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Salvi S, Fruci S, Lacconi V, Totaro Aprile F, Rullo R, Stuhlmann H, Lanzone A, Campagnolo L, Massimiani M. Effect of Pravastatin on Placental Expression of Epidermal Growth Factor-like Domain 7 in Early-Onset Pre-Eclampsia: A New Potential Mechanism of Action. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1929. [PMID: 39200393 PMCID: PMC11351877 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary intervention for pre-eclampsia (PE) remains iatrogenic delivery, which can be very preterm and not optimal for the fetus. Although many efforts have been made to prevent and manage PE, there is still a dearth of drugs to treat its pathophysiological progression. Pravastatin (PRA), a hydrophilic statin, has gained interest for the prevention and treatment of PE. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of PRA to modulate factors involved in placentation, such as Epidermal Growth Factor-Like Domain 7 (EGFL7), in human chorionic villous culture from healthy controls and women with PE. A total of 18 women were enrolled: 10 controls and 8 cases. Chorionic villous explants were maintained in culture for 24 h with or without 10 μM Pravastatin, and the expression of EGFL7 and NOTCH1 pathway members was evaluated by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. The rationale of the present study was to establish an ex vivo model to identify potential different responses to PRA treatment of chorionic villous explants in order to clarify the molecular mechanism of PRA in the prevention and treatment of PE and to predict whether there are specific clinical conditions that modulate the response to the drug treatment. Within PE patients, two different groups were identified: the high responders, whose villous cultures exhibit significantly increased expressions of the EGFL7 and Notch pathways after PRA incubation; and the low responders, who are high-risk PE patients in which prophylaxis failed to prevent PE and PRA was not able to modulate EGFL7 expression. In conclusion, we identified EGFL7 as a new factor regulated by PRA, placing interest in early discrimination between low- and high- risk women, in which the well-known pharmacological prophylaxis seems to be ineffective, and to explore new potential prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Salvi
- UOC di Ostetricia e Patologia Ostetrica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, L.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (S.F.); (R.R.); (A.L.)
- Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Ginecologia ed Ostetricia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefano Fruci
- UOC di Ostetricia e Patologia Ostetrica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, L.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (S.F.); (R.R.); (A.L.)
| | - Valentina Lacconi
- Departmental Faculty of Medicine, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Totaro Aprile
- Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Ginecologia ed Ostetricia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberta Rullo
- UOC di Ostetricia e Patologia Ostetrica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, L.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (S.F.); (R.R.); (A.L.)
| | - Heidi Stuhlmann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 60, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Antonio Lanzone
- UOC di Ostetricia e Patologia Ostetrica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, L.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (S.F.); (R.R.); (A.L.)
- Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Ginecologia ed Ostetricia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luisa Campagnolo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Micol Massimiani
- Departmental Faculty of Medicine, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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2
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Chen B, Jin W. A comprehensive review of stroke-related signaling pathways and treatment in western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1200061. [PMID: 37351420 PMCID: PMC10282194 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides insight into the complex network of signaling pathways and mechanisms involved in stroke pathophysiology. It summarizes the historical progress of stroke-related signaling pathways, identifying potential interactions between them and emphasizing that stroke is a complex network disease. Of particular interest are the Hippo signaling pathway and ferroptosis signaling pathway, which remain understudied areas of research, and are therefore a focus of the review. The involvement of multiple signaling pathways, including Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, and AMPK in pathophysiological mechanisms such as oxidative stress and apoptosis, highlights the complexity of stroke. The review also delves into the details of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapies such as Rehmanniae and Astragalus, providing an analysis of the recent status of western medicine in the treatment of stroke and the advantages and disadvantages of TCM and western medicine in stroke treatment. The review proposes that since stroke is a network disease, TCM has the potential and advantages of a multi-target and multi-pathway mechanism of action in the treatment of stroke. Therefore, it is suggested that future research should explore more treasures of TCM and develop new therapies from the perspective of stroke as a network disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhao Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Hayes G, Pinto J, Sparks SN, Wang C, Suri S, Bulte DP. Vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction in neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1010164. [PMID: 36440263 PMCID: PMC9684644 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the key moderators of cerebrovascular dynamics in response to the brain's oxygen and nutrient demands. Crucially, VSMCs may provide a sensitive biomarker for neurodegenerative pathologies where vasculature is compromised. An increasing body of research suggests that VSMCs have remarkable plasticity and their pathophysiology may play a key role in the complex process of neurodegeneration. Furthermore, extrinsic risk factors, including environmental conditions and traumatic events can impact vascular function through changes in VSMC morphology. VSMC dysfunction can be characterised at the molecular level both preclinically, and clinically ex vivo. However the identification of VSMC dysfunction in living individuals is important to understand changes in vascular function at the onset and progression of neurological disorders such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. A promising technique to identify changes in the state of cerebral smooth muscle is cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) which reflects the intrinsic dynamic response of blood vessels in the brain to vasoactive stimuli in order to modulate regional cerebral blood flow (CBF). In this work, we review the role of VSMCs in the most common neurodegenerative disorders and identify physiological systems that may contribute to VSMC dysfunction. The evidence collected here identifies VSMC dysfunction as a strong candidate for novel therapeutics to combat the development and progression of neurodegeneration, and highlights the need for more research on the role of VSMCs and cerebrovascular dynamics in healthy and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Hayes
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Pinto
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sierra N. Sparks
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Congxiyu Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sana Suri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel P. Bulte
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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4
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Jha NK, Chen WC, Kumar S, Dubey R, Tsai LW, Kar R, Jha SK, Gupta PK, Sharma A, Gundamaraju R, Pant K, Mani S, Singh SK, Maccioni RB, Datta T, Singh SK, Gupta G, Prasher P, Dua K, Dey A, Sharma C, Mughal YH, Ruokolainen J, Kesari KK, Ojha S. Molecular mechanisms of developmental pathways in neurological disorders: a pharmacological and therapeutic review. Open Biol 2022; 12:210289. [PMID: 35291879 PMCID: PMC8924757 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental signalling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch and Sonic hedgehog play a central role in nearly all the stages of neuronal development. The term 'embryonic' might appear to be a misnomer to several people because these pathways are functional during the early stages of embryonic development and adulthood, albeit to a certain degree. Therefore, any aberration in these pathways or their associated components may contribute towards a detrimental outcome in the form of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and stroke. In the last decade, researchers have extensively studied these pathways to decipher disease-related interactions, which can be used as therapeutic targets to improve outcomes in patients with neurological abnormalities. However, a lot remains to be understood in this domain. Nevertheless, there is strong evidence supporting the fact that embryonic signalling is indeed a crucial mechanism as is manifested by its role in driving memory loss, motor impairments and many other processes after brain trauma. In this review, we explore the key roles of three embryonic pathways in modulating a range of homeostatic processes such as maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity, mitochondrial dynamics and neuroinflammation. In addition, we extensively investigated the effect of these pathways in driving the pathophysiology of a range of disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and diabetic neuropathy. The concluding section of the review is dedicated to neurotherapeutics, wherein we identify and list a range of biological molecules and compounds that have shown enormous potential in improving prognosis in patients with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Wei-Chih Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Rajni Dubey
- Department of Medicine Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Medicine Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan,Department of Information Technology Office, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Data Science, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Rohan Kar
- Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIMA), Gujarat 380015, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Rohit Gundamaraju
- ER Stress and Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia
| | - Kumud Pant
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era deemed to be University Dehradun Uttarakhand, 248002 Dehradun, India
| | - Shalini Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Indian Scientific Education and Technology Foundation, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Ricardo B. Maccioni
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Functional Medicine, International Center for Biomedicine (ICC) and Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Tirtharaj Datta
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, 302017 Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India,Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, and
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasir Hayat Mughal
- Department of Health Administration, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, and,Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Ma R, Kutchy NA, Chen L, Meigs DD, Hu G. Primary cilia and ciliary signaling pathways in aging and age-related brain disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 163:105607. [PMID: 34979259 PMCID: PMC9280856 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain disorders are characterized by the progressive loss of structure and function of the brain as a consequence of progressive degeneration and/or death of nerve cells. Aging is a major risk factor for brain disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and stroke. Various cellular and molecular events have been shown to play a role in the progress of neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging studies suggest that primary cilia could be a key regulator in brain diseases. The primary cilium is a singular cellular organelle expressed on the surface of many cell types, such as astrocytes and neurons in the mature brain. Primary cilia detect extracellular cues, such as Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) protein, and transduce these signals into cells to regulate various signaling pathways. Abnormalities in ciliary length and frequency (ratio of ciliated cells) have been implicated in various human diseases, including brain disorders. This review summarizes current findings and thoughts on the role of primary cilia and ciliary signaling pathways in aging and age-related brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Naseer A Kutchy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Douglas D Meigs
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Guoku Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
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6
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Hypoxia Tolerant Species: The Wisdom of Nature Translated into Targets for Stroke Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011131. [PMID: 34681788 PMCID: PMC8537001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neurons rapidly die after ischemia and current therapies for stroke management are limited to restoration of blood flow to prevent further brain damage. Thrombolytics and mechanical thrombectomy are the available reperfusion treatments, but most of the patients remain untreated. Neuroprotective therapies focused on treating the pathogenic cascade of the disease have widely failed. However, many animal species demonstrate that neurons can survive the lack of oxygen for extended periods of time. Here, we reviewed the physiological and molecular pathways inherent to tolerant species that have been described to contribute to hypoxia tolerance. Among them, Foxo3 and Eif5A were reported to mediate anoxic survival in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans, respectively, and those results were confirmed in experimental models of stroke. In humans however, the multiple mechanisms involved in brain cell death after a stroke causes translation difficulties to arise making necessary a timely and coordinated control of the pathological changes. We propose here that, if we were able to plagiarize such natural hypoxia tolerance through drugs combined in a pharmacological cocktail it would open new therapeutic opportunities for stroke and likely, for other hypoxic conditions.
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7
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Wei ZZ, Chen D, Lee MJH, Zhao Y, Gu X, Yu SP, Wei L. DL-3-n-butylphthalide Increases Collateriogenesis and Functional Recovery after Focal Ischemic Stroke in Mice. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1835-1849. [PMID: 34631224 PMCID: PMC8460296 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that collateral circulation is critical for the outcome of ischemic stroke. DL-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), a synthesized compound based on an extract from seeds of celery Apium graveolens Linn, has been used as a therapeutic drug, showing multiple neuroprotective and regenerative activities. A potential effect of NBP on collateral arterial regulation is unknown. We examined the effects of NBP on arteriogenesis of collateral arteries in vitro and a mouse ischemic stroke model. In cultures of mouse iPS cell-derived vascular progenitors, NBP (10 μM) significantly increased α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)/CD-31 co-labeled cells and the expression of newly formed vasculature marker PDGFRα. A sensorimotor cortex ischemia was induced in transgenic mice expressing αSMA-GFP that allowed direct observation of arterial vasculatures in brain regions. NBP (80 mg/kg) was intranasally delivered 1 hr after stroke and once daily for 14 days. To label proliferating cells, 5-Bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU, 50 mg/kg, i.p.) was administrated every day from 3 days after stroke. Western blotting of peri-infarct tissue detected increased expressions of VEGF, Ang-1 and reduced nNOS level in NBP-treated mice. The NBP treatment significantly increased αSMA/BrdU co-labeled cells, the diameter of ipsilateral collaterals, and arterial area in ischemic and peri-infarct regions examined 14 days after stroke. Examined 3 days after stroke, NBP prevented functional deficits in the cylinder test and corner test. The NBP treatment of 14 days improved the local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) and functional performance in multiple tests. Thus, NBP promotes collateriogenesis, short and long-term structural and functional improvements after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zachory Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dongdong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew Joong H Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yingying Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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8
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Liang CC, Shaw SW, Huang YH, Lee TH. Human amniotic fluid stem cells can improve cerebral vascular remodelling and neurological function after focal cerebral ischaemia in diabetic rats. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:10185-10196. [PMID: 34622573 PMCID: PMC8572791 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes causes vascular injury and carries a high risk of ischaemic stroke. Human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) can enhance cerebral vascular remodelling and have the potential to improve neurological function after stroke in diabetic rats. Five groups of female rats were examined: (1) normal control, (2) type 1 diabetic (T1DM) rats induced by streptozotocin injection (DM), (3) non‐DM rats receiving 60‐minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), (4) T1DM rats receiving 60‐minute MCAO (DM + MCAO) and (5) T1DM rats receiving 60‐minute MCAO and injection with 5 × 106 hAFSCs at 3 h after MCAO (DM + MCAO + hAFSCs). Neurological function was examined before, and at 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, and cerebral infarction volume and haemorrhage, cerebral vascular density, angiogenesis and inflammatory were examined at 7 and 28 days after MCAO. hAFSCs treatment caused a significant improvement of neurological dysfunction, infarction volume, blood‐brain barrier leakage, cerebral arterial density, vascular density and angiogenesis and a reduction of brain haemorrhage and inflammation compared with non‐treatment. Our results showed that the effect of hAFSCs treatment against focal cerebral ischaemia may act through the recovery of vascular remodelling and angiogenesis and the reduction of inflammation in ischaemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chung Liang
- Urogynecology Section, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Steven W Shaw
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Obstetrics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Prenatal Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yung-Hsin Huang
- Urogynecology Section, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Hai Lee
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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9
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Fortini F, Vieceli Dalla Sega F, Marracino L, Severi P, Rapezzi C, Rizzo P, Ferrari R. Well-Known and Novel Players in Endothelial Dysfunction: Updates on a Notch(ed) Landscape. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080997. [PMID: 34440201 PMCID: PMC8393382 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction characterizes every aspect of the so-called cardiovascular continuum, a series of events ranging from hypertension to the development of atherosclerosis and, finally, to coronary heart disease, thrombus formation, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Endothelial dysfunction is the main prognostic factor for the progression of vascular disorders, which responds to drug intervention and lifestyle changes. Virtually all of the drugs used to prevent cardiovascular disorders, such as long-used and new antilipidemic agents and inhibitors of angiotensin enzyme (ACEi), exert an important effect on the endothelium. Endothelial dysfunction is a central feature of coronavirus disease -19 (COVID-19), and it is now clear that life-risk complications of the disease are prompted by alterations of the endothelium induced by viral infection. As a consequence, the progression of COVID-19 is worse in the subjects in whom endothelial dysfunction is already present, such as elderly, diabetic, obese, and hypertensive patients. Importantly, circulating biomarkers of endothelial activation and injury predict the severity and mortality of the disease and can be used to evaluate the efficacy of treatments. The purpose of this review is to provide updates on endothelial function by discussing its clinical relevance in the cardiovascular continuum, the latest insights from molecular and cellular biology, and their implications for clinical practice, with a focus on new actors, such as the Notch signaling and emerging therapies for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fortini
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; (F.F.); (F.V.D.S.); (C.R.); (P.R.)
| | | | - Luisa Marracino
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Paolo Severi
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Claudio Rapezzi
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; (F.F.); (F.V.D.S.); (C.R.); (P.R.)
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Paola Rizzo
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; (F.F.); (F.V.D.S.); (C.R.); (P.R.)
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Roberto Ferrari
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; (F.F.); (F.V.D.S.); (C.R.); (P.R.)
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.M.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-053-229-3707
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Camerino GM, Tarantino N, Canfora I, De Bellis M, Musumeci O, Pierno S. Statin-Induced Myopathy: Translational Studies from Preclinical to Clinical Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042070. [PMID: 33669797 PMCID: PMC7921957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are the most prescribed and effective drugs to treat cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Nevertheless, these drugs can be responsible for skeletal muscle toxicity which leads to reduced compliance. The discontinuation of therapy increases the incidence of CVD. Thus, it is essential to assess the risk. In fact, many studies have been performed at preclinical and clinical level to investigate pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications of statin myotoxicity. Consequently, new toxicological aspects and new biomarkers have arisen. Indeed, these drugs may affect gene transcription and ion transport and contribute to muscle function impairment. Identifying a marker of toxicity is important to prevent or to cure statin induced myopathy while assuring the right therapy for hypercholesterolemia and counteracting CVD. In this review we focused on the mechanisms of muscle damage discovered in preclinical and clinical studies and highlighted the pathological situations in which statin therapy should be avoided. In this context, preventive or substitutive therapies should also be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Maria Camerino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (G.M.C.); (N.T.); (I.C.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Nancy Tarantino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (G.M.C.); (N.T.); (I.C.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Ileana Canfora
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (G.M.C.); (N.T.); (I.C.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Michela De Bellis
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (G.M.C.); (N.T.); (I.C.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Olimpia Musumeci
- Unit of Neurology and Neuromuscular Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sabata Pierno
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (G.M.C.); (N.T.); (I.C.); (M.D.B.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Chen C, Wu H, Kong D, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Chen F, Zou L, Li Z, Shui J, Luo H, Liu SH, Yu J, Wang K, Brunicardi FC. Transcriptome sequencing analysis reveals unique and shared antitumor effects of three statins in pancreatic cancer. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:2569-2580. [PMID: 33125137 PMCID: PMC7640361 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, a class of commonly prescribed cholesterol‑lowering medications, have been revealed to influence the risk of multiple types of cancer. However, the antitumor effects of statins on pancreatic cancer and their differential efficacy among a variety of statins are not currently well‑defined. The aim of the present study was therefore to identify and compare the genes and related biological pathways that were affected by each individual statin on pancreatic cancer. Two human pancreatic cancer cell lines, MiaPaCa2 and PANC1, were exposed to three statins, lovastatin, fluvastatin and simvastatin. The inhibitory effect of statins on pancreatic cancer cell proliferation was first validated. Next, RNA‑seq analysis was used to determine the gene expression alterations in either low (2 µM) or high (20 µM) statin concentration‑treated cancer cells. Marked differences in gene transcription profiles of both pancreatic cancer cell lines exposed to high concentration statins were observed. Notably, the high concentration statins significantly suppressed core‑gene CCNA2‑associated cell cycle and DNA replication pathways and upregulated genes involved in ribosome and autophagy pathways. However, the low concentration statin‑induced gene expression alterations were only detected in MiaPaCa2 cells. In conclusion, a marked difference in the intra and inter cell‑type performance of pancreatic cancer cells exposed to a variety of statins at low or high concentrations was reported herein, which may provide insights for the potential clinical use of statins in future pancreatic cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Hongjin Wu
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Deshengyue Kong
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xu
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Zunyue Zhang
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Fengrong Chen
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zou
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai 200000, P.R. China
| | - Jin Shui
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai 200000, P.R. China
| | - Huayou Luo
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Shi-He Liu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Juehua Yu
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Kunhua Wang
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - F. Charles Brunicardi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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Zhu J, Ma M, Fang J, Bao J, Dong S, Chen N, Guo Y, He L. Prestroke statin use enhances collateralization in acute ischemic stroke patients. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2020; 38:311-321. [PMID: 32925118 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-201012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statin therapy has been shown to be effective in the prevention of ischemic stroke. In addition, recent studies have suggested that prior statin therapy could lower the initial stroke severity and improve stroke functional outcomes in the event of stroke. It was speculated that prestroke statin use may enhance collateral circulation and result in favorable functional outcomes. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate the association of prestroke statin use with leptomeningeal collaterals and to determine the association of prestroke statin use with stroke severity and functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients. METHODS We prospectively and consecutively enrolled 239 acute ischemic stroke patients with acute infarction due to occlusion of the middle cerebral artery within 24 h in the neurology department of West China Hospital from May 2011 to April 2017. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) imaging was performed for all patients to detect middle cerebral artery thrombus; regional leptomeningeal collateral score (rLMCS) was used to assess the degree of collateral circulation; the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was used to measure stroke severity at admission; the modified Rankin scale (mRS) was used to measure outcome at 90 days; and premorbid medications were recorded. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS Overall, 239 patients met the inclusion criteria. Fifty-four patients used statins, and 185 did not use statins before stroke onset. Prestroke statin use was independently associated with good collateral circulation (rLMCS > 10) (odds ratio [OR], 4.786; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.195-19.171; P = 0.027). Prestroke statin use was not independently associated with lower stroke severity (NIHSS score≤14) (OR, 1.955; 95% CI, 0.657-5.816; p = 0.228), but prestroke statin use was independently associated with favorable outcome (mRS score≤2) (OR, 3.868; 95% CI, 1.325-11.289; P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that prestroke statin use was associated with good leptomeningeal collaterals and clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients presenting with occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. However, clinical studies should be conducted to verify this claim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zhu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CD, China.,Department of Emergency, Gui Zhou provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, GY, China
| | - Mengmeng Ma
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CD, China
| | - Jinghuan Fang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CD, China
| | - Jiajia Bao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CD, China
| | - Shuju Dong
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CD, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CD, China
| | - Yijia Guo
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CD, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CD, China
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Guzmán-Rivera D, Liempi A, González-Herrera F, Fuentes-Retamal S, Carrillo I, Abarca P, Castillo C, Kemmerling U, Pesce B, Maya JD. Simvastatin Improves Cardiac Function through Notch 1 Activation in BALB/c Mice with Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e02141-19. [PMID: 32393497 PMCID: PMC7526820 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02141-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, endemic in Latin America but distributed worldwide because of migration. Without appropriate treatment, the disease progresses from an acute asymptomatic phase to a chronic, progressive inflammatory cardiomyopathy causing heart failure and death. Despite specific trypanocidal therapy, heart damage progression cannot be stopped or reversed. Statins, as part of their pleiotropic actions, can modulate chagasic myocarditis by inducing the production of 15-epi-lipoxin A4 (15-epi-LXA4), a proresolution lipid mediator in inflammation. Furthermore, several reports suggest that simvastatin activates the Notch pathway after stroke in cerebral endothelial cells, enhancing blood flow by promoting angiogenesis. Thus, statins are an attractive therapeutic strategy for modulating the Notch pathway to reverse the chronic heart damage induced by T. cruzi BALB/c mice chronically infected with T. cruzi were treated with 1 mg/kg/day simvastatin or 25 μg/kg/day 15-epi-LXA4 for 20 days. During the treatment period, cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. At 80 days postinfection, the heart tissues were assessed for Notch 1 activity. T. cruzi infection activated the Notch 1 pathway, and simvastatin (but not 15-epi-lipoxin A4) produced a further increase in that activity, correlating with improvement in the ejection fraction and histopathologic findings typical of T. cruzi infection, including improvements in inflammation and fibrosis. Moreover, simvastatin increased the number of isolectin B4-positive cells, suggesting active angiogenesis in the chronically infected hearts without alteration of the parasitic load. Simvastatin, probably acting through the Notch 1 pathway, decreases inflammation, improving cardiac function in mice chronically infected with T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Guzmán-Rivera
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola González-Herrera
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Fuentes-Retamal
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ileana Carrillo
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Abarca
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Barbara Pesce
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Cell Death Pathways in Ischemic Stroke and Targeted Pharmacotherapy. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:1185-1202. [PMID: 32219729 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00806-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the significant causes of morbidity and mortality, affecting millions of people across the globe. Cell injury in the infarct region is an inevitable consequence of focal cerebral ischemia. Subsequent reperfusion exacerbates the harmful effect and increases the infarct volume. These cellular injuries follow either a regulated pathway involving tightly structured signaling cascades and molecularly defined effector mechanisms or a non-regulated pathway, also known as accidental cell death, where the process is biologically uncontrolled. Classical cell death pathways are long established and well reported in several articles that majorly define apoptotic cell death. A recent focus on cell death study also considers investigation on non-classical pathways that are tightly regulated, may or may not involve caspases, but non-apoptotic. Pathological cell death is a cardinal feature of different neurodegenerative diseases. Although ischemia cannot be classified as a neurodegenerative disease, it is a cerebrovascular event where the infarct region exhibits aberrant cell death. Over the past few decades, several therapeutic options have been implicated for ischemic stroke. However, their use has been hampered owing to the number of limitations that they possess. Ischemic penumbral neurons undergo apoptosis and become dysfunctional; however, they are salvageable. Thus, understanding the role of different cell death pathways is crucial to aid in the modern treatment of protecting apoptotic neurons.
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15
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Choi KH, Seo WK, Park MS, Kim JT, Chung JW, Bang OY, Kim GM, Song TJ, Kim BJ, Heo SH, Jung JM, Oh KM, Kim CK, Yu S, Park KY, Kim JM, Park JH, Choi JC, Hwang YH, Kim YJ. Effect of Statin Therapy on Outcomes of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e013941. [PMID: 31826725 PMCID: PMC6951051 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.013941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background There is insufficient evidence on the effect of statins, particularly high‐intensity statins, in patients with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation. We investigated the impact of statins on the outcomes in these patients, including those who might be vulnerable to statin therapy and those without clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Methods and Results A total of 2153 patients with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation were enrolled in the present nationwide, multicenter, cohort study. The primary composite end point was the occurrence of net adverse clinical and cerebral events (NACCE; death from any cause, stroke, acute coronary syndrome, or major bleeding) over a 3‐year period based on statin intensity. NACCE rates were lower in patients receiving low‐ to moderate‐intensity (adjusted hazard ratio 0.64; 95% CI: 0.52‐0.78) and high‐intensity statins (hazard ratio 0.51; 95% CI 0.40‐0.66) than in those not receiving statin therapy. High‐intensity statins were associated with a lower risk for NACCE than low‐ to moderate‐intensity statins (hazard ratio 0.76; 95% CI 0.59‐0.96). Subgroup analyses showed that the differences in hazard ratio for 3‐year NACCE favored statin use across all subgroups, including older patients, those with low cholesterol levels, patients receiving anticoagulants, and patients without clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Magnified benefits of high‐intensity statins compared with low‐ to moderate‐intensity statins were observed in patients who underwent revascularization therapy and those under 75 years of age. Conclusions Statins, particularly high‐intensity statins, could reduce the risk for NACCE in patients with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation; this needs to be further explored in randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Ho Choi
- Department of Neurology Chonnam National University College of Medicine and Hospital Gwangju Korea
| | - Woo-Keun Seo
- Department of Neurology Samsung Medical Center and Department of Digital Health, SAHIST Sunkyunkwan University Seoul Korea
| | - Man-Seok Park
- Department of Neurology Chonnam National University College of Medicine and Hospital Gwangju Korea
| | - Joon-Tae Kim
- Department of Neurology Chonnam National University College of Medicine and Hospital Gwangju Korea
| | - Jong-Won Chung
- Department of Neurology Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Oh Young Bang
- Department of Neurology Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Gyeong-Moon Kim
- Department of Neurology Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- Department of Neurology Seoul Hospital Ewha Womans University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Bum Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology Kyung Hee University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Sung Hyuk Heo
- Department of Neurology Kyung Hee University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Jin-Man Jung
- Department of Neurology Korea University Ansan Hospital Korea University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Oh
- Department of Neurology Korea University Guro Hospital Korea University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Chi Kyung Kim
- Department of Neurology Korea University Guro Hospital Korea University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Sungwook Yu
- Department of Neurology Korea University Hospital Korea University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Kwang-Yeol Park
- Department of Neurology Chung-Ang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Kim
- Department of Neurology Chung-Ang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Park
- Department of Neurology Myongji Hospital Hanyang University College of Medicine Goyang Korea
| | - Jay Chol Choi
- Department of Neurology Jeju National University Jeju Korea
| | - Yang-Ha Hwang
- Department of Neurology Cerebrovascular Center Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital Daegu Korea
| | - Yong-Jae Kim
- Department of Neurology Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Korea
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The potential of drug repurposing combined with reperfusion therapy in cerebral ischemic stroke: A supplementary strategy to endovascular thrombectomy. Life Sci 2019; 236:116889. [PMID: 31610199 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the major cause of adult disability and the second or third leading cause of death in developed countries. The treatment options for stroke (thrombolysis or thrombectomy) are restricted to a small subset of patients with acute ischemic stroke because of the limited time for an efficacious response and the strict criteria applied to minimize the risk of cerebral hemorrhage. Attempts to develop new treatments, such as neuroprotectants, for acute ischemic stroke have been costly and time-consuming and to date have yielded disappointing results. The repurposing approved drugs known to be relatively safe, such as statins and minocycline, may provide a less costly and more rapid alternative to new drug discovery in this clinical condition. Because adequate perfusion is thought to be vital for a neuroprotectant to be effective, endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) with advanced imaging modalities offers the possibility of documenting reperfusion in occluded large cerebral vessels. An examination of established medications that possess neuroprotective characters using in a large-vessel occlusive disorder with EVT may speed the identification of new and more broadly efficacious medications for the treatment of ischemic stroke. These approaches are highlighted in this review along with a critical assessment of drug repurposing combined with reperfusion therapy as a supplementary means for halting or mitigating stroke-induced brain damage.
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He W, Tian X, Yuan B, Chu B, Gao F, Wang H. Rosuvastatin improves neurite extension in cortical neurons through the Notch 1/BDNF pathway. Neurol Res 2019; 41:658-664. [PMID: 31023175 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2019.1610226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang He
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Xiaochao Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Bilin Yuan
- School of Basic Medical, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Bao Chu
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Fan Gao
- Department of Neurology, The second hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Hebo Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
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18
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Koohestanimobarhan S, Salami S, Imeni V, Mohammadi Z, Bayat O. Lipophilic statins antagonistically alter the major epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition signaling pathways in breast cancer stem-like cells via inhibition of the mevalonate pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:2515-2531. [PMID: 30191610 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to therapies, recurrence, and metastasis remain challenging issues for breast cancer patients, particularly for triple-negative and breast cancer stem cells. The activation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an indispensable role in the poor prognosis of those types. The accumulating proofs indicated that the mevalonate pathway crucially mediates a poor prognosis. Here, the effects of lipophilic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A inhibitors, atorvastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin, were investigated on expression and function of a selected profile of EMT-related genes in breast cancer stem-like cells. A nontoxic dose of statins (5 μM for 4 days) significantly (P < 0.05 and >2-fold change) altered expression of 50 of 71 studied genes with a shared cluster of 37 genes that are coding chief operator of signaling pathways in Hippo, Notch, Wnt, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and cell death. They also significantly decreased the levels of Yap/Taz proteins and shifted the expression of vimentin/E-cadherin in favor of induction of differentiation. Statins significantly chemosensitized the treated cells to doxorubicin and also reduced in vitro migration of the cells. Whereas lovastatin and simvastatin significantly decreased the expression of CD44, atorvastatin drastically increased CD24 and caused more wide-ranging impacts. In summary, the statins hold back the process of EMT by the antagonizing of EMT-promoting pathways. High degree of overlapping findings is supportive of the central role of the mevalonate pathway in cancer stem-like cells, but further studies are required to find the optimized chemical structure for the maximum abrogation of orchestrated EMT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Koohestanimobarhan
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Salami
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Imeni
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Mohammadi
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Bayat
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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He W, Liu Y, Tian X. Rosuvastatin Improves Neurite Outgrowth of Cortical Neurons against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation via Notch1-mediated Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Functional Improvement. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:6. [PMID: 29387001 PMCID: PMC5776084 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis, especially neurite outgrowth is an essential element of neuroplasticity after cerebral ischemic injury. Mitochondria may supply ATP to power fundamental developmental processes including neuroplasticity. Although rosuvastatin (RSV) displays a potential protective effect against cerebral ischemia, it remains unknown whether it modulates mitochondrial biogenesis and function during neurite outgrowth. Here, the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model was used to induce ischemic injury. We demonstrate that RSV treatment significantly increases neurite outgrowth in cortical neurons after OGD-induced damage. Moreover, we show that RSV reduces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), protects mitochondrial function, and elevates the ATP levels in cortical neurons injured by OGD. In addition, we found that, under these conditions, RSV treatment increases the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content and the mRNA levels of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1). Furthermore, blocking Notch1, which is expressed in primary cortical neurons, reverses the RSV-dependent induction of mitochondrial biogenesis and function under OGD conditions. Collectively, these results suggest that RSV could restore neurite outgrowth in cortical neurons damaged by OGD in vitro, by preserving mitochondrial function and improving mitochondrial biogenesis, possibly through the Notch1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang He
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yingping Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochao Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: a therapeutic challenge and future strategies. Emerg Top Life Sci 2017; 1:579-584. [PMID: 33525838 DOI: 10.1042/etls20170109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the main cause of acquired dilated cardiomyopathy. This group of disorders shares in common inflammatory cell infiltrate and myocardial remodeling. As part of its pathophysiology, there is coronary microvascular dysfunction, distinct from that observed in coronary artery disease. Chagas cardiomyopathy presents several vascular characteristics that are similar to those presented in other acquired cardiomyopathies. There is convincing evidence of the microvascular involvement and the inflammatory processes that lead to endothelial activation and ischemic damage. Current therapy for the Chagas disease is limited, and it is proposed to combine it with other pharmacological strategies that modify critical physiopathological aspects beneficial for the clinical course of the Chagas cardiomyopathy.
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21
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Liu J, Li Q, Zhang KS, Hu B, Niu X, Zhou SM, Li SG, Luo YP, Wang Y, Deng ZF. Downregulation of the Long Non-Coding RNA Meg3 Promotes Angiogenesis After Ischemic Brain Injury by Activating Notch Signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:8179-8190. [PMID: 27900677 PMCID: PMC5684256 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis after ischemic brain injury contributes to the restoration of blood supply in the ischemic zone. Strategies to improve angiogenesis may facilitate the function recovery after stroke. Recent researches have demonstrated that dysfunction of long non-coding RNAs are associated with angiogenesis. We have previously reported that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are aberrantly expressed in ischemic stroke. However, little is known about long non-coding RNAs and theirs role in angiogenesis after stroke. In this study, we identified a rat lncRNAs, Meg3, and found that Meg3 was significantly decreased after ischemic stroke. Overexpression of Meg3 suppressed functional recovery and decreased capillary density after ischemic stroke. Downregulation of Meg3 ameliorated brain lesion and increased angiogenesis after ischemic stroke. Silencing of Meg3 resulted in a proangiogenic effect evidenced by increased endothelial cell migration, proliferation, sprouting, and tube formation. Mechanistically, we showed that Meg3 negatively regulated notch pathway both in vivo and in vitro. Inhibition of notch signaling in endothelial cells reversed the proangiogenic effect induced by Meg3 downregulation. This study revealed the function of Meg3 in ischemic stroke and elucidated its mechanism in angiogenesis after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kun-Shan Zhang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Niu
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Min Zhou
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Guang Li
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Ping Luo
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhi-Feng Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Chen J, Ning R, Zacharek A, Cui C, Cui X, Yan T, Venkat P, Zhang Y, Chopp M. MiR-126 Contributes to Human Umbilical Cord Blood Cell-Induced Neurorestorative Effects After Stroke in Type-2 Diabetic Mice. Stem Cells 2016; 34:102-13. [PMID: 26299579 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a high risk factor for stroke and leads to more severe vascular and white-matter injury than stroke in non-DM. We tested the neurorestorative effects of delayed human umbilical cord blood cell (HUCBC) treatment of stroke in type-2 diabetes (T2DM). db/db-T2DM and db/+-non-DM mice were subjected to distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAo) and were treated 3 days after dMCAo with: (a) non-DM + Phosphate buffered saline (PBS); (b) T2DM + PBS; (c) T2DM + naïve-HUCBC; (d) T2DM + miR-126(-/-) HUCBC. Functional evaluation, vascular and white-matter changes, neuroinflammation, and miR-126 effects were measured in vivo and in vitro. T2DM mice exhibited significantly decreased serum and brain tissue miR-126 expression compared with non-DM mice. T2DM + HUCBC mice exhibited increased miR-126 expression, increased tight junction protein expression, axon/myelin, vascular density, and M2-macrophage polarization. However, decreased blood-brain barrier leakage, brain hemorrhage, and miR-126 targeted gene vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 expression in the ischemic brain as well as improved functional outcome were present in HUCBC-treated T2DM mice compared with control T2DM mice. MiR-126(-/-) HUCBC-treatment abolished the benefits of naïve-HUCBC-treatment in T2DM stroke mice. In vitro, knock-in of miR-126 in primary cultured brain endothelial cells (BECs) or treatment of BECs with naïve-HUCBCs significantly increased capillary-like tube formation, and increased axonal outgrowth in primary cultured cortical neurons; whereas treatment of BECs or cortical neurons with miR-126(-/-) HUCBC attenuated HUCBC-treatment-induced capillary tube formation and axonal outgrowth. Our data suggest delayed HUCBC-treatment of stroke increases vascular/white-matter remodeling and anti-inflammatory effects; MiR-126 may contribute to HUCBC-induced neurorestorative effects in T2DM mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruizhuo Ning
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Alex Zacharek
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Chengcheng Cui
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Xu Cui
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Poornima Venkat
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
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Cai Z, Zhao B, Deng Y, Shangguan S, Zhou F, Zhou W, Li X, Li Y, Chen G. Notch signaling in cerebrovascular diseases (Review). Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2883-98. [PMID: 27574001 PMCID: PMC5042775 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is a crucial regulator of numerous fundamental cellular processes. Increasing evidence suggests that Notch signaling is involved in inflammation and oxidative stress, and thus in the progress of cerebrovascular diseases. In addition, Notch signaling in cerebrovascular diseases is associated with apoptosis, angiogenesis and the function of blood-brain barrier. Despite the contradictory results obtained to date as to whether Notch signaling is harmful or beneficial, the regulation of Notch signaling may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Deng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Shouqin Shangguan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Faming Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Wenqing Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
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24
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Cui C, Ye X, Chopp M, Venkat P, Zacharek A, Yan T, Ning R, Yu P, Cui G, Chen J. miR-145 Regulates Diabetes-Bone Marrow Stromal Cell-Induced Neurorestorative Effects in Diabetes Stroke Rats. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1656-1667. [PMID: 27460851 PMCID: PMC5189645 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In rats with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) subject to stroke, the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of action of bone-marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) derived from T1DM rats (DM-BMSCs) and BMSCs derived from normal rats (Nor-BMSCs) were compared. In vitro and in vivo, DM-BMSCs exhibited decreased miR-145 expression. In T1DM rats, DM-BMSC treatment significantly improved functional outcome and increased vascular and white matter remodeling. However, overexpression of miR-145 in DM-BMSCs attenuates DM-BMSC-induced neurorestorative effects in T1DM stroke rats. In rats with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of action of stroke treatment were compared between bone-marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) derived from T1DM rats (DM-BMSCs) and BMSCs derived from normal rats (Nor-BMSCs). The novel role of microRNA-145 (miR-145) in mediating DM-BMSC treatment-induced benefits was also investigated. T1DM rats (n = 8 per group) underwent 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and were treated 24 hours later with the one of the following (5 × 106 cells administered i.v.): (a) phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); (b) Nor-BMSCs; (c) DM-BMSCs; (d) DM-BMSCs with miR-145 overexpression (miR-145+/+DM-BMSCs); or (e) Nor-BMSCs with miR-145 knockdown. Evaluation of functional outcome, vascular and white-matter remodeling and microRNA expression was made, and in vitro studies were performed. In vitro, DM-BMSCs exhibited decreased miR-145 expression and increased survival compared with Nor-BMSCs. Capillary tube formation and axonal outgrowth in cultured primary cortical neurons were significantly increased by DM-BMSC-conditioned medium compared with Nor-BMSCs, and significantly decreased by miR-145+/+DM-BMSC-conditioned medium compared with DM-BMSCs. In T1DM rats in which stroke had been induced (T1DM stroke rats), DM-BMSC treatment significantly improved functional outcome, increased vascular and white matter remodeling, decreased serum miR-145 expression, and increased expression of the miR-145 target genes adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGFR1), compared with Nor-BMSCs or PBS treatment. However, miR-145+/+DM-BMSCs significantly increased serum miR-145 expression and decreased brain ABCA1 and IGFR1 expression, as well as attenuated DM-BMSC-induced neurorestorative effects in T1DM-MCAo rats. DM-BMSCs exhibited decreased miR-145 expression. In T1DM-MCAo rats, DM-BMSC treatment improved functional outcome and promoted neurorestorative effects. The miR-145/ABCA1/IGFR1 pathway may contribute to the enhanced DM-BMSCs’ functional and neurorestorative effects in T1DM stroke rats. Significance In rats with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of action of stroke treatment were compared between bone-marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) derived from T1DM rats (DM-BMSCs) and BMSCs derived from normal rats (Nor-BMSCs). In vitro, DM-BMSCs and derived exosomes decreased miR-145 expression and increased DM-BMSC survival, capillary tube formation, and axonal outgrowth, compared with Nor-BMSCs; these effects were decreased by DM-BMSCs in which miR-145 was overexpressed. In vivo, compared with Nor-BMSC or phosphate-buffered saline treatment, DM-BMSC treatment improved functional outcome and vascular and white matter remodeling, decreased serum miR-145 expression, and increased expression of the miR-145 target genes ABCA1 and IGFR1. microRNA-145 mediated the benefits induced by DM-BMSC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Xinchun Ye
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Poornima Venkat
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Alex Zacharek
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ruizhou Ning
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Guiyun Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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25
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ZHAO Y, ZHANG Q, CHEN Z, LIU N, KE C, XU Y, WU W. Simvastatin combined with bone marrow stromal cells treatment activatesastrocytes to ameliorate neurological function after ischemic stroke in rats. Turk J Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1507-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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26
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Yan T, Venkat P, Chopp M, Zacharek A, Ning R, Cui Y, Roberts C, Kuzmin-Nichols N, Sanberg CD, Chen J. Neurorestorative Therapy of Stroke in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rats Treated With Human Umbilical Cord Blood Cells. Stroke 2015; 46:2599-606. [PMID: 26243222 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.009870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diabetes mellitus is a high-risk factor for ischemic stroke. Diabetic stroke patients suffer worse outcomes, poor long-term recovery, risk of recurrent strokes, and extensive vascular damage. We investigated the neurorestorative effects and the underlying mechanisms of stroke treatment with human umbilical cord blood cells (HUCBCs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. METHODS Adult male T2DM rats were subjected to 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Three days after MCAo, rats were treated via tail-vein injection with (1) PBS and (2) HUCBCs (5×10(6)), n=10 per group. RESULTS HUCBC stroke treatment initiated 3 days after MCAo in T2DM rats did not significantly decrease blood-brain barrier leakage (P=0.1) and lesion volume (P=0.078), but significantly improved long-term functional outcome and decreased brain hemorrhage (P<0.05) when compared with the PBS-treated T2DM MCAo control group. HUCBC treatment significantly promoted white matter remodeling as indicated by increased expression of Bielschowsky silver (axons marker), Luxol fast blue (myelin marker), SMI-31 (neurofilament), and Synaptophysin in the ischemic border zone. HUCBC promoted vascular remodeling and significantly increased arterial and vascular density. HUCBC treatment of stroke in T2DM rats significantly increased M2 macrophage polarization (increased M2 macrophage, CD163and CD 206; decreased M1 macrophage, ED1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression) in the ischemic brain compared with PBS-treated T2DM MCAo controls (P<0.05). HUCBC also significantly decreased proinflammatory factors, that is, matrix metalloproteinase 9, receptor for advanced glycation end products and toll-like receptor 4 expression in the ischemic brain. CONCLUSIONS HUCBC treatment initiated 3 days after stroke significantly increased white matter and vascular remodeling in the ischemic brain as well as decreased neuroinflammatory factor expression in the ischemic brain in T2DM rats and promoted M2 macrophage polarization. HUCBC reduction of neuroinflammation and increased vascular and white matter axonal remodeling may contribute to the HUCBC-induced beneficial effects in T2DM stroke rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yan
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.)
| | - Poornima Venkat
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.)
| | - Michael Chopp
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.)
| | - Alex Zacharek
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.)
| | - Ruizhuo Ning
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.)
| | - Yisheng Cui
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.)
| | - Cynthia Roberts
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.)
| | - Nicole Kuzmin-Nichols
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.)
| | - Cyndy Davis Sanberg
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.)
| | - Jieli Chen
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (T.Y., P.V., M.C., A.Z., R.N., Y.C., C.R., J.C.); Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (T.Y., J.C.); Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (P.V., M.C.); and Saneron CCEL Therapeutics Inc, Tampa, FL (N.K.-N., C.D.S.).
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27
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Frew JW, Vekic DA, Woods J, Cains GD. Phenotypic heterogeneity implies heterogeneous pathogenic pathways in hidradenitis suppurativa. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:338-9. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John W. Frew
- Department of Dermatology; Liverpool Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
- Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Dunja A. Vekic
- Department of Dermatology; Liverpool Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Jane Woods
- Department of Dermatology; Liverpool Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Geoffrey D. Cains
- Department of Dermatology; Liverpool Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
- Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
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28
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Jyoti S, Tandon S. Genetic basis for developmental toxicity due to statin intake using embryonic stem cell differentiation model. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 34:965-84. [PMID: 25712412 DOI: 10.1177/0960327114564795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The in utero environment is a key factor controlling the fate of the growing embryo. The deleterious effects of statins during the fetal development are still not very well understood. Data from animal studies and retrospective studies performed in pregnant women give conflicting reports. In this study, using in vitro differentiation model of embryonic stem cells, which mimic the differentiation process of the embryo, we have systematically exposed the cells to lipophilic statins, simvastatin, and atorvastatin at various doses and at critical times during differentiation. The analysis of key genes controlling the differentiation into ecto-, meso- and endodermal lineages was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Our results show that genes of the mesodermal lineage were most sensitive to statins, leading to changes in the transcript levels of brachyury, Flk-1, Nkx2.5, and α/β-myosin heavy chain. In addition, changes to endodermal marker α-fetoprotein, along with ectodermal Nes and Neurofilament 200 kDa, imply that during early differentiation exposure to these drugs leads to altered signaling, which could translate to the congenital abnormalities seen in the heart and limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jyoti
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Solan, India
| | - S Tandon
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Solan, India
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29
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Liu ZJ, Chen C, Li FW, Shen JM, Yang YY, Leak RK, Ji XM, Du HS, Hu XM. Splenic responses in ischemic stroke: new insights into stroke pathology. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 21:320-6. [PMID: 25475834 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, the significant contribution of the spleen to ischemic brain damage has gained considerable attention in stroke research. As the largest natural reservoir of immune cells, the spleen establishes critical connections with the ischemic brain during the progression of stroke and mobilizes its cells to the site of injury. Multiple "alarm" signals released from the injured brain are essential for the initiation of brain-spleen communication. Spleen-derived cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophages, are known to contribute significantly to ischemic brain damage. Understanding the dynamic splenic responses to stroke will not only provide insights into the evolvement of ischemic brain injury but will also identify potential targets for stroke treatment. Here, we review recent studies on the functions of the spleen in ischemic stroke. We have included a discussion of several therapeutic strategies that target splenic responses and reduce acute ischemic brain damage in preclinical studies. Future investigations on the effects of the spleen on long-term stroke recovery are highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Jian Liu
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Teaching Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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30
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Simvastatin induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in HepG2 and Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells via upregulation of Notch1 expression. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2334-40. [PMID: 25412322 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, cholesterol‑lowering drugs, are one of the most commonly prescribed types of medications. Previous studies have suggested that simvastatin may inhibit the cell function and tumor growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying simvastatin‑induced apoptosis in HCC cells remains to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of simvastatin in the regulation of cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis in HepG2 and Huh7 HCC cells, and to elucidate the specific regulatory mechanisms by which simvastatin proceeds. MTT, trypan blue and flow cytometric analyses were performed in order to detect viability, proliferation and apoptosis in HepG2 and Huh7 cells. The results of the present study demonstrated that simvastatin significantly decreased cell viability and proliferation as well as increased apoptosis in HepG2 and Huh7 cells compared to that in untreated cells. In addition, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis revealed that simvastatin‑treated cells exhibited increased expression levles of Notch1, p53, and Bax, as well as decreased expression levels of B cell lymphoma 2; furthermore, Notch1 upregulation resulted in the inhibition of Akt phosphorylation. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that simvastatin significantly promoted apoptosis in HCC cells, the mechanism of which may have proceeded via the upregualtion of the Notch1 gene in the Akt‑dependent signaling pathway.
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Xie C, Cong D, Wang X, Wang Y, Liang H, Zhang X, Huang Q. The effect of simvastatin treatment on proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells after traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2014; 1602:1-8. [PMID: 25445996 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of simvastatin on neurological functional recovery after traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and the possible molecular mechanisms, we evaluated simvastatin-induced proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro and in vivo and possible involvement of Notch-1 signaling in this process. METHODS Adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=28 for each): sham group, saline-treated group and simvastatin-treated group. Simvastatin was given orally at a dose of 1mg/kg/day starting at day 1 after TBI. At 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after simvastatin treatment, functional outcome was measured using modified neurological severity scores (mNSS). Immunofluorescence of nestin was used to identify neurogenesis of NSCs in injured area of TBI rats. Western blot was applied to detect the expression level of Notch-1 protein in TBI rats with simvastatin. RESULTS Immunostaining showed a significant increase in the number of nestin-positive cells in injured area of the simvastatin-treated group compared to that of the saline-treated group (p<0.05). In in vitro experiment, simvastatin induced enhanced proliferation and neurogenesis of cultured NSCs and elevated Notch-1 protein expression. Co-incubation of γ-secretase inhibitor, an inhibitor of Notch-1 pathway, with simvastatin abolished its neurorestoration effect. Most importantly, the simvastatin-treated group had significantly decreased mNSS at day 35 after TBI compared with the saline-treated group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Simvastatin treatment enhanced neurological functional recovery after TBI possibly via activation of Notch signaling and increasing neurogenesis in the injured area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuncheng Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Damin Cong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- Department of pediatric, The Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuehua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongsheng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiangtong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Hermann DM, Chopp M. Promoting Neurological Recovery in the Post-Acute Stroke Phase: Benefits and Challenges. Eur Neurol 2014; 72:317-25. [DOI: 10.1159/000365171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yan T, Venkat P, Ye X, Chopp M, Zacharek A, Ning R, Cui Y, Roberts C, Kuzmin-Nichols N, Sanberg CD, Chen J. HUCBCs increase angiopoietin 1 and induce neurorestorative effects after stroke in T1DM rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:935-44. [PMID: 25042092 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We investigated the neurorestorative effects and underlying mechanisms of stroke treatment with human umbilical cord blood cells (HUCBCs) in Type one diabetes mellitus (T1DM) rats. METHODS Type one diabetes mellitus rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and 24 h later were treated with: (1) phosphate-buffered-saline; (2) HUCBCs. Brain endothelial cells (MBECs) were cultured and capillary tube formation was measured. RESULTS Human umbilical cord blood cells treatment significantly improved functional outcome and promoted white matter (WM) remodeling, as identified by Bielschowsky silver, Luxol fast blue and SMI-31 expression, increased oligodendrocyte progenitor cell and oligodendrocyte density after stroke in T1DM rats. HUCBC also promoted vascular remodeling, evident from enhanced vascular and arterial density and increased artery diameter, and decreased blood-brain barrier leakage. HUCBC treatment also increased Angiopoietin-1 and decreased receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) expression compared to T1DM-MCAo control. In vitro analysis of MBECs demonstrated that Ang1 inversely regulated RAGE expression. HUCBC and Ang1 significantly increased capillary tube formation and decreased inflammatory factor expression, while anti-Ang1 attenuated HUCBC-induced tube formation and antiinflammatory effects. CONCLUSION Human umbilical cord blood cells is an effective neurorestorative therapy in T1DM-MCAo rats and the enhanced vascular and WM remodeling and associated functional recovery after stroke may be attributed to increasing Angiopoietin-1 and decreasing RAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yan
- Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Ergul A, Abdelsaid M, Fouda AY, Fagan SC. Cerebral neovascularization in diabetes: implications for stroke recovery and beyond. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:553-63. [PMID: 24496174 PMCID: PMC3982092 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neovascularization is an innate physiologic response by which tissues respond to various stimuli through collateral remodeling (arteriogenesis) and new vessel formation from existing vessels (angiogenesis) or from endothelial progenitor cells (vasculogenesis). Diabetes has a major impact on the neovascularization process but the response varies between different organ systems. While excessive angiogenesis complicates diabetic retinopathy, impaired neovascularization contributes to coronary and peripheral complications of diabetes. How diabetes influences cerebral neovascularization remained unresolved until recently. Diabetes is also a major risk factor for stroke and poor recovery after stroke. In this review, we discuss the impact of diabetes, stroke, and diabetic stroke on cerebral neovascularization, explore potential mechanisms involved in diabetes-mediated neovascularization as well as the effects of the diabetic milieu on poststroke neovascularization and recovery, and finally discuss the clinical implications of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adviye Ergul
- 1] Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA [2] Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA [3] Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical College of Georgia and University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mohammed Abdelsaid
- 1] Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA [2] Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Y Fouda
- 1] Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA [2] Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical College of Georgia and University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susan C Fagan
- 1] Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA [2] Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical College of Georgia and University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, Georgia, USA [3] Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Lee MJ, Bang OY, Kim SJ, Kim GM, Chung CS, Lee KH, Ovbiagele B, Liebeskind DS, Saver JL. Role of statin in atrial fibrillation-related stroke: an angiographic study for collateral flow. Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 37:77-84. [PMID: 24457535 DOI: 10.1159/000356114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, intensive lipid lowering is recommended in patients with atherosclerotic ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. However, the role of statin in cardioembolic stroke is unclear. We investigated the association of statin with pretreatment collateral status in cardioembolic stroke. METHODS A collaborative study from two stroke centers in distinct geographic regions included consecutive patients with acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction due to atrial fibrillation (AF) who underwent cerebral angiography. The relationship between pretreatment collateral grade and the use/dose of statin at stroke onset was assessed. The angiographic collateral grade was evaluated according to the ASITN/SIR Collateral Flow Grading System. RESULTS Ninety-eight patients (76 statin-naïve, 22 statin users) were included. Compared with statin-naïve patients, statin users were older and more frequently had hypertension, hyperlipidemia and coronary heart disease. Excellent collaterals (grade 3-4) were more frequently observed in statin users (11 patients, 50%) than in statin-naïve patients (21 patients, 27.6%; p = 0.049). The use of atorvastatin 10 mg equivalent or higher doses of statin was associated with excellent collaterals (p for trend = 0.025). In multiple regression analysis, prestroke statin use was independently associated with excellent collaterals (odds ratio, 7.841; 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.96-31.363; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Premorbid use of statin in AF patients is associated with excellent collateral flow. Although most statin trials excluded patients with cardioembolic stroke, our data suggests the possibility that statin may be beneficial in AF-related stroke
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ji Lee
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Neurovascular remodeling in the aged ischemic brain. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 122 Suppl 1:S25-33. [PMID: 24378703 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Restorative strategies after stroke are focused on the remodeling of cerebral endothelial cells and brain parenchymal cells. The latter, i.e., neurons, neural precursor cells and glial cells, synergistically interact with endothelial cells in the ischemic brain, providing a neurovascular unit whose components can be used as target for stroke therapies. Following focal cerebral ischemia, brain capillary cells are enabled to sprout. Neural precursor cells proliferate and migrate along cerebral microvessels to the ischemic lesion. Glial cells promote the restoration of functional microvessels and at the same time control the buildup of the extracellular matrix, creating a favorable environment to neuronal plasticity both in the ischemic and contralesional brain hemiphere. Until now, a large majority of studies have been performed in young, otherwise healthy animals. Recent behavioral, histochemical and molecular biological studies have shown that restorative brain responses differ between young and old animals, and that they are also modulated by age-related vascular risk factors, i.e., atherosclerosis, diabetes and hyperlipidemia. We claim that age aspects should more carefully be taken into consideration in translational proof-of-concept studies.
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Zhao Y, Lai W, Xu Y, Li L, Chen Z, Wu W. Exogenous and endogenous therapeutic effects of combination Sodium Ferulate and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) treatment enhance neurogenesis after rat focal cerebral ischemia. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28:655-66. [PMID: 23955489 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9425-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Combining bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) with pharmacological therapy is an attractive approach for neurological function recovery of stroke. Our previous reports demonstrated that Sodium Ferulate (SF) combined with BMSCs administration could facilitate BMSCs migration into the ischemic brain by up-regulation of stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α)/chemokine (CXC motif) receptor-4 axis after stroke. To further investigate whether combination treatment could enhance neurogenesis through exogenous and endogenous therapeutic effects, we established rat permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo) model and measured ischemic infarct size by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning in the present study. The results showed that combination treatment could dramatically reduce ischemic infarction size which may be attributed to the effects on decreasing brain edema and enhancing cerebral tissue perfusion at 3 days after stroke. Immunofluorescence staining results indicated that combination treatment could not only promote expression of Glucose transporter 1(Glut1) and Neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin (Tuj1) in the periinfarct area, but also improve BMSCs expression of Glut1, GFAP and Tuj1. Moreover, it showed combination treatment could enhance the endogenous expression of Tuj-1 in ischemic boundary zone. These results perhaps associated with combination treatment up-regulating bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)2/4 expressions and down-regulating Notch-1, Hes1 and Hes5 expressions as detected by Western Blot analysis. Our study firstly demonstrated in vivo that combination treatment could facilitate exogenous BMSCs differentiation into neural-and astrocytic-like cells, as well as enhance repair capacity of brain parenchymal cells by promoting glucose metabolism and endogenous neurogenesis after stroke. These results illustrate that administration of SF and BMSCs is a potential pathway of cell-based pharmacological treatment towards ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao,
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Poittevin M, Lozeron P, Hilal R, Levy BI, Merkulova-Rainon T, Kubis N. Smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching in stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 5:377-84. [PMID: 24323725 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of cerebral blood flow after stroke induces cerebral tissue injury through multiple mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in blood vessel walls play a key role in cerebral blood flow control. Cerebral ischemia triggers these cells to switch to a phenotype that will be either detrimental or beneficial to brain repair. Moreover, SMC can be primarily affected genetically or by toxic metabolic molecules. After stroke, this pathological phenotype has an impact on the incidence, pattern, severity, and outcome of the cerebral ischemic disease. Although little research has been conducted on the pathological role and molecular mechanisms of SMC in cerebrovascular ischemic diseases, some therapeutic targets have already been identified and could be considered for further pharmacological development. We examine these different aspects in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Poittevin
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Angiogenesis and Translational Research Center, INSERM U965, 75475, Paris, France
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Zhang HP, Sun YY, Chen XM, Yuan LB, Su BX, Ma R, Zhao RN, Dong HL, Xiong L. The neuroprotective effects of isoflurane preconditioning in a murine transient global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model: the role of the Notch signaling pathway. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 16:191-204. [PMID: 24197755 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Inhalational anesthetic preconditioning can induce neuroprotective effects, and the notch signaling pathway plays an important role in neural progenitor cell differentiation and the inflammatory response after central nervous system injury. This study evaluated whether the neuroprotective effect of isoflurane preconditioning is mediated by the activation of the notch signaling pathway. Mice were divided into two groups consisting of those that did or did not receive preconditioning with isoflurane. The expression levels of notch-1, notch intracellular domain (NICD), and hairy and enhancer of split (HES-1) were measured in mice subjected to transient global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. The notch signaling inhibitor DAPT and conditional notch-RBP-J knockout mice were used to investigate the mechanisms of isoflurane preconditioning-induced neuroprotection. Immunohistochemical staining, real-time polymerase chain reaction assays, and Western blotting were performed. Isoflurane preconditioning induced neuroprotection against global cerebral ischemia. Preconditioning up-regulated the expression of notch-1, HES-1, and NICD after ischemic-reperfusion. However, these molecules were down-regulated at 72 h after ischemic-reperfusion. The inhibition of notch signaling activity by DAPT significantly attenuated the isoflurane preconditioning-induced neuroprotection, and similar results were obtained using notch knockout mice. Our results demonstrate that the neuroprotective effects of isoflurane preconditioning are mediated by the pre-activation of the notch signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-peng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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40
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Wang J, Yu L, Jiang C, Chen M, Ou C, Wang J. Bone marrow mononuclear cells exert long-term neuroprotection in a rat model of ischemic stroke by promoting arteriogenesis and angiogenesis. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 34:56-66. [PMID: 23891963 PMCID: PMC3795857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplanted bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) can promote arteriogenesis and angiogenesis by incorporating into vascular walls and differentiating into smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). Here, we explored whether BMMNCs can enhance arteriogenesis and angiogenesis and promote long-term functional recovery in a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with vehicle or 1×10(7) BMMNCs labeled with BrdU via femoral vein 24 h after induction of pMCAO. Functional deficits were assessed weekly through day 42 after pMCAO, and infarct volume was assessed on day 7. We visualized the angioarchitecture by latex perfusion on days 14 and 42. BMMNC transplantation significantly reduced infarct volume and neurologic functional deficits compared with untreated or vehicle-treated ischemic groups. In BMMNC-treated rats, BrdU-positive cells were widely distributed in the infarct boundary zone, were incorporated into vessel walls, and enhanced the growth of leptomeningeal anastomoses, the circle of Willis, and basilar arteries. BMMNCs were shown to differentiate into SMCs and ECs from day 14 after stroke and preserved vascular repair function for at least 6 weeks. Our data indicate that BMMNCs can significantly enhance arteriogenesis and angiogenesis, reduce infarct volume, and promote long-term functional recovery after pMCAO in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan, China.
| | - Lie Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China,Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Chunying Ou
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Address correspondence to: Jianping Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China. (Phone: 011-86-371-68322417; Fax: 86-371-66965783; ) Or: Jian Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. (Phone: 410-955-3640; Fax: 410-502-5177; )
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Jin R, Zhu X, Liu L, Nanda A, Granger DN, Li G. Simvastatin attenuates stroke-induced splenic atrophy and lung susceptibility to spontaneous bacterial infection in mice. Stroke 2013; 44:1135-43. [PMID: 23391769 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.000633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Statins are widely used in the primary and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke, but their effects on stroke-induced immunodepression and poststroke infections are elusive. We investigated the effects of simvastatin treatment on stroke-induced splenic atrophy and lung susceptibility to bacterial infection in acute experimental stroke in mice. METHODS Ischemic stroke was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by reperfusion. In some experiments, splenectomies were performed 2 weeks before middle cerebral artery occlusion. Animals were randomly assigned to sham and middle cerebral artery occlusion groups treated subcutaneously with vehicle or simvastatin (20 mg/kg per day). Brain infarction, neurological function, brain interferon-γ expression, splenic atrophy and apoptosis, and lung infection were examined. RESULTS Simvastatin reduced stroke-induced spleen atrophy and splenic apoptosis via increased mitochrondrial antiapoptotic Bcl-2 expression and decreased proapoptotic Bax translocation from cytosol into mitochondria. Splenectomy reduced brain interferon-γ (3 days) and infarct size (5 days) after stroke, and these effects were reversed by adoptive transfer of splenocytes. Simvastatin inhibited brain interferon-γ (3 days) and reduced infarct volume and neurological deficits (5 days) after stroke, and these protective effects were observed not only in naive stroke mice but also in splenectomied stroke mice adoptively transferred with splenocytes. Simvastatin also decreased the stroke-associated lung susceptibility to spontaneous bacterial infection. CONCLUSIONS Results provide the first direct experimental evidence that simvastatin ameliorates stroke-induced peripheral immunodepression by attenuating spleen atrophy and lung bacterial infection. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the beneficial effects of statins in the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- Vascular Biology and Stroke Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Efficacy of single and multiple injections of human umbilical tissue-derived cells following experimental stroke in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54083. [PMID: 23342081 PMCID: PMC3544758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human umbilical tissue-derived cells (hUTC) are a promising source of cells for regenerative treatment of stroke. In this study, we tested the efficacy of hUTC in experimental stroke and whether multiple injections of hUTC provide additional therapeutic benefits as compared to a single injection. Methods Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), and randomly selected animals were injected (i.v) with 3×106 hUTC or with vehicle control (at day: 1, 1&3 or 1&7 after MCAo, n = 8–9/group). A battery of functional outcome tests was performed at days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56 and 63 after MCAo. Rats were sacrificed at 63 days after MCAo and lesion volumes were measured. To investigate the underlying mechanism of hUTC treatment of stroke, Von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and Synaptophysin immunostaining were performed. Results All hUTC treated groups, single or multiple injections, had better functional recovery compared to control (p<0.01). There was no statistically significant difference between a single and multiple injections of hUTC (p = 0.23) or between different multiple injections groups (p>0.07) in functional outcome. All hUTC treatment groups showed significant increases in Synaptophysin, vascular density and perimeter compared to the control group (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between a single and multiple injections of hUTC or between the two groups of multiple injections in all immunohistochemical measurements (p>0.1). Conclusion hUTC treatment significantly improves long term functional outcome after stroke and promotes vascular density and synaptic plasticity. At the proscribed doses, multiple injections of hUTC were not superior to single injection therapy in both functional outcome and histological assessments.
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Cui X, Chopp M, Zacharek A, Dai J, Zhang C, Yan T, Ning R, Roberts C, Shehadah A, Kuzmin-Nichols N, Sanberg CD, Chen J. Combination treatment of stroke with sub-therapeutic doses of Simvastatin and human umbilical cord blood cells enhances vascular remodeling and improves functional outcome. Neuroscience 2012; 227:223-31. [PMID: 23041512 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human umbilical cord blood cells (HUCBCs) have been employed as a restorative treatment for experimental stroke. In this study, we investigated whether transplantation of sub-therapeutic doses of HUCBCs and Simvastatin enhances cerebral vascular remodeling after stroke. Adult male Wistar rats (n=34) were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and treated with: phosphate-buffered solution (PBS, gavaged daily for 7 days); Simvastatin (0.5mg/kg, gavaged daily for 7 days); HUCBCs (1×10(6), injected once via tail vein); and combination Simvasatin with HUCBCs, starting at 24h after MCAo. There was no significant difference between Simvastatin- or HUCBC-monotherapy and MCAo-alone group. Combination treatment 24h post-stroke significantly increased the perimeter of von Willebrand factor (vWF)-positive vessels, the diameter and density of alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA)-positive arteries, and the percentage of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive endothelial cells (ECs) in the ischemic boundary zone (IBZ) compared with MCAo-alone or HUCBC-monotherapy 14 days after MCAo (p<0.05, n=8/group); Combination treatment significantly increased the densities of vWF-vessels and αSMA-arteries as well as the densities of BrdU-ECs and BrdU-positive smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in vascular walls in the IBZ compared with Simvastatin-monotherapy. Moreover, the increased BrdU-ECs and BrdU-SMCs were significantly correlated with neurological functional outcome 14 days after MCAo. Combination treatment also significantly increased the expression of Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), Tie2 and Occludin in the IBZ (p<0.05, n=8/group). The in vitro experiments showed that combination treatment and Ang1 significantly increased capillary-like tube formation and arterial cell migration; anti-Ang1 significantly reduced combination treatment-induced tube-formation and artery cell migration (p<0.05, n=6/group). These findings indicated that a combination of sub-therapeutic doses of Simvastatin and HUCBCs treatment of stroke increases Ang1/Tie2 and Occludin expression in the ischemic brain, amplifies endogenous angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, and enhances vascular remodeling which in concert may contribute to functional outcome after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Cui
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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44
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Bone marrow stromal cells enhance the angiogenesis in ischaemic cortex after stroke: involvement of notch signalling. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:997-1004. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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45
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Hermann DM, ElAli A. The abluminal endothelial membrane in neurovascular remodeling in health and disease. Sci Signal 2012; 5:re4. [PMID: 22871611 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2002886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
After brain injury, blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity can be compromised as a consequence of the breakdown of cell-cell interactions in the neurovascular unit, resulting in the loss of the characteristic endothelial luminal-to-abluminal structure. During the process of restoration of the BBB and vascularization, the endothelial cells are continuously reshaped, with both the luminal and abluminal membranes serving as sites of signaling. Here, we focus on the bidirectional signaling processes that are rapidly initiated between endothelial and perivascular cells and occur in certain brain diseases or in response to injury. The goal of these processes is (i) the reemergence of endothelial cell polarity, (ii) the remodeling of extracellular matrix interactions, (iii) the realignment of pericytes and astrocytic endfeet with endothelial cells, and (iv) the restitution of a well-organized and stable BBB. This abluminal membrane exemplifies how the brain vasculature responds to stressors and may represent promising targets for therapeutic interventions of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany.
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Ma C, Wang Q, Man Y, Kemmner W. Cardiovascular medications in angiogenesis-How to avoid the sting in the tail. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:1249-59. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hermann DM, Chopp M. Promoting brain remodelling and plasticity for stroke recovery: therapeutic promise and potential pitfalls of clinical translation. Lancet Neurol 2012; 11:369-80. [PMID: 22441198 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent laboratory findings suggest that it might be possible to promote cerebral plasticity and neurological recovery after stroke by use of exogenous pharmacological or cell-based treatments. Brain microvasculature and glial cells respond in concert to ischaemic stressors and treatment, creating an environment in which successful recovery can ensue. Neurons remote from and adjacent to the ischaemic lesion are enabled to sprout, and neural precursor cells that accumulate with cerebral microvessels in the perilesional tissue further stimulate brain plasticity and neurological recovery. These factors interact in a highly dynamic way, facilitating temporally and spatially orchestrated responses of brain networks. In view of the complexity of the systems involved, stroke treatments that stimulate and amplify these endogenous restorative mechanisms might also provoke unwanted side-effects. In experimental studies, adverse effects have been identified when neurorestorative treatments were administered to animals with severe associated illnesses, after thrombolysis with alteplase, and when therapies were initiated outside appropriate time windows. Balancing the opportunities and possible risks, we provide suggestions for the translation of restorative therapies from the laboratory to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Cui X, Chopp M, Shehadah A, Zacharek A, Kuzmin-Nichols N, Sanberg CD, Dai J, Zhang C, Ueno Y, Roberts C, Chen J. Therapeutic benefit of treatment of stroke with simvastatin and human umbilical cord blood cells: neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and axon growth. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:845-56. [PMID: 22405262 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x627417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of cell-based therapy after stroke can be enhanced by making the host brain tissue more receptive to the administered cells, which thereby facilitates brain plasticity. We hypothesized that simvastatin increases human umbilical cord blood cell (HUCBC) migration into the ischemic brain and promotes brain plasticity and neurological functional outcome after stroke. Rats were subjected to 2-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and administered subtherapeutic doses of simvastatin (0.5 mg/kg, gavaged daily for 7 days), HUCBCs (1 × 10(6), one time injection via tail vein), or combination simvastatin with HUCBCs starting at 24 h after stroke. Combination treatment of stroke showed an interactive effect in improvement of neurological outcome compared with simvastatin or HUCBC monotherapy groups. In addition, combination treatment significantly increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB expression and the number of engrafted HUCBCs in the ischemic brain compared with HUCBC monotherapy. The number of engrafted HUCBCs was significantly correlated with functional outcome (modified neurological severity score). Combination treatment significantly increased neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the ischemic brain, and promoted neuroblast migration in cultured subventricular zone explants. Using primary cultured neurons (PCNs), we found that combination treatment enhanced neurite outgrowth compared with nontreatment control, simvastatin or HUCBC supernatant monotherapy. Inhibition of TrkB significantly attenuated combination treatment-induced neurite outgrowth. Our data indicate that combination simvastatin and HUCBC treatment of stroke increases BDNF/TrkB expression, enhances HUCBC migration into the ischemic brain, amplifies endogenous neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and axonal growth, and thereby improves functional outcome after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cui
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Pitavastatin-induced angiogenesis and arteriogenesis is mediated by Notch1 in a murine hindlimb ischemia model without induction of VEGF. J Transl Med 2011; 91:691-703. [PMID: 21301413 PMCID: PMC3807100 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is reported to regulate angiogenesis, interacting with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) also alter Notch signaling in vascular cells, but the mechanism and involvement of Notch and VEGF signaling in statin-mediated angiogenesis remain unclear. Here, we examined how statins activate the endothelial Notch1, and promote angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. We examined blood flow recovery after hindlimb ischemia in wild-type (WT) and Notch1 mutant mice treated with or without pitavastatin (3 mg/kg/day, p.o.). Although VEGF induction was not altered in ischemic limbs, pitavastatin promoted blood flow recovery in ischemic limbs in control mice but not in Notch1 mutant mice. Furthermore, pitavastatin induced endothelial ephrinB2 downstream of Notch1 and increased the density of both capillaries and arterioles in the ischemic limbs of WT but not of Notch1 mutant mice. Pitavastatin (100 nmol/l) rapidly activated γ-secretase and Notch1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells without VEGF induction, which was suppressed by pharmacological inhibition and knockdown of Akt. Pitavastatin also augmented endothelial proliferation and tube formation on Matrigel, which were suppressed by either γ-secretase inhibition or knockdown of Notch1. Pitavastatin-induced microvascular sprouting was also impaired in Notch1 mutant aortic explants. Taken together, pitavastatin activates Notch1 through Akt-dependent stimulation of γ-secretase in endothelial cells, and thereby increases vasculogenesis without VEGF induction.
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