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ZHOU SY, LIU FC, CHEN SF, LI JX, CAO J, HUANG KY, TANG ZH, LIANG FC, HU DS, ZHAO LC, LI Y, HUANG JF, LU XF, LU B, GU DF. Life's essential 8 and risk of subclinical atherosclerosis progression: a prospective cohort study. J Geriatr Cardiol 2024; 21:751-759. [PMID: 39183952 PMCID: PMC11341528 DOI: 10.26599/1671-5411.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated the benefits of ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) in reducing cardiovascular risk. However, its role in subclinical atherosclerosis (SA) progression remains unclear. We aim to examine the association of CVH, estimated by the American Heart Association's new Life's Essential 8 (LE8), with the progression of SA. METHODS This prospective cohort study was conducted among 972 asymptomatic Chinese participants and followed up for 5.7 years. The LE8 score (range, 0-100) consisted of blood pressure, lipids, glucose, body mass index, smoking status, diet health, physical activity and sleep health was evaluated in 1998 and 2008-2009. Progression of SA was determined by carotid plaque and coronary artery calcification (CAC) in 2008-2009 and 2013-2014. Log-binomial regression model was used to estimate the association of LE8 score with SA progression. RESULTS Each 10 points increment in LE8 score was associated with 15.2% (RR: 0.848, 95% CI: 0.797-0.902), 17.7% (RR: 0.823, 95% CI: 0.766-0.884) and 12.0% (RR: 0.880, 95% CI: 0.845-0.916) lower risks of carotid plaque, CAC and overall SA progression, respectively. Compared with participants with non-ideal CVH at both visits, the participants with ideal CVH at both visits had 39.1% (RR: 0.609, 95% CI: 0.494-0.752), 41.0% (RR: 0.590, 95% CI: 0.456-0.764) and 29.7% (RR: 0.703, 95% CI: 0.598-0.825) lower risks of carotid plaque, CAC and overall SA progression, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Higher LE8 scores were associated with lower risks of SA progression. Besides, long-term maintenance of optimal CVH was more beneficial to prevent SA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu ZHOU
- Department of Epidemiology & Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Chao LIU
- Department of Epidemiology & Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Feng CHEN
- Department of Epidemiology & Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Xin LI
- Department of Epidemiology & Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie CAO
- Department of Epidemiology & Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Yong HUANG
- Department of Epidemiology & Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Hao TANG
- Department of Epidemiology & Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Chao LIANG
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong-Sheng HU
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lian-Cheng ZHAO
- Department of Epidemiology & Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying LI
- Department of Epidemiology & Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Feng HUANG
- Department of Epidemiology & Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Feng LU
- Department of Epidemiology & Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin LU
- Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Feng GU
- Department of Epidemiology & Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Gami A, Bisht S, Satish P, Blaha MJ, Patel J. The utility of coronary artery calcium scoring to enhance cardiovascular risk assessment for South Asian adults. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 84:7-13. [PMID: 38723928 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
South Asian individuals represent a highly diverse population and are one of the fastest growing ethnic groups in the United States. This population has a high prevalence of traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and a disproportionately high prevalence of coronary heart disease. To reflect this, current national society guidelines have designated South Asian ancestry as a "risk enhancing factor" which may be used to guide initiation or intensification of statin therapy. However, current methods of assessing cardiovascular risk in South Asian adults may not adequately capture the true risk in this diverse population. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring provides a reliable, reproducible, and highly personalized method to provide CVD risk assessment and inform subsequent pharmacotherapy recommendations, if indicated. This review describes the utility of CAC scoring for South Asian individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Gami
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sushrit Bisht
- Anne Arundel Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Annapolis, MD, USA
| | - Priyanka Satish
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Blaha
- South Asian Cardiovascular Health Initiative (SACHI), Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jaideep Patel
- South Asian Cardiovascular Health Initiative (SACHI), Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Jain V, Rifai MA, Kanaya AM, Shah NS, Talegawkar SA, Virani SS, Michos ED, Blumenthal RS, Patel J. Association of cardiovascular health with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis progression among five racial and ethnic groups: The MASALA and MESA studies. Atherosclerosis 2024; 392:117522. [PMID: 38583288 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.117522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS South Asian adults (SA) are at higher risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) compared with other racial/ethnic groups. Life's Simple 7 (LS7) is a guideline-recommended, cardiovascular health (CVH) construct to guide optimization of cardiovascular risk factors. We sought to assess if the LS7 metrics predict coronary artery calcium (CAC) incidence and progression in asymptomatic SA compared with four other racial/ethnic groups. METHODS We assessed the distribution of CVH metrics (inadequate: score 0-8, average: 9-10, optimal: 11-14, and per 1-unit higher score) and its association with incidence and progression of CAC among South Asians in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study compared with other race/ethnic groups from the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). RESULTS We included 810 SA, 2622 Non-Hispanic White (NHW), and 4192 Other adults (collectively 1893 Black, 1496 Hispanic and 803 Chinese American participants, respectively). SA and White participants compared to Other race/ethnicity groups were more likely to have optimal CVH metrics (26% SA vs 28% White participants vs 21% Other, respectively, p < 0.001). Similar to NHW and the Other race/ethnic group, SA participants with optimal baseline CVH were less likely to develop incident CAC on follow-up evaluation compared to participants with inadequate CVH metrics, optimal CVH/CAC = 0: 24% SA, 28% NHW, and 15% Other (p < 0.01). In multivariable linear and logistic regression models, there was no difference in annualized CAC incidence or progression between each race/ethnic group (pinteraction = 0.85 and pinteraction = 0.17, respectively). Optimal blood pressure control was associated with lower CAC incidence among SA participants [OR (95% CI): 0.30 (0.14-0.63), p < 0.01] and Other race and ethnicity participants [0.32 (0.19-0.53), p < 0.01]. CONCLUSIONS Optimal CVH metrics are associated with lower incident CAC and CAC progression among South Asians, similar to other racial groups/ethnicities. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing and maintaining CVH to mitigate the future risk of subclinical atherosclerosis in this higher risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vardhmaan Jain
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, GA, USA
| | - Mahmoud Al Rifai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, TX, USA
| | - Alka M Kanaya
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Nilay S Shah
- Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL, USA
| | - Sameera A Talegawkar
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, DC, USA
| | - Salim S Virani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, TX, USA & the Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Erin D Michos
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, USA
| | - Roger S Blumenthal
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, USA
| | - Jaideep Patel
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, USA.
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Puri R, Bansal M, Mehta V, Duell PB, Wong ND, Iyengar SS, Kalra D, Nair DR, Nanda NC, Narula J, Deedwania P, Yusuf J, Dalal JJ, Shetty S, Vijan VM, Agarwala R, Kumar S, Vijay K, Khan A, Wander GS, Manoria PC, Wangnoo SK, Mohan V, Joshi SR, Singh B, Kerkar P, Rajput R, Prabhakar D, Zargar AH, Saboo B, Kasliwal RR, Ray S, Bansal S, Rabbani MU, Chhabra ST, Chandra S, Bardoloi N, Kavalipati N, Sathyamurthy I, Mahajan K, Pradhan A, Khanna NN, Khadgawat R, Gupta P, Chag MC, Gupta A, Murugnathan A, Narasingan SN, Upadhyaya S, Mittal V, Melinkeri RP, Yadav M, Mubarak MR, Pareek KK, Dabla PK, Nanda R, Mohan JC. Lipid Association of India 2023 update on cardiovascular risk assessment and lipid management in Indian patients: Consensus statement IV. J Clin Lipidol 2024; 18:e351-e373. [PMID: 38485619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In 2016, the Lipid Association of India (LAI) developed a cardiovascular risk assessment algorithm and defined low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in Indians. The recent refinements in the role of various risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis in prediction of ASCVD risk necessitated updating the risk algorithm and treatment goals. METHODS The LAI core committee held twenty-one meetings and webinars from June 2022 to July 2023 with experts across India and critically reviewed the latest evidence regarding the strategies for ASCVD risk prediction and the benefits and modalities for intensive lipid lowering. Based on the expert consensus and extensive review of published data, consensus statement IV was commissioned. RESULTS The young age of onset and a more aggressive nature of ASCVD in Indians necessitates emphasis on lifetime ASCVD risk instead of the conventional 10-year risk. It also demands early institution of aggressive preventive measures to protect the young population prior to development of ASCVD events. Wide availability and low cost of statins in India enable implementation of effective LDL-C-lowering therapy in individuals at high risk of ASCVD. Subjects with any evidence of subclinical atherosclerosis are likely to benefit the most from early aggressive interventions. CONCLUSIONS This document presents the updated risk stratification and treatment algorithm and describes the rationale for each modification. The intent of these updated recommendations is to modernize management of dyslipidemia in Indian patients with the goal of reducing the epidemic of ASCVD among Indians in Asia and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Puri
- Chair, FNLA, Sr. Consultant Cardiologist, Cardiac Care Centre, New Delhi, India (Dr Puri).
| | - Manish Bansal
- Co-Chair, Senior Director, Department of Cardiology, Medanta- The Medicity, Gurugram, Haryana, India (Dr Bansal)
| | - Vimal Mehta
- Co-Chair, Director-Professor, Department of Cardiology, G. B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India (Dr Mehta)
| | - P Barton Duell
- Co-Chair, FNLA, Professor of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA (Dr Duell)
| | - Nathan D Wong
- FNLA, Professor & Director Heart Disease Prevention program division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, USA (Dr Wong)
| | - S S Iyengar
- Sr. Consultant and Head, Department of Cardiology, Manipal Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India (Dr Iyengar)
| | - Dinesh Kalra
- FNLA, Professor of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA (Dr Kalra)
| | - Devaki R Nair
- Sr. Consultant Department of Lipidology and Chemical pathologist, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK (Dr Nair)
| | - Navin C Nanda
- Professor of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, KY, USA (Dr Nanda)
| | - Jagat Narula
- Executive Vice President and Chief Academic Officer, UT Health, Houston, TX USA (Dr Narula)
| | - P Deedwania
- Professor of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA (Dr Deedwania)
| | - Jamal Yusuf
- Director-Professor and Head, Department of Cardiology, G. B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India (Dr Yusuf)
| | - Jamshed J Dalal
- Sr. Consultant Cardiologist, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital, Director-Centre for Cardiac Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (Dr Dalal)
| | - Sadanand Shetty
- Head, Department of Cardiology, K. J. Somaiya Super Specialty Institute, Sion (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (Dr Shetty)
| | - Vinod M Vijan
- Director, Vijan Hospital & Research Centre, Nashik, Uniqare Hospital, PCMC, Pune, India (Dr Vijan)
| | - Rajeev Agarwala
- Sr. Consultant Cardiologist, Jaswant Rai Specialty Hospital, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India (Dr Agarwala)
| | - Soumitra Kumar
- Professor and Head, Department of Cardiology, Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, Kolkata, India (Dr Kumar)
| | - Kris Vijay
- FNLA, Professor of Medicine, Arizona Heart Foundation, University of Arizona, Phoenix, USA (Dr Vijay)
| | - Aziz Khan
- Sr. Consultant cardiologist, Crescent Hospital and Heart Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India (Dr Khan)
| | - Gurpreet Singh Wander
- Professor of Cardiology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India (Dr Wander)
| | - P C Manoria
- Director, Manoria Heart and critical Care Hospital, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India (Dr Manoria)
| | - S K Wangnoo
- Sr. Consultant Endocrinology & Diabetologist, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India (Dr Wangnoo)
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Director Madras Diabetic Research foundation and Chairman & chief Diabetology, Dr Mohan Diabetes Specialties Centre, Chennai, India (Dr Mohan)
| | - Shashank R Joshi
- Sr. Consultant Endocrinologist, Lilavati Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (Dr Joshi)
| | - Balbir Singh
- Chairman - Cardiac Sciences, Max Hospital Saket, New Delhi, India (Dr Singh)
| | - Prafulla Kerkar
- Sr. Consultant Cardiologist, Asian Heart Institute and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (Dr Kerkar)
| | - Rajesh Rajput
- Professor & Head, Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India (Dr Rajput)
| | - D Prabhakar
- Sr. Consultant, Department of Cardiology, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr Prabhakar)
| | - Abdul Hamid Zargar
- Medical Director, Centre for Diabetes and Endocrine Care, National Highway, Gulshan Nagar, Srinagar, J&K, India (Dr Zargar)
| | - Banshi Saboo
- Chairman-Diacare- Diabetes Care, and Hormone Clinic, Ahmedabad, India (Dr Saboo)
| | - Ravi R Kasliwal
- Chairman, Division of Clinical & Preventive Cardiology, Medanta- The Medicity, Gurugram, Haryana, India (Dr Kasliwal)
| | - Saumitra Ray
- Director of Intervention Cardiology, AMRI (S), Kolkata, India (Dr Ray)
| | - Sandeep Bansal
- Professor and Head, Dept. of Cardiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India (Dr Bansal)
| | - M U Rabbani
- Professor Dept. of Cardiology, J. N. Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, India (Dr Rabbani)
| | - Shibba Takkar Chhabra
- Professor Dept. of Cardiology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India (Dr Chhabra)
| | - Sarat Chandra
- Chief Cardiologist, TX Group of Hospitals, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India (Dr Chandra)
| | - Neil Bardoloi
- Managing Director and HOD, Cardiology, Excel Care Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India (Dr Bardoloi)
| | - Narasaraju Kavalipati
- Director of Cardiology and Sr Interventional Cardiologist, Apollo Hospitals, Hyderabad, India (Dr Kavalipati)
| | - Immaneni Sathyamurthy
- Sr. Consultant Cardiologist, Apollo Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr Sathyamurthy)
| | - Kunal Mahajan
- Director Dept. of Cardiology, Himachal Heart Institute, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India (Dr Mahajan)
| | - Akshya Pradhan
- Sr. Consultant, Department of Cardiology King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India (Dr Pradhan)
| | - N N Khanna
- Sr. Consultant, Department of Cardiology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India (Dr Khanna)
| | - Rajesh Khadgawat
- Professor, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India (Dr Khadgawat)
| | - Preeti Gupta
- Associate Professor Dept. of Cardiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India (Dr Gupta)
| | - Milan C Chag
- Sr. Consultant Cardiologist, Marengo CIMS Hospital, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India (Dr Chag)
| | - Ashu Gupta
- Sr Consultant Cardiologist, Holy Heart Advanced Cardiac Care and Research Centre, Rohtak, Haryana, India (Dr Gupta)
| | - A Murugnathan
- Sr. Consultant Internal Medicine, AG Hospital, Tirupur, Tamil Nadu, India (Dr Murugnathan)
| | - S N Narasingan
- Former Adjunct Professor of Medicine, The Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University & Managing Director, SNN Specialties Clinic, Chennai, India (Dr Narasingan)
| | - Sundeep Upadhyaya
- Sr. Consultant, Department of Rheumatology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India (Dr Upadhyaya)
| | - Vinod Mittal
- Sr. Consultant Diabetologist and Head, Centre for Diabetes & Metabolic disease Delhi Heart & Lung Institute, Delhi, India (Dr Mittal)
| | - Rashida Patanwala Melinkeri
- Sr. Consultant, Department of Internal Medicine, KEM Hospital and Sahyadri Hospitals, Pune, Maharashtra, India (Dr Melinkeri)
| | - Madhur Yadav
- Director- Professor of Medicine, Lady Harding Medical College, New Delhi, India (Dr Yadav)
| | - M Raseed Mubarak
- Sr. Consultant Cardiologist, Lanka Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka (Dr Mubarak)
| | - K K Pareek
- Head, Department of Medicine, S. N. Pareek Hospital, Dadabari, Kota, Rajasthan, India (Dr Pareek)
| | - Pradeep Kumar Dabla
- Professor of Biochemistry, G. B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India (Dr Dabla)
| | - Rashmi Nanda
- Managing Director, Ashakiran Family Wellness Clinic, Indrapuram, U.P, India (Dr Nanda)
| | - J C Mohan
- Sr. Consultant Cardiologist, Institute of Heart and Vascular Diseases, Jaipur Golden Hospital, New Delhi, India (Dr Mohan)
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Kanaya AM. Diabetes in South Asians: Uncovering Novel Risk Factors With Longitudinal Epidemiologic Data: Kelly West Award Lecture 2023. Diabetes Care 2024; 47:7-16. [PMID: 38117990 PMCID: PMC10733655 DOI: 10.2337/dci23-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
South Asian populations have a higher prevalence and earlier age of onset of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases than other race and ethnic groups. To better understand the pathophysiology and multilevel risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease, we established the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study in 2010. The original MASALA study cohort (n = 1,164) included 83% Asian Indian immigrants, with an ongoing expansion of the study to include individuals of Bangladeshi and Pakistani origin. We have found that South Asian Americans in the MASALA study had higher type 2 diabetes prevalence, lower insulin secretion, more insulin resistance, and an adverse body composition with higher liver and intermuscular fat and lower lean muscle mass compared with four other U.S. race and ethnic groups. MASALA study participants with diabetes were more likely to have the severe hyperglycemia subtype, characterized by β-cell dysfunction and lower body weight, and this subtype was associated with a higher incidence of subclinical atherosclerosis. We have found several modifiable factors for cardiometabolic disease among South Asians including diet and physical activity that can be influenced using specific social network members and with cultural adaptations to the U.S. context. Longitudinal data with repeat cardiometabolic measures that are supplemented with qualitative and mixed-method approaches enable a deeper understanding of disease risk and resilience factors. Studying and contrasting Asian American subgroups can uncover the causes for cardiometabolic disease heterogeneity and reveal novel methods for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka M. Kanaya
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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6
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Hashmi S, Shah PW, Aherrahrou Z, Aikawa E, Aherrahrou R. Beyond the Basics: Unraveling the Complexity of Coronary Artery Calcification. Cells 2023; 12:2822. [PMID: 38132141 PMCID: PMC10742130 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is mainly associated with coronary atherosclerosis, which is an indicator of coronary artery disease (CAD). CAC refers to the accumulation of calcium phosphate deposits, classified as micro- or macrocalcifications, that lead to the hardening and narrowing of the coronary arteries. CAC is a strong predictor of future cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and sudden death. Our narrative review focuses on the pathophysiology of CAC, exploring its link to plaque vulnerability, genetic factors, and how race and sex can affect the condition. We also examined the connection between the gut microbiome and CAC, and the impact of genetic variants on the cellular processes involved in vascular calcification and atherogenesis. We aimed to thoroughly analyze the existing literature to improve our understanding of CAC and its potential clinical and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satwat Hashmi
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan;
| | - Pashmina Wiqar Shah
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (P.W.S.); (Z.A.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, University Heart Centre Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Zouhair Aherrahrou
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (P.W.S.); (Z.A.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, University Heart Centre Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Rédouane Aherrahrou
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (P.W.S.); (Z.A.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, University Heart Centre Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Premyodhin N, Fan W, Arora M, Budoff MJ, Kanaya AM, Kandula N, Palaniappan L, Rana JS, Younus M, Wong ND. Association of diabetes with coronary artery calcium in South Asian adults and other race/ethnic groups: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis and the mediators of atherosclerosis in South Asians living in America study. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2023; 20:14791641231204368. [PMID: 37795703 PMCID: PMC10557421 DOI: 10.1177/14791641231204368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE South Asian (SA) persons have increased risks for diabetes mellitus (DM) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). We examined whether the association of DM with subclinical atherosclerosis assessed by coronary artery calcium (CAC) differs in SA versus other ethnic groups. METHODS We studied adults from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America studies without ASCVD. CAC was examined among those normoglycemic, pre-DM and DM. Logistic regression examined pre-DM and DM with the odds of any CAC > 0 and CAC ≥ 100. RESULTS Among 7562 participants, CAC > 0 and CAC ≥ 100 in those with DM was highest in non-Hispanic White (NHW) (80% and 48%) and SA (72% and 41%) persons. Adjusted Ln (CAC + 1) was highest in NHW (3.68 ± 0.21) and SA (3.60 ± 0.23) (p < .01) DM patients. SA and NHW adults with DM (vs normoglycemic) had highest odds of CAC > 0 (2.13 and 2.27, respectively, p < .01). For CAC ≥ 100, SA and Chinese adults had the highest odds (2.28 and 2.27, respectively, p < .01). Fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin were most strongly associated with CAC among SA. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes mellitus most strongly relates to any CAC in SA and NHW adults and CAC ≥ 100 in SA and Chinese adults, helping to explain the relation of DM with ASCVD in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ned Premyodhin
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wenjun Fan
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Millie Arora
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Lundquist Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Alka M Kanaya
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Namratha Kandula
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Jamal S Rana
- Department of Cardiology, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Masood Younus
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Nathan D Wong
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Rai SK, Gortmaker SL, Hu FB, Kanaya AM, Kandula NR, Sun Q, Bhupathiraju SN. A South Asian Mediterranean-style diet is associated with favorable adiposity measures and lower diabetes risk: The MASALA cohort. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:1697-1706. [PMID: 37203330 PMCID: PMC10204148 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Mediterranean diet is associated with lower risks for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease in certain populations, although data among diverse groups are limited. This study evaluated cross-sectional and prospective associations between a novel South Asian Mediterranean-style (SAM) diet and cardiometabolic risk among US South Asian individuals. METHODS The study included 891 participants at baseline in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study. Culturally relevant foods were grouped into nine categories to construct the SAM score. The study examined associations of this score with cardiometabolic risk factors and incident T2D. RESULTS At baseline, higher adherence to the SAM diet was associated with lower glycated hemoglobin (-0.43% ± 0.15% per 1-unit increase in SAM score; p = 0.004) and lower pericardial fat volume (-1.22 ± 0.55 cm3 ; p = 0.03), as well as a lower likelihood of obesity (odds ratio [OR]: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.79-0.98) and fatty liver (OR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68-0.98). Over the follow-up (~5 years), 45 participants developed T2D; each 1-unit increase in SAM score was associated with a 25% lower odds of incident T2D (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.59-0.95). CONCLUSIONS A greater intake of a SAM diet is associated with favorable adiposity measures and a lower likelihood of incident T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharan K. Rai
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Population Health Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Steven L. Gortmaker
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alka M. Kanaya
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Namratha R. Kandula
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Shilpa N. Bhupathiraju
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Kandula NR, Islam N, Needham BL, Ahmed N, Thorpe L, Kershaw KN, Chen E, Zakai NA, Kanaya AM. A multilevel framework to investigate cardiovascular health disparities among South Asian immigrants in the United States. Ann Epidemiol 2023; 81:24-30.e1. [PMID: 36898570 PMCID: PMC10101928 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prior studies of cardiovascular health (CVH) disparities among immigrants of South Asian origin in the United States have examined South Asians as one homogenous group, focused primarily on Indian-origin immigrants, and examined risk at the individual level. METHODS We present current knowledge and evidence gaps about CVH in the three largest South Asian-origin populations in the United States-Bangladeshi, Indian, and Pakistani-and draw on socioecological and lifecourse frameworks to propose a conceptual framework for investigating multilevel risk and protective factors of CVH across these groups. RESULTS The central hypothesis is that CVH disparities among South Asian populations exist due to differences in structural and social determinants, including lived experiences like discrimination, and that acculturation strategies and resilience resources (e.g., neighborhood environment, education, religiosity, social support) ameliorate stressors to act as health protective factors. RESULTS Conclusions: Our framework advances conceptualization of the heterogeneity and drivers of cardiovascular disparities in diverse South Asian-origin populations. We present specific recommendations to inform the design of future epidemiologic studies on South Asian immigrant health and the development of multilevel interventions to reduce CVH disparities and promote well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namratha R Kandula
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
| | - Nadia Islam
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Belinda L Needham
- Department of Epidemiology and Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Naheed Ahmed
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Lorna Thorpe
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Kiarri N Kershaw
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Edith Chen
- Institute for Policy Research and Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Neil A Zakai
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Alka M Kanaya
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
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Agarwala A, Patel J, Blaha M, Cainzos-Achirica M, Nasir K, Budoff M. Leveling the playing field: The utility of coronary artery calcium scoring in cardiovascular risk stratification in South Asians. Am J Prev Cardiol 2023; 13:100455. [PMID: 36636123 PMCID: PMC9830106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
South Asian (SA) individuals, particularly those that reside in the United States and other Westernized countries, are at an elevated risk for ASCVD and mortality related to ASCVD. The 2018 ACC/AHA/Multi-society Cholesterol guideline listed SA as a high-risk ethnicity, underscoring the importance of treating modifiable risk factors to reduce ASCVD burden. Coronary artery calcium (CAC), a highly specific marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, may be a useful test to improve risk stratification among SA individuals. CAC testing is a cost-effective, highly reproducible, and specific marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, shown to improve ASCVD risk assessment across all racial/ethnic groups, thereby serving as a guide for initiating or deferring preventive therapies. In this White Paper we will discuss the use of CAC scoring to optimize risk stratification and delivery of preventive therapies to individuals of SA ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandita Agarwala
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Cardiovascular Division, Baylor Scott and White Health Heart Hospital Baylor Plano, Plano, TX, United States
| | - Jaideep Patel
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Johns Hopkins Heart and Vascular Institute at Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael Blaha
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Johns Hopkins Heart and Vascular Institute at Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Miguel Cainzos-Achirica
- Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, South Asian Cardiovascular Health Initiative (SACHI), Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar, Parc Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Khurram Nasir
- Division of Cardiovascular Prevention and Wellness, Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Matthew Budoff
- UCLA, School of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA, United States
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Agarwala A, Satish P, Al Rifai M, Mehta A, Cainzos-Achirica M, Shah NS, Kanaya AM, Sharma GV, Dixon DL, Blumenthal RS, Natarajan P, Nasir K, Virani SS, Patel J. Identification and Management of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in South Asian Populations in the U.S. JACC. ADVANCES 2023; 2:100258. [PMID: 38089916 PMCID: PMC10715803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
South Asians (SAs, individuals with ancestry from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) are among the fastest growing ethnic subgroups in the United States. SAs typically experience a high prevalence of diabetes, abdominal obesity, and hypertension, among other cardiovascular disease risk factors, which are often under recognized and undermanaged. The excess coronary heart disease risk in this growing population must be critically assessed and managed with culturally appropriate preventive services. Accordingly, this scientific document prepared by a multidisciplinary group of clinicians and investigators in cardiology, internal medicine, pharmacy, and SA-centric researchers describes key characteristics of traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular disease risk factors, compares and contrasts available risk assessment tools, discusses the role of blood-based biomarkers and coronary artery calcium to enhance risk assessment and prevention strategies, and provides evidenced-based approaches and interventions that may reduce coronary heart disease disparities in this higher-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandita Agarwala
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Baylor Scott and White Health Heart Hospital Baylor Plano, Plano, Texas, USA
| | - Priyanka Satish
- Division of Cardiovascular Prevention and Wellness, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mahmoud Al Rifai
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, South Asian Cardiovascular Health Initiative (SACHI), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anurag Mehta
- Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Miguel Cainzos-Achirica
- Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, South Asian Cardiovascular Health Initiative (SACHI), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar, Parc Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nilay S. Shah
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alka M. Kanaya
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Garima V. Sharma
- Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, South Asian Cardiovascular Health Initiative (SACHI), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dave L. Dixon
- Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Roger S. Blumenthal
- Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, South Asian Cardiovascular Health Initiative (SACHI), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Khurram Nasir
- Division of Cardiovascular Prevention and Wellness, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Salim S. Virani
- Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
- Texas Heart Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jaideep Patel
- Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, South Asian Cardiovascular Health Initiative (SACHI), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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12
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Baskaran L, Lee JK, Ko MSM, Al’Aref SJ, Neo YP, Ho JS, Huang W, Yoon YE, Han D, Nakanishi R, Tan SY, Al-Mallah M, Budoff MJ, Shaw LJ. Comparing the pooled cohort equations and coronary artery calcium scores in a symptomatic mixed Asian cohort. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1059839. [PMID: 36733301 PMCID: PMC9887040 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1059839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The value of pooled cohort equations (PCE) as a predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) is poorly established among symptomatic patients. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) assessment further improves risk prediction, but non-Western studies are lacking. This study aims to compare PCE and CAC scores within a symptomatic mixed Asian cohort, and to evaluate the incremental value of CAC in predicting MACE, as well as in subgroups based on statin use. Methods Consecutive patients with stable chest pain who underwent cardiac computed tomography were recruited. Logistic regression was performed to determine the association between risk factors and MACE. Cohort and statin-use subgroup comparisons were done for PCE against Agatston score in predicting MACE. Results Of 501 patients included, mean (SD) age was 53.7 (10.8) years, mean follow-up period was 4.64 (0.66) years, 43.5% were female, 48.3% used statins, and 50.0% had no CAC. MI occurred in 8 subjects while 9 subjects underwent revascularization. In the general cohort, age, presence of CAC, and ln(Volume) (OR = 1.05, 7.95, and 1.44, respectively) as well as age and PCE score for the CAC = 0 subgroup (OR = 1.16 and 2.24, respectively), were significantly associated with MACE. None of the risk factors were significantly associated with MACE in the CAC > 0 subgroup. Overall, the PCE, Agatston, and their combination obtained an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.501, 0.662, and 0.661, respectively. Separately, the AUC of PCE, Agatston, and their combination for statin non-users were 0.679, 0.753, and 0.734, while that for statin-users were 0.585, 0.615, and 0.631, respectively. Only the performance of PCE alone was statistically significant (p = 0.025) when compared between statin-users (0.507) and non-users (0.783). Conclusion In a symptomatic mixed Asian cohort, age, presence of CAC, and ln(Volume) were independently associated with MACE for the overall subgroup, age and PCE score for the CAC = 0 subgroup, and no risk factor for the CAC > 0 subgroup. Whilst the PCE performance deteriorated in statin versus non-statin users, the Agatston score performed consistently in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohendran Baskaran
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,*Correspondence: Lohendran Baskaran,
| | - Jing Kai Lee
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michelle Shi Min Ko
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Subhi J. Al’Aref
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Yu Pei Neo
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jien Sze Ho
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weiting Huang
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Donghee Han
- Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rine Nakanishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Swee Yaw Tan
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mouaz Al-Mallah
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Matthew J. Budoff
- Department of Medicine, Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Leslee J. Shaw
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Blavatnik Family Women’s Health Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
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13
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The Correlation between the Vascular Calcification Score of the Coronary Artery and the Abdominal Aorta in Patients with Psoriasis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13020274. [PMID: 36673084 PMCID: PMC9858225 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is known as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease due to its chronic inflammation. Studies have been conducted to evaluate the progress of atherosclerotic plaques in psoriasis. However, inadequate efforts have been made to clarify the relationship between atherosclerosis progress in coronary arteries and other important blood vessels. For that reason, we investigated the correlation and development of the coronary artery calcification score (CACS) and the abdominal aortic calcification score (AACS) during a follow-up examination. Eighty-three patients with psoriasis underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) for total CACS and abdominal computed tomography (AbCT) for total AACS. PASI score, other clinical features, and blood samples were collected at the same time. The patients' medical histories were also retrieved for further analysis. Linear regression was used to analyze the CACS and AACS associations. There was a moderate correlation between CACS and AACS, while both calcification scores relatively reflected the coronary plaque number, coronary stenosis number, and stenosis severity observed with CCTA. Both calcification scores were independent of the PASI score. However, a significantly higher CACS was found in psoriatic arthritis, whereas no similar phenomenon was recorded for AACS. To conclude, both CACS and AACS might be potential alternative tests to predict the presence of coronary lesions as confirmed by CCTA.
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Rao S, Rao R, Burgess S, Kumar A. Shock Wave Intravascular Lithotripsy: Shock the Rock. INDIAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN WOMEN 2023. [DOI: 10.25259/ijcdw_16_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Complex coronary artery disease with severe coronary calcification can be challenging to treat, with a higher risk of procedural complications and major adverse cardiac events. Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) is a pioneering technology for the treatment of critically calcified coronaries. IVL utilizing localized pulsatile sonic pressure waves at low pressure provides a novel approach for lesion preparation of severely calcified plaques. The deliverability and ease of use are also likely to increase access and use of IVL, and combination therapy with other devices shows promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Rao
- Department of Cardiology, Apollo Hospitals, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India,
| | - Roshan Rao
- Department of Cardiology, Apollo Hospitals, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India,
| | - Sonya Burgess
- Department of Cardiology, Nepean Hospital, Kingswood, Australia,
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Cardiovascular risk-enhancing factors and coronary artery calcium in South Asian American adults: The MASALA study. Am J Prev Cardiol 2022; 13:100453. [PMID: 36636125 PMCID: PMC9830105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The 2018 and 2019 U.S. guidelines for the management of cholesterol and primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) recommend consideration of cardiovascular risk-enhancing factors (REFs), including South Asian ancestry, to refine ASCVD risk estimation. However, the associations of REFs with atherosclerosis are unclear in South Asian American adults, who have a disproportionately elevated premature coronary heart disease risk. In the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) cohort, we investigated associations of individual REFs, or the number of REFs, with coronary artery calcium (CAC). Methods Using baseline and follow-up data from MASALA, we evaluated the association of REFs (family history of ASCVD, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥160 mg/dL, triglycerides ≥175 mg/dL, lipoprotein(a) >50 mg/dL, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP] ≥2.0 mg/dL, ankle-brachial index <0.9, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome), individually and combined, with baseline prevalent CAC, any CAC progression (including incident CAC and CAC progression), and annual CAC progression rates using multivariable logistic regression and generalized linear models. Results Among 866 adults, mean age was 55 [SD 9] years and 47% were female. There were no significant associations of REFs with baseline prevalent CAC or any CAC progression (incident CAC and CAC progression at Exam 2) after adjustment. Among the 56% of participants who had any CAC progression, having 3+ REFs was associated with a significantly higher annual CAC progression rate (adjusted rate ratio [aRR] 1.94, 95% CI 1.39-2.72) vs. having 0 REFs. The annual CAC progression rate was 20% higher per additional REF (aRR 1.20, 95% CI 1.09-1.32). Findings were similar after excluding statin users, and among those with low 10-year ASCVD risk (<5%). Conclusions Among South Asian American adults, we found no association of REFs with prevalent CAC at baseline or having any CAC progression. Among those with any CAC progression, a higher number of REFs was associated with higher annual CAC progression rates.
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Gupta K, Al Rifai M, Hussain A, Minhas AMK, Patel J, Kalra D, Samad Z, Virani SS. South Asian ethnicity: What can we do to make this risk enhancer a risk equivalent? Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 75:21-32. [PMID: 36279943 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
South Asians account for around 25% of the global population and are the fastest-growing ethnicity in the US. This population has an increasing burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) which is also seen in the diaspora. Current risk prediction equations underestimate this risk and consider the South Asian ethnicity as a risk-enhancer among those with borderline-intermediate risk. In this review, we discuss why the South Asian population is at a higher risk of ASCVD and strategies to mitigate this increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mahmoud Al Rifai
- Section of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aliza Hussain
- Section of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Jaideep Patel
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA; Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dinesh Kalra
- Rudd Heart & Lung Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zainab Samad
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Salim S Virani
- Section of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Health Policy, Quality & Informatics Program, Health Services Research and Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA; Section of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Bhatia HS, Lin F, Thomas IC, Denenberg J, Kandula NR, Budoff MJ, Criqui MH, Kanaya AM. Coronary artery calcium incidence and changes using direct plaque measurements: The MASALA study. Atherosclerosis 2022; 353:41-46. [PMID: 35618504 PMCID: PMC9793717 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We aimed to identify predictors of change in direct measures of coronary artery calcium (CAC) volume and density in South Asian participants. METHODS We used data from participants in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study with prevalent CAC and direct measures of CAC by serial computed tomography (CT) exams (2010-2013, 2016-2018). We examined the distribution of incident CAC volume and peak density, as well as progression and identified risk factors for progression of change in volume and density in multivariable models. RESULTS The study cohort consisted of 102 participants with incident CAC and 285 with CAC progression. CAC volume and density were highest, and incident CAC was most common in the left anterior descending artery (LAD). The greatest progression in volume was in the right coronary artery and the greatest change in density was in the left main. In linear regression models for CAC progression adjusted for baseline density, volume, risk factors, smoking (β +190.1, p = 0.02), baseline volume (β +0.24 per mm3, p < 0.01), and scan interval (β +0.15 per day, p = 0.01) were associated with change in total volume whereas Lp(a) (β +0.81 per mg/dL, p = 0.03), exercise (β +0.19 per 10 MET-min/week, p = 0.01), and baseline volume (β +0.15 per mm3, p < 0.01) and density (β -0.55 per unit, p < 0.01) were associated with change in total density. CONCLUSIONS In this South Asian cohort, smoking was associated with CAC volume progression, while Lp(a) and exercise were associated with progression of peak CAC density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet S. Bhatia
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA,Corresponding author. UCSD Cardiovascular Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 7411, La Jolla, CA, USA. (H.S. Bhatia)
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Isac C. Thomas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Julie Denenberg
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Namratha R. Kandula
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, USA
| | - Matthew J. Budoff
- Division of Cardiology, Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Michael H. Criqui
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA,Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Alka M. Kanaya
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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18
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Bhupathiraju SN, Sawicki CM, Goon S, Gujral UP, Hu FB, Kandula NR, Kanaya AM. A healthy plant-based diet is favorably associated with cardiometabolic risk factors among participants of South Asian ancestry. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:1078-1090. [PMID: 35731596 PMCID: PMC9755998 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-based diets are recommended for chronic disease prevention, yet there has been little focus on plant-based diet quality among participants of South Asian ancestry who consume a predominantly plant-based diet. OBJECTIVES We evaluated cross-sectional and prospective associations between plant-based diet quality and cardiometabolic risks among participants of South Asian ancestry who are living in the United States. METHODS We included 891 participants of South Asian ancestry who completed the baseline visit in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study. The prospective analysis included 735 participants who completed exam 2 (∼5 years after baseline). The plant-based diet quality was assessed using 3 indices: an overall plant-based diet index (PDI) that summarizes the consumption of plant foods, a healthy PDI (hPDI) that measures consumption of healthy plant foods, and an unhealthy PDI (uPDI) that reflects consumption of less healthy plant foods. RESULTS At baseline, the PDI score was inversely associated with fasting glucose. We observed inverse associations between PDI and hPDI scores and HOMA-IR, LDL cholesterol, weight, and BMI (all P values < 0.05). Higher scores on the hPDI, but not PDI, were associated with lower glycated hemoglobin, higher adiponectin, a smaller visceral fat area, and a smaller pericardial fat volume. Each 5-unit higher hPDI score was associated with lower likelihoods of fatty liver (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.90) and obesity (OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.80, 0.97). There were no associations between uPDI scores and cardiometabolic risks. Prospectively, after covariate adjustment for baseline values, each 5-unit higher hPDI score was associated with an 18% lower risk of incident type 2 diabetes (OR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.67, 1.00). CONCLUSIONS A higher intake of healthful plant-based foods was associated with a favorable cardiometabolic risk profile. Dietary recommendations to lower chronic disease risks among participants of South Asian ancestry should focus on the quality of plant-based foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caleigh M Sawicki
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shatabdi Goon
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Unjali P Gujral
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Namratha R Kandula
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alka M Kanaya
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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19
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Bays HE, Kulkarni A, German C, Satish P, Iluyomade A, Dudum R, Thakkar A, Rifai MA, Mehta A, Thobani A, Al-Saiegh Y, Nelson AJ, Sheth S, Toth PP. Ten things to know about ten cardiovascular disease risk factors - 2022. Am J Prev Cardiol 2022; 10:100342. [PMID: 35517870 PMCID: PMC9061634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Society for Preventive Cardiology (ASPC) "Ten things to know about ten cardiovascular disease risk factors - 2022" is a summary document regarding cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. This 2022 update provides summary tables of ten things to know about 10 CVD risk factors and builds upon the foundation of prior annual versions of "Ten things to know about ten cardiovascular disease risk factors" published since 2020. This 2022 version provides the perspective of ASPC members and includes updated sentinel references (i.e., applicable guidelines and select reviews) for each CVD risk factor section. The ten CVD risk factors include unhealthful dietary intake, physical inactivity, dyslipidemia, pre-diabetes/diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, considerations of select populations (older age, race/ethnicity, and sex differences), thrombosis (with smoking as a potential contributor to thrombosis), kidney dysfunction and genetics/familial hypercholesterolemia. Other CVD risk factors may be relevant, beyond the CVD risk factors discussed here. However, it is the intent of the ASPC "Ten things to know about ten cardiovascular disease risk factors - 2022" to provide a tabular overview of things to know about ten of the most common CVD risk factors applicable to preventive cardiology and provide ready access to applicable guidelines and sentinel reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold E Bays
- Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, Clinical Associate Professor, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 3288 Illinois Avenue, Louisville KY 40213
| | - Anandita Kulkarni
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, 200 Morris Street, Durham, NC, 27701
| | - Charles German
- University of Chicago, Section of Cardiology, 5841 South Maryland Ave, MC 6080, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Priyanka Satish
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Adedapo Iluyomade
- Miami Cardiac & Vascular Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL 33176
| | - Ramzi Dudum
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Aarti Thakkar
- Osler Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore MD
| | | | - Anurag Mehta
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aneesha Thobani
- Emory University School of Medicine | Department of Cardiology, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 2125, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Yousif Al-Saiegh
- Lankenau Medical Center – Mainline Health, Department of Cardiovascular Disease, 100 E Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, PA 19096
| | - Adam J Nelson
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Cardiovascular Division, Baylor Scott and White Health Heart Hospital Baylor Plano, Plano, TX 75093
| | - Samip Sheth
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Peter P. Toth
- CGH Medical Cener, Sterling, IL 61081
- Cicarrone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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20
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Vijay A, Kandula NR, Kanaya AM, Khan SS, Shah NS. Relation of Menopause With Cardiovascular Risk Factors in South Asian American Women (from the MASALA Study). Am J Cardiol 2022; 171:165-170. [PMID: 35303974 PMCID: PMC9007829 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The menopausal transition is a time of accelerating risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and promoting cardiovascular health during midlife is an important period of time to prevent CVD in women. The association of menopause with cardiovascular risk factors or subclinical atherosclerosis has not previously been evaluated in South Asian American women, a population with a disproportionately higher CVD burden compared with other race/ethnic groups. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of menopause with CVD risk factors and subclinical cardiometabolic disease markers. We studied women aged 40 to 84 years from the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America study. The association of self-reported menopausal status with multiple demographic and clinical variables was assessed with linear and logistic regression adjusted for age and cardiovascular health behaviors. In a secondary ("age-restricted") analysis, postmenopausal participants outside the age range of premenopausal participants were excluded. In the age-restricted sample, menopause was associated with a higher adjusted odds of hypertension (odds ratio = 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02 to 1.41), and higher systolic blood pressure (β = 6.34, 95% CI 0.82 to 11.87), and significantly higher subcutaneous fat area (β = 42.8, 95% CI 5.8 to 91.4). No significant associations between menopause and ectopic fat deposition, coronary artery calcium, or carotid intima-media thickness were observed. In South Asian American women in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America study, menopause was associated with cardiovascular risk factors and higher subcutaneous fat deposition. Menopausal status is an important factor to examine and address CVD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Namratha R Kandula
- Department of Medicine and; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alka M Kanaya
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sadiya S Khan
- Department of Medicine and; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nilay S Shah
- Department of Medicine and; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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21
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The Morphology of Coronary Artery Disease in South Asians versus White Caucasians and its Implications. Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:1570-1579. [PMID: 35568268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
South Asians (SAs) experience a higher prevalence and earlier onset of coronary artery disease and have worse outcomes relative to White Caucasians (WCs) following invasive revascularization procedures, a mainstay of coronary artery disease (CAD) management. We sought to review the differences in the CAD pattern and risk factors between SA and WC patients and discuss their potential impact on the development of coronary disease, acute coronary syndrome and revascularization outcomes. SAs have a more diffuse pattern with multi-vessel involvement compared to WCs. However, less is known about other morphological characteristics such as calcification of atherosclerotic plaque and coronary diameter in SA populations. Despite a similar coronary calcification burden, higher non-calcified plaque composition, elevated thrombosis and inflammatory markers likely contribute to the disease pattern. While the current evidence on the role of coronary vessel size remains inconsistent, smaller coronary diameters in SAs could play a potential role in the higher disease prevalence. This is especially important given the impact of coronary artery diameter on revascularization outcomes. In conclusion, SAs have a unique CAD risk profile comprised of traditional and novel risk factors. Our findings highlight the need for additional awareness of healthcare professionals of this specific risk profile and potential therapeutic targets, as well as the need for further research in this vulnerable population.
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22
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Baskaran L, Neo YP, Lee JK, Yoon YE, Jiang Y, Al'Aref SJ, van Rosendael AR, Han D, Lin FY, Nakanishi R, Maurovich Horvat P, Tan SY, Villines TC, Bittencourt MS, Shaw LJ. Evaluating the Coronary Artery Disease Consortium Model and the Coronary Artery Calcium Score in Predicting Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease in a Symptomatic Mixed Asian Cohort. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e022697. [PMID: 35411790 PMCID: PMC9238474 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.022697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The utility of a given pretest probability score in predicting obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) is population dependent. Previous studies investigating the additive value of coronary artery calcium (CAC) on pretest probability scores were predominantly limited to Western populations. This retrospective study seeks to evaluate the CAD Consortium (CAD2) model in a mixed Asian cohort within Singapore with stable chest pain and to evaluate the incremental value of CAC in predicting obstructive CAD. Methods and Results Patients who underwent cardiac computed tomography and had chest pain were included. The CAD2 clinical model comprised of age, sex, symptom typicality, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and smoking status and was compared with the CAD2 extended model that added CAC to assess the incremental value of CAC scoring, as well as to the corresponding locally calibrated local assessment of the heart models. A total of 522 patients were analyzed (mean age 54±11 years, 43.1% female). The CAD2 clinical model obtained an area under the curve of 0.718 (95% CI, 0.668–0.767). The inclusion of CAC score improved the area under the curve to 0.896 (95% CI, 0.867–0.925) in the CAD2 models and from 0.767 (95% CI, 0.721–0.814) to 0.926 (95% CI, 0.900–0.951) in the local assessment of the heart models. The locally calibrated local assessment of the heart models showed better discriminative performance than the corresponding CAD2 models (P<0.05 for all). Conclusions The CAD2 model was validated in a symptomatic mixed Asian cohort and local calibration further improved performance. CAC scoring provided significant incremental value in predicting obstructive CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohendran Baskaran
- Department of Cardiology National Heart Centre Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Yu Pei Neo
- Duke-National University of Singapore Singapore
| | | | | | - Yilin Jiang
- Department of Cardiology National Heart Centre Singapore
| | - Subhi J Al'Aref
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR
| | | | - Donghee Han
- Department of Imaging Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles CA
| | - Fay Y Lin
- Department of Radiology New York-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY
| | - Rine Nakanishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Toho University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Swee Yaw Tan
- Department of Cardiology National Heart Centre Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Todd C Villines
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine University of Virginia Health System Charlottesville VA
| | - Marcio S Bittencourt
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research University Hospital University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Leslee J Shaw
- Blavatnik Family Women's Health Research Institute Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York NY
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23
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Kanaya AM, Hsing AW, Panapasa SV, Kandula NR, Araneta MRG, Shimbo D, Wang P, Gomez SL, Lee J, Narayan KMV, Mau MKLM, Bose S, Daviglus ML, Hu FB, Islam N, Jackson CL, Kataoka-Yahiro M, Kauwe JSK, Liu S, Ma GX, Nguyen T, Palaniappan L, Setiawan VW, Trinh-Shevrin C, Tsoh JY, Vaidya D, Vickrey B, Wang TJ, Wong ND, Coady S, Hong Y. Knowledge Gaps, Challenges, and Opportunities in Health and Prevention Research for Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders: A Report From the 2021 National Institutes of Health Workshop. Ann Intern Med 2022; 175:574-589. [PMID: 34978851 PMCID: PMC9018596 DOI: 10.7326/m21-3729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Asian Americans (AsA), Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) comprise 7.7% of the U.S. population, and AsA have had the fastest growth rate since 2010. Yet the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has invested only 0.17% of its budget on AsA and NHPI research between 1992 and 2018. More than 40 ethnic subgroups are included within AsA and NHPI (with no majority subpopulation), which are highly diverse culturally, demographically, linguistically, and socioeconomically. However, data for these groups are often aggregated, masking critical health disparities and their drivers. To address these issues, in March 2021, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, in partnership with 8 other NIH institutes, convened a multidisciplinary workshop to review current research, knowledge gaps, opportunities, barriers, and approaches for prevention research for AsA and NHPI populations. The workshop covered 5 domains: 1) sociocultural, environmental, psychological health, and lifestyle dimensions; 2) metabolic disorders; 3) cardiovascular and lung diseases; 4) cancer; and 5) cognitive function and healthy aging. Two recurring themes emerged: Very limited data on the epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes for most conditions are available, and most existing data are not disaggregated by subgroup, masking variation in risk factors, disease occurrence, and trajectories. Leveraging the vast phenotypic differences among AsA and NHPI groups was identified as a key opportunity to yield novel clues into etiologic and prognostic factors to inform prevention efforts and intervention strategies. Promising approaches for future research include developing collaborations with community partners, investing in infrastructure support for cohort studies, enhancing existing data sources to enable data disaggregation, and incorporating novel technology for objective measurement. Research on AsA and NHPI subgroups is urgently needed to eliminate disparities and promote health equity in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka M Kanaya
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (A.M.K., S.L.G., T.N., J.Y.T.)
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Stanford University, Stanford, California (A.W.H., P.W., L.P.)
| | | | | | | | - Daichi Shimbo
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York (D.S.)
| | - Paul Wang
- Stanford University, Stanford, California (A.W.H., P.W., L.P.)
| | - Scarlett L Gomez
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (A.M.K., S.L.G., T.N., J.Y.T.)
| | - Jinkook Lee
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.L., V.W.S.)
| | | | | | - Sonali Bose
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (S.B., B.V.)
| | | | - Frank B Hu
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts (F.B.H.)
| | - Nadia Islam
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York (N.I., C.T.)
| | - Chandra L Jackson
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.L.J.)
| | | | | | - Simin Liu
- Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (S.L.)
| | - Grace X Ma
- Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.X.M.)
| | - Tung Nguyen
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (A.M.K., S.L.G., T.N., J.Y.T.)
| | | | - V Wendy Setiawan
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.L., V.W.S.)
| | - Chau Trinh-Shevrin
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York (N.I., C.T.)
| | - Janice Y Tsoh
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (A.M.K., S.L.G., T.N., J.Y.T.)
| | | | - Barbara Vickrey
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (S.B., B.V.)
| | - Thomas J Wang
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (T.J.W.)
| | - Nathan D Wong
- University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California (N.D.W.)
| | - Sean Coady
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.C., Y.H.)
| | - Yuling Hong
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.C., Y.H.)
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24
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Thapi S, Agrawal S, Trivedi A, Masci JR. Barriers to Follow Up Care in the South Asian Immigrant Population at High Risk of Acute Coronary Syndrome at Elmhurst Hospital Center. J Immigr Minor Health 2022; 24:1543-1549. [PMID: 35348985 PMCID: PMC8961098 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-022-01353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We studied South Asian immigrant patients who did not return to Elmhurst Hospital Center (EHC) after emergent cardiac catheterization in order to propose interventions to improve follow up care. We identified 74 eligible patients, interviewed 30 about follow up practices, and analyzed findings. Most patients are Bangladeshi and 77% preferred a foreign language. Some were visiting the US during the admission without intent to follow up. Half were dissatisfied with EHC providers, complications, and inadequate care at follow up appointments. Some patients were unaware of scheduled appointments or the necessity of follow up. Most follow with private providers due to language accessibility, availability, and proximity. We found that language barriers contribute to loss to follow up and the true loss to follow up rate is lower than reported at EHC. This can inform practices at hospitals with immigrant populations, minimize resource waste, and improve quality of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahityasri Thapi
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Saloni Agrawal
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ashesh Trivedi
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Joseph R Masci
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Global Health, Elmhurst Hospital Center, Elmhurst, NY, USA
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25
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Wong ND. Evolution of Coronary Calcium Screening for Assessment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Role in Preventive Cardiology. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:949-957. [PMID: 36374366 PMCID: PMC9750903 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-01073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is an important measure of subclinical atherosclerosis and strongly predicts atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) outcomes. The purpose of this review is to discuss the key studies that have helped to establish its role as an important screening tool and its place in preventive cardiology. RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiologic studies document a strong relation of age, race/ethnicity, and risk factors with the prevalence and extent of CAC. Large-scale registry and prospective investigations show CAC to be the strongest subclinical disease predictor of ASCVD outcomes, with higher CAC scores associated with successively higher risks and those with a CAC score of 0 having a long-term "warranty" against having events. Moreover, CAC is associated with greater initiation of preventive health behaviors and therapy. Current US guidelines utilize CAC to inform the treatment decision for statin therapy. Further study is underway to document whether CAC screening will ultimately improve clinical outcomes. CAC is well established as the most important subclinical cardiovascular disease measure for prediction of future ASCVD outcomes and can be used for informing the treatment decision for preventive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Wong
- Heart Disease Prevention Program, Division of Cardiology, C240 Medical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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26
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Kalra DK, Sikand G, Vijayaraghavan K, Guyton JR. JCL roundtable: South Asian atherosclerotic risk. J Clin Lipidol 2021; 14:161-169. [PMID: 32299606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
South Asian risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) has received special emphasis in the 2018 US AHA/ACC/Multisociety Cholesterol Guidelines. The term "South Asian" refers specifically to the countries of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Maldives and to the worldwide diaspora of families from these countries. With this definition, approximately 25% of the world's population is South Asian, but about 50% of ASCVD occurs in this group. In this JCL Roundtable, we discuss the roles of visceral adiposity, diabetes, and features of the metabolic syndrome; lipoprotein(a); and diet and lifestyle, including the transition of both diet and lifestyle over the past 40 to 50 years. Genetic and/or hidden risk is an area of ongoing research. Individual patient assessment and intervention should recognize the earlier onset of ASCVD and the value of screening for traditional risk factors as well as waist circumference, coronary artery calcium scoring, and lipoprotein(a) assay. Culturally acceptable dietary strategies are available, although not widely implemented or evaluated as yet. In very-high-risk cases of secondary prevention, one should consider combining medications to drive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol much lower than 70 mg/dL. Our discussion concludes by insisting that the signal of alarm must be accompanied by decisive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Kalra
- Lipid Clinic, Division of Cardiology, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Geeta Sikand
- Preventive Cardiology & Cholesterol Management Program, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Krishnaswami Vijayaraghavan
- Abrazo Arizona Heart Institute and Hospital, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - John R Guyton
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Saito S, Yamazaki S, Takahashi A, Namiki A, Kawasaki T, Otsuji S, Nakamura S, Shibata Y. Intravascular Lithotripsy for Vessel Preparation in Severely Calcified Coronary Arteries Prior to Stent Placement - Primary Outcomes From the Japanese Disrupt CAD IV Study. Circ J 2021; 85:826-833. [PMID: 33551398 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-20-1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) delivers acoustic pressure waves to modify calcium, enhance vessel compliance and optimize stent deployment. The objective of this study was to assess the safety and effectiveness of IVL treatment of de novo stenoses involving severely calcified coronary vessels in a Japanese population. METHODS AND RESULTS Disrupt CAD IV (NCT04151628) was a prospective, multicenter study designed for Japanese regulatory approval of coronary IVL (SWM-1234). The primary safety endpoint was freedom from major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 30 days. The primary effectiveness endpoint was procedural success (residual stenosis <50% by QCA without in-hospital MACE). Noninferiority analyses for the primary endpoints were performed by comparing the CAD IV cohort with a propensity-matched historical IVL control group. Patients (intent-to-treat, n=64) were enrolled from 8 centers in Japan. Severe calcification by core laboratory assessment was present in all lesions, with a calcified length of 49.8±15.5 mm and a calcium angle of 257.9±78.4° by optical coherence tomography. Primary endpoints were achieved with non-inferiority demonstrated for freedom from 30-day MACE (CAD IV: 93.8% vs. Control: 91.2%, P=0.008), and procedural success (CAD IV: 93.8% vs. Control: 91.6%, P=0.007). No perforations, abrupt closures, or slow/no-reflow events occurred at any time during the procedures. CONCLUSIONS Coronary IVL demonstrated high procedural success with low MACE rates in severely calcified lesions in a Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Saito
- Department of Cardiology, Shonan-Kamakura General Hospital
| | - Seiji Yamazaki
- Department of Cardiology, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital
| | | | - Atsuo Namiki
- Department of Cardiology, JOHAS Kanto-Rosai Hospital
| | | | - Satoru Otsuji
- Department of Cardiology, Higashi-Takarazuka Satoh Hospital
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Chua A, Adams D, Dey D, Blankstein R, Fairbairn T, Leipsic J, Ihdayhid AR, Ko B. Coronary artery disease in East and South Asians: differences observed on cardiac CT. HEART (BRITISH CARDIAC SOCIETY) 2021; 108:251-257. [PMID: 33985989 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have observed East Asians (EAs) are significantly less likely to develop or die from coronary artery disease (CAD) compared with Caucasians. Conversely South Asians (SAs) develop CAD at higher rate and earlier age. Recently, a range of features derived from cardiac CT have been identified which may further characterise ethnic differences in CAD. Emerging data suggest EAs exhibit less coronary calcification and high-risk, non-calcified plaque compared with Caucasians on CT, with no difference in luminal stenosis. In contrast, SAs exhibit similar to higher coronary calcification and luminal stenosis, smaller luminal dimensions and more high-risk, non-calcified plaque than Caucasians. Beyond demonstrating ethnic differences in CAD, cardiac CT may enhance and individualise cardiovascular risk stratification in EAs and SAs. While data thus far in EAs have demonstrated calcium score and CT-derived luminal stenosis may incrementally predict cardiovascular risk beyond traditional risk scores, there remains a paucity of data assessing its use in SAs. Future studies may clarify the prognostic value of cardiac CT in SAs and investigate how this modality may guide preventative therapy and coronary intervention of CAD in EAs and SAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Chua
- MonashHEART, Monash Health and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Adams
- MonashHEART, Monash Health and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damini Dey
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ron Blankstein
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy Fairbairn
- Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Jonathon Leipsic
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Brian Ko
- MonashHEART, Monash Health and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Cheong BYC, Wilson JM, Spann SJ, Pettigrew RI, Preventza OA, Muthupillai R. Coronary artery calcium scoring: an evidence-based guide for primary care physicians. J Intern Med 2021; 289:309-324. [PMID: 33016506 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary care physicians often must decide whether statin therapy would be appropriate (in addition to lifestyle modification) for managing asymptomatic individuals with borderline or intermediate risk for developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), as assessed on the basis of traditional risk factors. In appropriate subjects, a simple, noninvasive measurement of coronary artery calcium can help clarify risk. Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, with atherosclerotic plaque formation involving intimal inflammation and repeated cycles of erosion and fibrosis, healing and calcification. Atherosclerotic plaque formation represents the prognostic link between risk factors and future clinical events. The presence of coronary artery calcification is almost exclusively an indication of coronary artery disease, except in certain metabolic conditions. Coronary artery calcification can be detected and quantified in a matter of seconds by noncontrast electrocardiogram-gated low-dose X-ray computed tomography (coronary artery calcium scoring [CACS]). Since the publication of the seminal work by Dr. Arthur Agatston in 1990, a wealth of CACS-based prognostic data has been reported. In addition, recent guidelines from various professional societies conclude that CACS may be considered as a tool for reclassifying risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in patients otherwise assessed to have intermediate risk, so as to more accurately inform decisions about possible statin therapy in addition to lifestyle modification as primary preventive therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of CACS, from acquisition to interpretation, and summarize the scientific evidence for and the appropriate use of CACS as put forth in current clinical guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y C Cheong
- From the, Department of Cardiovascular Radiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, CHI St. Luke's Health-Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Cardiology, CHI St. Luke's Health-Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J M Wilson
- Department of Cardiology, HCA Houston Healthcare Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S J Spann
- The University of Houston College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R I Pettigrew
- College of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - O A Preventza
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Muthupillai
- From the, Department of Cardiovascular Radiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, CHI St. Luke's Health-Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
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30
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Bays HE, Taub PR, Epstein E, Michos ED, Ferraro RA, Bailey AL, Kelli HM, Ferdinand KC, Echols MR, Weintraub H, Bostrom J, Johnson HM, Hoppe KK, Shapiro MD, German CA, Virani SS, Hussain A, Ballantyne CM, Agha AM, Toth PP. Ten things to know about ten cardiovascular disease risk factors. Am J Prev Cardiol 2021; 5:100149. [PMID: 34327491 PMCID: PMC8315386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Given rapid advancements in medical science, it is often challenging for the busy clinician to remain up-to-date on the fundamental and multifaceted aspects of preventive cardiology and maintain awareness of the latest guidelines applicable to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. The "American Society for Preventive Cardiology (ASPC) Top Ten CVD Risk Factors 2021 Update" is a summary document (updated yearly) regarding CVD risk factors. This "ASPC Top Ten CVD Risk Factors 2021 Update" summary document reflects the perspective of the section authors regarding ten things to know about ten sentinel CVD risk factors. It also includes quick access to sentinel references (applicable guidelines and select reviews) for each CVD risk factor section. The ten CVD risk factors include unhealthful nutrition, physical inactivity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, high blood pressure, obesity, considerations of select populations (older age, race/ethnicity, and sex differences), thrombosis/smoking, kidney dysfunction and genetics/familial hypercholesterolemia. For the individual patient, other CVD risk factors may be relevant, beyond the CVD risk factors discussed here. However, it is the intent of the "ASPC Top Ten CVD Risk Factors 2021 Update" to provide a succinct overview of things to know about ten common CVD risk factors applicable to preventive cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold E. Bays
- Medical Director / President, Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Pam R. Taub
- University of California San Diego Health, San Diego, CA USA
| | | | - Erin D. Michos
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard A. Ferraro
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alison L. Bailey
- Chief, Cardiology, Centennial Heart at Parkridge, Chattanooga, TN USA
| | - Heval M. Kelli
- Northside Hospital Cardiovascular Institute, Lawrenceville, GA USA
| | - Keith C. Ferdinand
- Professor of Medicine, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Melvin R. Echols
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Morehouse School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Howard Weintraub
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, New York, NY USA
| | - John Bostrom
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, New York, NY USA
| | - Heather M. Johnson
- Christine E. Lynn Women's Health & Wellness Institute, Boca Raton Regional Hospital/Baptist Health South Florida, Clinical Affiliate Associate Professor, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL USA
| | - Kara K. Hoppe
- Assistant Professor, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI USA
| | - Michael D. Shapiro
- Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - Charles A. German
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - Salim S. Virani
- Section of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Aliza Hussain
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Christie M. Ballantyne
- Department of Medicine and Center for Cardiometabolic Disease Prevention, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Ali M. Agha
- Department of Medicine and Center for Cardiometabolic Disease Prevention, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Peter P. Toth
- CGH Medical Center, Sterling, IL USA
- Cicarrone center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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31
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Saeed A, Virani SS, Mulukutla S, Chow CK. Dyslipidemia and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in South Asians: A Review and Discussion of Causes, Challenges and Management Strategies. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021; 17:e011221190238. [PMID: 33438542 DOI: 10.2174/1573399817999210112192419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND South Asians are at a significantly increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). For a major portion of the South Asian population, the cardiovascular disease events occur at a relatively younger age, are associated with worse outcomes, and have potentially more severe socioeconomic implications compared to their western counterparts. METHODS The term "South Asian" typically constitutes individuals from India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Maldives, including expatriates as well as their families from these countries. Based on this, South Asians form approximately 25% of the world's population, with a high ASCVD burden in this group. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiological factors underlying ASCVD in South Asians, the dyslipidemia types and management, and discuss approaches to improve the overall ASCVD prevention efforts in this large subset population of the world. Although the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the excess risk of cardiovascular disease in South Asians are multifactorial, dyslipidemia is a primary risk factor for the incidence and prevalence of this disease. The traditional "South Asian" dyslipidemia pattern includes levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the normal range with a high concentration of LDL particles, elevated triglycerides, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) with dysfunctional HDL particles, and high levels of lipoprotein(a). CONCLUSION While combined efforts to study the expatriate South Asians in western countries have been able to identify South Asian specific dyslipidemias, causal associations and optimal management remain relatively less explored. Larger scale studies are needed to better quantify the relationship of each lipid parameter with ASCVD risk among South Asians as well as optimal lipid targets and management strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality in this high-risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Saeed
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Salim S Virani
- Department of Health Policy, Quality and Informatics Program, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center Health Services Research and Development Center for Innovations, Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Suresh Mulukutla
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Clara K Chow
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, The George Institute, Sydney, Australia
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Chevli PA, Hari KJ, Kanaya AM, Talegawkar SA, Needham BL, Herrington D. Association of Alcohol Consumption and Ideal Cardiovascular Health Among South Asians: The Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:1825-1833. [PMID: 32735738 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies have shown that alcohol consumption above the recommended limit is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD), although its association in South Asians is unclear. Less is known regarding the association between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular health (CVH), assessed by the American Heart Association's Life's Simple 7 (LS7) health metrics among those with South Asian ancestry. METHODS This analysis included 701 participants without CVD from the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) cohort (2015 to 2018). Based on a personal history questionnaire, participants were divided into never, former, and current drinkers. The current drinking category was further classified into 1 to 3 drinks/wk, 4 to 7 drinks/wk, and >7 drinks/wk. The consumption of 5 or more drinks on 1 occasion in the past month was defined as binge drinking. Each LS7 component was given a point score of 0, 1, or 2. The total score was categorized into 0 to 6, 7 to 10, and 11 to 14 to represent poor, intermediate, and ideal CVH, respectively. We use multinomial logistic regression to examine the association between alcohol consumption and CVH. RESULTS In the MASALA cohort (mean age = 59 years, 43% female), participants consuming >7 drinks/wk had the lowest mean CVH score. Compared with never drinkers, male participants consuming >7 drinks/wk were less likely to have intermediate CVH (0.44 [0.08, 0.91]) and ideal CVH (0.23 [0.03, 0.96]). Binge drinking was associated with significantly lower odds of ideal CVH compared with never drinkers. CONCLUSION We found evidence of an inverse association of moderate to heavy alcohol consumption and ideal CVH in South Asian men. These findings further underscore the important relationship between alcohol consumption and CVH in this unique population of South Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag A Chevli
- From the, Department of Internal Medicine, (PAC), Section on Hospital Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Krupal J Hari
- Department of Internal Medicine, (KJH), Section on General Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alka M Kanaya
- Department of Medicine, (AMK), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sameera A Talegawkar
- Departments of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, (SAT), Sumner M. Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Belinda L Needham
- Department of Epidemiology and Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, (BLN), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David Herrington
- Department of Internal Medicine, (DH), Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
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33
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Kanaya AM, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, Kandula NR, Herrington D, Liu K, Blaha M, Budoff MJ. Incidence and Progression of Coronary Artery Calcium in South Asians Compared With 4 Race/Ethnic Groups. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e011053. [PMID: 30630376 PMCID: PMC6497354 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.011053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background South Asians have a relatively high prevalence of coronary artery calcium (CAC) compared with other race/ethnic groups. We determined CAC incidence and progression among South Asians, and compared them with 4 race/ethnic groups. Methods and Results Data from the MASALA (Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America) study were used to calculate CAC incidence and progression rates and any CAC change. Data from the MESA (Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) were used to compare the CAC incidence and progression rates. A total of 698 South Asians had repeat CAC measurements after 4.8±0.8 years. Among those with no CAC at baseline, the age‐adjusted CAC incidence was 8.8% (95% CI, 6.8–10.8%) in men and 3.6% (2.5–4.8%) in women. The median annual CAC progression was 26 (interquartile range, 11–62) for men and 13 (interquartile range, 4–34) for women. Compared with MESA, age‐adjusted CAC incidence was similar in South Asian men compared with white, black, and Latino men, but significantly higher than Chinese men (11.1% versus 5.7%, P=0.008). After adjusting for age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and statin medication use, Chinese, black, and Latino men had significantly less CAC change compared with South Asian men, but there were no differences between South Asian and white men. There was no difference in CAC incidence or progression between South Asian women and women in MESA. Conclusions South Asian men had greater CAC change than Chinese, black, and Latino men but similar change to that of whites after adjusting for traditional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka M Kanaya
- 1 University of California, San Francisco San Francisco USA
| | | | - Feng Lin
- 1 University of California, San Francisco San Francisco USA
| | | | | | - Kiang Liu
- 2 Northwestern University Chicago USA
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Bainey KR, Gupta M, Ali I, Bangalore S, Chiu M, Kaila K, Kaul P, Khan N, King-Shier KM, Palaniappan L, Pare G, Ramanathan K, Ross S, Shah BR. The Burden of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in South Asians Residing in Canada: A Reflection From the South Asian Heart Alliance. CJC Open 2019; 1:271-281. [PMID: 32159121 PMCID: PMC7063609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
South Asians (SAs), originating from the Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan), represent one quarter of the global population and are the largest visible minority in Canada. SAs experience the highest rates of coronary artery disease in Canada. Although conventional cardiovascular risk factors remain predictive in SA, the excess risk is not fully explained by these risk factors alone. Abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance likely contribute a greater risk in SAs than in other populations. The South Asian Heart Alliance has been recently formed to investigate and recommend the best strategies for the prevention of cardiometabolic disease in SAs in Canada. This topic review represents a comprehensive overview of the magnitude of cardiovascular disease in SAs in Canada, with a review of conventional and novel risk markers in the SA population. Both primary and secondary prevention strategies are suggested and when possible, adapted specifically for the SA population. The need for SAs and their healthcare professionals to be more aware of the problem and potential solutions, along with the need for population-specific research, is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R. Bainey
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Corresponding author: Dr Kevin R. Bainey, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, 2C2.12 WMC, 8440 112 St, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada. Tel.: +1-780-407-2176; fax: +1-780-4076452.
| | - Milan Gupta
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, and Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Imtiaz Ali
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sripal Bangalore
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria Chiu
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Kendeep Kaila
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Padma Kaul
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nadia Khan
- Nursing and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Latha Palaniappan
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Guillaume Pare
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Population Health Research Institute and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krish Ramanathan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephanie Ross
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Baiju R. Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Purpose of Review This review focuses on lipoprotein abnormalities in South Asians (SA) and addresses risk stratification and management strategies to lower atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in this high-risk population. Recent Findings South Asians (SAs) are the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States (U.S) and have an increased risk of premature coronary artery disease (CAD). While the etiology may be multifactorial, lipoprotein abnormalities play a key role. SAs have lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) compared with Whites and at any given LDL-C level, SA ethnicity poses a higher risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and coronary artery disease (CAD) compared with other non-Asian groups. SAs have lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) with smaller particle sizes of HDL-C compared with Whites. SAs also have higher triglycerides than Whites which is strongly related to the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in SAs. Lipoprotein a (Lp(a)) levels are also higher in SAs compared with many other ethnic groups. This unique lipoprotein profile plays a vital role in the elevated ASCVD risk in SAs. Studies evaluating dietary patterns of SAs in the U.S show high consumption of carbohydrates and saturated fats. Summary SAs have a high-risk lipoprotein profile compared with other ethnicities. Lipid abnormalities play a central role in the pathogenesis of CAD in SAs. More studies are needed to understand the true impact of the various lipoproteins and their contribution to increasing ASCVD in SAs. Aggressive lowering of LDL-C in high-risk groups using medications, such as statins, and lifestyle modification including dietary changes is essential in overall CAD risk reduction.
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