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Al-Kuraishy HM, Jabir MS, Albuhadily AK, Al-Gareeb AI, Rafeeq MF. The link between metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer disease: A mutual relationship and long rigorous investigation. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102084. [PMID: 37802319 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been illustrated that metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology. Components of MetS including central obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance (IR), and dyslipidemia adversely affect the pathogenesis of AD by different mechanisms including activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), inflammatory signaling pathways, neuroinflammation, brain IR, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. MetS exacerbates AD neuropathology, and targeting of molecular pathways in MetS by pharmacological approach could a novel therapeutic strategy in the management of AD in high risk group. However, the underlying mechanisms of these pathways in AD neuropathology are not completely clarified. Therefore, this review aims to elucidate the association between MetS and AD regarding the oxidative and inflammatory mechanistic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydar M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Majid S Jabir
- Department of Applied science, University of technology, Iraq.
| | - Ali K Albuhadily
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
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Potz BA, Sabe SA, Scrimgeour LA, Sabe AA, Harris DD, Abid MR, Clements RT, Sellke FW. Calpain inhibition decreases oxidative stress via mitochondrial regulation in a swine model of chronic myocardial ischemia. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:700-707. [PMID: 37748718 PMCID: PMC10598262 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calpain overexpression is implicated in mitochondrial damage leading to tissue oxidative stress and myocardial ischemic injury. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of calpain inhibition (CI) on mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress in a swine model of chronic myocardial ischemia and metabolic syndrome. METHODS Yorkshire swine were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks to induce metabolic syndrome then underwent placement of an ameroid constrictor to the left circumflex artery. Three weeks later, animals received: no drug (control, "CON"; n= 7); a low-dose calpain inhibitor (0.12 mg/kg; "LCI", n= 7); or high-dose calpain inhibitor (0.25 mg/kg; "HCI", n=7). Treatment continued for 5 weeks, followed by tissue harvest. Cardiac tissue was assayed for protein carbonyl content, as well as antioxidant and mitochondrial protein expression. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial respiration was measured in H9c2 cells following exposure to normoxia or hypoxia (1%) for 24 h with or without CI. RESULTS In ischemic myocardial tissue, CI was associated with decreased total oxidative stress compared to control. CI was also associated with increased expression of mitochondrial proteins superoxide dismutase 1, SDHA, and pyruvate dehydrogenase compared to control. 100 nM of calpain inhibitor decreased ROS levels and respiration in both normoxic and hypoxic H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. CONCLUSIONS In the setting of metabolic syndrome, CI improves oxidative stress in chronically ischemic myocardial tissue. Decreased oxidative stress may be via modulation of mitochondrial proteins involved in free radical scavenging and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Potz
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
| | - Sharif A Sabe
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
| | - Laura A Scrimgeour
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
| | - Ashraf A Sabe
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
| | - Dwight D Harris
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
| | - M Ruhul Abid
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
| | - Richard T Clements
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA.
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Umbarkar P, Ejantkar S, Ruiz Ramirez SY, Toro Cora A, Zhang Q, Tousif S, Lal H. Cardiac fibroblast GSK-3α aggravates ischemic cardiac injury by promoting fibrosis, inflammation, and impairing angiogenesis. Basic Res Cardiol 2023; 118:35. [PMID: 37656238 PMCID: PMC11340261 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-023-01005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) has been considered to be a promising therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. GSK-3 is a family of ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinases. GSK-3 isoforms appear to play overlapping, unique, and even opposing functions in the heart. Previously, our group identified that cardiac fibroblast (FB) GSK-3β acts as a negative regulator of fibrotic remodeling in the ischemic heart. However, the role of FB-GSK-3α in MI pathology is not defined. To determine the role of FB-GSK-3α in MI-induced adverse cardiac remodeling, GSK-3α was deleted specifically in the residential fibroblast or myofibroblast (MyoFB) using tamoxifen (TAM) inducible Tcf21 or Periostin (Postn) promoter-driven Cre recombinase, respectively. Echocardiographic analysis revealed that FB- or MyoFB-specific GSK-3α deletion prevented the development of dilative remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. Morphometrics and histology studies confirmed improvement in capillary density and a remarkable reduction in hypertrophy and fibrosis in the KO group. We harvested the hearts at 4 weeks post-MI and analyzed signature genes of adverse remodeling. Specifically, qPCR analysis was performed to examine the gene panels of inflammation (TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β), fibrosis (COL1A1, COL3A1, COMP, Fibronectin-1, Latent TGF-β binding protein 2), and hypertrophy (ANP, BNP, MYH7). These molecular markers were essentially normalized due to FB-specific GSK-3α deletion. Further molecular studies confirmed that FB-GSK-3α could regulate NF-kB activation and expression of angiogenesis-related proteins. Our findings suggest that FB-GSK-3α plays a critical role in the pathological cardiac remodeling of ischemic hearts, therefore, it could be therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Umbarkar
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, UAB|The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1913, USA.
| | - Suma Ejantkar
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, UAB|The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1913, USA
| | - Sulivette Y Ruiz Ramirez
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, UAB|The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1913, USA
| | - Angelica Toro Cora
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, UAB|The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1913, USA
| | - Qinkun Zhang
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, UAB|The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1913, USA
| | - Sultan Tousif
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, UAB|The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1913, USA
| | - Hind Lal
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, UAB|The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1913, USA.
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Qin Z, Wang X, Zhou Y, Zheng J, Li H, Li L. Upregulation of miR-29b-3p alleviates coronary microembolization-induced myocardial injury via regulating BMF and GSK-3β. Apoptosis 2023; 28:210-221. [PMID: 36315357 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Coronary microembolization (CME) is an intractable complication results from acute coronary syndrome. CME-induced myocardial apoptosis was associated with progressive cardiac contractile dysfunction. miR-29b-3p has been reported implicated in variety cardiovascular diseases, but its function in CME-induced myocardial injury is yet unknown. Herein, a rat model of CME was established by injecting microspheres into the left ventricle and found that the expression level of miR-29b-3p was markedly decreased in the CME rat heart tissues. By using echocardiography, CD31 immunohistochemistry staining, hematoxylin basic fuchsin picric acid (HBFP) staining, TUNEL staining, and western blotting analysis after CME, it was found that upregulating miR-29b-3p improved cardiac dysfunction, promoted angiogenesis, decreased myocardial microinfarct area, and inhibited myocardial apoptosis. Additionally, miR-29b-3p inhibition can reverse the protective benefits of miR-29b-3p overexpression. Mechanistically, the target genes of miR-29b-3p were identified as glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3β) and Bcl-2 modifying factor (BMF) by bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter experiment. Overall, our findings imply that induction of miR-29b-3p, which negatively regulates GSK-3β and BMF expression, attenuates CME-induced myocardial injury, suggesting a novel potential therapeutic target for cardioprotective after CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbai Qin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nannig, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiantao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nannig, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - You Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nannig, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nannig, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Hongqing Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nannig, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Lang Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nannig, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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Aboulgheit A, Karbasiafshar C, Sabra M, Zhang Z, Sodha N, Abid MR, Sellke FW. Extracellular vesicles improve diastolic function and substructure in normal and high-fat diet models of chronic myocardial ischemia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022; 164:e371-e384. [PMID: 34756431 PMCID: PMC9005578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The burden of mortality and morbidity of cardiovascular disease is in part due to substantial fibrosis accelerated by coexisting risk factors. This study aims to evaluate the effect of extracellular vesicle therapy on diastolic function and myocardial fibrosis in the setting of chronic myocardial ischemia with and without a high-fat diet. METHODS Forty male Yorkshire swine were administered a normal or high-fat diet. At 11 weeks of age, they underwent placement of an ameroid constrictor on their left circumflex coronary artery. Both dietary groups then received either intramyocardial injection of vehicle saline as controls or extracellular vesicles as treatment into the ischemic territory (normal diet control, n = 8; high-fat diet controls, n = 11) or extracellular vesicles (normal diet extracellular vesicles, n = 9; high-fat diet extracellular vesicles, n = 12). Five weeks later, hemodynamic parameters, histology, and selected protein expression were evaluated. RESULTS Extracellular vesicles reduced end-diastolic pressure volume relationship (P = .002), perivascular collagen density (P = .031), calcium mineralization (P = .026), and cardiomyocyte diameter (P < .0001), and upregulated osteopontin (P = .0046) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (P = .021). An interaction between extracellular vesicles and diet was observed in the vimentin area (P = .044) and fraction of myofibroblast markers to total vimentin (P = .049). Significant changes across diet were found with reductions in muscle fiber area (P = .026), tumor necrosis factor α (P = .0002), NADPH oxidase 2 and 4 (P = .0036, P = .008), superoxide dismutase 1 (P = .034), and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (P = .020). CONCLUSIONS Extracellular vesicle therapy improved the myocardium's ability to relax and is likely due to structural improvements at the extracellular matrix and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Aboulgheit
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | | | - Mohamed Sabra
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Zhiqi Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Neel Sodha
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - M Ruhul Abid
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI.
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Alavi SS, Joukar S, Rostamzadeh F, Najafipour H, Darvishzadeh-Mahani F, Mortezaeizade A. Exercise Training Attenuates Cardiac Vulnerability and Promotes Cardiac Resistance to Isoproterenol-Induced Injury Following Hookah Smoke Inhalation in Male Rats: Role of Klotho and Sirtuins. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2022; 22:501-514. [PMID: 35316495 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hookah smoking is on the rise around the world. Present study investigated the heart resistance to harmful stress following long-term waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) and moderate-intensity exercise training intervention in male Wistar rats. Animals were randomly divided into a non-ischemic heart control group and four ischemic heart groups including ISO (isoproterenol-treated), Ex + ISO (subjected to exercise plus ISO), S + ISO (exposed to hookah smoke plus ISO), and Ex + S + ISO (subjected to exercise along with hookah smoke plus ISO). After eight weeks of training and WTS, heart ischemia induced by isoproterenol injections. Then, cardiac functional indices and some biochemical and histopathological parameters were assessed. WTS + ISO reduced systolic pressure, ± dP/dt max, and contractility indices (P < 0.001 vs. ISO group) and increased end diastolic pressure and Tau index (P < 0.001 vs. ISO) of the left ventricle. Also, WTS + ISO was associated with an increase in Bax protein level and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (P < 0.05 and P < 001, respectively, vs. ISO group) as apoptotic markers of heart tissue. Hookah smoke significantly decreased SIRT1 (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively, vs. ISO) and klotho (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively, vs. ISO) in serum and heart, and SIRT3 and pS9-GSK-3β (P < 001 and P < 0.05, respectively, vs. ISO) in heart tissue. Combination of exercise with WTS prevented the hookah smoke-induced alterations in apoptotic markers, cardiac functional indices, and SIRT1, SIRT3, klotho, and pS9-GSK-3β proteins. The findings demonstrated that hookah smoke inhalation intensifies ventricular dysfunction and decreases heart resistance to harmful stresses. Moderate-intensity exercise training attenuated these complications partly through recovering the klotho and sirtuins levels and apoptosis-survival balancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Sadat Alavi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 7616914115, Kerman, Iran
| | - Siyavash Joukar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 7616914115, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Farzaneh Rostamzadeh
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Najafipour
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Darvishzadeh-Mahani
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Mortezaeizade
- Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Narasimhan B, Narasimhan H, Lorente-Ros M, Romeo FJ, Bhatia K, Aronow WS. Therapeutic angiogenesis in coronary artery disease: a review of mechanisms and current approaches. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:947-963. [PMID: 34346802 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1964471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite tremendous advances, the shortcomings of current therapies for coronary disease are evidenced by the fact that it remains the leading cause of death in many parts of the world. There is hence a drive to develop novel therapies to tackle this disease. Therapeutic approaches to coronary angiogenesis have long been an area of interest in lieu of its incredible, albeit unrealized potential. AREAS COVERED This paper offers an overview of mechanisms of native angiogenesis and a description of angiogenic growth factors. It progresses to outline the advances in gene and stem cell therapy and provides a brief description of other investigational approaches to promote angiogenesis. Finally, the hurdles and limitations unique to this particular area of study are discussed. EXPERT OPINION An effective, sustained, and safe therapeutic option for angiogenesis truly could be the paradigm shift for cardiovascular medicine. Unfortunately, clinically meaningful therapeutic options remain elusive because promising animal studies have not been replicated in human trials. The sheer complexity of this process means that numerous major hurdles remain before therapeutic angiogenesis truly makes its way from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Narasimhan
- Department Of Medicine, Mount Sinai St.Lukes-Roosevelt, Icahn School Of Medicine At Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Marta Lorente-Ros
- Department Of Medicine, Mount Sinai St.Lukes-Roosevelt, Icahn School Of Medicine At Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francisco Jose Romeo
- Department Of Medicine, Mount Sinai St.Lukes-Roosevelt, Icahn School Of Medicine At Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kirtipal Bhatia
- Department Of Medicine, Mount Sinai St.Lukes-Roosevelt, Icahn School Of Medicine At Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wilbert S Aronow
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Merkus D, Muller-Delp J, Heaps CL. Coronary microvascular adaptations distal to epicardial artery stenosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H2351-H2370. [PMID: 33961506 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00992.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, epicardial coronary stenosis has been considered the primary outcome of coronary heart disease, and clinical interventions have been dedicated primarily to the identification and removal of flow-limiting stenoses. However, a growing body of literature indicates that both epicardial stenosis and microvascular dysfunction contribute to damaging myocardial ischemia. In this review, we discuss the coexistence of macro- and microvascular disease, and how the structure and function of the distal microcirculation is impacted by the hemodynamic consequences of an epicardial, flow-limiting stenosis. Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction as well as alterations of smooth muscle function in the coronary microcirculation distal to stenosis are discussed. Risk factors including diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and aging exacerbate microvascular dysfunction in the myocardium distal to a stenosis, and our current understanding of the role of these factors in limiting collateralization and angiogenesis of the ischemic myocardium is presented. Importantly, exercise training has been shown to promote collateral growth and improve microvascular function distal to stenosis; thus, the current literature reporting the mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects of exercise training in the microcirculation distal to epicardial stenosis is reviewed. We also discuss recent studies of therapeutic interventions designed to improve microvascular function and stimulate angiogenesis in clinically relevant animal models of epicardial stenosis and microvascular disease. Finally, microvascular adaptation to removal of epicardial stenosis is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Merkus
- Institute for Surgical Research, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine (WBex), University Clinic, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judy Muller-Delp
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Cristine L Heaps
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.,Michael E. DeBakey Institute for Comparative Cardiovascular Science and Biomedical Devices, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Lam B, Roudier E. Considering the Role of Murine Double Minute 2 in the Cardiovascular System? Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:320. [PMID: 31921839 PMCID: PMC6916148 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is the main negative regulator of the tumor protein p53 (TP53). Extensive studies over more than two decades have confirmed MDM2 oncogenic role through mechanisms both TP53-dependent and TP53-independent oncogenic function. These studies have contributed to designate MDM2 as a therapeutic target of choice for cancer treatment and the number of patents for MDM2 antagonists has increased immensely over the last years. However, the question of the physiological functions of MDM2 has not been fully resolved yet, particularly when expressed and regulated physiologically in healthy tissue. Cardiovascular complications are almost an inescapable side-effect of anti-cancer therapies. While several MDM2 antagonists are entering phase I, II and even III of clinical trials, this review proposes to bring awareness on the physiological role of MDM2 in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lam
- Angiogenesis Research Group, School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Muscle Health Research Center, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emilie Roudier
- Angiogenesis Research Group, School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Muscle Health Research Center, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Shakya A, Chaudary SK, Garabadu D, Bhat HR, Kakoti BB, Ghosh SK. A Comprehensive Review on Preclinical Diabetic Models. Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:104-116. [PMID: 31074371 DOI: 10.2174/1573399815666190510112035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical experimental models historically play a critical role in the exploration and characterization of disease pathophysiology. Further, these in-vivo and in-vitro preclinical experiments help in target identification, evaluation of novel therapeutic agents and validation of treatments. INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multifaceted metabolic disorder of multidimensional aetiologies with the cardinal feature of chronic hyperglycemia. To avoid or minimize late complications of diabetes and related costs, primary prevention and early treatment are therefore necessary. Due to its chronic manifestations, new treatment strategies need to be developed, because of the limited effectiveness of the current therapies. METHODS The study included electronic databases such as Pubmed, Web of Science and Scopus. The datasets were searched for entries of studies up to June, 2018. RESULTS A large number of in-vivo and in-vitro models have been presented for evaluating the mechanism of anti-hyperglycaemic effect of drugs in hormone-, chemically-, pathogen-induced animal models of diabetes mellitus. The advantages and limitations of each model have also been addressed in this review. CONCLUSION This review encompasses the wide pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms associated with diabetes, particularly focusing on the challenges associated with the evaluation and predictive validation of these models as ideal animal models for preclinical assessments and discovering new drugs and therapeutic agents for translational application in humans. This review may further contribute to discover a novel drug to treat diabetes more efficaciously with minimum or no side effects. Furthermore, it also highlights ongoing research and considers the future perspectives in the field of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Shakya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh - 786 004, Assam, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Chaudary
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Debapriya Garabadu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura - 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hans Raj Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh - 786 004, Assam, India
| | - Bibhuti Bhusan Kakoti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh - 786 004, Assam, India
| | - Surajit Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh - 786 004, Assam, India
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Augmenting canonical Wnt signalling in therapeutically inert cells converts them into therapeutically potent exosome factories. Nat Biomed Eng 2019; 3:695-705. [PMID: 31451800 PMCID: PMC6736698 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) are therapeutic candidates with disease-modifying bioactivity, but their variable potency has complicated their clinical translation. Transcriptomic analyses of CDCs from human donors have revealed that the therapeutic potency of these cells correlates with Wnt/β-catenin signalling and with β-catenin protein levels. Here, we show that skin fibroblasts engineered to overexpress β-catenin and the transcription factor Gata4 become immortal and therapeutically potent. Transplantation of the engineered fibroblasts into a mouse model of acute myocardial infarction led to improved cardiac function and mouse survival. And in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, exosomes secreted by the engineered fibroblasts improved exercise capacity and reduced skeletal-muscle fibrosis. We also demonstrate that exosomes from high-potency CDCs exhibit enhanced levels of miR-92a (a known potentiator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway), and that they activate cardioprotective bone-morphogenetic-protein signalling in cardiomyocytes. Our findings show that the modulation of canonical Wnt signalling can turn therapeutically inert mammalian cells into immortal exosome factories for cell-free therapies. Overexpression of β-catenin and the transcription factor Gata4 in skin fibroblasts converts them into therapeutically active cells that secrete reparative exosomes as shown in mice models of myocardial infarction and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Potz BA, Scrimgeour LA, Pavlov VI, Sodha NR, Abid MR, Sellke FW. Extracellular Vesicle Injection Improves Myocardial Function and Increases Angiogenesis in a Swine Model of Chronic Ischemia. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e008344. [PMID: 29895586 PMCID: PMC6220556 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are believed to be cardioprotective in myocardial infarct. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of human mesenchymal cell-derived EV injection on cardiac function, myocardial blood flow, and vessel density in the setting of chronic myocardial ischemia. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-three Yorkshire swine underwent placement of an ameroid constrictor on their left circumflex artery. Two weeks later, the animals were split into 2 groups: the control group (CON; n=7) and the EV myocardial injection group (MVM; n=10). The MVM group underwent myocardial injection of 50 μg of EVs in 2 mL 0.9% saline into the ischemic myocardium. Five weeks later, the pigs underwent a harvest procedure, and the left ventricular myocardium was analyzed. Absolute blood flow and the ischemic/nonischemic myocardial perfusion ratio were increased in the ischemic myocardium in the MVM group compared with the CON group. Pigs in the MVM group had increased capillary and arteriolar density in the ischemic myocardial tissue compared with CON pigs. There was an increase in expression of the phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase ratio, the phospho-endothelial nitric oxide synthase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase ratio, and total protein kinase B in the MVM group compared with CON. There was an increase in cardiac output and stroke volume in the MVM group compared with CON. CONCLUSIONS In the setting of chronic myocardial ischemia, myocardial injection of human mesenchymal cell-derived EVs increases blood flow to ischemic myocardial tissue by induction of capillary and arteriolar growth via activation of the protein kinase B/endothelial nitric oxide synthase and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways resulting in increased cardiac output and stroke volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Potz
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Laura A Scrimgeour
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Vasile I Pavlov
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Neel R Sodha
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - M Ruhul Abid
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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Kant RJ, Coulombe KLK. Integrated approaches to spatiotemporally directing angiogenesis in host and engineered tissues. Acta Biomater 2018; 69:42-62. [PMID: 29371132 PMCID: PMC5831518 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering has turned towards biomimicry to solve the problem of tissue oxygenation and nutrient/waste exchange through the development of vasculature. Induction of angiogenesis and subsequent development of a vascular bed in engineered tissues is actively being pursued through combinations of physical and chemical cues, notably through the presentation of topographies and growth factors. Presenting angiogenic signals in a spatiotemporal fashion is beginning to generate improved vascular networks, which will allow for the creation of large and dense engineered tissues. This review provides a brief background on the cells, mechanisms, and molecules driving vascular development (including angiogenesis), followed by how biomaterials and growth factors can be used to direct vessel formation and maturation. Techniques to accomplish spatiotemporal control of vascularization include incorporation or encapsulation of growth factors, topographical engineering, and 3D bioprinting. The vascularization of engineered tissues and their application in angiogenic therapy in vivo is reviewed herein with an emphasis on the most densely vascularized tissue of the human body - the heart. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Vascularization is vital to wound healing and tissue regeneration, and development of hierarchical networks enables efficient nutrient transfer. In tissue engineering, vascularization is necessary to support physiologically dense engineered tissues, and thus the field seeks to induce vascular formation using biomaterials and chemical signals to provide appropriate, pro-angiogenic signals for cells. This review critically examines the materials and techniques used to generate scaffolds with spatiotemporal cues to direct vascularization in engineered and host tissues in vitro and in vivo. Assessment of the field's progress is intended to inspire vascular applications across all forms of tissue engineering with a specific focus on highlighting the nuances of cardiac tissue engineering for the greater regenerative medicine community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev J Kant
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kareen L K Coulombe
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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14
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Potz BA, Scrimgeour LA, Sabe SA, Clements RT, Sodha NR, Sellke FW. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibition reduces mitochondrial oxidative stress in chronic myocardial ischemia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018. [PMID: 29523407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.12.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) inhibition has been reported to increase microvascular density and improve myocardial blood flow in a porcine model of chronic myocardial ischemia and metabolic syndrome. Inhibition of GSK-3β can also be cardioprotective by modulating fibrosis signaling and mitochondrial-induced apoptosis. We hypothesized GSK-3β inhibition would have a beneficial effect on myocardial fibrosis and oxidative stress in a porcine model of chronic myocardial ischemia and metabolic syndrome. METHODS Pigs were fed a high fat diet for 4 weeks followed by placement of an ameroid constrictor to the left circumflex coronary artery. Three weeks later animals received either no drug or a GSK-3β inhibitor. The diets and placebo/GSK-3β inhibition were continued for an additional 5 weeks, the pigs were then euthanized, and the myocardial tissue was harvested. Collagen expression was analyzed via Picrosirius staining. Oxidative stress was analyzed via Oxyblot analysis. Protein expression was analyzed via Western blot. RESULTS GSK-3β inhibition was associated with decreased collagen expression and oxidative stress in the ischemic and nonischemic myocardial tissue compared with control. There was a decrease in profibrotic proteins transforming growth factor-β, p-SMAD2/3, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, and in proapoptotic and oxidative stress proteins, apoptosis inducing factor, the cleaved caspase 3/caspase 3 protein ratio and phosphorylated myeloid cell leukemia sequence-1 in the GSK-3β inhibited group compared with the control. CONCLUSIONS In the setting of metabolic syndrome and chronic myocardial ischemia, inhibition of GSK-3β decreases collagen formation and oxidative stress in myocardial tissue. GSK-3β inhibition might be having this beneficial effect by downregulating transforming growth factor-β/SMAD2/3 signaling and decreasing mitochondrial induced cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Potz
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Laura A Scrimgeour
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Sharif A Sabe
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Richard T Clements
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Neel R Sodha
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.
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15
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Potz BA, Parulkar AB, Abid RM, Sodha NR, Sellke FW. Novel molecular targets for coronary angiogenesis and ischemic heart disease. Coron Artery Dis 2017; 28:605-613. [PMID: 28678145 PMCID: PMC5624824 DOI: 10.1097/mca.0000000000000516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the number one cause of death among men and women in the USA. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors lead to the development of atherosclerotic plaques in the vessel walls of the coronary arteries, resulting in decreased myocardial perfusion. Treatment includes a combination of revascularization procedures and medical therapy. Because of the high surgical risk of many of the patients undergoing revascularization procedures, medical therapies to reduce ischemic disease are an area of active research. Small molecule, cytokine, endothelial progenitor cell, stem cell, gene, and mechanical therapies show promise in increasing the collateral growth of blood vessels, thereby reducing myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Potz
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Research Division, Institution of Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Wang Y, Newman MR, Ackun-Farmmer M, Baranello MP, Sheu TJ, Puzas JE, Benoit DSW. Fracture-Targeted Delivery of β-Catenin Agonists via Peptide-Functionalized Nanoparticles Augments Fracture Healing. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9445-9458. [PMID: 28881139 PMCID: PMC5736386 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite several decades of progress, bone-specific drug delivery is still a major challenge. Current bone-acting drugs require high-dose systemic administration which decreases therapeutic efficacy and increases off-target tissue effects. Here, a bone-targeted nanoparticle (NP) delivery system for a β-catenin agonist, 3-amino-6-(4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl)phenyl)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide, a glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) inhibitor, was developed to enhance fracture healing. The GSK-3β inhibitor loading capacity was found to be 15 wt % within highly stable poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride)-b-poly(styrene) NPs, resulting in ∼50 nm particles with ∼ -30 mV surface charge. A peptide with high affinity for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), a protein deposited by osteoclasts on bone resorptive surfaces, was introduced to the NP corona to achieve preferential delivery to fractured bone. Targeted NPs showed improved pharmacokinetic profiles with greater accumulation at fractured bone, accompanied by significant uptake in regenerative cell types (mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and osteoblasts). MSCs treated with drug-loaded NPs in vitro exhibited 2-fold greater β-catenin signaling than free drug that was sustained for 5 days. To verify similar activity in vivo, TOPGAL reporter mice bearing fractures were treated with targeted GSK-3β inhibitor-loaded NPs. Robust β-galactosidase activity was observed in fracture callus and periosteum treated with targeted carriers versus controls, indicating potent β-catenin activation during the healing process. Enhanced bone formation and microarchitecture were observed in mice treated with GSK-3β inhibitor delivered via TRAP-binding peptide-targeted NPs. Specifically, increased bone bridging, ∼4-fold greater torsional rigidity, and greater volumes of newly deposited bone were observed 28 days after treatment, indicating expedited fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Maureen R. Newman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Marian Ackun-Farmmer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Michael P. Baranello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Tzong-Jen Sheu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - J. Edward Puzas
- Department of Orthopaedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Danielle S. W. Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
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Sassoon DJ, Tune JD, Mather KJ, Noblet JN, Eagleson MA, Conteh AM, Sturek JT, Goodwill AG. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Activation Augments Cardiac Output and Improves Cardiac Efficiency in Obese Swine After Myocardial Infarction. Diabetes 2017; 66:2230-2240. [PMID: 28483802 PMCID: PMC5521862 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) therapies improve cardiac contractile function at rest and in response to adrenergic stimulation in obese swine after myocardial infarction. Obese Ossabaw swine were subjected to gradually developing regional coronary occlusion using an ameroid occluder placed around the left anterior descending coronary artery. Animals received subcutaneous injections of saline or liraglutide (0.005-0.015 mg/kg/day) for 30 days after ameroid placement. Cardiac performance was assessed at rest and in response to sympathomimetic challenge (dobutamine 0.3-10 μg/kg/min) using a left ventricular pressure/volume catheter. Liraglutide increased diastolic relaxation (dP/dt; Tau 1/2; Tau 1/e) during dobutamine stimulation (P < 0.01) despite having no influence on the magnitude of myocardial infarction. The slope of the end-systolic pressure volume relationship (i.e., contractility) increased with dobutamine after liraglutide (P < 0.001) but not saline administration (P = 0.63). Liraglutide enhanced the slope of the relationship between cardiac power and pressure volume area (i.e., cardiac efficiency) with dobutamine (P = 0.017). Hearts from animals treated with liraglutide demonstrated decreased β1-adrenoreceptor expression. These data support that GLP-1 agonism augments cardiac efficiency via attenuation of maladaptive sympathetic signaling in the setting of obesity and myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Sassoon
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Johnathan D Tune
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Kieren J Mather
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jillian N Noblet
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Mackenzie A Eagleson
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Abass M Conteh
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Joshua T Sturek
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Adam G Goodwill
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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Potz BA, Scrimgeour LA, Feng J, Sellke FW. Diabetes and Cardioplegia. JOURNAL OF NATURE AND SCIENCE 2017; 3:e394. [PMID: 28758150 PMCID: PMC5533287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest is associated with injury to the vasculature and microcirculation leading to coronary microvascular dysfunction, permeability changes and cardiac dysfunction. In the setting of cardiopulmonary bypass with cardioplegia, poorly-controlled diabetes is associated with significant changes in endothelium-dependent and independent vascular dysfunction, vascular reactivity, vascular permeability, protein expression, cell death, coronary/peripheral microcirculation and reduced vasomotor tone leading to hypotension and impaired endothelial function. The gene expression profiles after cardiopulmonary bypass with cardioplegic arrest is quantitatively and qualitatively different in patients with diabetes. Gene expression profiling capitalizing on the differences between patients with and without diabetes is a good place to identify potential medical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A. Potz
- Alpert Warren Medical School of Brown University, 2 Dudley Street, MOC 360, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Laura A. Scrimgeour
- Alpert Warren Medical School of Brown University, 2 Dudley Street, MOC 360, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Jun Feng
- Alpert Warren Medical School of Brown University, 2 Dudley Street, MOC 360, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Frank W. Sellke
- Alpert Warren Medical School of Brown University, 2 Dudley Street, MOC 360, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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Emodin Inhibits the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cells via ILK/GSK-3 β/Slug Signaling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6253280. [PMID: 28097141 PMCID: PMC5206434 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6253280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. Despite the anticancer capabilities of emodin observed in many cancers, including EOC, the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. A crucial link has been discovered between the acquisition of metastatic traits and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The present study aimed to determine whether emodin could inhibit the EMT of EOC cells and explore the underlying mechanism. The CCK-8 assay and transwell assay showed that emodin effectively repressed the abilities of proliferation, invasion, and migration in A2780 and SK-OV-3 cells. The Western blot showed that emodin upregulated epithelial markers (E-cadherin and Claudin) while it downregulated mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin and Vimentin) and transcription factor (Slug) in a dose-dependent fashion. After transfection of siRNA-Slug, both Slug and N-cadherin were downregulated in EOC cells while E-cadherin was upregulated, which was intensified by emodin. Besides, emodin decreased the expression of ILK, p-GSK-3β, β-catenin, and Slug. Transfection of siRNA-ILK also achieved the same effects, which was further strengthened by following emodin treatment. Nevertheless, SB216763, an inhibitor of GSK-3β, could reverse the effects of emodin except for ILK expression. These findings suggest that emodin inhibited the EMT of EOC cells via ILK/GSK-3β/Slug signaling pathway.
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Potz BA, Sabe AA, Elmadhun NY, Clements RT, Abid MR, Sodha NR, Sellke FW. Calpain inhibition modulates glycogen synthase kinase 3β pathways in ischemic myocardium: A proteomic and mechanistic analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 153:342-357. [PMID: 27986275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calpain inhibition has an enhancing effect on myocardial perfusion and improves myocardial density by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and up-regulating downstream signaling pathways, including the insulin/PI3K and WNT/β-catenin pathways, in a pig model of chronic myocardial ischemia in the setting of metabolic syndrome. METHODS Pigs were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks, then underwent placement of an ameroid constrictor to the left circumflex artery. Three weeks later, the animals received no drug (high-cholesterol controls [HCC]), a high-dose calpain inhibitor (HCI), a low-dose calpain inhibitor (LCI), or a GSK-3β inhibitor (GSK-3βI). The diets and drug regimens were continued for 5 weeks and the myocardial tissue was harvested. RESULTS Calpain and GSK-3β inhibition caused an increase in myocardial perfusion ratios at rest and during pacing compared with controls. Pigs in the LCI and HCI groups had increased vessel density in the ischemic myocardium, and pigs in the GSK-3βI group had increased vessel density in the ischemic and nonischemic myocardium compared with the HCC group. Calpain inhibition modulates proteins involved in the insulin/PI3K and WNT/β-catenin pathways. Quantitative proteomics revealed that calpain and GSK-3β inhibition significantly modulated the expression of proteins enriched in cytoskeletal regulation, metabolism, respiration, and calcium-binding pathways. CONCLUSIONS In the setting of metabolic syndrome, calpain or GSK-3β inhibition increases vessel density in both ischemic and nonischemic myocardial tissue. Calpain inhibition may exert these effects through the inhibition of GSK-3β and up-regulation of downstream signaling pathways, including the insulin/PI3K and WNT/β-catenin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Potz
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Ashraf A Sabe
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Nassrene Y Elmadhun
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Richard T Clements
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - M Ruhul Abid
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Neel R Sodha
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.
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Potz BA, Abid MR, Sellke FW. Role of Calpain in Pathogenesis of Human Disease Processes. JOURNAL OF NATURE AND SCIENCE 2016; 2:e218. [PMID: 27747292 PMCID: PMC5065022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Calpains are a 15-member class of calcium activated nonlysosomal neutral proteases which are involved in a broad range of cellular function. Calpains are usually localized to the cytosol and within mitochondria. Calpastatin is an endogenous protein that specifically binds to and inhibits calpain. Overactivation of calpain has been implicated in a number of disease processes of the brain, eyes, heart, lungs, pancreas, kidneys, vascular system and skeletal muscle. Therefore, calpain may serve as a potential therapeutic target for a wide variety of disease processes. This review briefly outlines the current literature regarding the involvement of calpain overactivation in the pathogenesis of almost every organ in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank W. Sellke
- Corresponding Author. Frank W Sellke, M.D., Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University, 2 Dudley Street MOC 360, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
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