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Zhang T, Xia F, Wan Y, Xi G, Ya H, Keep RF. Complement Inhibition Reduces Early Erythrolysis, Attenuates Brain Injury, Hydrocephalus, and Iron Accumulation after Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Aged Rats. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01273-6. [PMID: 38943026 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Blood components released by erythrolysis play an important role in secondary brain injury and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) after intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). The current study examined the impact of N-acetylheparin (NAH), a complement inhibitor, on early erythrolysis, PHH and iron accumulation in aged rats following IVH. This study, on 18-months-old male Fischer 344 rats, was in 3 parts. First, rats had an intracerebroventricular injection of autologous blood (IVH) mixed with NAH or saline, or saline alone. After MRI at four hours, Western blot and immunohistochemistry examined complement activation and electron microscopy choroid plexus and periventricular damage. Second, rats had an IVH with NAH or vehicle, or saline. Rats underwent serial MRI at 4 h and 1 day to assess ventricular volume and erythrolysis. Immunohistochemistry and H&E staining examined secondary brain injury. Third, rats had an IVH with NAH or vehicle. Serial MRIs on day 1 and 28 assessed ventricular volume and iron accumulation. H&E staining and immunofluorescence evaluated choroid plexus phagocytes. Complement activation was found 4 h after IVH, and co-injection of NAH inhibited that activation. NAH administration attenuated erythrolysis, reduced ventricular volume, alleviated periventricular and choroid plexus injury at 4 h and 1 day after IVH. NAH decreased iron accumulation, the number of choroid plexus phagocytes, and attenuated hydrocephalus at 28 days after IVH. Inhibiting complement can reduce early erythrolysis, attenuates hydrocephalus and iron accumulation after IVH in aged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingfeng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hua Ya
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Skinner C, Allavena R, Hoffmann K, Kelly-Bosma M, Kidd S, Thomson C. Disseminated Rasamsonia argillacea complex infection presenting as intraventricular brain hemorrhage in a German shepherd dog in Australia. Med Mycol Case Rep 2024; 44:100641. [PMID: 38516609 PMCID: PMC10955049 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2024.100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A German Shepherd Dog diagnosed with Rasamsonia argillacea based on fungal culture and DNA sequencing, is the first documented case in Australia, and the Southern Hemisphere. This species is part of R. argillacea complex, which is an emerging concern in immunocompromised human and veterinary patients. Intraventricular brain hemorrhage, noted on MRI, has not been reported previously in a dog with fungal encephalitis. The patient was euthanized due to progression of clinical signs before a final diagnosis was made, so no treatment was attempted in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Skinner
- Animal Referral Hospital, 532 Seventeen Mile Rocks Road, Sinammon Park QLD 4073, Australia
| | - Rachel Allavena
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton QLD 4343, Australia
| | | | - Mirrim Kelly-Bosma
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Sarah Kidd
- National Mycology Reference Centre, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
| | - Christine Thomson
- Animal Referral Hospital, 532 Seventeen Mile Rocks Road, Sinammon Park QLD 4073, Australia
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Wan Y, Fu X, Zhang T, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. Choroid plexus immune cell response in murine hydrocephalus induced by intraventricular hemorrhage. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:37. [PMID: 38654318 PMCID: PMC11036653 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and associated hydrocephalus are significant complications of intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Despite proximity to IVH, the immune cell response at the choroid plexus (ChP) has been relatively understudied. This study employs CX3CR-1GFP mice, which marks multiple immune cell populations, and immunohistochemistry to outline that response. METHODS This study had four parts all examining male adult CX3CR-1GFP mice. Part 1 examined naïve mice. In part 2, mice received an injection 30 µl of autologous blood into right ventricle and were euthanized at 24 h. In part 3, mice underwent intraventricular injection of saline, iron or peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx-2) and were euthanized at 24 h. In part 4, mice received intraventricular iron injection and were treated with either control or clodronate liposomes and were euthanized at 24 h. All mice underwent magnetic resonance imaging to quantify ventricular volume. The ChP immune cell response was examined by combining analysis of GFP(+) immune cells and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS IVH and intraventricular iron or Prx-2 injection in CX3CR-1GFP mice all induced ventriculomegaly and activation of ChP immune cells. There were very marked increases in the numbers of ChP epiplexus macrophages, T lymphocytes and neutrophils. Co-injection of clodronate liposomes with iron reduced the ventriculomegaly which was associated with fewer epiplexus and stromal macrophages but not reduced T lymphocytes and neutrophils. CONCLUSION There is a marked immune cell response at the ChP in IVH involving epiplexus cells, T lymphocytes and neutrophils. The blood components iron and Prx-2 may play a role in eliciting that response. Reduction of ChP macrophages with clodronate liposomes reduced iron-induced ventriculomegaly suggesting that ChP macrophages may be a promising therapeutic target for managing IVH-induced hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 48109-2200, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Xiongjie Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tianjie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Wagers ML, Starks A, Nadolski J, Bierbower SM, Altenburg S, Schryer B, Cooper RL. Examining the effect of iron (ferric) on physiological processes: Invertebrate models. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 278:109856. [PMID: 38354992 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Iron is a common and essential element for maintaining life in bacteria, plants and animals and is found in soil, fresh waters and marine waters; however, over exposure is toxic to organisms. Iron is used in electron transport complexes within mitochondria as well as a co-factor in many essential proteins. It is also established that iron accumulation in the central nervous system in mammals is associated with various neurological disorders. Ample studies have investigated the long-term effects of iron overload in the nervous system. However, its acute effects in nervous tissue and additional organ systems warrant further studies. This study investigates the effects of iron overload on development, behavior, survival, cardiac function, and glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the Drosophila melanogaster. Additionally, physiological responses in crayfish were examined following Fe3+ exposure. Fe3+ reduced neuronal excitability in proprioceptive neurons in a crayfish model. Thus, Fe3+ may block stretch activated channels (SACs) as well as voltage-gated Na+ channels. Exposure also rapidly reduces synaptic transmission but does not block ionotropic glutamatergic receptors, suggesting a blockage of pre-synaptic voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in both crustacean and Drosophila models. The effects are partly reversible with acute exposure, indicating the cells are not rapidly damaged. This study is relevant in demonstrating the effects of Fe3+ on various physiological functions in different organisms in order to further understand the acute and long-term consequences of overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela L Wagers
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, KY, USA
| | - Ashley Starks
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, KY, USA
| | - Jeremy Nadolski
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Benedictine University, Lisle, IL 60532, USA
| | - Sonya M Bierbower
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Sean Altenburg
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Blake Schryer
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Robin L Cooper
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, KY, USA.
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Li Y, Nan D, Liu R, Li J, Zhang Z, Deng J, Zhang Y, Yan Z, Hou C, Yao E, Sun W, Wang Z, Huang Y. Aquaporin 4 Mediates the Effect of Iron Overload on Hydrocephalus After Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2024; 40:225-236. [PMID: 37208490 PMCID: PMC10861395 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-023-01746-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron overload plays an important role in hydrocephalus development following intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) participates in the balance of cerebrospinal fluid secretion and absorption. The current study investigated the role of AQP4 in the formation of hydrocephalus caused by iron overload after IVH. METHODS There were three parts to this study. First, Sprague-Dawley rats received an intraventricular injection of 100 µl autologous blood or saline control. Second, rats had IVH and were treated with deferoxamine (DFX), an iron chelator, or vehicle. Third, rats had IVH and were treated with 2-(nicotinamide)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (TGN-020), a specific AQP4 inhibitor, or vehicle. Rats underwent T2-weighted and T2* gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging to assess lateral ventricular volume and intraventricular iron deposition at 7, 14, and 28 days after intraventricular injection and were then euthanized. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence analyses were conducted on the rat brains to evaluate the expression of AQP4 at different time points. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained brain sections were obtained to assess the ventricular wall damage on day 28. RESULTS Intraventricular injection of autologous blood caused a significant ventricular dilatation, iron deposition, and ventricular wall damage. There was increased AQP4 mRNA and protein expression in the periventricular tissue in IVH rats through day 7 to day 28. The DFX treatment group had a lower lateral ventricular volume and less intraventricular iron deposition and ventricular wall damage than the vehicle-treated group after IVH. The expression of AQP4 protein in periventricular tissue was also inhibited by DFX on days 14 and 28 after IVH. The use of TGN-020 attenuated hydrocephalus development after IVH and inhibited the expression of AQP4 protein in the periventricular tissue between day 14 and day 28 without a significant effect on intraventricular iron deposition or ventricular wall damage. CONCLUSIONS AQP4 located in the periventricular area mediated the effect of iron overload on hydrocephalus after IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurovascular Disease Discovery, Beijing, China
| | - Ding Nan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurovascular Disease Discovery, Beijing, China
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurovascular Disease Discovery, Beijing, China
| | - Jieyu Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurovascular Disease Discovery, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurovascular Disease Discovery, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwen Deng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurovascular Disease Discovery, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ziguang Yan
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Hou
- Department of Radiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ensheng Yao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Weiping Sun
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurovascular Disease Discovery, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurovascular Disease Discovery, Beijing, China
| | - Yining Huang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurovascular Disease Discovery, Beijing, China
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Pan S, Hale AT, Lemieux ME, Raval DK, Garton TP, Sadler B, Mahaney KB, Strahle JM. Iron homeostasis and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a review. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1287559. [PMID: 38283681 PMCID: PMC10811254 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1287559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron physiology is regulated by a complex interplay of extracellular transport systems, coordinated transcriptional responses, and iron efflux mechanisms. Dysregulation of iron metabolism can result in defects in myelination, neurotransmitter synthesis, and neuronal maturation. In neonates, germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) causes iron overload as a result of blood breakdown in the ventricles and brain parenchyma which can lead to post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). However, the precise mechanisms by which GMH-IVH results in PHH remain elusive. Understanding the molecular determinants of iron homeostasis in the developing brain may lead to improved therapies. This manuscript reviews the various roles iron has in brain development, characterizes our understanding of iron transport in the developing brain, and describes potential mechanisms by which iron overload may cause PHH and brain injury. We also review novel preclinical treatments for IVH that specifically target iron. Understanding iron handling within the brain and central nervous system may provide a basis for preventative, targeted treatments for iron-mediated pathogenesis of GMH-IVH and PHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrew T. Hale
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mackenzie E. Lemieux
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Dhvanii K. Raval
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Thomas P. Garton
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brooke Sadler
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kelly B. Mahaney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Strahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Zhang Q, Chen J, Lin J, Liang R, He M, Wang Y, Tan H. Porous Three-Dimensional Polyurethane Scaffolds Promote Scar-Free Endogenous Regeneration After Acute Brain Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2023:10.1007/s12975-023-01212-x. [PMID: 37995088 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most lethal subtype of stroke and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in the clinical treatment of ICH, limited progress has been made regarding endogenous brain regeneration after ICH. Failure of brain regeneration is mainly attributed to the inhibitive regenerative microenvironment caused by secondary injury after ICH. In this study, we investigated a three-dimensional biodegradable waterborne polyurethane (BWPU) scaffold as a tool to promote brain regeneration after ICH. After implantation into the cavity following hematoma evacuation, these implanted scaffolds could act as a reservoir; store a series of necrotic debris, cytokines, and chemokines; and attract microglia/macrophages to their pores. Subsequently, these microglia/macrophages were polarized into the M1-like subtype to eliminate these substances. This process disperses M1-like immune cells and prevents the formation of dense glial scar-free structures after ICH. Inflammatory cells in scaffolds include scar-free secreted growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and further induce a M2-like immune cells enriched regeneration-predominant microenvironment to promote endogenous brain regeneration with functional recovery. In summary, in this work, we have revealed the potential and mechanism of the BWPU scaffold as a tool to promote endogenous brain tissue regeneration after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinlin Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center of Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingjing Lin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center of Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruichao Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hong Tan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center of Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
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Wan Y, Holste KG, Ye F, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. Minocycline attenuates hydrocephalus and inhibits iron accumulation, ependymal damage and epiplexus cell activation after intraventricular hemorrhage in aged rats. Exp Neurol 2023; 369:114523. [PMID: 37652293 PMCID: PMC10642526 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage is primarily a disease of the elderly and it is frequently accompanied by intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) which can lead to posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus and poor prognosis. Red blood cell iron has been implicated in brain injury after cerebral hemorrhage. The current study examined using T2* magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect periventricular iron deposition after IVH and investigated the effects of minocycline on hydrocephalus in an aged rat IVH model. It had three parts. In part 1, male aged rats received a 200 μl injection of saline or autologous blood into the lateral ventricle and were euthanized at day 14. In parts 2 and 3, aged IVH rats were treated with vehicle or minocycline and euthanized at day 7 or 14. Rats underwent MRI to quantify hydrocephalus and iron deposition followed by brain histology and immunohistochemistry. Periventricular iron overload was found after IVH using T2* MRI and confirmed by histology. IVH also caused ventricular wall damage and increased the number of CD68(+) choroid plexus epiplexus cells. Minocycline administration reduced iron deposition and ventricular volume at days 7 and 14 after IVH, as well as ventricle wall damage and epiplexus cell activation. In summary, IVH-induced hydrocephalus is associated with periventricular iron deposition, ependymal damage and choroid plexus epiplexus cell activation in aged rats. Minocycline attenuated those effects and might be a potential treatment for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Fenghui Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Zhou W, Zhang H, An X, Li C, Gong J, Liu W, Sun T, Zhao F, Tian YJ. A nomogram for predicting post-operative hydrocephalus in children with medulloblastoma. Neurosurg Rev 2023; 46:246. [PMID: 37723329 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-023-02156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Post-operative hydrocephalus is common among children with medulloblastoma after initial tumor resection. This study aimed to establish a novel model for predicting the development of post-operative hydrocephalus in children with medulloblastoma. Only pediatric patients who received initial medulloblastoma resection at Beijing Tiantan Hospital between January 2018 and May 2021 were included in this study. The potential risk factors associated with post-operative hydrocephalus were identified based on multivariate logistic regression and the nomogram. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to evaluate the performance of the nomogram model based on an independent cohort of medulloblastoma patients who underwent surgery from June 2021 to March 2022. A total of 105 patients were included in the primary cohort. Superior invasion (P = 0.007), caudal invasion (P = 0.025), and intraventricular blood ≥ 5 mm (P = 0.045) were significantly related to the development of post-operative hydrocephalus and thus were assembled into the nomogram model. The model accurately predicted post-operative hydrocephalus based on the calibration curve. The area under the ROC curves for the primary and validation cohorts was 0.849 and 0.855, respectively. In total, the nomogram we developed may aid clinicians in assessing the potential risk of pediatric patients with MB developing post-operative hydrocephalus, especially those who would otherwise not have received a diversionary procedure at presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu An
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunde Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fu Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Neural Reconstruction, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yong-Ji Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Neural Reconstruction, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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10
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Abraham BM, Zaazoue MA, Xu G, Ducis KA. Intraventricular hemorrhage in term infants: a single institutional experience between 2016 and 2020. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:2123-2129. [PMID: 37004536 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-05939-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) of prematurity is a known complication of preterm birth. Intraventricular hemorrhage in term infants is much less commonly encountered. To address the lack of information in the current literature concerning this demographic, we offer demographic and image findings that demonstrate etiology and predict the need for permanent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion. METHODS A prospectively maintained database was queried for all patients with intraventricular hemorrhage from 2016 to 2020 treated at our institution. Demographic data and etiology were collected, along with need for and timing of surgical intervention. RESULTS A total of 150 IVH patients were identified. Of these patients, 138 were excluded due to prematurity. Twelve patients were born at term with IVH. All patients were followed for at least 8 months. Seven patients (58.3%) underwent ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement, performed between 4 days and 4 months of age. Superficial siderosis detected by MRI during in-patient stay or follow-up showed a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 60% for the future development of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) (p < 0.05). All full-term infants who developed PHH (n = 7, 58.3%) obtained a VP shunt. CONCLUSION IVH in term infants occurs infrequently when compared to IVH of prematurity. Etiology of IVH in term infants remains difficult to ascertain, but the majority of patients did demonstrate risk factors. The presence of superficial siderosis on MRI significantly predicted the development of PHH and eventual need for CSF diversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Abraham
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mohamed A Zaazoue
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Guang Xu
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Katrina A Ducis
- Division of Neurological Surgery, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Alshareef M, Hatchell D, Vasas T, Mallah K, Shingala A, Cutrone J, Alawieh A, Guo C, Tomlinson S, Eskandari R. Complement Drives Chronic Inflammation and Progressive Hydrocephalus in Murine Neonatal Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10171. [PMID: 37373319 PMCID: PMC10299267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is a pathology that occurs in infancy, with often devastating long-term consequences. Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) can develop acutely, while periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a chronic sequala. There are no pharmacological therapies to treat PHH and PVL. We investigated different aspects of the complement pathway in acute and chronic outcomes after murine neonatal GMH induced at postnatal day 4 (P4). Following GMH-induction, the cytolytic complement membrane attack complex (MAC) colocalized with infiltrating red blood cells (RBCs) acutely but not in animals treated with the complement inhibitor CR2-Crry. Acute MAC deposition on RBCs was associated with heme oxygenase-1 expression and heme and iron deposition, which was reduced with CR2-Crry treatment. Complement inhibition also reduced hydrocephalus and improved survival. Following GMH, there were structural alterations in specific brain regions linked to motor and cognitive functions, and these changes were ameliorated by CR2-Crry, as measured at various timepoints through P90. Astrocytosis was reduced in CR2-Crry-treated animals at chronic, but not acute, timepoints. At P90, myelin basic protein and LAMP-1 colocalized, indicating chronic ongoing phagocytosis of white matter, which was reduced by CR2-Crry treatment. Data indicate acute MAC-mediated iron-related toxicity and inflammation exacerbated the chronic effects of GMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alshareef
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Devin Hatchell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (D.H.); (K.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Tyler Vasas
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (T.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Khalil Mallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (D.H.); (K.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Aakash Shingala
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (T.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Jonathan Cutrone
- Department of Family Medicine, AnMed Health Medical Center, Anderson, SC 29621, USA;
| | - Ali Alawieh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Chunfang Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (D.H.); (K.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (D.H.); (K.M.); (C.G.)
- Ralph Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Ramin Eskandari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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12
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Wagers ML, Starks A, Abul-Khoudoud MO, Ahmed SM, Alhamdani AW, Ashley C, Bidros PC, Bledsoe CO, Bolton KE, Capili JG, Henning JN, Ison BJ, Moon M, Phe P, Stonecipher SB, Taylor IN, Turner LT, West AK, Cooper RL. An invertebrate model in examining the effect of acute ferric iron exposure on proprioceptive neurons. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 266:109558. [PMID: 36717044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for plant and animal life and is found in soil, fresh waters and marine waters. The Fe3+ ion is a vital prosthetic group and cofactor to mitochondrial electron transport complexes and numerous proteins involved in normal functioning. Despite its importance to life-sustaining processes, overexposure results in toxicity. For example, ferric iron (Fe3+) accumulation in the mammalian central nervous system is associated with various neurological disorders. Although current literature addresses the long-term effects of Fe3+ overload, fewer studies exist examining the effects of acute exposure. Using the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), we investigate the effects of acute Fe3+ overload on proprioception within the propodite-dactylopodite (PD) nerve. For proprioceptive studies, 10- and 20-mM ferric chloride and ferric ammonium citrate solutions were used at 5- and 20- min exposure times. Exposure to 20 mM concentrations of ferric chloride and ferric ammonium citrate reduced excitability in proprioceptive neurons. Thus, Fe3+ likely blocks stretch-activated channels or voltage-gated Na+ channels. The depressive effects of Fe3+ are partly reversible following saline washout, indicating cells are not acutely damaged. Gadolinium (GdCl3, 1 and 10 mM) was used to examine the effects of an additional trivalent ion comparator. Gd3+ depressed PD nerve compound action potential amplitude while increasing the compound action potential duration. This study is relevant in demonstrating the dose-dependent effects of acute Fe3+ and Gd3+ exposure on proprioception and provides a model system to further investigate the mechanisms by which metals act on the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela L Wagers
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, KY, USA.
| | - Ashley Starks
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, KY, USA
| | | | - Sufia M Ahmed
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, KY, USA.
| | | | - Clair Ashley
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, KY, USA.
| | - Patrick C Bidros
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, KY, USA.
| | | | - Kayli E Bolton
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, KY, USA.
| | - Jerone G Capili
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, KY, USA.
| | - Jamie N Henning
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, KY, USA.
| | - Bethany J Ison
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, KY, USA.
| | - Madison Moon
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, KY, USA.
| | - Panhavuth Phe
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, KY, USA.
| | | | - Isabelle N Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, KY, USA.
| | - Logan T Turner
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, KY, USA.
| | - Aaron K West
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, KY, USA.
| | - Robin L Cooper
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, KY, USA.
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13
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Bian C, Wan Y, Koduri S, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. Iron-Induced Hydrocephalus: the Role of Choroid Plexus Stromal Macrophages. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:238-249. [PMID: 35543803 PMCID: PMC9794223 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that erythrocyte-derived iron and inflammation both play a role in intraventricular hemorrhage-induced brain injury including hydrocephalus. Many immune-associated cells, primarily stromal macrophages, reside at the choroid plexus where they are involved in inflammatory responses and antigen presentation. However, whether intraventricular iron impacts those stromal cells is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between choroid plexus stromal macrophages and iron-induced hydrocephalus in rats and the impact of minocycline and clodronate liposomes on those changes. Aged (18-month-old) and young (3-month-old) male Fischer 344 rats were used to study choroid plexus stromal macrophages. Rats underwent intraventricular iron injection to induce hydrocephalus and treated with either minocycline, a microglia/macrophage inhibitor, or clodronate liposomes, a macrophage depleting agent. Ventricular volume was measured using magnetic resonance imaging, and stromal macrophages were quantified by immunofluorescence staining. We found that stromal macrophages accounted for about 10% of the total choroid plexus cells with more in aged rats. In both aged and young rats, intraventricular iron injection resulted in hydrocephalus and increased stromal macrophage number. Minocycline or clodronate liposomes ameliorated iron-induced hydrocephalus and the increase in stromal macrophages. In conclusion, stromal macrophages account for ~10% of all choroid plexus cells, with more in aged rats. Treatments targeting macrophages (minocycline and clodronate liposomes) are associated with reduced iron-induced hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Bian
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingfeng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sravanthi Koduri
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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14
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Wan Y, Holste KG, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. Brain edema formation and therapy after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105948. [PMID: 36481437 PMCID: PMC10013956 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for about 10% of all strokes in the United States of America causing a high degree of disability and mortality. There is initial (primary) brain injury due to the mechanical disruption caused by the hematoma. There is then secondary injury, triggered by the initial injury but also the release of various clot-derived factors (e.g., thrombin and hemoglobin). ICH alters brain fluid homeostasis. Apart from the initial hematoma mass, ICH causes blood-brain barrier disruption and parenchymal cell swelling, which result in brain edema and intracranial hypertension affecting patient prognosis. Reducing brain edema is a critical part of post-ICH care. However, there are limited effective treatment methods for reducing perihematomal cerebral edema and intracranial pressure in ICH. This review discusses the mechanisms underlying perihematomal brain edema formation, the effects of sex and age, as well as how edema is resolved. It examines progress in pharmacotherapy, particularly focusing on drugs which have been or are currently being investigated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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15
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Zhang J, Wang Z, Zhang H, Li S, Li J, Liu H, Cheng Q. The role of lipocalin 2 in brain injury and recovery after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:930526. [PMID: 36187347 PMCID: PMC9520288 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.930526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke (including intracerebral hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage) is the dominating cause of disability and death worldwide. Neuroinflammation, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, neuronal death are the main pathological progress, which eventually causes brain injury. Increasing evidence indicated that lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a 25k-Da acute phase protein from the lipocalin superfamily, significantly increased immediately after the stroke and played a vital role in these events. Meanwhile, there exists a close relationship between LCN2 levels and the worse clinical outcome of patients with stroke. Further research revealed that LCN2 elimination is associated with reduced immune infiltrates, infarct volume, brain edema, BBB leakage, neuronal death, and neurological deficits. However, some studies revealed that LCN2 might also act as a beneficial factor in ischemic stroke. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism of LCN2 and its primary receptors (24p3R and megalin) involving in brain injury remains unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the mechanism of LCN2 induced brain damage after stroke. This review focuses on the role of LCN2 and its receptors in brain injury and aiming to find out possible therapeutic targets to reduce brain damage following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Shuwang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- Hongwei Liu,
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- Clinical Diagnosis and Therapy Center for Glioma of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Quan Cheng,
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16
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Sun N, Zhang C, Zhang R. Immune activation after intraventricular hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106696. [PMID: 35963211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a subtype of stroke which has high mortality and morbidity, while comprehensive mechanism investigations and effective therapies are still in great need. Plenty of studies have shown that inflammation after stroke plays a critical role in disease outcomes. However, the inflammation after IVH remains unclear. This study aims to observe the immune response after IVH, thus providing therapeutic targets for IVH treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS IVH was induced by autologous blood infusion model in SD rats. Totally 588 rats were assigned either in the sham or IVH group. T2* lesion and hemoglobin quantities, ventricular volume, brain edema, ventricular wall damage, blood-brain-barrier (BBB) continuity and immune response were observed by magnetic resonance image (MRI), hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE), Evans Blue, flow cytometry (FACS), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at baseline, 6 h, 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d after surgery. RESULTS We found that ventricular volume enlargement occurred hours after IVH and peaked at 3 d after IVH, then mildly reduced till 14 d. Similar changes happened in brain edema, ventricular wall damage and BBB leakage. Immune cells and cytokines in the central nervous system and peripheral blood also increased after IVH and experienced similar trends as ventricular enlargement. T2* lesion and hemoglobin degradation occurred 6 h after IVH and kept decreasing till 14 d after IVH. CONCLUSIONS Our investigation illustrates that immune response exists after IVH, which may have a close relationship with disease outcomes. These results may provide promising immune related clues for mechanism and intervention studies in IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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17
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Lolansen SD, Rostgaard N, Barbuskaite D, Capion T, Olsen MH, Norager NH, Vilhardt F, Andreassen SN, Toft-Bertelsen TL, Ye F, Juhler M, Keep RF, MacAulay N. Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus associates with elevated inflammation and CSF hypersecretion via activation of choroidal transporters. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:62. [PMID: 35948938 PMCID: PMC9367104 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00360-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) often develops following hemorrhagic events such as intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Treatment is limited to surgical diversion of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) since no efficient pharmacological therapies are available. This limitation follows from our incomplete knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the ventriculomegaly characteristic of PHH. Here, we aimed to elucidate the molecular coupling between a hemorrhagic event and the subsequent PHH development, and reveal the inflammatory profile of the PHH pathogenesis. METHODS CSF obtained from patients with SAH was analyzed for inflammatory markers using the proximity extension assay (PEA) technique. We employed an in vivo rat model of IVH to determine ventricular size, brain water content, intracranial pressure, and CSF secretion rate, as well as for transcriptomic analysis. Ex vivo radio-isotope assays of choroid plexus transport were employed to determine the direct effect of choroidal exposure to blood and inflammatory markers, both with acutely isolated choroid plexus and after prolonged exposure obtained with viable choroid plexus kept in tissue culture conditions. RESULTS The rat model of IVH demonstrated PHH and associated CSF hypersecretion. The Na+/K+-ATPase activity was enhanced in choroid plexus isolated from IVH rats, but not directly stimulated by blood components. Inflammatory markers that were elevated in SAH patient CSF acted on immune receptors upregulated in IVH rat choroid plexus and caused Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) hyperactivity in ex vivo experimental conditions. CONCLUSIONS CSF hypersecretion may contribute to PHH development, likely due to hyperactivity of choroid plexus transporters. The hemorrhage-induced inflammation detected in CSF and in the choroid plexus tissue may represent the underlying pathology. Therapeutic targeting of such pathways may be employed in future treatment strategies towards PHH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Diana Lolansen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Rostgaard
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dagne Barbuskaite
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tenna Capion
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus Harboe Olsen
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolas H Norager
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik Vilhardt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Norge Andreassen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine L Toft-Bertelsen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fenghui Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Marianne Juhler
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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18
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Shen D, Ye X, Li J, Hao X, Jin L, Jin Y, Tong L, Gao F. Metformin Preserves VE–Cadherin in Choroid Plexus and Attenuates Hydrocephalus via VEGF/VEGFR2/p-Src in an Intraventricular Hemorrhage Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158552. [PMID: 35955686 PMCID: PMC9369137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus induced by intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is associated with unfavorable prognosis. The increased permeability of choroid plexus and breakdown of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) was reported as a prominent mechanism of IVH-induced hydrocephalus, and vascular endothelial–cadherin (VE–cadherin) was demonstrated to be relevant. Metformin was reported to protect endothelial junction and preserve permeability widely; however, its role in hydrocephalus remains unclear. In this study, the decreased expression of VE–cadherin in the choroid plexus, accompanied with ventricle dilation, was investigated in an IVH rat model induced by intraventricular injection of autologous blood. Metformin treatment ameliorated hydrocephalus and upregulated VE–cadherin expression in choroid plexus meanwhile. We then observed that the internalization of VE–cadherin caused by the activation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling after IVH was related to the occurrence of hydrocephalus, whereas it can be reversed by metformin treatment. Restraining VEGF signaling by antagonizing VEGFR2 or inhibiting Src phosphorylation increased the expression of VE–cadherin and decreased the severity of hydrocephalus after IVH. Our study demonstrated that the internalization of VE–cadherin via the activation of VEGF signaling may contribute to IVH-induced hydrocephalus, and metformin may be a potential protector via suppressing this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; (D.S.); (X.Y.); (J.L.); (X.H.); (L.J.); (Y.J.)
| | - Xianghua Ye
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; (D.S.); (X.Y.); (J.L.); (X.H.); (L.J.); (Y.J.)
| | - Jiawen Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; (D.S.); (X.Y.); (J.L.); (X.H.); (L.J.); (Y.J.)
| | - Xiaodi Hao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; (D.S.); (X.Y.); (J.L.); (X.H.); (L.J.); (Y.J.)
- Department of Neurology, Henan Province People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Luhang Jin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; (D.S.); (X.Y.); (J.L.); (X.H.); (L.J.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yujia Jin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; (D.S.); (X.Y.); (J.L.); (X.H.); (L.J.); (Y.J.)
| | - Lusha Tong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; (D.S.); (X.Y.); (J.L.); (X.H.); (L.J.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: (L.T.); (F.G.)
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; (D.S.); (X.Y.); (J.L.); (X.H.); (L.J.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: (L.T.); (F.G.)
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19
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Mahaney KB, Buddhala C, Paturu M, Morales DM, Smyser CD, Limbrick DD, Gummidipundi SE, Han SS, Strahle JM. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid iron and ferritin associated with early severe ventriculomegaly in preterm posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2022; 30:169-176. [PMID: 35916101 PMCID: PMC9998037 DOI: 10.3171/2022.4.peds21463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) following preterm intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is among the most severe sequelae of extreme prematurity and a significant contributor to preterm morbidity and mortality. The authors have previously shown hemoglobin and ferritin to be elevated in the lumbar puncture cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of neonates with PHH. Herein, they evaluated CSF from serial ventricular taps to determine whether neonates with PHH following severe initial ventriculomegaly had higher initial levels and prolonged clearance of CSF hemoglobin and hemoglobin degradation products compared to those in neonates with PHH following moderate initial ventriculomegaly. METHODS In this observational cohort study, CSF samples were obtained from serial ventricular taps in premature neonates with severe IVH and subsequent PHH. CSF hemoglobin, ferritin, total iron, total bilirubin, and total protein were quantified using ELISA. Ventriculomegaly on cranial imaging was assessed using the frontal occipital horn ratio (FOHR) and was categorized as severe (FOHR > 0.6) or moderate (FOHR ≤ 0.6). RESULTS Ventricular tap CSF hemoglobin (mean) and ferritin (initial and mean) were higher in neonates with severe versus moderate initial ventriculomegaly. CSF hemoglobin, ferritin, total iron, total bilirubin, and total protein decreased in a nonlinear fashion over the weeks following severe IVH. Significantly higher levels of CSF ferritin and total iron were observed in the early weeks following IVH in neonates with severe initial ventriculomegaly than in those with initial moderate ventriculomegaly. CONCLUSIONS Among preterm neonates with PHH following severe IVH, elevated CSF hemoglobin, ferritin, and iron were associated with more severe early ventricular enlargement (FOHR > 0.6 vs ≤ 0.6 at first ventricular tap).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly B Mahaney
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Chandana Buddhala
- 2Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Mounica Paturu
- 2Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Diego M Morales
- 2Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Christopher D Smyser
- 3Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine.,4Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine.,5Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - David D Limbrick
- 2Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Santosh E Gummidipundi
- 6Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research (BMIR), Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Summer S Han
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,6Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research (BMIR), Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jennifer M Strahle
- 2Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine
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Bramall AN, Anton ES, Kahle KT, Fecci PE. Navigating the ventricles: Novel insights into the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus. EBioMedicine 2022; 78:103931. [PMID: 35306341 PMCID: PMC8933686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hydrocephalus occurs in one in 500-1000 babies born in the United States and acquired hydrocephalus may occur as the consequence of stroke, intraventricular and subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injuries, brain tumors, craniectomy or may be idiopathic, as in the case of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Irrespective of its prevalence and significant impact on quality of life, neurosurgeons still rely on invasive cerebrospinal fluid shunt systems for the treatment of hydrocephalus that are exceptionally prone to failure and/or infection. Further understanding of this process at a molecular level, therefore, may have profound implications for improving treatment and quality of life for millions of individuals worldwide. The purpose of this article is to review the current research landscape on hydrocephalus with a focus on recent advances in our understanding of cerebrospinal fluid pathways from an evolutionary, genetics and molecular perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa N Bramall
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Hospital, 2301 Erwin Rd., Durham, NC 27710, United States.
| | - E S Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Hospital, 2301 Erwin Rd., Durham, NC 27710, United States
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Holste KG, Xia F, Ye F, Keep RF, Xi G. Mechanisms of neuroinflammation in hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage: a review. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:28. [PMID: 35365172 PMCID: PMC8973639 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both neonatal and adult populations. IVH not only causes immediate damage to surrounding structures by way of mass effect and elevated intracranial pressure; the subsequent inflammation causes additional brain injury and edema. Of those neonates who experience severe IVH, 25-30% will go on to develop post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). PHH places neonates and adults at risk for white matter injury, seizures, and death. Unfortunately, the molecular determinants of PHH are not well understood. Within the past decade an emphasis has been placed on neuroinflammation in IVH and PHH. More information has come to light regarding inflammation-induced fibrosis and cerebrospinal fluid hypersecretion in response to IVH. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of neuroinflammation involving clot-derived neuroinflammatory factors including hemoglobin/iron, peroxiredoxin-2 and thrombin, as well as macrophages/microglia, cytokines and complement in the development of PHH. Understanding the mechanisms of neuroinflammation after IVH may highlight potential novel therapeutic targets for PHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Holste
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 3470 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5338, USA.
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 3470 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5338, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fenghui Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 3470 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5338, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 3470 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5338, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 3470 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5338, USA.
- , 5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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Canonical Wnt Signaling in the Pathology of Iron Overload-Induced Oxidative Stress and Age-Related Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7163326. [PMID: 35116092 PMCID: PMC8807048 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7163326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Iron accumulates in the vital organs with aging. This is associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction leading to age-related disorders. Abnormal iron levels are linked to neurodegenerative diseases, liver injury, cancer, and ocular diseases. Canonical Wnt signaling is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that regulates many cellular functions including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, and stem cell renewal. Recent evidences indicate that iron regulates Wnt signaling, and iron chelators like deferoxamine and deferasirox can inhibit Wnt signaling and cell growth. Canonical Wnt signaling is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, and there are significant efforts ongoing to develop innovative therapies targeting the aberrant Wnt signaling. This review examines how intracellular iron accumulation regulates Wnt signaling in various tissues and their potential contribution in the progression of age-related diseases.
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Aronowski J, Sansing LH, Xi G, Zhang JH. Mechanisms of Damage After Cerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Xie F, Tan Q, Yu A, Guo P, Wang L, Zeng Z, Liang L, Xian J, Feng H, Chen Z. The role of cell-free DNA in fibrinolysis for intraventricular hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2021; 135:1105-1112. [PMID: 33418533 DOI: 10.3171/2020.7.jns201429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) fibrinolysis did not improve functional outcomes of patients with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), largely because of the unsatisfactory clot clearance. The presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) within the clot has been confirmed to impair tPA fibrinolysis, but the mechanism has been unclear. The authors hypothesized that cell-free DNA (cfDNA), the main framework of NETs, might be the important reason for the fibrinolysis resistance, and they validated the hypothesis, hoping to provide a new target to promote intraventricular fibrinolysis. METHODS First, cfDNA was detected in IVH clots by immunofluorescence staining in a rat model of IVH. Second, after blood (with or without exogenous cfDNA) intraventricular injection, IVH rats were given intraventricular infusion of 2 μl of saline, tPA, or tPA + DNase1 randomly. Then, the ventricular volume, animal behavior, and reactive astrocyte proliferation were assessed. Third, the IVH clots were collected for fibrinolysis assay in vitro. Finally, the effects of exogenous cfDNA in IVH were evaluated. RESULTS The presence of cfDNA in clots was observed as early as 1 hour after IVH. Compared with the whole-blood model, blood + cfDNA caused more severe ventricular dilation (day 7: blood 32.47 ± 2.096 mm3 vs blood + DNA 40.09 ± 2.787 mm3, p < 0.05), increased fibrinolysis resistance to tPA (day 7: tPA + DNA 26.04 ± 1.318 mm3 vs tPA 22.15 ± 1.706 mm3, p < 0.05), and further deteriorated the functional defects in rats (blood vs blood + DNA, p < 0.05). Degradation of cfDNA by DNase1 further enhanced the fibrinolysis effects on relieving the ventricular dilation (day 7: tPA + DNase1 11.67 ± 2.023 mm3 vs tPA, p < 0.05), improving the functional outcome (tPA vs tPA + DNase1, p < 0.05) and reducing periventricular astrocyte proliferation. CONCLUSIONS cfDNA impaired tPA fibrinolysis for IVH, and degradation of cfDNA may be a new target to improve this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangke Xie
- 1Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi; and
| | - Qiang Tan
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Anyong Yu
- 1Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi; and
| | - Peiwen Guo
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zongwei Zeng
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Liang
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jishu Xian
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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De Angelis LC, Parodi A, Sebastiani M, Consales A, Ravegnani GM, Severino M, Tortora D, Rossi A, Malova M, Minghetti D, Cama A, Piatelli G, Ramenghi LA. External ventricular drainage for posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation in preterm infants: insights on efficacy and failure. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2021; 28:563-571. [PMID: 34479205 DOI: 10.3171/2021.5.peds20928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to describe the clinical and neuroradiological characteristics of a cohort of preterm infants who had undergone external ventricular drain insertion as a temporary measure to treat posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation. In addition, the authors investigated the factors predicting permanent shunt dependency. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of a cohort of preterm infants who had undergone external ventricular drain insertion at Gaslini Children's Hospital (Genoa, Italy) between March 2012 and February 2018. They also analyzed clinical characteristics and magnetic resonance imaging data, including diffusion- and susceptibility-weighted imaging studies, which were obtained before both catheter insertion and removal. RESULTS Twenty-eight infants were included in the study. The mean gestational age was 28.2 ± 2.7 weeks, and the mean birth weight was 1209 ± 476 g. A permanent ventriculoperitoneal shunt was inserted in 15/28 (53.6%) infants because of the failure of external ventricular drainage as a temporary treatment option. Compared with the shunt-free group, the shunt-dependent group had a significantly lower gestational age (29.3 ± 2.3 vs 27.2 ± 2.7 weeks, p = 0.035) and tended toward a lower birth weight (p = 0.056). None of the clinical and neuroradiological characteristics significantly differed between the shunt-free and shunt-dependent groups at the time of catheter insertion. As expected, ventricular parameters as well as the intraventricular extension of intracerebral hemorrhage, as assessed using the intraventricular hemorrhage score, were reportedly higher in the shunt-dependent group than in the shunt-free group before catheter removal. CONCLUSIONS External ventricular drainage is a reliable first-line treatment for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. However, predicting its efficacy as a unique treatment remains challenging. A lower gestational age is associated with a higher risk of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus progression, suggesting that the more undeveloped the mechanisms for the clearance of blood degradation products, the greater the risk of requiring permanent cerebrospinal fluid diversion, although sophisticated MRI investigations are currently unable to corroborate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C De Angelis
- 1Department Mother and Child, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa.,5Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- 1Department Mother and Child, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa.,5Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marianna Sebastiani
- 1Department Mother and Child, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa.,5Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Rossi
- 3Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa.,4Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa; and
| | - Mariya Malova
- 1Department Mother and Child, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa.,5Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Diego Minghetti
- 1Department Mother and Child, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa.,5Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Armando Cama
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa.,4Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa; and
| | | | - Luca A Ramenghi
- 1Department Mother and Child, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa.,5Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Çizmeci MN, Akın MA, Özek E. Turkish Neonatal Society Guideline on the Diagnosis and Management of Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage-Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Related Complications. Turk Arch Pediatr 2021; 56:499-512. [PMID: 35110121 PMCID: PMC8849013 DOI: 10.5152/turkarchpediatr.2021.21142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) remains an important cause of brain injury in preterm infants, and is associated with high rates of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, despite the recent advances in perinatal care. Close neuroimaging is recommended for both the detection of GMH-IVH and for the follow-up of serious complications, such as post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD). Although the question when best to treat PHVD remains a matter of debate, recent literature on this topic shows that later timing of interventions predicted higher rates of neurodevelopmental impairment, emphasizing the importance of a well-structured neuroimaging protocol and timely interventions. In this guideline, pathophysiologic mechanisms, preventive measures, and clinical presentations of GMH-IVH and PHVD will be presented, and a neuroimaging protocol as well as an optimal treatment approach will be proposed in light of the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Nevzat Çizmeci
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mustafa Ali Akın
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Eren Özek
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey,Corresponding author:Eren Özek ✉
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Peng K, Koduri S, Xia F, Gao F, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. Impact of sex differences on thrombin-induced hydrocephalus and white matter injury: the role of neutrophils. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:38. [PMID: 34399800 PMCID: PMC8365969 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombin has been implicated in playing a role in hydrocephalus development following intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). However, the mechanisms underlying the sex differences to the detrimental effects of thrombin post-IVH remain elusive. METHOD Three-month old male and female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent unilateral intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of 3U or 5U thrombin, or saline, to examine differences in thrombin-induced hydrocephalus and white matter injury. Mortality, and lateral ventricle volume and white matter injury were measured on magnetic resonance imaging evaluation at 24 h post-injection. In addition, male rats were pretreated with 17-β estradiol (E2, 5 mg/kg) or vehicle at 24 and 2 h prior to ICV injection of 3U thrombin. All rats were euthanized at 24 h post-injection for histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS ICV injection of 5U thrombin caused 100 and 0% mortality in female and male rats, respectively. 3U of thrombin resulted in significant ventricular dilation and white matter damage at 24 h in both male and female rats, but both were worse in females (p < 0.05). Furthermore, neutrophil infiltration into choroid plexus and periventricular white matter was enhanced in female rats and may play a critical role in the sex difference in brain injury. Pre-treating male rats with E2, increased thrombin (3U)-induced hydrocephalus, periventricular white matter injury and neutrophil infiltration into the choroid plexus and white matter. CONCLUSIONS ICV thrombin injection induced more severe ventricular dilation and white matter damage in female rats compared to males. Estrogen appears to contribute to this difference which may involve greater neutrophil infiltration in females. Understanding sex differences in thrombin-induced brain injury may shed light on future interventions for hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sravanthi Koduri
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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Cumulative Damage: Cell Death in Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081911. [PMID: 34440681 PMCID: PMC8393895 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, approximately 11% of all infants are born preterm, prior to 37 weeks’ gestation. In these high-risk neonates, encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP) is a major cause of both morbidity and mortality, especially for neonates who are born very preterm (<32 weeks gestation). EoP encompasses numerous types of preterm birth-related brain abnormalities and injuries, and can culminate in a diverse array of neurodevelopmental impairments. Of note, posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus of prematurity (PHHP) can be conceptualized as a severe manifestation of EoP. PHHP impacts the immature neonatal brain at a crucial timepoint during neurodevelopment, and can result in permanent, detrimental consequences to not only cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics, but also to white and gray matter development. In this review, the relevant literature related to the diverse mechanisms of cell death in the setting of PHHP will be thoroughly discussed. Loss of the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, ependymal cells and their motile cilia, and cellular structures within the glymphatic system are of particular interest. Greater insights into the injuries, initiating targets, and downstream signaling pathways involved in excess cell death shed light on promising areas for therapeutic intervention. This will bolster current efforts to prevent, mitigate, and reverse the consequential brain remodeling that occurs as a result of hydrocephalus and other components of EoP.
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Strahle JM, Mahaney KB, Morales DM, Buddhala C, Shannon CN, Wellons JC, Kulkarni AV, Jensen H, Reeder RW, Holubkov R, Riva-Cambrin JK, Whitehead WE, Rozzelle CJ, Tamber M, Pollack IF, Naftel RP, Kestle JRW, Limbrick DD. Longitudinal CSF Iron Pathway Proteins in Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus: Associations with Ventricle Size and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes. Ann Neurol 2021; 90:217-226. [PMID: 34080727 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Iron has been implicated in the pathogenesis of brain injury and hydrocephalus after preterm germinal matrix hemorrhage-intraventricular hemorrhage, however, it is unknown how external or endogenous intraventricular clearance of iron pathway proteins affect the outcome in this group. METHODS This prospective multicenter cohort included patients with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) who underwent (1) temporary and permanent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion and (2) Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III testing around 2 years of age. CSF proteins in the iron handling pathway were analyzed longitudinally and compared to ventricle size and neurodevelopmental outcomes. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients met inclusion criteria with a median estimated gestational age at birth of 25 weeks; 65% were boys. Ventricular CSF levels of hemoglobin, iron, total bilirubin, and ferritin decreased between temporary and permanent CSF diversion with no change in CSF levels of ceruloplasmin, transferrin, haptoglobin, and hepcidin. There was an increase in CSF hemopexin during this interval. Larger ventricle size at permanent CSF diversion was associated with elevated CSF ferritin (p = 0.015) and decreased CSF hemopexin (p = 0.007). CSF levels of proteins at temporary CSF diversion were not associated with outcome, however, higher CSF transferrin at permanent CSF diversion was associated with improved cognitive outcome (p = 0.015). Importantly, longitudinal change in CSF iron pathway proteins, ferritin (decrease), and transferrin (increase) were associated with improved cognitive (p = 0.04) and motor (p = 0.03) scores and improved cognitive (p = 0.04), language (p = 0.035), and motor (p = 0.008) scores, respectively. INTERPRETATION Longitudinal changes in CSF transferrin (increase) and ferritin (decrease) are associated with improved neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonatal PHH, with implications for understanding the pathogenesis of poor outcomes in PHH. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:217-226.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Strahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kelly B Mahaney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Diego M Morales
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chandana Buddhala
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chevis N Shannon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John C Wellons
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Abhaya V Kulkarni
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hailey Jensen
- Data Coordinating Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ron W Reeder
- Data Coordinating Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Richard Holubkov
- Data Coordinating Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jay K Riva-Cambrin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Curtis J Rozzelle
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama - Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mandeep Tamber
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert P Naftel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John R W Kestle
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David D Limbrick
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Stokum JA, Cannarsa GJ, Wessell AP, Shea P, Wenger N, Simard JM. When the Blood Hits Your Brain: The Neurotoxicity of Extravasated Blood. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5132. [PMID: 34066240 PMCID: PMC8151992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhage in the central nervous system (CNS), including intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), remains highly morbid. Trials of medical management for these conditions over recent decades have been largely unsuccessful in improving outcome and reducing mortality. Beyond its role in creating mass effect, the presence of extravasated blood in patients with CNS hemorrhage is generally overlooked. Since trials of surgical intervention to remove CNS hemorrhage have been generally unsuccessful, the potent neurotoxicity of blood is generally viewed as a basic scientific curiosity rather than a clinically meaningful factor. In this review, we evaluate the direct role of blood as a neurotoxin and its subsequent clinical relevance. We first describe the molecular mechanisms of blood neurotoxicity. We then evaluate the clinical literature that directly relates to the evacuation of CNS hemorrhage. We posit that the efficacy of clot removal is a critical factor in outcome following surgical intervention. Future interventions for CNS hemorrhage should be guided by the principle that blood is exquisitely toxic to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A. Stokum
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.J.C.); (A.P.W.); (P.S.); (N.W.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Gregory J. Cannarsa
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.J.C.); (A.P.W.); (P.S.); (N.W.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Aaron P. Wessell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.J.C.); (A.P.W.); (P.S.); (N.W.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Phelan Shea
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.J.C.); (A.P.W.); (P.S.); (N.W.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Nicole Wenger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.J.C.); (A.P.W.); (P.S.); (N.W.); (J.M.S.)
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.J.C.); (A.P.W.); (P.S.); (N.W.); (J.M.S.)
- Departments of Pathology and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Ye F, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G, Garton HJL. CD47 blocking antibody accelerates hematoma clearance and alleviates hydrocephalus after experimental intraventricular hemorrhage. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 155:105384. [PMID: 33945877 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD47, a glycoprotein on red blood cell membranes, inhibits phagocytosis via interaction with signal regulatory protein α on phagocytes. Our previous research has demonstrated that blocking CD47 accelerates hematoma clearance and reduces brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. The current study investigated whether phagocytosis or erythrocyte CD47 impacts hematoma resolution and hydrocephalus development after intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Methods Adult (3-month-old) male Fischer 344 rats were intraventricularly injected with 200 μl autologous blood, mixed with either CD47 blocking antibody or isotype IgG, or 200 μl saline as control. In subgroups of CD47 blocking antibody treated rats, clodronate liposomes (to deplete microglia/monocyte-derived macrophages) or control liposomes were co-injected. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate ventricular volume and intraventricular T2* lesion volume (estimating hematoma volume). The brains were harvested after 4 or 72 h for histology to evaluate phagocytosis. Results In adult male rats, CD47 blocking antibody alleviated hydrocephalus development by day 3. In addition, the CD47 blocking antibody reduced intraventricular T2* lesion and T2* non-hypointense lesion size after IVH through day 1 to day 3. Erythrophagocytosis was observed as soon as 4 h after IVH and was enhanced on day 3. Furthermore, intra-hematoma infiltration of CD68, heme oxygenase-1 and ferritin positive phagocytes were upregulated by CD47 blockade by day 3. Clodronate liposomes co-injection caused more severe hydrocephalus and weight loss. Conclusion Blocking CD47 in the hematoma accelerated hematoma clearance and alleviated hemolysis and hydrocephalus development after IVH, suggesting CD47 might be valuable in the future treatment for IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghui Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Hugh J L Garton
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Pandya CD, Vekaria H, Joseph B, Slone SA, Gensel JC, Sullivan PG, Miller BA. Hemoglobin induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Transl Res 2021; 231:13-23. [PMID: 33460824 PMCID: PMC8016702 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in the infant brain give rise to mature oligodendrocytes that myelinate CNS axons. OPCs are particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress that occurs in many forms of brain injury. One common cause of infant brain injury is neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), which releases blood into the CSF and brain parenchyma of preterm infants. Although blood contains the powerful oxidant hemoglobin, the direct effects of hemoglobin on OPCs have not been studied. We utilized a cell culture system to test if hemoglobin induced free radical production and mitochondrial dysfunction in OPCs. We also tested if phenelzine (PLZ), an FDA-approved antioxidant drug, could protect OPCs from hemoglobin-induced oxidative stress. OPCs were isolated from Sprague Dawley rat pups and exposed to hemoglobin with and without PLZ. Outcomes assessed included intracellular reactive oxygen species levels using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) fluorescent dye, oxygen consumption using the XFe96 Seahorse assay, and proliferation measured by BrdU incorporation assay. Hemoglobin induced oxidative stress and impaired mitochondrial function in OPCs. PLZ treatment reduced hemoglobin-induced oxidative stress and improved OPC mitochondrial bioenergetics. The effects of hemoglobin and PLZ on OPC proliferation were not statistically significant, but showed trends towards hemoglobin reducing OPC proliferation and PLZ increasing OPC proliferation (P=0.06 for both effects). Collectively, our results indicate that hemoglobin induces mitochondrial dysfunction in OPCs and that antioxidant therapy reduces these effects. Therefore, antioxidant therapy may hold promise for white matter diseases in which hemoglobin plays a role, such as neonatal IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirayu D Pandya
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Hemendra Vekaria
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Binoy Joseph
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Stacey A Slone
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - John C Gensel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Lexington VA Health Care System, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Brandon A Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
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Chen T, Tan X, Xia F, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. Hydrocephalus Induced by Intraventricular Peroxiredoxin-2: The Role of Macrophages in the Choroid Plexus. Biomolecules 2021; 11:654. [PMID: 33946699 PMCID: PMC8145001 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) is the primary source of cerebrospinal fluid in the central nervous system. Recent evidence indicates that inflammatory pathways at the CP may be involved in hydrocephalus development. Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2) is a major component of red blood cells. Extracellular Prx2 is proinflammatory, and its release after red blood cell lysis may contribute to hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage. This study aimed to identify alterations in CP macrophages and dendritic cells following intracerebroventricular Prx2 injection and investigate the relationship between macrophages/dendritic cells and hydrocephalus. There were two parts to this study. In the first part, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received an intracerebroventricular injection of Prx2 or saline. In the second part, Prx2 was co-injected with clodronate liposomes or control liposomes. All animals were euthanized at 24 h after magnetic resonance imaging. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate macrophages in CP, magnetic resonance imaging to quantify hydrocephalus, and histology to assess ventricular wall damage. The intracerebroventricular injection of Prx2 not only increased the OX-6 positive cells, but it also altered their location in the CP and immunophenotype. Co-injecting clodronate liposomes with Prx2 decreased the number of macrophages and simultaneously attenuated Prx2-induced hydrocephalus and ventricular wall damage. These results suggest that CP macrophages play an essential role in CP inflammation-induced hydrocephalus. These macrophages may be a potential therapeutic target in post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.C.); (X.T.); (F.X.); (Y.H.); (R.F.K.)
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.C.); (X.T.); (F.X.); (Y.H.); (R.F.K.)
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.C.); (X.T.); (F.X.); (Y.H.); (R.F.K.)
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.C.); (X.T.); (F.X.); (Y.H.); (R.F.K.)
| | - Richard F. Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.C.); (X.T.); (F.X.); (Y.H.); (R.F.K.)
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.C.); (X.T.); (F.X.); (Y.H.); (R.F.K.)
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Wan S, Wei J, Hua Y, Koduri S, Keep RF, Xi G, Pandey AS. Cerebrospinal Fluid from Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients Leads to Hydrocephalus in Nude Mice. Neurocrit Care 2021; 34:423-431. [PMID: 32613425 PMCID: PMC7775274 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-020-01031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our prior studies have found that intracerebroventricular injection of blood components can cause hydrocephalus and choroid plexus epiplexus cell activation in rats. To minimize the cross-species reaction, the current study examines whether intraventricular injection of acellular components of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from subarachnoid hemorrhage patients can cause hydrocephalus and epiplexus macrophage activation in nude mice which lack a T cell inflammatory response. METHODS Adult male nude mice received intraventricular injections of acellular CSF from subarachnoid hemorrhage patients or a control patient. All mice had preoperative magnetic resonance imaging as baseline and postoperative scans at 24 h after CSF injection to determine ventricular volume. Brains were harvested at 24 h for brain histology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. RESULTS Intraventricular injection of CSF from two of five subarachnoid hemorrhage patients obtained < 48 h from ictus resulted in ventricular enlargement at 24 h. CSF-related hydrocephalus was associated with activation of epiplexus macrophages and ependymal injury. CONCLUSIONS Components of the acellular CSF of subarachnoid hemorrhage patients can cause epiplexus macrophage activation, ependymal cell damage, and ventricular enlargement in nude mice. This may serve as a unique model to study mechanisms of hydrocephalus development following subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Brain Center, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sravanthi Koduri
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Bldg., 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
| | - Aditya S Pandey
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 3552 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Zhao X, Kruzel M, Ting SM, Sun G, Savitz SI, Aronowski J. Optimized lactoferrin as a highly promising treatment for intracerebral hemorrhage: Pre-clinical experience. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:53-66. [PMID: 32438861 PMCID: PMC7747168 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20925667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the deadliest form of stroke for which there is no effective treatment, despite an endless number of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. The obvious therapeutic target is the neutralization of toxic products of red blood cell (RBC) lysis that lead to cytotoxicity, inflammation, and oxidative damage. We used rigorous approaches and translationally relevant experimental ICH models to show that lactoferrin-(LTF)-based monotherapy is uniquely robust in reducing brain damage after ICH. Specifically, we designed, produced, and pharmacokinetically/toxicologically characterized an optimized LTF, a fusion of human LTF and the Fc domain of human IgG (FcLTF) that has a 5.8-fold longer half-life in the circulation than native LTF. Following dose-optimization studies, we showed that FcLTF reduces neurological injury caused by ICH in aged male/female mice, and in young male Sprague Dawley (SD) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). FcLTF showed a remarkably long 24-h therapeutic window. In tissue culture systems, FcLTF protected neurons from the toxic effects of RBCs and promoted microglia toward phagocytosis of RBCs and dead neurons, documenting its pleotropic effect. Our findings indicate that FcLTF is safe and effective in reducing ICH-induced damage in animal models used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marian Kruzel
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shun-Ming Ting
- Department of Neurology and Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Sean I Savitz
- Department of Neurology and Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- Department of Neurology and Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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Rajdev K, Mehan S. Neuroprotective Methodologies of Co-Enzyme Q10 Mediated Brain Hemorrhagic Treatment: Clinical and Pre-Clinical Findings. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 18:446-465. [PMID: 31187715 DOI: 10.2174/1871527318666190610101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral brain hemorrhage is associated with the highest mortality and morbidity despite only constituting approximately 10-15% of all strokes classified into intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage where most of the patients suffer from impairment in memory, weakness or paralysis in arms or legs, headache, fatigue, gait abnormality and cognitive dysfunctions. Understanding molecular pathology and finding the worsening cause of hemorrhage will lead to explore the therapeutic interventions that could prevent and cure the disease. Mitochondrial ETC-complexes dysfunction has been found to increase neuroinflammatory cytokines, oxidative free radicals, excitotoxicity, neurotransmitter and energy imbalance that are the key neuropathological hallmarks of cerebral hemorrhage. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), as a part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain can effectively restore these neuronal dysfunctions by preventing the opening of mitochondrial membrane transition pore, thereby counteracting cell death events as well as exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by influencing the expression of NF-kB1 dependent genes thus preventing the neuroinflammation and energy restoration. Due to behavior and biochemical heterogeneity in post cerebral brain hemorrhagic pattern different preclinical autologous blood injection models are required to precisely investigate the forthcoming therapeutic strategies. Despite emerging pre-clinical research and resultant large clinical trials for promising symptomatic treatments, there are very less pharmacological interventions demonstrated to improve post operative condition of patients where intensive care is required. Therefore, in current review, we explore the disease pattern, clinical and pre-clinical interventions under investigation and neuroprotective methodologies of CoQ10 precursors to ameliorate post brain hemorrhagic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Rajdev
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
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Mechanical injury and blood are drivers of spatial memory deficits after rapid intraventricular hemorrhage. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 145:105084. [PMID: 32941979 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) survivors may recover with significant deficits in learning and memory. The goal of this study was to investigate the mechanism of memory decline after intraventricular aneurysm rupture. We developed an aneurysmal IVH rat model by injecting autologous, arterial blood over the period of two minutes into the right lateral ventricle. We also evaluated the effects of a volume-matched artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) control, thrombin and the mode of delivery (pulsed hand injection versus continuous pump infusion). We performed magnetic resonance brain imaging after 1 and 5 weeks to evaluate for hydrocephalus and histological analysis of the dentate gyrus after 6 weeks. Only animals which underwent a whole blood pulsed hand injection had a spatial memory acquisition and retention deficit 5 weeks later. These animals had larger ventricles at 1 and 5 weeks than animals which underwent a continuous pump infusion of whole blood. We did not find a decline in dentate gyrus granule cell neurons or an impairment in dentate gyrus neurogenesis or differentiation 6 weeks after IVH. Rapid injections of blood or volume resulted in microglial activation in the dentate gyrus. In conclusion, our results point to mechanical injury as the predominant mechanism of memory decline after intraventricular aneurysmal rupture. However, volume-matched pulsed injections of artificial CSF did not create a spatial memory deficit at 5 weeks. Therefore, whole blood itself must play a role in the mechanism. Further research is required to evaluate whether the viscosity of blood causes additional mechanical disruption and hydrocephalus through a primary injury mechanism or whether the toxicity of blood causes a secondary injury mechanism that leads to the observed spatial memory deficit after 5 weeks.
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Zhao X, Kruzel M, Aronowski J. Lactoferrin and hematoma detoxification after intracerebral hemorrhage. Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 99:97-101. [PMID: 32886889 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this minireview we discuss the role of lactoferrin (LTF) in detoxifying hematoma after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Subsequent to ICH, neutrophils enter the ICH-affected brain, where they release various granule contents, including LTF. LTF is an iron-binding glycoprotein that binds Fe3+ with high affinity. Unlike other iron-binding proteins, LTF can retain Fe3+ at the low pH associated with inflamed tissue. LTF's ability to sequester Fe3+ is of particular importance to ICH pathogenesis, because large quantities of free iron, which is pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory, are generated in the ICH-affected brain owing to blood hemolysis. LTF delivered to ICH-affected brain, either as a therapeutic agent or through infiltrated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (cells containing high levels of LTF), could limit the pathogenesis of ICH. LTF is a protein with a high isoelectric point (8.7), a property that enables it to bind to negatively-charged apoptotic cells or proteins. Here, LTF could act as a bridging molecule that couples the apoptotic cells to LTF receptors on the cellular membranes of microglia/macrophages to facilitate the efferocytosis/erythrophagocytosis of apoptotic cells and damaged red blood cells. Thus, by virtue of sequestrating iron and facilitating efferocytosis, LTF may contribute to hematoma detoxification and hematoma/inflammation resolution after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Zhao
- Department of Neurology UTHealth Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marian Kruzel
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- Department of Neurology UTHealth Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Romantsik O, Bruschettini M, Ley D. Intraventricular Hemorrhage and White Matter Injury in Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Neoreviews 2020; 20:e636-e652. [PMID: 31676738 DOI: 10.1542/neo.20-11-e636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) occurs in nearly half of infants born at less than 26 weeks' gestation. Up to 50% of survivors with IVH develop cerebral palsy, cognitive deficits, behavioral disorders, posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation, or a combination of these sequelae. After the initial bleeding and the primary brain injury, inflammation and secondary brain injury might lead to periventricular leukomalacia or diffuse white matter injury. Potential factors that are involved include microglia and astrocyte activation, degradation of blood components with release of "toxic" products, infiltration of the brain by systemic immune cells, death of neuronal and glial cells, and arrest of preoligodendrocyte maturation. In addition, impairment of the blood-brain barrier may play a major role in the pathophysiology. A wide range of animal models has been used to explore causes and mechanisms leading to IVH-induced brain injury. Preclinical studies have identified potential targets for enhancing brain repair. However, little has been elucidated about the effectiveness of potential interventions in clinical studies. A systematic review of available preclinical and clinical studies might help identify research gaps and which types of interventions may be prioritized. Future trials should report clinically robust and long-term outcomes after IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Romantsik
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matteo Bruschettini
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Ley
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Feng Z, Liu S, Chen Q, Tan Q, Xian J, Feng H, Chen Z, Li G. uPA alleviates kaolin-induced hydrocephalus by promoting the release and activation of hepatocyte growth factor in rats. Neurosci Lett 2020; 731:135011. [PMID: 32497735 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) was demonstrated to alleviate kaolin-induced communicating hydrocephalus via inhibiting subarachnoid space fibrosis, but the exact mechanism remains elusive. Thus, this study was designed to investigate if hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which plays a vital role in uPA-triggered inhibiting of fibrosis in multiple systems, is involved in this process in hydrocephalus. There were 2 parts in this study. First, hydrocephalus was induced in rats by basal cistern injection of kaolin. Then rats were treated with saline or uPA and brain tissue and CSF were collected for Western blot and enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) four days later. Second, kaolin-induced hydrocephalus rats were treated with saline, uPA, uPA + PHA665752 (antagonist of HGF) or PHA665752. Some animals received MRI four weeks later and brains were used for immunofluorescence. The others were euthanized four days later for ELISA. Both levels of total and activated HGF in the CSF was increased after uPA injections, but related mRNA expression of HGF showed no statistical significance when compared with the control group. Further, the effects of uPA that alleviating ventricular enlargement, subarachnoid fibrosis and reactive astrocytosis were partially reversed by PHA665752. Moreover, PHA665752 partially abolished uPA-induced reduction of transforming growth factor- β1(TGF- β1) level in CSF. Our data suggest that uPA effectively inhibited subarachnoid fibrosis and restricted the development of communicating hydrocephalus in rats in part by promoting HGF release and activation, which may further regulate the TGF-β1 expression in CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Shengyan Liu
- Chongqing Mental Health Center, Chongqing, 4001147, PR China
| | - Qianwei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Qiang Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Jishu Xian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, 563003, PR China.
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Mahaney KB, Buddhala C, Paturu M, Morales D, Limbrick DD, Strahle JM. Intraventricular Hemorrhage Clearance in Human Neonatal Cerebrospinal Fluid: Associations With Hydrocephalus. Stroke 2020; 51:1712-1719. [PMID: 32397930 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.028744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Preterm neonates with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) are at risk for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus and poor neurological outcomes. Iron has been implicated in ventriculomegaly, hippocampal injury, and poor outcomes following IVH. We hypothesized that levels of cerebrospinal fluid blood breakdown products and endogenous iron clearance proteins in neonates with IVH differ from those of neonates with IVH who subsequently develop posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Methods- Premature neonates with an estimated gestational age at birth <30 weeks who underwent lumbar puncture for clinical evaluation an average of 2 weeks after birth were evaluated. Groups consisted of controls (n=16), low-grade IVH (grades I-II; n=4), high-grade IVH (grades III-IV; n=6), and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (n=9). Control subjects were preterm neonates born at <30 weeks' gestation without brain abnormality or hemorrhage on cranial ultrasound, who underwent lumbar puncture for clinical purposes. Cerebrospinal fluid hemoglobin, total bilirubin, total iron, ferritin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, haptoglobin, and hemopexin were quantified. Results- Cerebrospinal fluid hemoglobin levels were increased in posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus compared with high-grade IVH (9.45 versus 6.06 µg/mL, P<0.05) and cerebrospinal fluid ferritin levels were increased in posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus compared with controls (511.33 versus 67.08, P<0.01). No significant group differences existed for the other cerebrospinal fluid blood breakdown and iron-handling proteins tested. We observed positive correlations between ventricular enlargement (frontal occipital horn ratio) and ferritin (Pearson r=0.67), hemoglobin (Pearson r=0.68), and total bilirubin (Pearson r=0.69). Conclusions- Neonates with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus had significantly higher levels of hemoglobin than those with high-grade IVH. Levels of blood breakdown products, hemoglobin, ferritin, and bilirubin correlated with ventricular size. There was no elevation of several iron-scavenging proteins in cerebrospinal fluid in neonates with posthemorrhagic hydrocpehalus, indicative of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus as a disease state occurring when endogenous iron clearance mechanisms are overwhelmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly B Mahaney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (K.B.M.)
| | - Chandana Buddhala
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, MO (C.B., M.P., D.M., D.D.L., J.M.S.)
| | - Mounica Paturu
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, MO (C.B., M.P., D.M., D.D.L., J.M.S.)
| | - Diego Morales
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, MO (C.B., M.P., D.M., D.D.L., J.M.S.)
| | - David D Limbrick
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, MO (C.B., M.P., D.M., D.D.L., J.M.S.)
| | - Jennifer M Strahle
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, MO (C.B., M.P., D.M., D.D.L., J.M.S.)
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Tan X, Chen J, Keep RF, Xi G, Hua Y. Prx2 (Peroxiredoxin 2) as a Cause of Hydrocephalus After Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Stroke 2020; 51:1578-1586. [PMID: 32279622 PMCID: PMC7192237 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.028672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Our recent study demonstrated that release of Prx2 (peroxiredoxin 2) from red blood cells (RBCs) is involved in the inflammatory response and brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. The current study investigated the role of extracellular Prx2 in hydrocephalus development after experimental intraventricular hemorrhage. Methods- There were 4 parts in this study. First, Sprague-Dawley rats received an intraventricular injection of lysed RBC or saline and were euthanized at 1 hour for Prx2 measurements. Second, rats received an intraventricular injection of Prx2, deactivated Prx2, or saline. Third, lysed RBC was coinjected with conoidin A, a Prx2 inhibitor, or vehicle. Fourth, rats received Prx2 injection and were treated with minocycline or saline (i.p.). The effects of Prx2 and the inhibitors were examined using magnetic resonance imaging assessing ventriculomegaly, histology assessing ventricular wall damage, and immunohistochemistry to assess inflammation, particularly at the choroid plexus. Results- Intraventricular injection of lysed RBC resulted in increased brain Prx2 and hydrocephalus. Intraventricular injection of Prx2 alone caused hydrocephalus, ventricular wall damage, activation of choroid plexus epiplexus cells (macrophages), and an accumulation of neutrophils. Conoidin A attenuated lysed RBC-induced injury. Systemic minocycline treatment reduced the epiplexus cell activation and hydrocephalus induced by Prx2. Conclusions- Prx2 contributed to the intraventricular hemorrhage-induced hydrocephalus, probably by inducing inflammatory responses in choroid plexus and ventricular wall damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, the 2 Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, the 2 Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Richard F. Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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43
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Parodi A, Govaert P, Horsch S, Bravo MC, Ramenghi LA. Cranial ultrasound findings in preterm germinal matrix haemorrhage, sequelae and outcome. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:13-24. [PMID: 32218535 PMCID: PMC7098890 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-0780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Germinal matrix-intraventricular haemorrhage (GMH-IVH), periventricular haemorrhagic infarction (PHI) and its complication, post-haemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD), are still common neonatal morbidities in preterm infants that are highly associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcome. Typical cranial ultrasound (CUS) findings of GMH-IVH, PHI and PHVD, their anatomical substrates and underlying mechanisms are discussed in this paper. Furthermore, we propose a detailed descriptive classification of GMH-IVH and PHI that may improve quality of CUS reporting and prediction of outcome in infants suffering from GMH-IVH/PHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Parodi
- IRCCS, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, DINOGMI Department University of Genoa, Via Gaslini 5, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paul Govaert
- Department of Neonatology, Erasmus Medical Center University, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neonatology, ZNA Middelheim, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy, Gent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Horsch
- Department of Neonatology, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Luca A Ramenghi
- IRCCS, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, DINOGMI Department University of Genoa, Via Gaslini 5, 16148, Genoa, Italy.
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44
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Wan Y, Gao F, Ye F, Yang W, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. Effects of aging on hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:8. [PMID: 32106865 PMCID: PMC7047364 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-0169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrocephalus is a common and major complication that affects outcome after intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). While aging impacts the occurrence of hydrocephalus in patients with IVH this and the underlying mechanisms have received little attention. The present investigation, therefore, studied the impact of aging on hydrocephalus after IVH in a rat model. METHODS Young and aged (3 and 18 months old, respectively) male Fischer 344 rats had an intraventricular injection of 200 μl autologous blood or saline. Ventricular volume was estimated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), while ventricular wall damage, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and epiplexus cell activation were quantified by histological staining and Western blot. Additionally, the impact of intraventricular iron injection was examined in young and aged rats. RESULTS Intraventricular injection of autologous blood induced hydrocephalus in both young and aged rats but ventricular volumes were larger in aged rats compared to young rats from day 3 to day 14 followed IVH. In addition, ventricular wall damage and periventricular HO-1 upregulation were greater in aged versus young rats on day 1 after IVH. Aged rats also had more choroid plexus epiplexus cells on day 14 after IVH. Additionally, organized hematomas were observed in 23% (3/13) of aged rats but not in young rats after IVH. Organized hematomas in aged rats showed larger T2* lesions on MRI compared to rats with non-organized hematomas. Similar to the effects of IVH, intraventricular injection of iron resulted in more epiplexus cells activation and more severe hydrocephalus in aged compared to young rats. CONCLUSIONS IVH causes more severe hydrocephalus in aged compared to young rats. Enhanced ventricular wall damage, epiplexus cell activation and iron overload may contribute to this aggravated hydrocephalus development in aged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fenghui Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Weiming Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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45
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Horsch S, Parodi A, Hallberg B, Malova M, Björkman-Burtscher IM, Hansen-Pupp I, Marlow N, Beardsall K, Dunger D, van Weissenbruch M, Smith LEH, Hamdani M, Mangili A, Barton N, Ramenghi LA, Hellström A, Ley D. Randomized Control Trial of Postnatal rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3 Replacement in Preterm Infants: Post-hoc Analysis of Its Effect on Brain Injury. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:517207. [PMID: 33163463 PMCID: PMC7581737 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.517207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Postnatal insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) replacement with recombinant human (rh)IGF-1 and IGF binding protein-3 (rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3) is being studied as a potential treatment to reduce comorbidities of prematurity. We have recently reported on a phase II, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial comparing postnatal rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3 replacement with standard of care (SOC) in extremely preterm infants (NCT01096784). Maximum severity of retinopathy of prematurity was the primary endpoint of the trial and presence of GMH-IVH/PHI one of the pre-specified secondary endpoints. Infants therefore received serial cranial ultrasound scans (CUS) between birth and term age. In this post-hoc analysis we present a detailed analysis of the CUS data of this trial and evaluate the effect of postnatal rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3 replacement on the incidence of different kinds of brain injury in extremely preterm infants. Methods: This report is an exploratory post-hoc analysis of a phase II trial in which infants <28 weeks gestational age were randomly allocated to rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3 or SOC. Serial cranial ultrasounds were performed between birth and term-equivalent age. Presence of germinal matrix hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH), periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (PHI), post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation, and white matter injury (WMI) were scored by two independent masked readers. Results: The analysis included 117 infants; 58 received rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3 and 59 received SOC. A trend toward less grade II-III GMH-IVH and PHI was observed in treated infants vs. SOC. A subanalysis of infants without evidence of GMH-IVH at study entry (n = 104) showed reduced progression to GMH-IVH in treated infants (25.0% [13/52] vs. 40.4% [21/52]; not significant). No effects of rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3 on WMI were observed. Conclusion: The potential protective effect of rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3 on the occurrence of GMH-IVH/PHI appeared most pronounced in infants with no evidence of GMH-IVH at treatment start.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Horsch
- HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department Mother and Child, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Boubou Hallberg
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mariya Malova
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department Mother and Child, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabella M Björkman-Burtscher
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Radiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Clinical Sciences, Radiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hansen-Pupp
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Neil Marlow
- Department of Academic Neonatology, UCL Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Beardsall
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mirjam van Weissenbruch
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mohamed Hamdani
- Global Clinical Development, Rare Metabolic Diseases, Shire, a Takeda Company, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Alexandra Mangili
- Global Clinical Development, Rare Metabolic Diseases, Shire, a Takeda Company, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Norman Barton
- Global Clinical Development, Rare Metabolic Diseases, Shire, a Takeda Company, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Luca A Ramenghi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department Mother and Child, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ann Hellström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Ley
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Klebe D, McBride D, Krafft PR, Flores JJ, Tang J, Zhang JH. Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus development after germinal matrix hemorrhage: Established mechanisms and proposed pathways. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:105-120. [PMID: 30793349 PMCID: PMC6703985 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In addition to being the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in premature infants, germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is also the leading cause of acquired infantile hydrocephalus. The pathophysiology of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) development after GMH is complex and vaguely understood, although evidence suggests fibrosis and gliosis in the periventricular and subarachnoid spaces disrupts normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics. Theories explaining general hydrocephalus etiology have substantially evolved from the original bulk flow theory developed by Dr. Dandy over a century ago. Current clinical and experimental evidence supports a new hydrodynamic theory for hydrocephalus development involving redistribution of vascular pulsations and disruption of Starling forces in the brain microcirculation. In this review, we discuss CSF flow dynamics, history and development of theoretical hydrocephalus pathophysiology, and GMH epidemiology and etiology as it relates to PHH development. We highlight known mechanisms and propose new avenues that will further elucidate GMH pathophysiology, specifically related to hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon Klebe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350
| | - Devin McBride
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350
| | - Paul R Krafft
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350
| | - Jerry J Flores
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350
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47
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Bocheng W, Chaofeng L, Chuan C, Haiyong H, Tengchao H, Qun G, Ying G. Intracranial lymphatic drainage discharges iron from the ventricles and reduce the occurrence of chronic hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage in rats. Int J Neurosci 2019; 130:130-135. [PMID: 31516063 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1667780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Bocheng
- Neurosurgery department, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chaofeng
- Neurosurgery department, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chuan
- Neurosurgery department, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Haiyong
- Neurosurgery department, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huang Tengchao
- Neurosurgery department, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gao Qun
- Neurosurgery department, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo Ying
- Neurosurgery department, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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48
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Shi J, Tang R, Zhou Y, Xian J, Zuo C, Wang L, Wang J, Feng H, Hu S. Attenuation of White Matter Damage Following Deferoxamine Treatment in Rats After Spinal Cord Injury. World Neurosurg 2019; 137:e9-e17. [PMID: 31518742 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.08.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With little information available on axonal and myelin damage surrounding the contusion, the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) so far has focused on neuronal death. In this study, we investigated the role of iron overload in long-term oligodendroglia death and progressive white matter damage to rats after SCI using the iron chelator, deferoxamine (DFX). METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley rats received either a contusion at T10 or sham-surgery. The rats were treated with DFX or vehicle. All rats were evaluated in behavioral assessments and then euthanized at different time points. Spinal cords were analyzed by diaminobenzidine-enhanced Perls' staining, non-heme iron measurements, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Iron accumulation after SCI resulted in the upregulation of transferrin receptor and divalent metal transporter 1, which exacerbated the intracellular iron overload. DFX treatment reduced iron overload-induced delayed oligodendrocyte death (e.g., 21 days: 47.12 ± 10.5 vs. 20.02 ± 9.4 x 103/mm2 in the vehicle-treated group, n = 4, P < 0.05). After SCI, the markers of axonal damage and demyelination were increased in white matter in the vehicle-treated group compared with the DFX-treated group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Iron overload plays an important role in progressive white matter damage after SCI. DFX may be an effective treatment for white matter damage after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chong'qing, China
| | - Rongrui Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chong'qing, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chong'qing, China
| | - Jishu Xian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chong'qing, China
| | - Chenghai Zuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chong'qing, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chong'qing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chong'qing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chong'qing, China
| | - Shengli Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chong'qing, China.
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Yogendrakumar V, Ramsay T, Fergusson D, Demchuk AM, Aviv RI, Rodriguez-Luna D, Molina CA, Silva Y, Dzialowski I, Kobayashi A, Boulanger JM, Lum C, Gubitz G, Srivastava P, Roy J, Kase CS, Bhatia R, Hill MD, Warren AD, Anderson CD, Gurol ME, Greenberg SM, Viswanathan A, Rosand J, Goldstein JN, Dowlatshahi D. New and expanding ventricular hemorrhage predicts poor outcome in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2019; 93:e879-e888. [PMID: 31371565 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the relationship between intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) expansion and long-term outcome and to use this relationship to select and validate clinically relevant thresholds of IVH expansion in 2 separate intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) populations. METHODS We used fractional polynomial analysis to test linear and nonlinear models of 24-hour IVH volume change and clinical outcome with data from the Predicting Hematoma Growth and Outcome in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Using Contrast Bolus CT (PREDICT)-ICH study. The primary outcome was poor clinical outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 4-6) at 90 days. We derived dichotomous thresholds from the selected model and calculated diagnostic accuracy measures. We validated all thresholds in an independent single-center ICH cohort (Massachusetts General Hospital). RESULTS Of the 256 patients from PREDICT, 127 (49.6%) had an mRS score of 4 to 6. Twenty-four-hour IVH volume change and poor outcome fit a nonlinear relationship, in which minimal increases in IVH were associated with a high probability of an mRS score of 4 to 6. IVH expansion ≥1 mL (n = 53, sensitivity 33%, specificity 92%, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-6.46) and development of any new IVH (n = 74, sensitivity 43%, specificity 85%, aOR 2.53, 95% CI 1.22-5.26) strongly predicted poor outcome at 90 days. The dichotomous thresholds reproduced well in a validation cohort of 169 patients. CONCLUSION IVH expansion as small as 1 mL or any new IVH is strongly predictive of poor outcome. These findings may assist clinicians with bedside prognostication and could be incorporated into definitions of hematoma expansion to inform future ICH treatment trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignan Yogendrakumar
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
| | - Tim Ramsay
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Dean Fergusson
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Andrew M Demchuk
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Richard I Aviv
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - David Rodriguez-Luna
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Carlos A Molina
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Yolanda Silva
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Imanuel Dzialowski
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Adam Kobayashi
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Jean-Martin Boulanger
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Cheemun Lum
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Gord Gubitz
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Padma Srivastava
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Jayanta Roy
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Carlos S Kase
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Michael D Hill
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Andrew D Warren
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Christopher D Anderson
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Mahmut E Gurol
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Steve M Greenberg
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Anand Viswanathan
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Joshua N Goldstein
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Dar Dowlatshahi
- From the Ottawa Stroke Program (V.Y., D.D.), Department of Medicine (Neurology), Department of Radiology (C.L.), Ottawa Methods Center (T.R., D.F.), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (T.R., D.F., D.D.), University of Ottawa, Ontario; Calgary Stroke Program (A.M.D., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta; Division of Neuroradiology and Department of Medical Imaging (R.I.A.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.R.-L., C.A.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona; Department of Neurology (Y.S.), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Girona Foundation, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), Elblandklinikum Meissen Academic Teaching Hospital of Technische University, Dresden, Germany; Interventional Stroke and Cerebrovascular Treatment Center and 2nd Department of Neurology (A.K.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine (J.-M.B.), Charles LeMoyne Hospital, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec; Department of Neurology (G.G.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Neurology (P.S., R.B.), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (J.R.), Kolkata, India; Department of Neurology (C.S.K.), Boston Medical Center; and Department of Neurology (A.D.W., C.D.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., J.R.), Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health (J.R.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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Jiang C, Zou X, Zhu R, Shi Y, Wu Z, Zhao F, Chen L. The correlation between accumulation of amyloid beta with enhanced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment after intraventricular hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2019; 131:54-63. [PMID: 30028260 DOI: 10.3171/2018.1.jns172938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is found in approximately 40% of intracerebral hemorrhages and is associated with increased mortality and poor functional outcome. Cognitive impairment is one of the complications and occurs due to various pathological changes. Amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation and neuroinflammation, and the Alzheimer disease-like pathology, may contribute to cognitive impairment. Iron, the degradation product of hemoglobin, correlates with Aβ. In this study, the authors investigated the correlation between Aβ accumulation with enhanced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in a rat model of IVH. METHODS Nine male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent an intraventricular injection of autologous blood. Another 9 rats served as controls. Cognitive function was assessed by the Morris water maze and T-maze rewarded alternation tests. Biomarkers of Aβ accumulation, neuroinflammation, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation were examined. RESULTS Cognitive function was impaired in the autologous blood injection group compared with the control group. In the blood injection group, Aβ accumulation was observed, with a co-located correlation between iron storage protein ferritin and Aβ. Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) activity was elevated. Microgliosis and astrogliosis were observed in hippocampal CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus areas, with elevated proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1. Protein levels of phosphorylated JNK were increased after blood injection. CONCLUSIONS Aβ accumulation and enhanced neuroinflammation have a role in cognitive impairment after IVH. A potential therapeutic method requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Liang Chen
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and
- 2National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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