1
|
Mendes EP, Ianzer D, Peruchetti DB, Santos RAS, Vieira MAR. Interaction of Angiotensin-(1-7) with kinins in the kidney circulation: Role of B 1 receptors. Peptides 2024; 179:171246. [PMID: 38821119 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Changes in renal hemodynamics impact renal function during physiological and pathological conditions. In this context, renal vascular resistance (RVR) is regulated by components of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) and the Kallikrein-Kinin System (KKS). However, the interaction between these vasoactive peptides on RVR is still poorly understood. Here, we studied the crosstalk between angiotensin-(1-7) and kinins on RVR. The right kidneys of Wistar rats were isolated and perfused in a closed-circuit system. The perfusion pressure and renal perfusate flow were continuously monitored. Ang-(1-7) (1.0-25.0 nM) caused a sustained, dose-dependent reduction of relative RVR (rRVR). This phenomenon was sensitive to 10 nM A-779, a specific Mas receptor (MasR) antagonist. Bradykinin (BK) promoted a sustained and transient reduction in rRVR at 1.25 nM and 125 nM, respectively. The transient effect was abolished by 4 μM des-Arg9-Leu8-bradykinin (DALBK), a specific kinin B1 receptor (B1R) antagonist. Accordingly, des-Arg9-bradykinin (DABK) 1 μM (a B1R agonist) increased rRVR. Interestingly, pre-perfusion of Ang-(1-7) changed the sustained reduction of rRVR triggered by 1.25 nM BK into a transient effect. On the other hand, pre-perfusion of Ang-(1-7) primed and potentiated the DABK response, this mechanism being sensitive to A-779 and DALBK. Binding studies performed with CHO cells stably transfected with MasR, B1R, and kinin B2 receptor (B2R) showed no direct interaction between Ang-(1-7) with B1R or B2R. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Ang-(1-7) differentially modulates kinin's effect on RVR in isolated rat kidneys. These results help to expand the current knowledge regarding the crosstalk between the RAS and KKS complex network in RVR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle Ianzer
- Department of Physiological Sciences, ICB, UFG, Goiania, GO, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, INCT-Nanobiofar, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Diogo Barros Peruchetti
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, INCT-Nanobiofar, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, INCT-Nanobiofar, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schiffrin EL, Navar LG, Ferrario CM. Oscar A. Carretero, MD (1936-2024). Hypertension 2024; 81:e47-e48. [PMID: 38630796 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.124.22855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto L Schiffrin
- Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davies-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada (E.L.S.)
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada (E.L.S.)
| | - Luis Gabriel Navar
- Department of Physiology and Hypertension and Renal Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (L.G.N.)
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- Department of Surgery, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist-Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC (C.M.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rao A, Bhat SA, Shibata T, Giani JF, Rader F, Bernstein KE, Khan Z. Diverse biological functions of the renin-angiotensin system. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:587-605. [PMID: 37947345 DOI: 10.1002/med.21996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been widely known as a circulating endocrine system involved in the control of blood pressure. However, components of RAS have been found to be localized in rather unexpected sites in the body including the kidneys, brain, bone marrow, immune cells, and reproductive system. These discoveries have led to steady, growing evidence of the existence of independent tissue RAS specific to several parts of the body. It is important to understand how RAS regulates these systems for a variety of reasons: It gives a better overall picture of human physiology, helps to understand and mitigate the unintended consequences of RAS-inhibiting or activating drugs, and sets the stage for potential new therapies for a variety of ailments. This review fulfills the need for an updated overview of knowledge about local tissue RAS in several bodily systems, including their components, functions, and medical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adithi Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shabir A Bhat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tomohiro Shibata
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Florian Rader
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karimi F, Nematbakhsh M. Renal vascular responses to angiotensin II infusion in two kidneys-one clip hypertensive rats under partial ischemia/reperfusion with and without ischemia preconditioning: the roles of AT1R blockade and co-blockades of AT1R and MasR. Res Pharm Sci 2023; 18:392-403. [PMID: 37614612 PMCID: PMC10443668 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.378086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose The renin-angiotensin system activation, partial ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury, and hypertension contribute to the development of acute kidney injury. The study aims to look at the vascular responses of angiotensin II (Ang II) during Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockade (losartan) or co-blockades of AT1R and Mas receptor (A779) in two kidneys one clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats which subjected to partial IR injury with and without ischemia preconditioning (IPC). Experimental approach Thirty-three 2K1C male Wistar rats with systolic blood pressure ≥ 150 mmHg were divided into three groups of sham, IR, and IPC + IR divided into two sub-groups receiving losartan or losartan + A779. The IR group had 45 min partial kidney ischemia, while the IPC + IR group had two 5 min cycles of partial ischemia followed by 10 min of reperfusion and then 45 min of partial kidney ischemia followed by reperfusion. The sham group was subjected to similar surgical procedures except for IR or IPC. Findings/Results Ang II increased mean arterial pressure in all the groups, but there were no significant differences between the sub-groups. A significant difference was observed in the renal blood flow response to Ang II between two sub-groups of sham and IR groups treated with AT1R blockade alone or co-blockades of AT1R + A779. Conclusion and implications These findings demonstrated the significance of AT1R and Mas receptor following partial renal IR in the renal blood flow responses to Ang II in 2K1C hypertensive rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Karimi
- Department of Physiology, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nematbakhsh
- Water & Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kate Gadanec L, Qaradakhi T, Renee McSweeney K, Matsoukas JM, Apostolopoulos V, Burrell LM, Zulli A. Diminazene aceturate uses different pathways to induce relaxation in healthy and atherogenic blood vessels. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115397. [PMID: 36566945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diminazene aceturate (DIZE), a putative angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activator, elicits relaxation in various animal models. This study aimed to determine the relaxing mechanisms in internal iliac arteries utilised by DIZE in healthy and atherogenic rabbit models. Studies were conducted on internal iliac artery rings retrieved from male New Zealand White rabbits fed a 4-week healthy control (n = 24) or atherogenic diet (n = 20). To investigate pathways utilised by DIZE to promote arterial relaxation, a DIZE dose response [10-9.0 M - 10-5.0 M] was performed on pre-contracted rings incubated with pharmaceuticals that target: components of the renin-angiotensin system; endothelial- and vascular smooth muscle-dependent mechanisms; protein kinases; and potassium channels. ACE2 expression was quantified by immunohistochemistry analysis following a 2 hr or 4 hr DIZE incubation. DIZE significantly enhanced vessel relaxation in atherogenic rings at doses [10-5.5 M] (p < 0.01) and [10-5.0 M] (p < 0.0001), when compared to healthy controls. Comprehensive results from functional isometric studies determined that DIZE causes relaxation via different mechanisms depending on pathology. For the first time, we report that in healthy blood vessels DIZE exerts its direct relaxing effect through ACE2/AT2R and NO/sGC pathways; however, in atherogenesis this switches to MasR, arachidonic acid pathway (i.e., COX1/2, EET and DHET), MCLP, Ca2+ activated voltage channels, AMPK and ERK1/2. Moreover, quantitative immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that DIZE increases artery ACE2 expression in a time dependent manner. We provide a detailed investigation of DIZE's mechanisms and demonstrate for the first time that in healthy and atherogenic arteries DIZE provides beneficial effects through directly inducing relaxation, albeit via different pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kate Gadanec
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne 3030, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Tawar Qaradakhi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne 3030, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | - John M Matsoukas
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne 3030, Victoria, Australia; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, 26500 Patras, Greece.
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne 3030, Victoria, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Melbourne 3021, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Louise M Burrell
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne 3030, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen H, Peng J, Wang T, Wen J, Chen S, Huang Y, Zhang Y. Counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system in hypertension: Review and update in the era of COVID-19 pandemic. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115370. [PMID: 36481346 PMCID: PMC9721294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality and disability, with hypertension being the most prevalent risk factor. Excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) under pathological conditions, leading to vascular remodeling and inflammation, is closely related to cardiovascular dysfunction. The counter-regulatory axis of the RAS consists of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin (1-7), angiotensin (1-9), alamandine, proto-oncogene Mas receptor, angiotensin II type-2 receptor and Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member D. Each of these components has been shown to counteract the effects of the overactivated RAS. In this review, we summarize the latest insights into the complexity and interplay of the counter-regulatory RAS axis in hypertension, highlight the pathophysiological functions of ACE2, a multifunctional molecule linking hypertension and COVID-19, and discuss the function and therapeutic potential of targeting this counter-regulatory RAS axis to prevent and treat hypertension in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyin Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiangyun Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Tengyao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Jielu Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Sifan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Corresponding authors
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China,Corresponding authors
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu R, Juncos LA, Lu Y, Wei J, Zhang J, Wang L, Lai EY, Carlstrom M, Persson AEG. The Role of Macula Densa Nitric Oxide Synthase 1 Beta Splice Variant in Modulating Tubuloglomerular Feedback. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4215-4229. [PMID: 36715280 PMCID: PMC9990375 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in renal electrolyte and water excretion may result in inappropriate salt and water retention, which facilitates the development and maintenance of hypertension, as well as acid-base and electrolyte disorders. A key mechanism by which the kidney regulates renal hemodynamics and electrolyte excretion is via tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), an intrarenal negative feedback between tubules and arterioles. TGF is initiated by an increase of NaCl delivery at the macula densa cells. The increased NaCl activates luminal Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) of the macula densa cells, which leads to activation of several intracellular processes followed by the production of paracrine signals that ultimately result in a constriction of the afferent arteriole and a tonic inhibition of single nephron glomerular filtration rate. Neuronal nitric oxide (NOS1) is highly expressed in the macula densa. NOS1β is the major splice variant and accounts for most of NO generation by the macula densa, which inhibits TGF response. Macula densa NOS1β-mediated modulation of TGF responses plays an essential role in control of sodium excretion, volume and electrolyte hemostasis, and blood pressure. In this article, we describe the mechanisms that regulate macula densa-derived NO and their effect on TGF response in physiologic and pathologic conditions. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4215-4229, 2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruisheng Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Luis A. Juncos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR
| | - Yan Lu
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology
| | - En Yin Lai
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mattias Carlstrom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Erik G Persson
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Silva-Aguiar RP, Teixeira DE, Peres RAS, Peruchetti DB, Gomes CP, Schmaier AH, Rocco PRM, Pinheiro AAS, Caruso-Neves C. Subclinical Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: Possible Mechanisms and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214193. [PMID: 36430671 PMCID: PMC9693299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of COVID-19 disease, a bidirectional interaction between kidney disease and the progression of COVID-19 has been demonstrated. Kidney disease is an independent risk factor for mortality of patients with COVID-19 as well as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leading to the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with COVID-19. However, the detection of kidney damage in patients with COVID-19 may not occur until an advanced stage based on the current clinical blood and urinary examinations. Some studies have pointed out the development of subclinical acute kidney injury (subAKI) syndrome with COVID-19. This syndrome is characterized by significant tubule interstitial injury without changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate. Despite the complexity of the mechanism(s) underlying the development of subAKI, the involvement of changes in the protein endocytosis machinery in proximal tubule (PT) epithelial cells (PTECs) has been proposed. This paper focuses on the data relating to subAKI and COVID-19 and the role of PTECs and their protein endocytosis machinery in its pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo P. Silva-Aguiar
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, Brazil
| | - Douglas E. Teixeira
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A. S. Peres
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, Brazil
| | - Diogo B. Peruchetti
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, Brazil
| | - Carlos P. Gomes
- Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, Brazil
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, Brazil
| | - Alvin H. Schmaier
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Patricia R. M. Rocco
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Acacia S. Pinheiro
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Celso Caruso-Neves
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maranduca MA, Tanase DM, Cozma CT, Dima N, Clim A, Pinzariu AC, Serban DN, Serban IL. The Impact of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2/Angiotensin 1-7 Axis in Establishing Severe COVID-19 Consequences. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091906. [PMID: 36145655 PMCID: PMC9505151 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has put a tremendous stress on the medical community over the last two years. Managing the infection proved a lot more difficult after several research communities started to recognize the long-term effects of this disease. The cellular receptor for the virus was identified as angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), a molecule responsible for a wide array of processes, broadly variable amongst different organs. Angiotensin (Ang) 1-7 is the product of Ang II, a decaying reaction catalysed by ACE2. The effects observed after altering the level of ACE2 are essentially related to the variation of Ang 1-7. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is comprised of two main branches, with ACE2 representing a crucial component of the protective part of the complex. The ACE2/Ang (1-7) axis is well represented in the testis, heart, brain, kidney, and intestine. Infection with the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus determines downregulation of ACE2 and interrupts the equilibrium between ACE and ACE2 in these organs. In this review, we highlight the link between the local effects of RAAS and the consequences of COVID-19 infection as they arise from observational studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minela Aida Maranduca
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniela Maria Tanase
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristian Tudor Cozma
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicoleta Dima
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andreea Clim
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alin Constantin Pinzariu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Dragomir Nicolae Serban
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ionela Lacramioara Serban
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
González-Hedström D, Moreno-Rupérez Á, de la Fuente-Fernández M, de la Fuente-Muñoz M, Román-Carmena M, Amor S, García-Villalón ÁL, López-Calderón A, Isabel Martín A, Priego T, Granado M. A Nutraceutical Product Based on a Mixture of Algae and Extra Virgin Olive Oils and Olive Leaf Extract Attenuates Sepsis-Induced Cardiovascular and Muscle Alterations in Rats. Front Nutr 2022; 9:918841. [PMID: 35795581 PMCID: PMC9252429 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.918841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutraceuticals are products of natural origin widely used for the treatment and/or prevention of some chronic diseases that are highly prevalent in Western countries, such as obesity or type II diabetes, among others. However, its possible use in the prevention of acute diseases that can put life at risk has been poorly studied. Sepsis is an acute condition that causes cardiovascular and skeletal muscle damage due to a systemic inflammatory state. The aim of this work was to evaluate the possible beneficial effect of a new nutraceutical based on a mixture of algae oil (AO) and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) supplemented with an olive leaf extract (OLE) in the prevention of cardiovascular alterations and skeletal muscle disorders induced by sepsis in rats. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were treated with the nutraceutical or with water p.o. for 3 weeks and after the treatment they were injected with 1mg/kg LPS twice (12 and 4 h before sacrifice). Pretreatment with the nutraceutical prevented the LPS-induced decrease in cardiac contractility before and after the hearts were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion. At the vascular level, supplementation with the nutraceutical did not prevent hypotension in septic animals, but it attenuated endothelial dysfunction and the increased response of aortic rings to the vasoconstrictors norepinephrine and angiotensin-II induced by LPS. The beneficial effects on cardiovascular function were associated with an increased expression of the antioxidant enzymes SOD-1 and GSR in cardiac tissue and SOD-1 and Alox-5 in arterial tissue. In skeletal muscle, nutraceutical pretreatment prevented LPS-induced muscle proteolysis and autophagy and significantly increased protein synthesis as demonstrated by decreased expression of MURF-1, atrogin-1, LC3b and increased MCH-I and MCH -IIa in gastrocnemius muscle. These effects were associated with a decrease in the expression of TNFα, HDAC4 and myogenin. In conclusion, treatment with a new nutraceutical based on a mixture of AO and EVOO supplemented with OLE is useful to prevent cardiovascular and muscular changes induced by sepsis in rats. Thus, supplementation with this nutraceutical may constitute an interesting strategy to reduce the severity and mortality risk in septic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González-Hedström
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- R&D Department, Pharmactive Biotech Products S.L.U., Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Moreno-Rupérez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Marta Román-Carmena
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Amor
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Asunción López-Calderón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Martín
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Priego
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Granado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Miriam Granado,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang Y, Xu G. Update on Pathogenesis of Glomerular Hyperfiltration in Early Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:872918. [PMID: 35663316 PMCID: PMC9161673 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.872918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the existing stages of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), the first stage of DKD is called the preclinical stage, characterized by glomerular hyperfiltration, an abnormally elevated glomerular filtration rate. Glomerular hyperfiltration is an independent risk factor for accelerated deterioration of renal function and progression of nephropathy, which is associated with a high risk for metabolic and cardiovascular disease. It is imperative to understand hyperfiltration and identify potential treatments to delay DKD progress. This paper summarizes the current mechanisms of hyperfiltration in early DKD. We pay close attention to the effect of glucose reabsorption mediated by sodium-glucose cotransporters and renal growth on hyperfiltration in DKD patients, as well as the mechanisms of nitric oxide and adenosine actions on renal afferent arterioles via tubuloglomerular feedback. Furthermore, we also focus on the contribution of the atrial natriuretic peptide, cyclooxygenase, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and endothelin on hyperfiltration. Proposing potential treatments based on these mechanisms may offer new therapeutic opportunities to reduce the renal burden in this population.
Collapse
|
12
|
Pacheco LF, de Castro CH, Dutra JBR, de Souza Lino Junior R, Ferreira PM, Dos Santos RAS, Ulhoa CJ. Oral Treatment with Angiotensin-(1-7) Attenuates the Kidney Injury Induced by Gentamicin in Wistar Rats. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1425-1433. [PMID: 34792000 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666211118091810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), a common disease of the urinary system, can be induced by high doses of gentamicin (GM). The Renin-Angiotensin System exerts a key role in the progression of the AKI since elevated intrarenal levels of Ang II, and ACE activity is found in this condition. However, it is unknown whether oral administration of Ang-(1-7), a heptapeptide that evokes opposite effects of Ang II, may attenuate the renal injuries induced by gentamicin. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of Ang (1-7) on GM-induced renal dysfunction in rats. METHODS AKI was induced by subcutaneous administration of GM (80 mg/Kg) for 5 days. Simultaneously, Ang-(1-7) included in hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) was administered by gavage [46 μg/kg HPβCD + 30 μg/kg Ang- (1-7)]. At the end of the treatment period (sixth day), the rats were housed in metabolic cages for renal function evaluation. Thereafter, blood and kidney samples were collected. RESULTS The Ang-(1-7) attenuated the increase of the plasmatic creatinine and proteinuria caused by GM but did not change the glomerular filtration rate nor tubular necrosis. Ang-(1-7) attenuated the increased urinary flow and the fractional excretion of H2O and potassium observed in GM rats but intensified the elevated excretion of sodium in these animals. Morphological analysis showed that Ang-(1-7) also reduced the tubular vacuolization in kidneys from GM rats. CONCLUSION Ang-(1-7) promotes selective beneficial effects in renal injuries induced by GM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lílian Fernanda Pacheco
- Superior School of Physical Education and Physiotherapy of the State of Goiás, State University of Goiás (UEG), Goiânia-Goiás. Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique de Castro
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia-GO. Brazil
| | - João Batista Rodrigues Dutra
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia-GO. Brazil
| | - Ruy de Souza Lino Junior
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia. Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maria Ferreira
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia-GO. Brazil
| | - Robson Augusto Souza Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences. Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Brazil
| | - Cirano José Ulhoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás. Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Renin-Angiotensin System Induced Secondary Hypertension: The Alteration of Kidney Function and Structure. Int J Nephrol 2021. [PMID: 31628476 PMCID: PMC8505109 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5599754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term hypertension is known as a major risk factor for cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a key role in hypertension pathogenesis. Angiotensin II (Ang II) enhancement in Ang II-dependent hypertension leads to progressive CKD and kidney fibrosis. In the two-kidney one-clip model (2K1C), more renin is synthesized in the principal cells of the collecting duct than juxtaglomerular cells (JGCs). An increase of renal Ang I and Ang II levels and a decrease of renal cortical and medullary Ang 1–7 occur in both kidneys of the 2K1C hypertensive rat model. In addition, the activity of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) increases, while ACE2's activity decreases in the medullary region of both kidneys in the 2K1C hypertensive model. Also, the renal prolyl carboxypeptidase (PrCP) expression and its activity reduce in the clipped kidneys. The imbalance in the production of renal ACE, ACE2, and PrCP expression causes the progression of renal injury. Intrarenal angiotensinogen (AGT) expression and urine AGT (uAGT) excretion rates in the unclipped kidney are greater than the clipped kidney in the 2K1C hypertensive rat model. The enhancement of Ang II in the clipped kidney is related to renin secretion, while the elevation of intrarenal Ang II in the unclipped kidney is related to stimulation of AGT mRNA and protein in proximal tubule cells by a direct effect of systemic Ang II level. Ang II-dependent hypertension enhances macrophages and T-cell infiltration into the kidney which increases cytokines, and AGT synthesis in proximal tubules is stimulated via cytokines. Accumulation of inflammatory cells in the kidney aggravates hypertension and renal damage. Moreover, Ang II-dependent hypertension alters renal Ang II type 1 & 2 receptors (AT1R & AT2R) and Mas receptor (MasR) expression, and the renal interstitial fluid bradykinin, nitric oxide, and cGMP response to AT1R, AT2R, or BK B2-receptor antagonists. Based on a variety of sources including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science-Direct, in the current review, we will discuss the role of RAS-induced secondary hypertension on the alteration of renal function.
Collapse
|
14
|
Alves DT, Mendes LF, Sampaio WO, Coimbra-Campos LMC, Vieira MAR, Ferreira AJ, Martins AS, Popova E, Todiras M, Qadri F, Alenina N, Bader M, Santos RAS, Campagnole-Santos MJ. Hemodynamic phenotyping of transgenic rats with ubiquitous expression of an angiotensin-(1-7)-producing fusion protein. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2197-2216. [PMID: 34494083 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme (ACE) 2/Ang-(1-7)/MAS receptor pathway of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) induces protective mechanisms in different diseases. Herein, we describe the cardiovascular phenotype of a new transgenic rat line (TG7371) that expresses an Ang-(1-7)-producing fusion protein. The transgene-specific mRNA and the corresponding protein were shown to be present in all evaluated tissues of TG7371 with the highest expression in aorta and brain. Plasma Ang-(1-7) levels, measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) were similar to control Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, however high Ang-(1-7) levels were found in the hypothalamus. TG7371 showed lower baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP), assessed in conscious or anesthetized rats by telemetry or short-term recordings, associated with increased plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and higher urinary sodium concentration. Moreover, evaluation of regional blood flow and hemodynamic parameters with fluorescent microspheres showed a significant increase in blood flow in different tissues (kidneys, mesentery, muscle, spleen, brown fat, heart and skin), with a resulting decrease in total peripheral resistance (TPR). TG7371 rats, on the other hand, also presented increased cardiac and global sympathetic tone, increased plasma vasopressin (AVP) levels and decreased free water clearance. Altogether, our data show that expression of an Ang-(1-7)-producing fusion protein induced a hypotensive phenotype due to widespread vasodilation and consequent fall in peripheral resistance. This phenotype was associated with an increase in ANP together with an increase in AVP and sympathetic drive, which did not fully compensate the lower blood pressure (BP). Here we present the hemodynamic impact of long-term increase in tissue expression of an Ang-(1-7)-fusion protein and provide a new tool to investigate this peptide in different pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele T Alves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and INCT-Nanobiopharmaceutics, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine-MDC, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Beriln, Germany
| | - Luiz Felipe Mendes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and INCT-Nanobiopharmaceutics, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Walkyria O Sampaio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and INCT-Nanobiopharmaceutics, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leda M C Coimbra-Campos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and INCT-Nanobiopharmaceutics, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida R Vieira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and INCT-Nanobiopharmaceutics, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anderson J Ferreira
- Department of Morphology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Almir S Martins
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and INCT-Nanobiopharmaceutics, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elena Popova
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine-MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mihail Todiras
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine-MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine-MDC, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Beriln, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine-MDC, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Beriln, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robson A S Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and INCT-Nanobiopharmaceutics, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Jose Campagnole-Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and INCT-Nanobiopharmaceutics, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu PMF, de Carvalho ST, Fradico PF, Cazumbá MLB, Campos RGB, Simões E Silva AC. Hepatorenal syndrome in children: a review. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:2203-2215. [PMID: 33001296 PMCID: PMC7527294 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) occurs in patients with cirrhosis or fulminant hepatic failure and is a kind of pre-renal failure due to intense reduction of kidney perfusion induced by severe hepatic injury. While other causes of pre-renal acute kidney injury (AKI) respond to fluid infusion, HRS does not. HRS incidence is 5% in children with chronic liver conditions before liver transplantation. Type 1 HRS is an acute and rapidly progressive form that often develops after a precipitating factor, including gastrointestinal bleeding or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, while type 2 is considered a slowly progressive form of kidney failure that often occurs spontaneously in chronic ascites settings. HRS pathogenesis is multifactorial. Cirrhosis causes portal hypertension; therefore, stasis and release of vasodilator substances occur in the hepatic vascular bed, leading to vasodilatation of splanchnic arteries and systemic hypotension. Many mechanisms seem to work together to cause this imbalance: splanchnic vasodilatation; vasoactive mediators; hyperdynamic circulation states and subsequent cardiac dysfunction; neuro-hormonal mechanisms; changes in sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin system, and vasopressin. In patients with AKI and cirrhosis, fluid expansion therapy needs to be initiated as soon as possible and nephrotoxic drugs discontinued. Once HRS is diagnosed, pharmacological treatment with vasoconstrictors, mainly terlipressin plus albumin, should be initiated. If there is no response, other options can include surgical venous shunts and kidney replacement therapy. In this regard, extracorporeal liver support can be a bridge for liver transplantation, which remains as the ideal treatment. Further studies are necessary to investigate early biomarkers and alternative treatments for HRS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Menezes Ferri Liu
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, 2nd floor, #281 room, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Sarah Tayná de Carvalho
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, 2nd floor, #281 room, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Pollyanna Faria Fradico
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, 2nd floor, #281 room, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Barreto Cazumbá
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, 2nd floor, #281 room, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Ramon Gustavo Bernardino Campos
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, 2nd floor, #281 room, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, 2nd floor, #281 room, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Miličić Stanić B, Maddox S, de Souza AMA, Wu X, Mehranfard D, Ji H, Speth RC, Sandberg K. Male bias in ACE2 basic science research: missed opportunity for discovery in the time of COVID-19. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R925-R937. [PMID: 33848207 PMCID: PMC8203415 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00356.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the world, including the United States, men have worse outcomes from COVID-19 than women. SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus of the COVID-19 pandemic, uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to gain cellular entry. ACE2 is a member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and plays an important role in counteracting the harmful effects mediated by the angiotensin type 1 receptor. Therefore, we conducted Ovid MEDLINE and Embase database searches of basic science studies investigating the impact of the biological variable of sex on ACE2 expression and regulation from 2000, the year ACE2 was discovered, through December 31, 2020. Out of 2,131 publications, we identified 853 original research articles on ACE2 conducted in primary cells, tissues, and/or whole mammals excluding humans. The majority (68.7%) of these studies that cited the sex of the animal were conducted in males, while 11.2% were conducted solely in females; 9.26% compared ACE2 between the sexes, while 10.8% did not report the sex of the animals used. General findings are that sex differences are tissue-specific and when present, are dependent upon gonadal state. Renal, cardiac, and adipose ACE2 is increased in both sexes under experimental conditions that model co-morbidities associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes including hypertension, obesity, and renal and cardiovascular diseases; however, ACE2 protein was generally higher in the males. Studies in Ace2 knockout mice indicate ACE2 plays a greater role in protecting the female from developing hypertension than the male. Studying the biological variable of sex in ACE2 research provides an opportunity for discovery in conditions involving RAS dysfunction and will shed light on sex differences in COVID-19 severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Branka Miličić Stanić
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Sydney Maddox
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Aline M A de Souza
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Xie Wu
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Danial Mehranfard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | - Hong Ji
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Robert C Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Barsha G, Mirabito Colafella KM, Walton SL, Gaspari TA, Spizzo I, Pinar AA, Hilliard Krause LM, Widdop RE, Samuel CS, Denton KM. In Aged Females, the Enhanced Pressor Response to Angiotensin II Is Attenuated By Estrogen Replacement via an Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor-Mediated Mechanism. Hypertension 2021; 78:128-137. [PMID: 33966450 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giannie Barsha
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology (G.B., KM.M.C., S.L.W., L.M.H.K., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrina M Mirabito Colafella
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology (G.B., KM.M.C., S.L.W., L.M.H.K., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah L Walton
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology (G.B., KM.M.C., S.L.W., L.M.H.K., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracey A Gaspari
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology (T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., R.E.W., C.S.S.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iresha Spizzo
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology (T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., R.E.W., C.S.S.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anita A Pinar
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology (T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., R.E.W., C.S.S.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucinda M Hilliard Krause
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology (G.B., KM.M.C., S.L.W., L.M.H.K., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology (T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., R.E.W., C.S.S.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology (T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., R.E.W., C.S.S.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate M Denton
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology (G.B., KM.M.C., S.L.W., L.M.H.K., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Derington CG, Cohen JB, Mohanty AF, Greene TH, Cook J, Ying J, Wei G, Herrick JS, Stevens VW, Jones BE, Wang L, Zheutlin AR, South AM, Hanff TC, Smith SM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, King JB, Alexander GC, Berlowitz DR, Ahmad FS, Penrod MJ, Hess R, Conroy MB, Fang JC, Rubin MA, Beddhu S, Cheung AK, Xian W, Weintraub WS, Bress AP. Angiotensin II receptor blocker or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use and COVID-19-related outcomes among US Veterans. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248080. [PMID: 33891615 PMCID: PMC8064574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) may positively or negatively impact outcomes in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We investigated the association of ARB or ACEI use with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related outcomes in US Veterans with treated hypertension using an active comparator design, appropriate covariate adjustment, and negative control analyses. METHODS AND FINDINGS In this retrospective cohort study of Veterans with treated hypertension in the Veterans Health Administration (01/19/2020-08/28/2020), we compared users of (A) ARB/ACEI vs. non-ARB/ACEI (excluding Veterans with compelling indications to reduce confounding by indication) and (B) ARB vs. ACEI among (1) SARS-CoV-2+ outpatients and (2) COVID-19 hospitalized inpatients. The primary outcome was all-cause hospitalization or mortality (outpatients) and all-cause mortality (inpatients). We estimated hazard ratios (HR) using propensity score-weighted Cox regression. Baseline characteristics were well-balanced between exposure groups after weighting. Among outpatients, there were 5.0 and 6.0 primary outcomes per 100 person-months for ARB/ACEI (n = 2,482) vs. non-ARB/ACEI (n = 2,487) users (HR 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73-0.99, median follow-up 87 days). Among outpatients who were ARB (n = 4,877) vs. ACEI (n = 8,704) users, there were 13.2 and 14.8 primary outcomes per 100 person-months (HR 0.91, 95%CI 0.86-0.97, median follow-up 85 days). Among inpatients who were ARB/ACEI (n = 210) vs. non-ARB/ACEI (n = 275) users, there were 3.4 and 2.0 all-cause deaths per 100 person months (HR 1.25, 95%CI 0.30-5.13, median follow-up 30 days). Among inpatients, ARB (n = 1,164) and ACEI (n = 2,014) users had 21.0 vs. 17.7 all-cause deaths, per 100 person-months (HR 1.13, 95%CI 0.93-1.38, median follow-up 30 days). CONCLUSIONS This observational analysis supports continued ARB or ACEI use for patients already using these medications before SARS-CoV-2 infection. The novel beneficial association observed among outpatients between users of ARBs vs. ACEIs on hospitalization or mortality should be confirmed with randomized trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine G. Derington
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Health System Innovation and Research, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Jordana B. Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - April F. Mohanty
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Tom H. Greene
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Health System Innovation and Research, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - James Cook
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Jian Ying
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Health System Innovation and Research, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Guo Wei
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Jennifer S. Herrick
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Health System Innovation and Research, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Vanessa W. Stevens
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Health System Innovation and Research, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Barbara E. Jones
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Libo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Alexander R. Zheutlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Andrew M. South
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nephrology, Brenner Children’s Hospital, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States of America
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Hanff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Smith
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Rhonda M. Cooper-DeHoff
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Jordan B. King
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Health System Innovation and Research, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - G. Caleb Alexander
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dan R. Berlowitz
- Department of Public Health; University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States of America
- Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States of America
| | - Faraz S. Ahmad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - M. Jason Penrod
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Rachel Hess
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Health System Innovation and Research, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Molly B. Conroy
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Health System Innovation and Research, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - James C. Fang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Rubin
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Srinivasan Beddhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Alfred K. Cheung
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Weiming Xian
- Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Adam P. Bress
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Health System Innovation and Research, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Armaly Z, Kinaneh S, Skorecki K. Renal Manifestations of Covid-19: Physiology and Pathophysiology. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1216. [PMID: 33804075 PMCID: PMC8000200 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) imposes a serious public health pandemic affecting the whole world, as it is spreading exponentially. Besides its high infectivity, SARS-CoV-2 causes multiple serious derangements, where the most prominent is severe acute respiratory syndrome as well as multiple organ dysfunction including heart and kidney injury. While the deleterious impact of SARS-CoV-2 on pulmonary and cardiac systems have attracted remarkable attention, the adverse effects of this virus on the renal system is still underestimated. Kidney susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection is determined by the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor which is used as port of the viral entry into targeted cells, tissue tropism, pathogenicity and subsequent viral replication. The SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry receptor, ACE2, is widely expressed in proximal epithelial cells, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells and podocytes, where it supports kidney integrity and function via the enzymatic production of Angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7), which exerts vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic and diuretic/natriuretic actions via activation of the Mas receptor axis. Loss of this activity constitutes the potential basis for the renal damage that occurs in COVID-19 patients. Indeed, several studies in a small sample of COVID-19 patients revealed relatively high incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) among them. Although SARS-CoV-1 -induced AKI was attributed to multiorgan failure and cytokine release syndrome, as the virus was not detectable in the renal tissue of infected patients, SARS-CoV-2 antigens were detected in kidney tubules, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infects the human kidney directly, and eventually induces AKI characterized with high morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are largely unknown. However, the fact that ACE2 plays a crucial role against renal injury, the deprivation of the kidney of this advantageous enzyme, along with local viral replication, probably plays a central role. The current review focuses on the critical role of ACE2 in renal physiology, its involvement in the development of kidney injury during SARS-CoV-2 infection, renal manifestations and therapeutic options. The latter includes exogenous administration of Ang (1-7) as an appealing option, given the high incidence of AKI in this ACE2-depleted disorder, and the benefits of ACE2/Ang1-7 including vasodilation, diuresis, natriuresis, attenuation of inflammation, oxidative stress, cell proliferation, apoptosis and coagulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaher Armaly
- Department of Nephrology, Nazareth Hospital, EMMS, Nazareth 16100, Israel;
- The Bar-Ilan University Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Safed 1311502, Israel;
| | - Safa Kinaneh
- Department of Nephrology, Nazareth Hospital, EMMS, Nazareth 16100, Israel;
| | - Karl Skorecki
- The Bar-Ilan University Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Safed 1311502, Israel;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dos Reis Costa DEF, Silveira ALM, Campos GP, Nóbrega NRC, de Araújo NF, de Figueiredo Borges L, Dos Santos Aggum Capettini L, Ferreira AVM, Bonaventura D. High-Carbohydrate Diet Enhanced the Anticontractile Effect of Perivascular Adipose Tissue Through Activation of Renin-Angiotensin System. Front Physiol 2021; 11:628101. [PMID: 33519529 PMCID: PMC7845559 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.628101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is an active endocrine organ responsible for release several substances that influence on vascular tone. Increasing evidence suggest that hyperactivation of the local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the PVAT plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases. However, the local RAS contribution to the PVAT control of vascular tone during obesity is still not clear. Since the consumption of a high-carbohydrate diet (HC diet) contributes to obesity inducing a rapid and sustained increase in adiposity, so that the functional activity of PVAT could be modulated, we aimed to evaluate the effect of HC diet on the PVAT control of vascular tone and verify the involvement of RAS in this effect. For that, male Balb/c mice were fed standard or HC diet for 4 weeks. Vascular reactivity, histology, fluorescence, and immunofluorescence analysis were performed in intact thoracic aorta in the presence or absence of PVAT. The results showed that HC diet caused an increase in visceral adiposity and also in the PVAT area. Phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction was significantly reduced in the HC group only in the presence of PVAT. The anticontractile effect of PVAT induced by HC diet was lost when aortic rings were previously incubated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, Mas, and AT2 receptors antagonists, PI3K, nNOS, and iNOS inhibitors, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposing enzyme or non-selective potassium channels blocker. Immunofluorescence assays showed that both Mas and AT2 receptors as well as nNOS and iNOS isoforms were markedly expressed in the PVAT of the HC group. Furthermore, the PVAT from HC group also exhibited higher nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide bioavailability. Taken together, these findings suggest that the anticontractile effect of PVAT induced by HC diet involves the signaling cascade triggered by the renin-angiotensin system through the activation of Mas and AT2 receptors, PI3K, nNOS, and iNOS, leading to increased production of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide, and subsequently opening of potassium channels. The contribution of PVAT during HC diet-induced obesity could be a compensatory adaptive characteristic in order to preserve the vascular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Letícia Malheiros Silveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gianne Paul Campos
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Natália Ferreira de Araújo
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciano de Figueiredo Borges
- Department of Biological Sciences, Morphophysiology & Pathology Sector, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Adaliene Versiani Matos Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniella Bonaventura
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Savoia C, Arrabito E, Parente R, Nicoletti C, Madaro L, Battistoni A, Filippini A, Steckelings UM, Touyz RM, Volpe M. Mas Receptor Activation Contributes to the Improvement of Nitric Oxide Bioavailability and Vascular Remodeling During Chronic AT1R (Angiotensin Type-1 Receptor) Blockade in Experimental Hypertension. Hypertension 2020; 76:1753-1761. [PMID: 33070664 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin (1-7) production increases during AT1R (angiotensin type-1 receptor) blockade. The contribution of Ang (1-7) (angiotensin [1-7]) and its receptor (MasR) to the favorable effect of angiotensin receptor blockers on remodeling and function of resistance arteries remains unclear. We sought to determine whether MasR contributes to the improvement of vascular structure and function during chronic AT1R blockade. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were treated with Ang (1-7) or olmesartan ± MasR antagonist A-779, or vehicle, for 14 days. Blood pressure was measured by tail cuff methodology. Mesenteric arteries were dissected and mounted on a pressurized micromyograph to evaluate media-to-lumen ratio (M/L) and endothelial function. Expression of MasR and eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) was evaluated by immunoblotting, plasma nitrate by colorimetric assay, and reactive oxygen species production by dihydroethidium staining. Independently of blood pressure, olmesartan significantly reduced M/L and improved NO bioavailability, A-779 prevented these effects. Likewise, Ang (1-7) significantly reduced M/L and NO bioavailability. MasR expression was significantly increased by Ang (1-7) as well as by olmesartan, and it was blunted in the presence of A-779. Both Ang (1-7) and olmesartan increased eNOS expression and plasma nitrite which were reduced by A-779. Superoxide generation was attenuated by olmesartan and Ang (1-7) and was blunted in the presence of A-779. These MasR-mediated actions were independent of AT2R activation since olmesartan and Ang (1-7) increased MasR expression and reduced M/L in Ang II (angiotensin II)-infused AT2R knockout mice, independently of blood pressure control. A-779 prevented these effects. Hence, MasR activation may contribute to the favorable effects of AT1R antagonism on NO bioavailability and microvascular remodeling, independently of AT2R activation and blood pressure control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Savoia
- Division of Cardiology, Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital (C.S., E.A., R.P., A.B., M.V.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.,DAHFMO-Section of Histology and Medical Embryology (C.N., L.M., A.F.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Arrabito
- Division of Cardiology, Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital (C.S., E.A., R.P., A.B., M.V.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Parente
- Division of Cardiology, Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital (C.S., E.A., R.P., A.B., M.V.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luca Madaro
- DAHFMO-Section of Histology and Medical Embryology (C.N., L.M., A.F.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Allegra Battistoni
- Division of Cardiology, Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital (C.S., E.A., R.P., A.B., M.V.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Filippini
- DAHFMO-Section of Histology and Medical Embryology (C.N., L.M., A.F.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Ulrike M Steckelings
- IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.)
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.)
| | - Massimo Volpe
- Division of Cardiology, Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital (C.S., E.A., R.P., A.B., M.V.), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.,IRCSS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy (M.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kenarkoohi A, Maleki M, Safari T, Kafashian M, Saljoughi F, Sohrabipour S. Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 roles in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Curr Hypertens Rev 2020; 17:207-216. [PMID: 32778033 DOI: 10.2174/1573402116666200810134702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The new pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes a wide range of clinical consequences, from asymptomatic infection to acute respiratory failure and it is very heterogeneous. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is well recognized as a key regulating system in circulatory homeostasis that play prominent roles in pathophysiological processes in abnormal activation for instance renal and cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and stroke. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2(ACE2) as a component of the RAS system. However, unlike the ACE, its activity is not inhibited by the ACE inhibitors. The major product of ACE2 is Ang1-7, known as a vasodilator peptide and part of the depressant arm of the RAS. There are two form of ACE2. Coronavirus cover with some proteins in order to help viral attachment to the cell membrane ACE2 as a receptor and then fuse and enter the cells. ACE2 was expressed in oral Cavity, salivary glands of the mouth, esophagus, myocardial cells, kidney, and enterocytes, along all the respiratory tract, intestine, and blood vessels. In this article, we explain the renin-angiotensin system and its components. Also, we shortly explain the organs involved in COVID-19 disease and we will talk about the possible causes of damage to these organs. We also reviewed the probable mechanism of using ACE2 in viral attachment and the probable treatment processes will also be discussed based on the surface proteins of the virus and ACE2. In addition, we briefly discuss the anti-angiotensin drugs and why patients with chronic disease are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection and show worse progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azra Kenarkoohi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam. Iran
| | - Maryam Maleki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam. Iran
| | - Tahereh Safari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan. Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Kafashian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam. Iran
| | - Fateme Saljoughi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas. Iran
| | - Shahla Sohrabipour
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas. Iran
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Marquez A, Batlle D. Angiotensin-(1-7) for diabetic kidney disease: better than an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor alone? Kidney Int 2020; 96:815-817. [PMID: 31543149 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this commentary we emphasize the renoprotective effect of cyclic angiotensin-(1-7) described by Cassis et al. in a mouse model of diabetic kidney disease. The importance of the study is that this peptide was even more protective than the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril administered alone and that when the 2 componds were combined, the renoprotective action was additive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Marquez
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Valle-Tenney R, Rebolledo D, Acuña MJ, Brandan E. HIF-hypoxia signaling in skeletal muscle physiology and fibrosis. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 14:147-158. [PMID: 32088838 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia refers to the decrease in oxygen tension in the tissues, and the central effector of the hypoxic response is the transcription factor Hypoxia-Inducible Factor α (HIF1-α). Transient hypoxia in acute events, such as exercising or regeneration after damage, play an important role in skeletal muscle physiology and homeostasis. However, sustained activation of hypoxic signaling is a feature of skeletal muscle injury and disease, which can be a consequence of chronic damage but can also increase the severity of the pathology and worsen its outcome. Here, we review evidence that supports the idea that hypoxia and HIF-1α can contribute to the establishment of fibrosis in skeletal muscle through its crosstalk with other profibrotic factors, such as Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), the induction of profibrotic cytokines expression, as is the case of Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF/CCN2), or being the target of the Renin-angiotensin system (RAS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Valle-Tenney
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, CARE Chile UC, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Rebolledo
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, CARE Chile UC, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.,Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José Acuña
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, CARE Chile UC, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Brandan
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, CARE Chile UC, Santiago, Chile. .,Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile. .,Department Cell and Molecular Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Medina D, Arnold AC. Angiotensin-(1-7): Translational Avenues in Cardiovascular Control. Am J Hypertens 2019; 32:1133-1142. [PMID: 31602467 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpz146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research and numerous treatment approaches, hypertension and cardiovascular disease remain leading global public health problems. A major contributor to regulation of blood pressure, and the development of hypertension, is the renin-angiotensin system. Of particular concern, uncontrolled activation of angiotensin II contributes to hypertension and associated cardiovascular risk, with antihypertensive therapies currently available to block the formation and deleterious actions of this hormone. More recently, angiotensin-(1-7) has emerged as a biologically active intermediate of the vasodilatory arm of the renin-angiotensin system. This hormone antagonizes angiotensin II actions as well as offers antihypertensive, antihypertrophic, antiatherogenic, antiarrhythmogenic, antifibrotic and antithrombotic properties. Angiotensin-(1-7) elicits beneficial cardiovascular actions through mas G protein-coupled receptors, which are found in numerous tissues pivotal to control of blood pressure including the brain, heart, kidneys, and vasculature. Despite accumulating evidence for favorable effects of angiotensin-(1-7) in animal models, there is a paucity of clinical studies and pharmacokinetic limitations, thus limiting the development of therapeutic agents to better understand cardiovascular actions of this vasodilatory peptide hormone in humans. This review highlights current knowledge on the role of angiotensin-(1-7) in cardiovascular control, with an emphasis on significant animal, human, and therapeutic research efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Medina
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy C Arnold
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kangussu LM, de Almeida TCS, Prestes TRR, de Andrade De Maria ML, da Silva Filha R, Vieira MAR, Silva ACSE, Ferreira AJ. Beneficial Effects of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Activator Dize in Renovascular Hypertension. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:523-531. [PMID: 30950337 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190405123422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) 2 is an important modulator of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) and the RAS plays a central role in renovascular hypertension. Very few studies investigated the role of components of the counterregulatory RAS axis (ACE2, Ang-(1-7) and Mas receptor) in renovascular hypertension and the results are controversial. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Diminazene Aceturate (DIZE) administration on renal function and renal inflammation parameters in 2K1C hypertensive rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into three experimental groups: sham-operated animals, 2K1C+saline and 2K1C+DIZE orally (1 mg/kg/day). At the end of the 30 days of treatment, renal function was analyzed and kidneys from all the groups were collected and processed separately for measurement of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, cytokines, chemokines and nitric oxide levels. RESULTS Oral DIZE administration for 4 weeks in hypertensive rats attenuated renal dysfunction and reduced the levels of MPO and NAG, cytokines and chemokines (IL1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1) and increased urinary nitrate/nitrite levels in 2K1C hypertensive rats. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that ACE2 activation may effectively improve renal alterations and inflammation induced by renovascular hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Miranda Kangussu
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Cristine S de Almeida
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago Ruiz R Prestes
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Roberta da Silva Filha
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Ribeiro Vieira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Anderson José Ferreira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Safari T, Shahraki MR, Miri S, Mirakzehi Bakhshani N, Niazi AA, Komeili GR, Bagheri H. The effect of angiotensin 1-7 and losartan on renal ischemic/reperfusion injury in male rats. Res Pharm Sci 2019; 14:441-447. [PMID: 31798661 PMCID: PMC6827188 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.268205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a major cause of acute kidney injury. Several studies have shown that renin angiotensin (Ang) system and activation of Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1) are involved in various forms of kidney diseases. Likewise, Ang 1-7 as a physiologic antagonist of AT1 and losartan could possibly protect the kidney against I/R damage. Therefore, we investigated renal injury by administering the drugs before and after I/R. Fifty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups as follows. 1, Sham operated; 2, saline group (as a control group); 3, losartan group; 4, Ang 1-7group; and 5, Ang 1-7 + losartan simultaneously. It should be noted that groups 2-5 consisted of two separate I/R-induced subgroups both receiving medication where the first groups received the treatment 15 min before induction of I/R while the medications were given to the second groups immediately after induction of I/R. Twenty four h after I/R, blood samples were collected, and then levels of serum urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), nitrite, malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured. Likewise, nitrite, MDA and TAC were measured in the homogenized kidney tissues. After the induction of I/R, the BUN, Cr, LDH, and kidney tissue damage score increased. Administration of Ang 1-7 alone or simultaneously with losartan decreased the levels of aforementioned factors. Also, kidney MDA and nitrate levels significantly increased after I/R induction (P < 0.05). According to the results of this study, it can be claimed that the effect of losartan in the presence of Mas receptor is statistically significant and kidney damage dramatically decreases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Safari
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Shahraki
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, I.R. Iran
| | - Saideh Miri
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, I.R. Iran
| | - Nasime Mirakzehi Bakhshani
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, I.R. Iran
| | - Abbass Ali Niazi
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, I.R. Iran
| | - Gholam Reza Komeili
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, I.R. Iran
| | - Hossain Bagheri
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical English, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, I.R. Iran
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Persson P, Fasching A, Palm F. Acute intrarenal angiotensin (1-7) infusion decreases diabetes-induced glomerular hyperfiltration but increases kidney oxygen consumption in the rat. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 226:e13254. [PMID: 30635985 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Common kidney alterations early after the onset of insulinopenic diabetes include glomerular hyperfiltration, increased oxygen consumption and tissue hypoxia. Increased activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has been implicated in most of these early alterations. The RAAS peptide angiotensin (1-7) has the potential to modulate RAAS-mediated alterations in kidney function. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the acute effects of angiotensin (1-7) in the kidney of insulinopenic type 1 diabetic rat and the results compared to that of normoglycaemic controls. METHODS Renal haemodynamics and oxygen homeostasis were measured 3 weeks after administration of streptozotocin before and after acute intrarenal infusion of angiotensin (1-7) at a dose of 400 ng min-1 . RESULTS Arterial pressure and renal blood flow were similar between groups and not affected by exogenous angiotensin (1-7). Diabetics presented with glomerular hyperfiltration, increased urinary sodium excretion and elevated kidney oxygen consumption. Angiotensin (1-7) infusion normalized glomerular filtration, increased urinary sodium excretion, decreased proximal tubular reabsorption, and elevated kidney oxygen consumption even further. The latter resulting in tubular electrolyte transport inefficiency. Angiotensin (1-7) did not affect tissue oxygen tension and had no significant effects in controls on any of the measured parameters. CONCLUSION Diabetes results in increased responsiveness to elevated levels of angiotensin (1-7) which is manifested as inhibition of tubular sodium transport and normalization of glomerular filtration. Furthermore, elevated angiotensin (1-7) levels increase kidney oxygen consumption in the diabetic kidney even further which affects tubular electrolyte transport efficiency negatively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Persson
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Angelica Fasching
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Fredrik Palm
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dibo P, Marañón RO, Chandrashekar K, Mazzuferi F, Silva GB, Juncos LA, Juncos LI. Angiotensin-(1-7) inhibits sodium transport via Mas receptor by increasing nitric oxide production in thick ascending limb. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14015. [PMID: 30839176 PMCID: PMC6401662 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium transport in the thick ascending loop of Henle (TAL) is tightly regulated by numerous factors, especially angiotensin II (Ang II), a key end-product of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). However, an alternative end-product of the RAS, angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], may counter some of the Ang II actions. Indeed, it causes vasodilation and promotes natriuresis through its effects in the proximal and distal tubule. However, its effects on the TAL are unknown. Because the TAL expresses the Mas receptor, an Ang-(1-7) ligand, which in turn may increase NO and inhibit Na+ transport, we hypothesized that Ang-(1-7) inhibits Na transport in the TAL, via a Mas receptor/NO-dependent mechanism. We tested this by measuring transport-dependent oxygen consumption (VO2 ) in TAL suspensions. Administering Ang-(1-7) decreased VO2 ; an effect prevented by dimethyl amiloride and furosemide, signifying that Ang-(1-7) inhibits transport-dependent VO2 in TAL. Ang-(1-7) also increased NO levels, known inhibitors of Na+ transport in the TAL. The effects of Ang-(1-7) on VO2 , as well as on NO levels, were ameliorated by the Mas receptor antagonist, D-Ala, in effect suggesting that Ang-(1-7) may inhibit transport-dependent VO2 in TAL via Mas receptor-dependent activation of the NO pathway. Indeed, blocking NO synthesis with L-NAME prevented the inhibitory actions of Ang-(1-7) on VO2 . Our data suggest that Ang-(1-7) may modulate TAL Na+ transport via Mas receptor-dependent increases in NO leading to the inhibition of transport activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dibo
- Department of Basic ResearchJ. Robert Cade FoundationCordobaArgentina
| | - Rodrigo O. Marañón
- Department of Medicine/NephrologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippi
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippi
| | - Kiran Chandrashekar
- Department of Medicine/NephrologyCentral Arkansas Veterans Healthcare SystemUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas
| | | | - Guillermo B. Silva
- Department of Basic ResearchJ. Robert Cade FoundationCordobaArgentina
- Gabinete de Tecnología Médica (GATEME‐UNSJ)Universidad Nacional de San Juan ‐ Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas – CONICETSan JuanArgentina
| | - Luis A. Juncos
- Department of Medicine/NephrologyCentral Arkansas Veterans Healthcare SystemUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansas
| | - Luis I. Juncos
- Department of Basic ResearchJ. Robert Cade FoundationCordobaArgentina
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gonzalez-Vicente A, Saez F, Monzon CM, Asirwatham J, Garvin JL. Thick Ascending Limb Sodium Transport in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:235-309. [PMID: 30354966 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00055.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The thick ascending limb plays a key role in maintaining water and electrolyte balance. The importance of this segment in regulating blood pressure is evidenced by the effect of loop diuretics or local genetic defects on this parameter. Hormones and factors produced by thick ascending limbs have both autocrine and paracrine effects, which can extend prohypertensive signaling to other structures of the nephron. In this review, we discuss the role of the thick ascending limb in the development of hypertension, not as a sole participant, but one that works within the rich biological context of the renal medulla. We first provide an overview of the basic physiology of the segment and the anatomical considerations necessary to understand its relationship with other renal structures. We explore the physiopathological changes in thick ascending limbs occurring in both genetic and induced animal models of hypertension. We then discuss the racial differences and genetic defects that affect blood pressure in humans through changes in thick ascending limb transport rates. Throughout the text, we scrutinize methodologies and discuss the limitations of research techniques that, when overlooked, can lead investigators to make erroneous conclusions. Thus, in addition to advancing an understanding of the basic mechanisms of physiology, the ultimate goal of this work is to understand our research tools, to make better use of them, and to contextualize research data. Future advances in renal hypertension research will require not only collection of new experimental data, but also integration of our current knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fara Saez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Casandra M Monzon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jessica Asirwatham
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey L Garvin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kuczeriszka M, Kompanowska-Jezierska E, Sadowski J, Prieto MC, Navar LG. Modulating Role of Ang1-7 in Control of Blood Pressure and Renal Function in AngII-infused Hypertensive Rats. Am J Hypertens 2018; 31:504-511. [PMID: 29329358 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpy006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indirect evidence suggests that angiotensin 1-7 (Ang1-7) may counterbalance prohypertensive actions of angiotensin II (AngII), via activation of vascular and/or renal tubular receptors to cause vasodilation and natriuresis/diuresis. We examined if Ang1-7 would attenuate the development of hypertension, renal vasoconstriction, and decreased natriuresis in AngII-infused rats and evaluated the mechanisms involved. METHODS AngII, alone or with Ang1-7, was infused to conscious Sprague-Dawley rats for 13 days and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and renal excretion were repeatedly determined. In anesthetized rats, acute actions of Ang1-7 and effects of blockade of angiotensin AT1 or Mas receptors (candesartan or A-779) were studied. RESULTS Chronic AngII infusion increased SBP from 143 ± 4 to 195 ± 6 mm Hg. With Ang1-7 co-infused, SBP increased from 133 ± 5 to 161 ± 5 mm Hg (increase reduced, P < 0.002); concurrent increases in urine flow (V) and sodium excretion (UNaV) were greater. In anesthetized normotensive or AngII-induced hypertensive rats, Ang1-7 infusion transiently increased mean arterial pressure (MABP), transiently decreased renal blood flow (RBF), and caused increases in UNaV and V. In normotensive rats, candesartan prevented the Ang1-7-induced increases in MABP and UNaV and the decrease in RBF. In anesthetized normotensive, rats intravenous A-779 increased MABP (114 ± 5 to 120 ± 5 mm Hg, P < 0.03) and urine flow. Surprisingly, these changes were not observed with A-779 applied during background Ang1-7 infusion. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that in AngII-dependent hypertension, Ang1-7 deficit contributes to sodium and fluid retention and thereby to BP elevation; a correction by Ang1-7 infusion seems mediated by AT1 and not Mas receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kuczeriszka
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Pol
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Elżbieta Kompanowska-Jezierska
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Pol
| | - Janusz Sadowski
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Pol
| | - Minolfa C Prieto
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Hypertension and Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - L Gabriel Navar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Hypertension and Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hassanshahi J, Nematbakhsh M. The Role of Mas Receptor on Renal Hemodynamic Responses to Angiotensin 1-7 in Both Irreversible and Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Rats. Adv Biomed Res 2018; 7:12. [PMID: 29456983 PMCID: PMC5812086 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_176_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) alters the expression of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components and angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7) as a main arm of RAS is affected by UUO. The role of Mas receptor antagonist (A779) was examined in renal hemodynamic responses to Ang 1-7 in 3-day UUO and UUO removal (RUUO) in rats. Materials and Methods: Forty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of sham operated, UUO, and RUUO, while each group was divided into two subgroups treated with vehicle or A779. Renal blood flow (RBF) and renal vascular resistance (RVR) responses to graded Ang 1-7 infusion were measured at controlled renal perfusion pressure. Results: Mean arterial pressure response to Ang 1-7 was increased in vehicle-treated subgroup significantly (P < 0.05) when compared with A779-treated subgroup. However, such observation was not seen in UUO and RUUO rats. The graded Ang 1-7 infusion increased RBF and decreased RVR significantly in vehicle-treated rats (P < 0.005). Furthermore, a significant difference was found between vehicle and A779-treated subgroups in sham, UUO, and RUUO groups (P < 0.005). Conclusion: Ang 1-7 could alter the kidney hemodynamics responses in ureteral obstruction models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Hassanshahi
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nematbakhsh
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,IsfahanMN Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences Research, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M, Campagnole-Santos MJ. The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Focus on Angiotensin-(1-7). Physiol Rev 2018; 98:505-553. [PMID: 29351514 PMCID: PMC7203574 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 697] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key player in the control of the cardiovascular system and hydroelectrolyte balance, with an influence on organs and functions throughout the body. The classical view of this system saw it as a sequence of many enzymatic steps that culminate in the production of a single biologically active metabolite, the octapeptide angiotensin (ANG) II, by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The past two decades have revealed new functions for some of the intermediate products, beyond their roles as substrates along the classical route. They may be processed in alternative ways by enzymes such as the ACE homolog ACE2. One effect is to establish a second axis through ACE2/ANG-(1-7)/MAS, whose end point is the metabolite ANG-(1-7). ACE2 and other enzymes can form ANG-(1-7) directly or indirectly from either the decapeptide ANG I or from ANG II. In many cases, this second axis appears to counteract or modulate the effects of the classical axis. ANG-(1-7) itself acts on the receptor MAS to influence a range of mechanisms in the heart, kidney, brain, and other tissues. This review highlights the current knowledge about the roles of ANG-(1-7) in physiology and disease, with particular emphasis on the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Walkyria Oliveira Sampaio
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Andreia C Alzamora
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Maria Jose Campagnole-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Schütten MTJ, Houben AJHM, de Leeuw PW, Stehouwer CDA. The Link Between Adipose Tissue Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Signaling and Obesity-Associated Hypertension. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:197-209. [PMID: 28404736 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00037.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese individuals frequently develop hypertension, which is for an important part attributable to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) overactivity. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical evidence on the involvement of dysfunctional adipose tissue in RAAS activation and on the renal, central, and vascular mechanisms linking RAAS components to obesity-associated hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica T J Schütten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J H M Houben
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter W de Leeuw
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Karnik SS, Singh KD, Tirupula K, Unal H. Significance of angiotensin 1-7 coupling with MAS1 receptor and other GPCRs to the renin-angiotensin system: IUPHAR Review 22. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:737-753. [PMID: 28194766 PMCID: PMC5387002 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensins are a group of hormonal peptides and include angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7 produced by the renin angiotensin system. The biology, pharmacology and biochemistry of the receptors for angiotensins were extensively reviewed recently. In the review, the receptor nomenclature committee was not emphatic on designating MAS1 as the angiotensin 1-7 receptor on the basis of lack of classical G protein signalling and desensitization in response to angiotensin 1-7, as well as a lack of consensus on confirmatory ligand pharmacological analyses. A review of recent publications (2013-2016) on the rapidly progressing research on angiotensin 1-7 revealed that MAS1 and two additional receptors can function as 'angiotensin 1-7 receptors', and this deserves further consideration. In this review we have summarized the information on angiotensin 1-7 receptors and their crosstalk with classical angiotensin II receptors in the context of the functions of the renin angiotensin system. It was concluded that the receptors for angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7 make up a sophisticated cross-regulated signalling network that modulates the endogenous protective and pathogenic facets of the renin angiotensin system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadashiva S Karnik
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
| | | | - Kalyan Tirupula
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
- Biological E Limited, ShamirpetHyderabadIndia
| | - Hamiyet Unal
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Betul Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell CenterErciyes UniversityKayseriTurkey
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yousif MHM, Benter IF, Diz DI, Chappell MC. Angiotensin-(1-7)-dependent vasorelaxation of the renal artery exhibits unique angiotensin and bradykinin receptor selectivity. Peptides 2017; 90:10-16. [PMID: 28192151 PMCID: PMC6688182 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] exhibits blood pressure lowering actions, inhibits cell growth, and reduces tissue inflammation and fibrosis which may functionally antagonize an activated Ang II-AT1 receptor axis. Since the vascular actions of Ang-(1-7) and the associated receptor/signaling pathways vary in different vascular beds, the current study established the vasorelaxant properties of the heptapeptide in the renal artery of male Wistar male rats. Ang-(1-7) produced an endothelium-dependent vasodilator relaxation of isolated renal artery segments pre-contracted by a sub-maximal concentration of phenylephrine (PE) (3×10-7M). Ang-(1-7) induced vasodilation of the rat renal artery with an ED50 of 3±1nM and a maximal response of 42±5% (N=10). The two antagonists (10-5M each) for the AT7/Mas receptor (MasR) [D-Pro7]-Ang-(1-7) and [D-Ala7]-Ang-(1-7) significantly reduced the maximal response to 12±1% and 18±3%, respectively. Surprisingly, the AT2R receptor antagonist PD123319, the AT1R antagonist losartan and B2R antagonist HOE140 (10-6M each) also significantly reduced Ang-(1-7)-induced relaxation to 12±2%, 22±3% and 14±7%, respectively. Removal of the endothelium or addition of the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitor ODQ (10-5M) essentially abolished the vasorelaxant response to Ang-(1-7) (10±4% and 10±2%, P <0.05). Finally, the NOS inhibitor LNAME (10-4M) reduced the response to 13±2% (p<0.05), but the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin failed to block the Ang-(1-7) response. We conclude that Ang-(1-7) exhibits potent vasorelaxant actions in the isolated renal artery that are dependent on an intact endothelium and the apparent stimulation of a NO-sGC pathway. Moreover, Ang-(1-7)-dependent vasorelaxation was sensitive to antagonists against the AT7/Mas, AT1, AT2 and B2 receptor subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam H M Yousif
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Ibrahim F Benter
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Debra I Diz
- The Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mark C Chappell
- The Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Skiba DS, Nosalski R, Mikolajczyk TP, Siedlinski M, Rios FJ, Montezano AC, Jawien J, Olszanecki R, Korbut R, Czesnikiewicz-Guzik M, Touyz RM, Guzik TJ. Anti-atherosclerotic effect of the angiotensin 1-7 mimetic AVE0991 is mediated by inhibition of perivascular and plaque inflammation in early atherosclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4055-4069. [PMID: 27935022 PMCID: PMC5659999 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inflammation plays a key role in atherosclerosis. The protective role of angiotensin 1-7 (Ang-(1-7)) in vascular pathologies suggested the therapeutic use of low MW, non-peptide Ang-(1-7) mimetics, such as AVE0991. The mechanisms underlying the vaso-protective effects of AVE0991, a Mas receptor agonist, remain to be explored. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated the effects of AVE0991 on the spontaneous atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-/- mice, in the context of vascular inflammation and plaque stability. KEY RESULTS AVE0991 has significant anti-atherosclerotic properties in ApoE-/- mice and increases plaque stability, by reducing plaque macrophage content, without effects on collagen. Using the descending aorta of chow-fed ApoE-/- mice, before significant atherosclerotic plaque develops, we gained insight to early events in atherosclerosis. Interestingly, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and adventitial infiltration with macrophages and T-cells precedes atherosclerotic plaque or the impairment of endothelium-dependent NO bioavailability (a measure of endothelial function). AVE0991 inhibited perivascular inflammation, by reducing chemokine expression in PVAT and through direct actions on monocytes/macrophages inhibiting their activation, characterized by production of IL-1β, TNF-α, CCL2 and CXCL10, and differentiation to M1 phenotype. Pretreatment with AVE0991 inhibited migration of THP-1 monocytes towards supernatants of activated adipocytes (SW872). Mas receptors were expressed in PVAT and in THP-1 cells in vitro, and the anti-inflammatory effects of AVE0991 were partly Mas dependent. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The selective Mas receptor agonist AVE0991 exhibited anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory actions, affecting monocyte/macrophage differentiation and recruitment to the perivascular space during early stages of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Skiba
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland.,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - R Nosalski
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland.,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - T P Mikolajczyk
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland.,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - M Siedlinski
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
| | - F J Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - A C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - J Jawien
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
| | - R Olszanecki
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
| | - R Korbut
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Czesnikiewicz-Guzik
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
| | - R M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - T J Guzik
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland.,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rukavina Mikusic NL, Kouyoumdzian NM, Rouvier E, Gironacci MM, Toblli JE, Fernández BE, Choi MR. Regulation of Dopamine Uptake by Vasoactive Peptides in the Kidney. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:6302376. [PMID: 27635280 PMCID: PMC5011208 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6302376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Considering the key role of renal dopamine in tubular sodium handling, we hypothesized that c-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and Ang-(1-7) may regulate renal dopamine availability in tubular cells, contributing to Na(+), K(+)-ATPase inhibition. Present results show that CNP did not affect either (3)H-dopamine uptake in renal tissue or Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity; meanwhile, Ang-(1-7) was able to increase (3)H-dopamine uptake and decreased Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity in renal cortex. Ang-(1-7) and dopamine together decreased further Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity showing an additive effect on the sodium pump. In addition, hydrocortisone reversed Ang-(1-7)-dopamine overinhibition on the enzyme, suggesting that this inhibition is closely related to Ang-(1-7) stimulation on renal dopamine uptake. Both anantin and cANP (4-23-amide) did not modify CNP effects on (3)H-dopamine uptake by tubular cells. The Mas receptor antagonist, A-779, blocked the increase elicited by Ang-(1-7) on (3)H-dopamine uptake. The stimulatory uptake induced by Ang-(1-7) was even more pronounced in the presence of losartan, suggesting an inhibitory effect of Ang-(1-7) on AT1 receptors on (3)H-dopamine uptake. By increasing dopamine bioavailability in tubular cells, Ang-(1-7) enhances Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity inhibition, contributing to its natriuretic and diuretic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. L. Rukavina Mikusic
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas ININCA, UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N. M. Kouyoumdzian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas ININCA, UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E. Rouvier
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas ININCA, UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedras de Anatomía e Histología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. M. Gironacci
- Cátedras de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J. E. Toblli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas ININCA, UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B. E. Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas ININCA, UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. R. Choi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas ININCA, UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedras de Anatomía e Histología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Maleki M, Nematbakhsh M. Renal Blood Flow Response to Angiotensin 1-7 versus Hypertonic Sodium Chloride 7.5% Administration after Acute Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats. Int J Vasc Med 2016; 2016:6562017. [PMID: 27073699 PMCID: PMC4814681 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6562017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Angiotensin 1-7 (Ang1-7) plays an important role in renal circulation. Hemorrhagic shock (HS) may cause kidney circulation disturbance, and this study was designed to investigate the renal blood flow (RBF) response to Ang1-7 after HS. Methods. 27 male Wistar rats were subjected to blood withdrawal to reduce mean arterial pressure (MAP) to 45 mmHg for 45 min. The animals were treated with saline (group 1), Ang1-7 (300 ng·kg(-1) min(-1)), Ang1-7 in hypertonic sodium chloride 7.5% (group 3), and hypertonic solution alone (group 4). Results. MAP was increased in a time-related fashion (P time < 0.0001) in all groups; however, there was a tendency for the increase in MAP in response to hypertonic solution (P = 0.09). Ang1-7, hypertonic solution, or combination of both increased RBF in groups 2-4, and these were significantly different from saline group (P = 0.05); that is, Ang1-7 leads to a significant increase in RBF to 1.35 ± 0.25 mL/min compared with 0.55 ± 0.12 mL/min in saline group (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Although Ang1-7 administration unlike hypertonic solution could not elevate MAP after HS, it potentially could increase RBF similar to hypertonic solution. This suggested that Ang1-7 recovers RBF after HS when therapeutic opportunities of hypertonic solution are limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Maleki
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81745, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nematbakhsh
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81745, Iran; Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81745, Iran; Isfahan MN Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences Research, Isfahan 81745, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang Y, Liu J, Luo JY, Tian XY, Cheang WS, Xu J, Lau CW, Wang L, Wong WT, Wong CM, Lan HY, Yao X, Raizada MK, Huang Y. Upregulation of Angiotensin (1-7)-Mediated Signaling Preserves Endothelial Function Through Reducing Oxidative Stress in Diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:880-92. [PMID: 25867182 PMCID: PMC4617412 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-angiotensin (1-7) [Ang (1-7)]-Mas constitutes the vasoprotective axis and is demonstrated to antagonize the vascular pathophysiological effects of the classical renin-angiotensin system. We sought to study the hypothesis that upregulation of ACE2-Ang (1-7) signaling protects endothelial function through reducing oxidative stress that would result in beneficial outcome in diabetes. RESULTS Ex vivo treatment with Ang (1-7) enhanced endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) in renal arteries from diabetic patients. Both Ang (1-7) infusion via osmotic pump (500 ng/kg/min) for 2 weeks and exogenous ACE2 overexpression mediated by adenoviral ACE2 via tail vein injection (10(9) pfu/mouse) rescued the impaired EDR and flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in db/db mice. Diminazene aceturate treatment (15 mg/kg/day) activated ACE2, increased the circulating Ang (1-7) level, and augmented EDR and FMD in db/db mouse arteries. In addition, activation of the ACE2-Ang (1-7) axis reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction determined by dihydroethidium staining, CM-H2DCFDA fluorescence imaging, and chemiluminescence assay in db/db mouse aortas and also in high-glucose-treated endothelial cells. Pharmacological benefits of ACE2-Ang (1-7) upregulation on endothelial function were confirmed in ACE2 knockout (ACE2 KO) mice both ex vivo and in vitro. INNOVATION We elucidate that the ACE2-Ang (1-7)-Mas axis serves as an important signal pathway in endothelial cell protection in diabetic mice, especially in diabetic human arteries. CONCLUSION Endogenous ACE2-Ang (1-7) activation or ACE2 overexpression preserves endothelial function in diabetic mice through increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and inhibiting oxidative stress, suggesting the therapeutic potential of ACE2-Ang(1-7) axis activation against diabetic vasculopathy. Antioxid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- 1 Institute of Vascular Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China .,2 Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jian Liu
- 1 Institute of Vascular Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China .,2 Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiang-Yun Luo
- 1 Institute of Vascular Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China .,2 Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao Yu Tian
- 1 Institute of Vascular Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai San Cheang
- 1 Institute of Vascular Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China .,2 Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jian Xu
- 1 Institute of Vascular Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China .,3 School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Wai Lau
- 1 Institute of Vascular Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Wang
- 1 Institute of Vascular Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China .,2 Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Tak Wong
- 1 Institute of Vascular Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China .,4 Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute , Houston, Texas
| | - Chi Ming Wong
- 1 Institute of Vascular Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China .,2 Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui Yao Lan
- 5 Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yao
- 1 Institute of Vascular Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- 6 Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Yu Huang
- 1 Institute of Vascular Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China .,2 Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rationale and therapeutic opportunities for natriuretic peptide system augmentation in heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2015; 12:7-14. [PMID: 25331110 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-014-0235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The natriuretic peptide system (NPS) is intimately involved in cardiorenal homeostasis in health, and dysregulation of the NPS plays an important role in the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF). Indeed, the diuretic, vasorelaxation, beneficial remodeling, and potent neurohumoral inhibition of the NPS support the therapeutic development of chronic augmentation of the NPS in symptomatic HF. Further, chronic augmentation of the protective NPS and in early stages of HF may ultimately prevent the progression of HF and reduced subsequent morbidity and mortality. In the current manuscript, we review the rationale for as well as previous and current efforts aimed at chronic therapeutic augmentation of the NPS in HF.
Collapse
|
42
|
Role of Mas Receptor Antagonist A799 in Renal Blood Flow Response to Ang 1-7 after Bradykinin Administration in Ovariectomized Estradiol-Treated Rats. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2015; 2015:801053. [PMID: 26421009 PMCID: PMC4573425 DOI: 10.1155/2015/801053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The accompanied role of Mas receptor (MasR), bradykinin (BK), and female sex hormone on renal blood flow (RBF) response to angiotensin 1-7 is not well defined. We investigated the role of MasR antagonist (A779) and BK on RBF response to Ang 1-7 infusion in ovariectomized estradiol-treated rats. Methods. Ovariectomized Wistar rats received estradiol (OVE) or vehicle (OV) for two weeks. Catheterized animals were subjected to BK and A799 infusion and mean arterial pressure (MAP), RBF, and renal vascular resistance (RVR) responses to Ang 1-7 (0, 100, and 300 ng kg−1 min−1) were determined. Results. Percentage change of RBF (%RBF) in response to Ang1-7 infusion increased in a dose-dependent manner. In the presence of BK, when MasR was not blocked, %RBF response to Ang 1-7 in OVE group was greater than OV group significantly (P < 0.05). Infusion of 300 ng kg−1 min−1 Ang 1-7 increased RBF by 6.9 ± 1.9% in OVE group versus 0.9 ± 1.8% in OV group. However when MasR was blocked, %RBF response to Ang 1-7 in OV group was greater than OVE group insignificantly. Conclusion. Coadministration of BK and A779 compared to BK alone increased RBF response to Ang 1-7 in vehicle treated rats. Such observation was not seen in estradiol treated rats.
Collapse
|
43
|
Grobe N, Di Fulvio M, Kashkari N, Chodavarapu H, Somineni HK, Singh R, Elased KM. Functional and molecular evidence for expression of the renin angiotensin system and ADAM17-mediated ACE2 shedding in COS7 cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 308:C767-77. [PMID: 25740155 PMCID: PMC4420792 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00247.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays a vital role in the regulation of the cardiovascular and renal functions. COS7 is a robust and easily transfectable cell line derived from the kidney of the African green monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops. The aims of this study were to 1) demonstrate the presence of an endogenous and functional RAS in COS7, and 2) investigate the role of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-17 (ADAM17) in the ectodomain shedding of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). Reverse transcription coupled to gene-specific polymerase chain reaction demonstrated expression of ACE, ACE2, angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), and renin at the transcript levels in total RNA cell extracts. Western blot and immunohistochemistry identified ACE (60 kDa), ACE2 (75 kDa), AT1R (43 kDa), renin (41 kDa), and ADAM17 (130 kDa) in COS7. At the functional level, a sensitive and selective mass spectrometric approach detected endogenous renin, ACE, and ACE2 activities. ANG-(1-7) formation (m/z 899) from the natural substrate ANG II (m/z 1,046) was detected in lysates and media. COS7 cells stably expressing shRNA constructs directed against endogenous ADAM17 showed reduced ACE2 shedding into the media. This is the first study demonstrating endogenous expression of the RAS and ADAM17 in the widely used COS7 cell line and its utility to study ectodomain shedding of ACE2 mediated by ADAM17 in vitro. The transfectable nature of this cell line makes it an attractive cell model for studying the molecular, functional, and pharmacological properties of the renal RAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Grobe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Mauricio Di Fulvio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Nada Kashkari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Harshita Chodavarapu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Hari K Somineni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Richa Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Khalid M Elased
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Farag E, Maheshwari K, Morgan J, Sakr Esa WA, Doyle DJ. An update of the role of renin angiotensin in cardiovascular homeostasis. Anesth Analg 2015; 120:275-92. [PMID: 25602448 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is thought to be the body's main vasoconstrictor system, with physiological effects mediated via the interaction of angiotensin II with angiotensin I receptors (the "classic" RAS model). However, since the discovery of the heptapeptide angiotensin 1-7 and the development of the concept of the "alternate" RAS system, with its ability to reduce arterial blood pressure, our understanding of this physiologic system has changed dramatically. In this review, we focus on the newly discovered functions of the RAS, particularly the potential clinical significance of these developments, especially in the realm of new pharmacologic interventions for treating cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Farag
- From the Departments of *General Anesthesia and †Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; ‡Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and §Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University/Department of General Anesthesia, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Klimas J, Olvedy M, Ochodnicka-Mackovicova K, Kruzliak P, Cacanyiova S, Kristek F, Krenek P, Ochodnicky P. Perinatally administered losartan augments renal ACE2 expression but not cardiac or renal Mas receptor in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1965-74. [PMID: 25766467 PMCID: PMC4549047 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of the alternative angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a new complex target for a pharmacological intervention. We investigated the expression of RAS components in the heart and kidney during the development of hypertension and its perinatal treatment with losartan in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Expressions of RAS genes were studied by the RT-PCR in the left ventricle and kidney of rats: normotensive Wistar, untreated SHR, SHR treated with losartan since perinatal period until week 9 of age (20 mg/kg/day) and SHR treated with losartan only until week 4 of age and discontinued until week 9. In the hypertrophied left ventricle of SHR, cardiac expressions of Ace and Mas were decreased while those of AT1 receptor (Agtr1a) and Ace2 were unchanged. Continuous losartan administration reduced LV weight (0.43 ± 0.02; P < 0.05 versus SHR) but did not influence altered cardiac RAS expression. Increased blood pressure in SHR (149 ± 2 in SHR versus 109 ± 2 mmHg in Wistar; P < 0.05) was associated with a lower renal expressions of renin, Agtr1a and Mas and with an increase in ACE2. Continuous losartan administration lowered blood pressure to control levels (105 ± 3 mmHg; P < 0.05 versus SHR), however, only renal renin and ACE2 were significantly up-regulated (for both P < 0.05 versus SHR). Conclusively, prevention of hypertension and LV hypertrophy development by losartan was unrelated to cardiac or renal expression of Mas. Increased renal Ace2, and its further increase by losartan suggests the influence of locally generated Ang-(1-7) in organ response to the developing hypertension in SHRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Klimas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michael Olvedy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Peter Kruzliak
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Cacanyiova
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Excellence for Cardiovascular Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Frantisek Kristek
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Excellence for Cardiovascular Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Krenek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Ochodnicky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), its product angiotensin-(1-7), and its receptor Mas have been shown to moderate the adverse effects of the ACE-angiotensin II-AT1 axis in many diseases. The aim of this study was to determine whether the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas axis could have similar effects in a cell culture model of pancreatic damage. METHODS AR42J cells were stimulated with 10 nmol/L cerulein to simulate acute pancreatitis. ACE2, Ang-(1-7), Mas receptor, and PI3K/AKT pathway were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. RESULTS ACE2 and Mas receptor protein levels in AR42J cells were significantly increased (P < 0.05) between 30 minutes and 6 hours postdisease induction compared with the control group. Mas receptor gene expression was significantly increased (P < 0.05) at 2 hours postdisease induction, and Ang-(1-7) was increased at 6 hours. Treatment with Ang-(1-7) in AR42J cells increased IL-10, decreased IL-6 and IL-8, and reduced the damage to pancreatic cells. Levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in AR42J cell culture were increased significantly after treatment with A779. Moreover, Ang-(1-7) increased the concentration of PI3K/AKT pathway and eNOSin AR42J cells. CONCLUSIONS ACE2-angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas axis significantly inhibits pancreatitis in response to decreased inflammatory factors by the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and NO signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
47
|
Grobe N, Leiva O, Morris M, Elased KM. Loss of prolyl carboxypeptidase in two-kidney, one-clip goldblatt hypertensive mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117899. [PMID: 25706121 PMCID: PMC4338234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that angiotensin (Ang) II contributes to kidney disease progression. The protease prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP) is highly expressed in the kidney and may be renoprotective by degrading Ang II to Ang-(1-7). The aim of the study was to investigate whether renal PRCP protein expression and activity are altered in two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) Goldblatt hypertensive mice. Left renal artery was constricted by using 0.12 mm silver clips. Blood pressure was measured using telemetry over the eleven weeks of study period and revealed an immediate increase in 2K1C animals during the first week of clip placement which was followed by a gradual decrease to baseline blood pressure. Similarly, urinary albumin excretion was significantly increased one week after 2K1C and returned to baseline levels during the following weeks. At 2 weeks and at the end of the study, renal pathologies were exacerbated in the 2K1C model as revealed by a significant increase in mesangial expansion and renal fibrosis. Renal PRCP expression and activity were significantly reduced in clipped kidneys. Immunofluorescence revealed the loss of renal tubular PRCP but not glomerular PRCP. In contrast, expression of prolyl endopeptidase, another enzyme capable of converting Ang II into Ang-(1-7), was not affected, while angiotensin converting enzyme was elevated in unclipped kidneys and renin was increased in clipped kidneys. Results suggest that PRCP is suppressed in 2K1C and that this downregulation may attenuate renoprotective effects via impaired Ang II degradation by PRCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Grobe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Orly Leiva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mariana Morris
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - Khalid M. Elased
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zimmerman DL, Zimpelmann J, Xiao F, Gutsol A, Touyz R, Burns KD. The effect of angiotensin-(1-7) in mouse unilateral ureteral obstruction. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:729-40. [PMID: 25625676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7) is a ligand for the Mas receptor and may protect against tissue injury associated with renin-angiotensin system activation. We determined the effects of endogenous or exogenous angiotensin-(1-7) in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Mice with UUO were treated with or without the angiotensin-(1-7) antagonist A779 or with 6, 24, or 62 μg/kg per hour exogenous angiotensin-(1-7). After 10 days, kidneys were harvested for histology, immunoblots, and measurement of NADPH oxidase. Compared with controls, A779 treatment significantly increased fibronectin, transforming growth factor-β, and α-smooth muscle actin expression in obstructed kidneys and enhanced tubulointerstitial injury, apoptosis, and NADPH oxidase. Unexpectedly, administration of angiotensin-(1-7) to mice with UUO caused injury in obstructed kidneys compared with controls and increased macrophage infiltration. In obstructed kidneys from mice with gene deletion of Mas (Mas(-/-)), apoptosis and macrophage infiltration were increased compared with wild-type mice. Angiotensin-(1-7) (but not A779) further increased apoptosis and macrophage influx in obstructed kidneys from Mas(-/-) mice, compared with untreated Mas(-/-) mice. These data indicate that endogenous angiotensin-(1-7) protects against kidney injury in UUO. In mice with or without the Mas receptor, however, delivery of exogenous angiotensin-(1-7) worsens kidney damage. The results suggest dose-dependent effects of angiotensin-(1-7) in the kidney in UUO, with endogenous angiotensin-(1-7) promoting repair pathways via interaction with Mas and higher amounts exacerbating injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Zimmerman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Zimpelmann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fengxia Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Gutsol
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rhian Touyz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D Burns
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Song J, Lu Y, Lai EY, Wei J, Wang L, Chandrashekar K, Wang S, Shen C, Juncos LA, Liu R. Oxidative status in the macula densa modulates tubuloglomerular feedback responsiveness in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:249-58. [PMID: 25089004 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) is an important mechanism in control of signal nephron glomerular filtration rate. The oxidative stress in the macula densa, primarily determined by the interactions between nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O2-), is essential in maintaining the TGF responsiveness. However, few studies examining the interactions between and amount of NO and O2- generated by the macula densa during normal and hypertensive states. METHODS In this study, we used isolated perfused juxtaglomerular apparatus to directly measure the amount and also studied the interactions between NO and O2- in macula densa in both physiological and slow pressor Angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertensive mice. RESULTS We found that slow pressor Ang II at a dose of 600 ng kg(-1) min(-1) for two weeks increased mean arterial pressure by 26.1 ± 5.7 mmHg. TGF response increased from 3.4 ± 0.2 μm in control to 5.2 ± 0.2 μm in hypertensive mice. We first measured O2- generation by the macula densa and found it was undetectable in control mice. However, O2- generation by the macula densa increased to 21.4 ± 2.5 unit min(-1) in Ang II-induced hypertensive mice. We then measured NO generation and found that NO generation by the macula densa was 138.5 ± 9.3 unit min(-1) in control mice. The NO was undetectable in the macula densa in hypertensive mice infused with Ang II. CONCLUSIONS Under physiological conditions, TGF response is mainly controlled by the NO generated in the macula densa; in Ang II induced hypertension, the TGF response is mainly controlled by the O2- generated by the macula densa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; Fuwai Hospital; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
| | - Y. Lu
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
| | - E. Y. Lai
- Department of Physiology; Zhejiang University; Hanzhou China
| | - J. Wei
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
| | - L. Wang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
| | - K. Chandrashekar
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
| | - S. Wang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
| | - C. Shen
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
| | - L. A. Juncos
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
| | - R. Liu
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson MS USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Correlativity between blood measures related to blood stasis blocking collaterals and gene expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme of renal cortex in diabetic rats and effect of stasis removing and collaterals dredging. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2014; 34:597-603. [PMID: 25417412 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(15)30069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlativity between the changes of blood measures related to blood stasis blocking collaterals and gene expression levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and ACE2 of renal cortex in diabetic rats with stasis blocking collaterals syndrome, as well as the effect of stasis removing and collaterals dredging. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into normal control group (C group), high-carbohydrate-fat control group (H group) and streptozotocin (STZ)-injecting group. The diabeticrats were induced from rats in the STZ-injecting, group by high-carbohydrate-fat diet combined with STZ intraperitoneal injection, with sustained high-carbohydrate-fat diet fed afterwards, and were further divided into model group (M group) and Chinese medicine of stasis removing and collaterals dredging group (Z group). Rats in the Z group were fed with stasis-removing-and-collaterals-dredging herbal granule suspension intragastrically daily for 16 weeks, while drinking water of corresponding volume was administrated to the rats in other groups. At the end of the 16th week after successful establishment of models, the ultrastructures of glomeruli in different groups were detected by a transmission electron microscopy; and blood measures related to blood stasis blocking collaterals, including lipid profile and blood viscosity measures, were tested, as well as the relative gene expressions of ACE and ACE2. RESULTS Changes in ultrastructures of glomeruli in the M group were characterized by lack of clarity in structure and occasional thickening of glomerular basement membrane and extensive fusion in foot processes. The correlation analysis showed that there were positive correlations between lipid profile, blood viscosity, and the ACE mRNA expression levels in the M group (P < 0.05), except for cholesterol. And except for triglyceride, the blood measures were in negative correlation with the ACE2 mRNA expression levels in the M group (P < 0.05). Compared with the C and H groups, the lipid profile, plasma viscosity and blood viscosity were significantly higher (P < 0.01). All the above-mentioned measures were significantly improved in the Z group rats (P < 0.05). ACE mRNA expression was significantly higher in the M group than in the C group(P < 0.05). ACE2 mRNA level was significantly lower in the M group than in the C and H groups (P < 0.01); and its level in the Z group was higher than that in the M group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Blood measures related to blood stasis blocking collaterals had positive linear correlations with ACE mRNA expression and negative linear correlations with ACE2 mRNA expression in the M group. Chinese recipe of stasis removing and collaterals dredging could play a renal protecting role for diabetic rats by reducing lipid profile and blood viscosity, down-regulating ACE mRNA expression and up-regulating ACE2 mRNA expression.
Collapse
|