRcys improved case Net Reclassification Index by 0.7% (95% CI, 0.6%-0.8%) in older people and 0.7% (95% CI, 0.7%-0.8%) in younger people; eGFRcr did not add to CVD risk estimation. Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this study suggest that eGFRcr 45 to 59 mL/min/1.73 m2 includes a proportion of individuals at low risk and fails to capture a substantial proportion of individuals at high-risk for CVD and mortality. The eGFRcys appears to be more sensitive and specific for CVD and mortality risks in mild CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Lees
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Glasgow Renal and Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Rutherford
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Renal Unit, Mountainhall Treatment Centre, NHS Dumfries and Galloway, Dumfries, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn I. Stevens
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Glasgow Renal and Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie C. Chen
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco
- Genentech/Roche, South San Francisco, California
| | - Rebecca Scherzer
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco
| | - Michelle M. Estrella
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco
| | - Michael K. Sullivan
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Glasgow Renal and Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Ebert
- Institute of Public Health, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick B. Mark
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Glasgow Renal and Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G. Shlipak
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco
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Jiang R, Jing ZC. Statin therapy in venous thromboembolism: How far from primary and secondary prevention? J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:1781-1783. [PMID: 35859281 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jiang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Jing
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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van Essen B, Voors AA, Tromp J. Risk factors for the development of heart failure in patients with or without prior myocardial infarction. Eur J Heart Fail 2022; 24:985-987. [PMID: 35560757 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bart van Essen
- University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Voors
- University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper Tromp
- University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore & the National University Health System, Singapore
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