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Mo S, Yang C, Zheng X, Lv H, Mao S, Liu N, Yang Q, Liao B, Yang M, Lu Z, Tang L, Huang X, Jian C, Li X, Shang J. Neuroprotective Effects of AER-271 in a tMCAO Mouse Model: Modulation of Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Inflammation. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02082-7. [PMID: 39117789 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Following ischemic stroke, aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression modifications have been associated with increased inflammation. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This study aims to elucidate the mechanistic basis of post-cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) inflammation by employing the AQP4-specific inhibitor, AER-271. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was used to induce ischemic stroke in mice. C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated into four groups: sham operation, I/R, AER-271, and 2-(nicotinamide)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (TGN-020) treatment, with observations recorded at 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days post-tMCAO. Each group consisted of 15 mice. Procedures included histological examination through HE staining, neurological scoring, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence staining. AER-271 treatment yielded significant improvements in post-stroke weight recovery and neurological scores, accompanied by a reduction in cerebral infarction volume. Moreover, AER-271 exhibited a noticeable influence on autophagic and apoptotic pathways, affecting the activation of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Alterations in the levels of inflammatory biomarkers MCP-1, NLRP3, and caspase 1 were also detected. Finally, a comparative assessment of the effects of AER-271 and TGN-020 in mitigating apoptosis and microglial polarization in ischemic mice revealed neuroprotective effects with no significant difference in efficacy. This study provides essential insights into the neuroprotective mechanisms of AER-271 in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, offering potential clinical applications in the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglong Mo
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
- Biological Molecule Laboratory, Guangxi University Key Laboratory of High Incidence Prevention and Control Research in Western Guangxi, Baise, 53300, Guangxi, China
- Graduate School of Youjiang, Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Chengmin Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
- Biological Molecule Laboratory, Guangxi University Key Laboratory of High Incidence Prevention and Control Research in Western Guangxi, Baise, 53300, Guangxi, China
| | - Xingwu Zheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Hui Lv
- Modern Industrial College of Biomedicine and Great Health, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Sanyin Mao
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Jiande, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Neurology, BAISE PEOPLE'S HOSPITAL, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Bao Liao
- Department of Neurology, BAISE PEOPLE'S HOSPITAL, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Meiling Yang
- Graduate School of Youjiang, Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhicheng Lu
- Graduate School of Youjiang, Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Lina Tang
- Graduate School of Youjiang, Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaorui Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Chongdong Jian
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China.
- Biological Molecule Laboratory, Guangxi University Key Laboratory of High Incidence Prevention and Control Research in Western Guangxi, Baise, 53300, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xuebin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China.
- Biological Molecule Laboratory, Guangxi University Key Laboratory of High Incidence Prevention and Control Research in Western Guangxi, Baise, 53300, Guangxi, China.
| | - Jingwei Shang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China.
- Biological Molecule Laboratory, Guangxi University Key Laboratory of High Incidence Prevention and Control Research in Western Guangxi, Baise, 53300, Guangxi, China.
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Klimiec-Moskal E, Koceniak P, Weglarczyk K, Slowik A, Siedlar M, Dziedzic T. Circulating Chemokines and Short- and Long-Term Outcomes After Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04279-1. [PMID: 38861234 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Chemokines are vital in post-cerebral ischemia inflammatory reactions. We investigate the possible relationship between plasma chemokines and short-term and long-term outcomes after stroke. This study included 235 patients (median age, 72 years; 49.8% female) suffering from ischemic stroke, or transient ischemic attack admitted to the hospital within 24 h of onset. We evaluated chemokines CCL2, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10 in plasma samples collected upon admission. Further, we assessed functional outcomes at 3- and 12-months, all-cause fatality over 5 years, and episodes of delirium within the first 7 days of admission. Multivariate analysis revealed an association between higher CXCL10 levels and an increased risk of poor functional outcomes at 3 months (OR: 3.02, 95%CI: 1.22-7.46, p = 0.016) and 12 months (OR: 2.32, 95%CI: 1.03-5.26, p = 0.043), as well as an increased death risk (HR: 1.79, 95%CI: 1.04-3.07, p = 0.036). High CXCL8 levels independently predicted poor functional outcomes at 12 months (OR: 2.69, 95%CI: 1.39-6.31, p = 0.005) and a higher 5-year case fatality rate (HR: 1.90, 95%CI: 1.23-2.93, p = 0.004). Elevated CXCL9 levels also predicted unfavourable functional outcomes at 12 months (OR: 2.45, 95%CI: 1.07-5.61, p = 0.034). In univariate analysis, increased levels of CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10 showed an association with delirium, although this link was not evident in the multivariate analysis. Plasma CXCL8 and CXCL10 show potential as prognostic biomarkers for stroke outcomes and as therapeutic targets suitable for reverse translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Klimiec-Moskal
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Ul. Botaniczna 3, 31-503, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Koceniak
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Ul. Botaniczna 3, 31-503, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Weglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Slowik
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Ul. Botaniczna 3, 31-503, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Dziedzic
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Ul. Botaniczna 3, 31-503, Kraków, Poland.
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Saleh RO, Majeed AA, Margiana R, Alkadir OKA, Almalki SG, Ghildiyal P, Samusenkov V, Jabber NK, Mustafa YF, Elawady A. Therapeutic gene delivery by mesenchymal stem cell for brain ischemia damage: Focus on molecular mechanisms in ischemic stroke. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3957. [PMID: 38468129 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic damage is prevalent and the second highest cause of death globally across patient populations; it is as a substantial reason of morbidity and mortality. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have garnered significant interest as a potential treatment for cerebral ischemic damage, as shown in ischemic stroke, because of their potent intrinsic features, which include self-regeneration, immunomodulation, and multi-potency. Additionally, MSCs are easily obtained, isolated, and cultured. Despite this, there are a number of obstacles that hinder the effectiveness of MSC-based treatment, such as adverse microenvironmental conditions both in vivo and in vitro. To overcome these obstacles, the naïve MSC has undergone a number of modification processes to enhance its innate therapeutic qualities. Genetic modification and preconditioning modification (with medications, growth factors, and other substances) are the two main categories into which these modification techniques can be separated. This field has advanced significantly and is still attracting attention and innovation. We examine these cutting-edge methods for preserving and even improving the natural biological functions and therapeutic potential of MSCs in relation to adhesion, migration, homing to the target site, survival, and delayed premature senescence. We address the use of genetically altered MSC in stroke-induced damage. Future strategies for improving the therapeutic result and addressing the difficulties associated with MSC modification are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed Obaid Saleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar, Iraq
| | - Ali A Majeed
- Department of Pathological Analyses, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Ria Margiana
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Master's Programme Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ola Kamal A Alkadir
- Department of Medical Engineering, Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sami G Almalki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pallavi Ghildiyal
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Vadim Samusenkov
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Elawady
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
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Lin YT, Chen HD, Ai QD, Yang YT, Zhang Z, Chu SF, Chen NH. Characteristics and pathogenesis of chemokines in the post-stroke stage. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109781. [PMID: 36720195 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines, as small molecular proteins, play a crucial role in the immune and inflammatory responses after stroke. A large amount of evidence showed chemokines and their receptors were increasingly recognized as potential targets for stroke treatment, which were involved in the processing of neovascularization, neurogenesis, and neural network reconstruction. In this review, we summarized the characteristics of chemokine alterations throughout the post-stroke nerve repair phase to gain insight into the pathological mechanisms of chemokines and find effective therapeutic targets for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Lin
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces and College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Hao-Dong Chen
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces and College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Qi-di Ai
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces and College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Yan-Tao Yang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces and College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medical & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medical & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces and College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medical & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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5
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Torbati E, Stuart G, Krause K, Brown C, Wise L. Methods to Assess Chemokine Binding and Anti-chemotactic Activity of Virus Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2597:217-234. [PMID: 36374424 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2835-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are key instigators of inflammatory and immune responses. Viruses can suppress these responses by secreting proteins that interfere with chemokine action. These proteins bind to chemokines and block the host's ability to recruit immune cells to sites of infection, thus facilitating virus replication and spread. When produced recombinantly, chemokine binding proteins provide a formidable resource to deploy against human disease. Here, we describe an enzyme-linked immunosorbent inhibition assay and a chemotaxis inhibition assay that are employed to assess the chemokine binding strength and anti-chemotactic activity of viral proteins. These assays are quick and reproducible, and are thus ideal for screening putative or modified chemokine binding proteins as the first step in their development as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Torbati
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gabriella Stuart
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kurt Krause
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Chris Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lyn Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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DeLong JH, Ohashi SN, O'Connor KC, Sansing LH. Inflammatory Responses After Ischemic Stroke. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:625-648. [PMID: 35767089 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00943-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke generates an immune response that contributes to neuronal loss as well as tissue repair. This is a complex process involving a range of cell types and effector molecules and impacts tissues outside of the CNS. Recent reviews address specific aspects of this response, but several years have passed and important advances have been made since a high-level review has summarized the overall state of the field. The present review examines the initiation of the inflammatory response after ischemic stroke, the complex impacts of leukocytes on patient outcome, and the potential of basic science discoveries to impact the development of therapeutics. The information summarized here is derived from broad PubMed searches and aims to reflect recent research advances in an unbiased manner. We highlight valuable recent discoveries and identify gaps in knowledge that have the potential to advance our understanding of this disease and therapies to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Howard DeLong
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah Naomi Ohashi
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kevin Charles O'Connor
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lauren Hachmann Sansing
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Pappas A, Shankaran S, McDonald SA, Carlo WA, Laptook AR, Tyson JE, Das A, Skogstrand K, Hougaard DM, Higgins RD. Blood Biomarkers and 6- to 7-Year Childhood Outcomes Following Neonatal Encephalopathy. Am J Perinatol 2022; 39:732-749. [PMID: 33038899 PMCID: PMC8765716 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1717072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to profile the cytokine/chemokine response from day 0 to 7 in infants (≥36 weeks of gestational age) with neonatal encephalopathy (NE) and to explore the association with long-term outcomes. STUDY DESIGN This was a secondary study of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Neonatal Research Network randomized controlled trial of whole body hypothermia for NE. Eligible infants with moderate-severe NE were randomized to cooling or normothermia. Blood spots were collected on days 0 to 1, 2 to 4, and 6 to 7. Twenty-four cytokines/chemokines were measured using a multiplex platform. Surviving infants underwent neurodevelopmental assessment at 6 to 7 years. Primary outcome was death or moderate-severe impairment defined by any of the following: intelligence quotient <70, moderate-severe cerebral palsy (CP), blindness, hearing impairment, or epilepsy. RESULTS Cytokine blood spots were collected from 109 participants. In total 99 of 109 (91%) were assessed at 6 to 7 years; 54 of 99 (55%) developed death/impairment. Neonates who died or were impaired had lower early regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and higher day 7 monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 levels than neonates who survived without impairment. Though TNF-α levels had no association with death/impairment, higher day 0 to 1 levels were observed among neonates who died/developed CP. On multiple regression analysis adjusted for center, treatment group, sex, race, and level of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, higher RANTES was inversely associated with death/impairment (odds ratio (OR): 0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.13-0.74), while day seven MCP-1 level was directly associated with death/impairment (OR: 3.70, 95% CI: 1.42-9.61). Targeted cytokine/chemokine levels demonstrated little variation with hypothermia treatment. CONCLUSION RANTES and MCP-1 levels in the first week of life may provide potential targets for future therapies among neonates with encephalopathy. KEY POINTS · Elevation of specific cytokines and chemokines in neonates with encephalopathy has been noted along with increased risk of neurodevelopmental impairment in infancy.. · Cytokine/chemokines at <7 days were assessed among neonates in a trial of hypothermia for HIE.. · Neonates who died or were impaired at 6 to 7 years following hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy had lower RANTES and higher MCP-1 levels than those who survived without impairment..
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Pappas
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | | | - Scott A. McDonald
- Social, Statistical and Environmental Sciences Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Waldemar A. Carlo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children’s Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Abbot R. Laptook
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infant’s Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Jon E. Tyson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Abhik Das
- Social, Statistical and Environmental Sciences Unit, RTI International, Rockville, MD
| | - Kristin Skogstrand
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Center for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen
| | - David M. Hougaard
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Center for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen
| | - Rosemary D. Higgins
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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The Role of CCL2/CCR2 Axis in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Treatment: From Animal Experiments to Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073485. [PMID: 35408846 PMCID: PMC8998625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is a member of the monocyte chemokine protein family, which binds to its receptor CCR2 to induce monocyte infiltration and mediate inflammation. The CCL2/CCR2 signaling pathway participates in the transduction of neuroinflammatory information between all types of cells in the central nervous system. Animal studies and clinical trials have shown that CCL2/CCR2 mediate the pathological process of ischemic stroke, and a higher CCL2 level in serum is associated with a higher risk of any form of stroke. In the acute phase of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, the expression of CCL2/CCR2 is increased in the ischemic penumbra, which promotes neuroinflammation and enhances brain injury. In the later phase, it participates in the migration of neuroblasts to the ischemic area and promotes the recovery of neurological function. CCL2/CCR2 gene knockout or activity inhibition can reduce the nerve inflammation and brain injury induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, suggesting that the development of drugs regulating the activity of the CCL2/CCR2 signaling pathway could be used to prevent and treat the cell injury in the acute phase and promote the recovery of neurological function in the chronic phase in ischemic stroke patients.
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Bim Deletion Reduces Functional Deficits Following Ischemic Stroke in Association with Modulation of Apoptosis and Inflammation. Neuromolecular Med 2022; 24:405-414. [PMID: 35149957 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-022-08703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellular apoptosis is a key pathological mechanism contributing to neuronal death following ischemic stroke. The pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein, Bim, is an important regulator of apoptosis. In this study we investigated the effect of Bim expression on post-stroke functional outcomes, brain injury and inflammatory mechanisms. Wild type (WT) and Bim-deficient mice underwent 1-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 23 h of reperfusion. At 24-h post-stroke, we assessed functional deficit, infarct volume, immune cell death, as well as the number of infiltrating immune cells in the brain and circulating immune cells. Bim deficiency did not affect infarct volume (P > 0.05), but resulted in less motor impairment (~ threefold greater latency to fall in hanging grip strength test, P < 0.05) and a lower median clinical score than WT mice (P < 0.05). Additionally following MCAO, Bim-deficient mice exhibited fewer myeloid cells (particularly neutrophils) in the ischemic brain hemisphere and less apoptosis of CD3+ T cells in the spleen and thymus compared with WT (all P < 0.05). After MCAO, Bim-deficient mice also tended to have more M2-polarised macrophages in the brain than WT mice. In sham-operated mice, we found that Bim deficiency resulted in greater numbers of circulating total CD45+ leukocytes, Ly6Clo+ monocytes and CD3+ T cells, although MCAO did not affect the number of circulating cells at 24 h in either genotype. Our findings suggest that Bim deficiency modulates post-stroke outcomes, including reductions in motor impairment, brain inflammation and systemic post-stroke leukocyte apoptosis. Bim could therefore serve as a potential therapeutic target for stroke.
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Dergunova LV, Dmitrieva VG, Filippenkov IB, Stavchansky VV, Denisova AE, Yuzhakov VV, Sevan’kaeva LE, Valieva LV, Sudarkina OY, Gubsky LV, Myasoedov NF, Limborska SA. The Peptide Drug ACTH(4–7)PGP (Semax) Suppresses mRNA Transcripts Encoding Proinflammatory Mediators Induced by Reversible Ischemia of the Rat Brain. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shi J, Li W, Zhang F, Park JH, An H, Guo S, Duan Y, Wu D, Hayakawa K, Lo EH, Ji X. CCL2 (C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2) Biomarker Responses in Central Versus Peripheral Compartments After Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Stroke 2021; 52:3670-3679. [PMID: 34587791 PMCID: PMC8545911 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.032782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose Inflammatory mediators in blood have been proposed as potential biomarkers in stroke. However, a direct relationship between these circulating factors and brain-specific ischemic injury remains to be fully defined. Methods An unbiased screen in a nonhuman primate model of stroke was used to find out the most responsive circulating biomarker flowing ischemic stroke. Then this phenomenon was checked in human beings and mice. Finally, we observed the temporospatial responsive characteristics of this biomarker after ischemic brain injury in mice to evaluate the direct relationship between this circulating factor and central nervous system–specific ischemic injury. Results In a nonhuman primate model, an unbiased screen revealed CCL2 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 2) as a major response factor in plasma after stroke. In mouse models of focal cerebral ischemia, plasma levels of CCL2 showed a transient response, that is, rapidly elevated by 2 to 3 hours postischemia but then renormalized back to baseline levels by 24 hours. However, a different CCL2 temporal profile was observed in whole brain homogenate, cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated brain microvessels, with a progressive increase over 24 hours, demonstrating a mismatch between brain versus plasma responses. In contrast to the lack of correlation with central nervous system responses, 2 peripheral compartments showed transient profiles that matched circulating plasma signatures. CCL2 protein in lymph nodes and adipose tissue was significantly increased at 2 hours and renormalized by 24 hours. Conclusions These findings may provide a cautionary tale for biomarker pursuits in plasma. Besides a direct central nervous system response, peripheral organs may also contribute to blood signatures in complex and indirect ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Shi
- Cerebrovascular and Neuroscience Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenlu Li
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fang Zhang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ji Hyun Park
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hong An
- Cerebrovascular and Neuroscience Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuzhen Guo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yunxia Duan
- Cerebrovascular and Neuroscience Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wu
- Cerebrovascular and Neuroscience Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kazuhide Hayakawa
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eng H. Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xunming Ji
- Cerebrovascular and Neuroscience Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Departments of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Zhang SR, Kim HA, Chu HX, Lee S, Evans MA, Li X, Ma H, Drummond GR, Sobey CG, Phan TG. Large-Scale Multivariate Analysis to Interrogate an Animal Model of Stroke: Novel Insights Into Poststroke Pathology. Stroke 2021; 52:3661-3669. [PMID: 34619986 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.036500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenpeng R Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology and Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences (S.R.Z., H.A.K., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology (S.R.Z., H.A.K., H.X.C., S.L., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hyun Ah Kim
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology and Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences (S.R.Z., H.A.K., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology (S.R.Z., H.A.K., H.X.C., S.L., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hannah X Chu
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology (S.R.Z., H.A.K., H.X.C., S.L., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seyoung Lee
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology (S.R.Z., H.A.K., H.X.C., S.L., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan A Evans
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology and Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences (S.R.Z., H.A.K., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology (S.R.Z., H.A.K., H.X.C., S.L., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics (X.L.), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henry Ma
- Clinical Trials, Imaging and Informatics Division, Stroke and Ageing Research, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (H.M., T.G.P.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology and Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences (S.R.Z., H.A.K., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology (S.R.Z., H.A.K., H.X.C., S.L., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology and Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences (S.R.Z., H.A.K., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology (S.R.Z., H.A.K., H.X.C., S.L., M.A.E., G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thanh G Phan
- Clinical Trials, Imaging and Informatics Division, Stroke and Ageing Research, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (H.M., T.G.P.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Ischemic stroke and infection: A brief update on mechanisms and potential therapies. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114768. [PMID: 34543657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke triggers a multifaceted inflammatory response in the brain that contributes to secondary brain injury and infarct expansion. In parallel with brain inflammation, ischemic stroke also leads to post-stroke immunosuppression. Stroke-induced leukopenia then predisposes patients to opportunistic infections potentially leading to pneumonia or unrinary tract infections and a worsened stroke outcome. There is evidence that the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis plays an important role in the etiology of post-stroke immunosuppression, by which prolonged glucocorticoid signalling leads to changes in immune responses. While opportunistic microbes in hospitals have been thought to be the source of infection, recent studies have reported that gut flora may also be a cause of post-stroke infection as a consequence of compromised integrity of the gut barrier after stroke. While antimicrobial drugs would appear to be a rational form of treatment for bacterial infections in stroke patients, the rise in drug-resistant bacteria and possible adverse effects of disrupting beneficial gut flora represent major challenges with these drugs. Considering the prominent role of gut microbiota in modulating immune responses, protecting and restoring the post-stroke gut bacteriome may provide significant benefit in the context of post-stroke infection. With such broad aspects of post-stroke infection occurring together with an extensive inflammatory response in the brain, a carefully considered administration of therapies for ischemic stroke is warranted.
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Stark LE, Guan W, Colvin ME, LiWang PJ. The binding and specificity of chemokine binding proteins, through the lens of experiment and computation. Biomed J 2021; 45:439-453. [PMID: 34311129 PMCID: PMC9421921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are small proteins that are critical for immune function, being primarily responsible for the activation and chemotaxis of leukocytes. As such, many viruses, as well as parasitic arthropods, have evolved systems to counteract chemokine function in order to maintain virulence, such as binding chemokines, mimicking chemokines, or producing analogs of transmembrane chemokine receptors that strongly bind their targets. The focus of this review is the large group of chemokine binding proteins (CBP) with an emphasis on those produced by mammalian viruses. Because many chemokines mediate inflammation, these CBP could possibly be used pharmaceutically as anti-inflammatory agents. In this review, we summarize the structural properties of a diverse set of CBP and describe in detail the chemokine binding properties of the poxvirus-encoded CBP called vCCI (viral CC Chemokine Inhibitor). Finally, we describe the current and emerging capabilities of combining computational simulation, structural analysis, and biochemical/biophysical experimentation to understand, and possibly re-engineer, protein–protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Stark
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343
| | - Wenyan Guan
- Materials and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343
| | - Michael E Colvin
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343
| | - Patricia J LiWang
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343; Materials and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343.
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15
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Yaron JR, Zhang L, Guo Q, Burgin M, Schutz LN, Awo E, Wise L, Krause KL, Ildefonso CJ, Kwiecien JM, Juby M, Rahman MM, Chen H, Moyer RW, Alcami A, McFadden G, Lucas AR. Deriving Immune Modulating Drugs from Viruses-A New Class of Biologics. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E972. [PMID: 32244484 PMCID: PMC7230489 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are widely used as a platform for the production of therapeutics. Vaccines containing live, dead and components of viruses, gene therapy vectors and oncolytic viruses are key examples of clinically-approved therapeutic uses for viruses. Despite this, the use of virus-derived proteins as natural sources for immune modulators remains in the early stages of development. Viruses have evolved complex, highly effective approaches for immune evasion. Originally developed for protection against host immune responses, viral immune-modulating proteins are extraordinarily potent, often functioning at picomolar concentrations. These complex viral intracellular parasites have "performed the R&D", developing highly effective immune evasive strategies over millions of years. These proteins provide a new and natural source for immune-modulating therapeutics, similar in many ways to penicillin being developed from mold or streptokinase from bacteria. Virus-derived serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins), chemokine modulating proteins, complement control, inflammasome inhibition, growth factors (e.g., viral vascular endothelial growth factor) and cytokine mimics (e.g., viral interleukin 10) and/or inhibitors (e.g., tumor necrosis factor) have now been identified that target central immunological response pathways. We review here current development of virus-derived immune-modulating biologics with efficacy demonstrated in pre-clinical or clinical studies, focusing on pox and herpesviruses-derived immune-modulating therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Qiuyun Guo
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Michelle Burgin
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Lauren N. Schutz
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Enkidia Awo
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Lyn Wise
- University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (L.W.); (K.L.K.)
| | - Kurt L. Krause
- University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (L.W.); (K.L.K.)
| | | | - Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Michael Juby
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Masmudur M. Rahman
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Hao Chen
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China;
| | - Richard W. Moyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Antonio Alcami
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Grant McFadden
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
- St Joseph Hospital, Dignity Health, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
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16
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Sharif S, Ueda N, Nakatani Y, Wise LM, Clifton S, Lateef Z, Mercer AA, Fleming SB. Chemokine-Binding Proteins Encoded by Parapoxvirus of Red Deer of New Zealand Display Evidence of Gene Duplication and Divergence of Ligand Specificity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1421. [PMID: 31293551 PMCID: PMC6603201 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand (PVNZ) is a species of the Parapoxvirus genus that causes pustular dermatitis. We identified a cluster of genes in PVNZ that encode three unique chemokine-binding proteins (CBPs) namely ORF112.0, ORF112.3 and ORF112.6. Chemokines are a large family of molecules that direct cell trafficking to sites of inflammation and through lymphatic organs. The PVNZ-CBPs were analyzed by surface plasmon resonance against a broad spectrum of CXC, CC, XC and CX3C chemokines and were found to differ in their specificity and binding affinity. ORF112.0 interacted with chemokines from the CXC, CC and XC classes of chemokines with nM affinities. The ORF112.3 showed a preference for CXC chemokines, while ORF112.6 showed pM affinity binding for CC chemokines. Structural modeling analysis showed alterations in the chemokine binding sites of the CBPs, although the core structure containing two ß-sheets and three α-helices being conserved with the other parapoxvirus CBPs. Chemotaxis assays using neutrophils and monocytes revealed inhibitory impact of the CBPs on cell migration. Our results suggest that the PVNZ-CBPs are likely to have evolved through a process of gene duplication and divergence, and may have a role in suppressing inflammation and the anti-viral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephen B. Fleming
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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17
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Malone K, Amu S, Moore AC, Waeber C. Immunomodulatory Therapeutic Strategies in Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:630. [PMID: 31281252 PMCID: PMC6595144 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of immunity in all stages of stroke is increasingly being recognized, from the pathogenesis of risk factors to tissue repair, leading to the investigation of a range of immunomodulatory therapies. In the acute phase of stroke, proposed therapies include drugs targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and leukocyte infiltration, with a key objective to reduce initial brain cell toxicity. Systemically, the early stages of stroke are also characterized by stroke-induced immunosuppression, where downregulation of host defences predisposes patients to infection. Therefore, strategies to modulate innate immunity post-stroke have garnered greater attention. A complementary objective is to reduce longer-term sequelae by focusing on adaptive immunity. Following stroke onset, the integrity of the blood–brain barrier is compromised, exposing central nervous system (CNS) antigens to systemic adaptive immune recognition, potentially inducing autoimmunity. Some pre-clinical efforts have been made to tolerize the immune system to CNS antigens pre-stroke. Separately, immune cell populations that exhibit a regulatory phenotype (T- and B- regulatory cells) have been shown to ameliorate post-stroke inflammation and contribute to tissue repair. Cell-based therapies, established in oncology and transplantation, could become a strategy to treat the acute and chronic stages of stroke. Furthermore, a role for the gut microbiota in ischaemic injury has received attention. Finally, the immune system may play a role in remote ischaemic preconditioning-mediated neuroprotection against stroke. The development of stroke therapies involving organs distant to the infarct site, therefore, should not be overlooked. This review will discuss the immune mechanisms of various therapeutic strategies, surveying published data and discussing more theoretical mechanisms of action that have yet to be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Malone
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sylvie Amu
- Cancer Research @UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anne C Moore
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christian Waeber
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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18
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Walsh KB, Zhang X, Zhu X, Wohleb E, Woo D, Lu L, Adeoye O. Intracerebral hemorrhage induces monocyte-related gene expression within six hours: Global transcriptional profiling in swine ICH. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:763-774. [PMID: 30796715 PMCID: PMC6910870 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe neurological disorder with no proven treatment. Our prior research identified a significant association with monocyte level and ICH mortality. To advance our understanding, we sought to identify gene expression after ICH using a swine model to test the hypothesis that ICH would induce peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression. In 10 pigs with ICH, two PBMC samples were drawn from each with the first immediately prior to ICH induction and the second six hours later. RNA-seq was performed with subsequent bioinformatics analysis using Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA). There were 182 significantly upregulated and 153 significantly down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after ICH. Consistent with findings in humans, significant GO and KEGG pathways were primarily related to inflammation and the immune response. Five genes, all upregulated post-ICH and known to be associated with monocyte activation, were repeatedly DEGs in the significant KEGG pathways: CD14, TLR4, CXCL8, IL-18, and CXCL2. In IPA, the majority of upregulated disease/function categories were related to inflammation and immune cell activation. TNF and LPS were the most significantly activated upstream regulators, and ERK was the most highly connected node in the top network. ICH induced changes in PBMC gene expression within 6 h of onset related to inflammation, the immune response, and, more specifically, monocyte activation. Further research is needed to determine if these changes affect outcomes and may represent new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B Walsh
- University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0769, USA.
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoting Zhu
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- University of Cincinnati Neurobiology Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Woo
- University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Long Lu
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Opeolu Adeoye
- University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0769, USA
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Smith PLP, Mottahedin A, Svedin P, Mohn CJ, Hagberg H, Ek J, Mallard C. Peripheral myeloid cells contribute to brain injury in male neonatal mice. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:301. [PMID: 30376851 PMCID: PMC6208095 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal brain injury is increasingly understood to be linked to inflammatory processes that involve specialised CNS and peripheral immune interactions. However, the role of peripheral myeloid cells in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury remains to be fully investigated. Methods We employed the Lys-EGFP-ki mouse that allows enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-positive mature myeloid cells of peripheral origin to be easily identified in the CNS. Using both flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we investigated the accumulation of total EGFP+ myeloid cells and myeloid cell subtypes: inflammatory monocytes, resident monocytes and granulocytes, in the CNS for several weeks following induction of cerebral HI in postnatal day 9 mice. We used antibody treatment to curb brain infiltration of myeloid cells and subsequently evaluated HI-induced brain injury. Results We demonstrate a temporally biphasic pattern of inflammatory monocyte and granulocyte infiltration, characterised by peak infiltration at 1 day and 7 days after hypoxia-ischemia. This occurs against a backdrop of continuous low-level resident monocyte infiltration. Antibody-mediated depletion of circulating myeloid cells reduced immune cell accumulation in the brain and reduced neuronal loss in male but not female mice. Conclusion This study offers new insight into sex-dependent central-peripheral immune communication following neonatal brain injury and merits renewed interest in the roles of granulocytes and monocytes in lesion development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1344-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L P Smith
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amin Mottahedin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Svedin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Mohn
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joakim Ek
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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20
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He Q, Shi X, Zhou B, Teng J, Zhang C, Liu S, Lian J, Luo B, Zhao G, Lu H, Xu Y, Lian Y, Jia Y, Zhang Y. Interleukin 8 (CXCL8)-CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) axis contributes to MiR-4437-associated recruitment of granulocytes and natural killer cells in ischemic stroke. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:440-449. [PMID: 30096583 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Granulocytes and natural killer (NK) cells have been linked to brain injury in ischemic stroke. However, their recruitment from peripheral leucocytes in stroke patients is not well understood. Here, the expression of the interleukin 8 (CXCL8) in plasma, and CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) in peripheral leucocytes of patients with ischemic stroke were evaluated. Based on the results, CXCR2 expression positively correlated with granulocytes and NK cells, which were in turn attracted by CXCL8. The results also indicated that CXCR2 was a direct target of microRNA (miR)-4437, a negative regulator of CXCR2, which was downregulated in peripheral leucocytes from patients with ischemic stroke. Furthermore, serum CXCL8 levels were associated with the infarct volume and functional outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke. The results of the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis with an optimal cut-off value of 34 pg/mL indicated serum CXCL8 levels could be a prognostic indicator for ischemic stroke. In conclusion, these data highlighted the involvement of the CXCL8-CXCR2 chemotactic axis in the recruitment of granulocytes and NK cells in ischemic stroke. Furthermore, miR-4437 was suggested as a novel target for treating ischemic stroke, while the serum CXCL8 level could be a prognostic factor for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi He
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Shi
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Junfang Teng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Chaoqi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jingyao Lian
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Benyan Luo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yajun Lian
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yanjie Jia
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
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Chen C, Chu SF, Liu DD, Zhang Z, Kong LL, Zhou X, Chen NH. Chemokines play complex roles in cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Int 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Relationship between Cardiac Troponin and Thrombo-Inflammatory Molecules in Prediction of Outcome after Acute Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 27:951-956. [PMID: 29249591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) without cardiovascular complications, we investigated the association of serum concentration of cardiac troponin (high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T [hs-cTnT]) with thrombo-inflammatory markers. METHODS Thirty-five patients with first-ever AIS were prospectively examined. Serum hs-cTnT was measured 6 and 24 hours after stroke, whereas S100B, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), soluble CD40 ligand, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and P-selectin were measured 6 and 72 hours after stroke. Severity of stroke was assessed by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) on admission, 24 hours later, and at discharge. RESULTS Concentration of MCP-1 at 6 hours was higher in the serum of patients with worsened NIHSS by 24 hours (P = .009). Concentration of hs-cTnT at both 6 and 24 hours was higher, if NIHSS worsened by discharge (P = .026 and P = .001). A cutoff value for hs-cTnT measured at T24 greater than or equal to 9.4 predicted worsened NIHSS on discharge with a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 74% (area: .808, P = .002). Concentration of hs-cTnT at both 6 and 24 hours was also higher in nonsurvivors compared with survivors (P = .03, respectively), and correlated with (1) tPA levels at 6 hours (P = .001 and P = .002, respectively); (2) MCP-1 concentration at 6 hours (P = .01 and P = .015, respectively); and increased hsCRP levels at 72 hours (P = .01, respectively). Concentration of hs-cTnT at 24 hours was an independent predictor of worsened NIHSS at discharge (odds ratio: 1.58, 95% confidence interval: 1.063-2.370, P = .024). CONCLUSIONS Elevated concentration of hs-cTnT measured 24 hours after AIS is an independent predictor of progressing neurologic deficit in patients without apparent myocardial damage, and also correlates with acute elevation of tPA and MCP-1.
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Alieva M, Margarido AS, Wieles T, Abels ER, Colak B, Boquetale C, Jan Noordmans H, Snijders TJ, Broekman ML, van Rheenen J. Preventing inflammation inhibits biopsy-mediated changes in tumor cell behavior. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7529. [PMID: 28790339 PMCID: PMC5548904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although biopsies and tumor resection are prognostically beneficial for glioblastomas (GBM), potential negative effects have also been suggested. Here, using retrospective study of patients and intravital imaging of mice, we identify some of these negative aspects, including stimulation of proliferation and migration of non-resected tumor cells, and provide a strategy to prevent these adverse effects. By repeated high-resolution intravital microscopy, we show that biopsy-like injury in GBM induces migration and proliferation of tumor cells through chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL-2)-dependent recruitment of macrophages. Blocking macrophage recruitment or administrating dexamethasone, a commonly used glucocorticoid to prevent brain edema in GBM patients, suppressed the observed inflammatory response and subsequent tumor growth upon biopsy both in mice and in multifocal GBM patients. Taken together, our study suggests that inhibiting CCL-2-dependent recruitment of macrophages may further increase the clinical benefits from surgical and biopsy procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alieva
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreia S Margarido
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara Wieles
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik R Abels
- Departments of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Burcin Colak
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Boquetale
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Herke Jan Noordmans
- Medical Technology and Clinical Physics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J Snijders
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marike L Broekman
- Departments of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Zhou Z, Zhang J, Li X, Xia C, Han Y, Chen H. Protein microarray analysis identifies key cytokines associated with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00746. [PMID: 28828208 PMCID: PMC5561308 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to explore potential cytokines involved in the malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (MMI) and elucidate their underlying regulatory mechanisms. METHODS We first developed a cytokine profile by Quantibody® Human Cytokine Antibody Array7000 using serum samples from eight patients with MMI and eight patients with non-acute cerebral infarction (NACI). The differentially expressed cytokines were then identified in patients with MMI using two-tailed Student's t-test and Fisher's Exact Test compared with patients with NACI. Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analyses were performed using DAVID. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed based on STRING database. RESULTS A total of 10 differentially expressed cytokines were identified from 320 unique inflammatory cytokines in serums. Among them, four cytokines, like NCAM1 (neural cell adhesion molecule 1), IGFBP-6 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6), LYVE1 (lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1), and LCN2 (Lipocalin2), were up-regulated, while another six cytokines, such as TGFB1 (transforming growth factor, beta 1, also known as LAP), EGF (epidermal growth factor), PDGFA (platelet-derived growth factor alpha polypeptide), MMP-10 (matrix metallopeptidase 10), IL-27 (interleukin 27), and CCL2 (chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2), were down-regulated. Moreover, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway was significantly enriched. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that 10 differentially expressed cytokines, such as NCAM1, LCN2, IGFBP-6, LYVE1, MMP-10, IL-27, PDGFA, EGF, CCL2, and TGFB1 may participate in the development of MMI. Moreover, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway may be an important mechanism involved in this disease. These differentially expressed cytokines may serve as diagnostic biomarkers or drug targets for MMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghe Zhou
- Department of Neurology General Hospital of Shen-Yang Military Region Shenyang China
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- Department of Neurology General Hospital of Shen-Yang Military Region Shenyang China
| | - Xiaoqiu Li
- Department of Neurology General Hospital of Shen-Yang Military Region Shenyang China
| | - Cheng Xia
- Department of Neurology General Hospital of Shen-Yang Military Region Shenyang China
| | - Yaling Han
- Department of Cardiology General Hospital of Shen-Yang Military Region Shenyang China
| | - Huisheng Chen
- Department of Neurology General Hospital of Shen-Yang Military Region Shenyang China
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Varicella zoster virus glycoprotein C increases chemokine-mediated leukocyte migration. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006346. [PMID: 28542541 PMCID: PMC5444840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a highly prevalent human pathogen that establishes latency in neurons of the peripheral nervous system. Primary infection causes varicella whereas reactivation results in zoster, which is often followed by chronic pain in adults. Following infection of epithelial cells in the respiratory tract, VZV spreads within the host by hijacking leukocytes, including T cells, in the tonsils and other regional lymph nodes, and modifying their activity. In spite of its importance in pathogenesis, the mechanism of dissemination remains poorly understood. Here we addressed the influence of VZV on leukocyte migration and found that the purified recombinant soluble ectodomain of VZV glycoprotein C (rSgC) binds chemokines with high affinity. Functional experiments show that VZV rSgC potentiates chemokine activity, enhancing the migration of monocyte and T cell lines and, most importantly, human tonsillar leukocytes at low chemokine concentrations. Binding and potentiation of chemokine activity occurs through the C-terminal part of gC ectodomain, containing predicted immunoglobulin-like domains. The mechanism of action of VZV rSgC requires interaction with the chemokine and signalling through the chemokine receptor. Finally, we show that VZV viral particles enhance chemokine-dependent T cell migration and that gC is partially required for this activity. We propose that VZV gC activity facilitates the recruitment and subsequent infection of leukocytes and thereby enhances VZV systemic dissemination in humans. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes two main pathologies in humans, chickenpox during primary infection, and shingles following reactivation. The latter is a painful condition that is often followed by chronic pain in a large numbers of shingles patients. Despite the existence of a vaccine, shingles-related complications cause expenses of more than $1 billion per year in the USA alone. Following primary infection, the virus infects leukocytes including T cells, spreading to the skin causing chickenpox. Direct infection of neurons from leukocytes has also been postulated. Given the relevance of leukocytes in VZV biology and the importance of chemokines in directing their migration, we investigated whether VZV modulates the function of chemokines. Our results show that VZV glycoprotein C potentiates the activity of chemokines, inducing higher migration of human leukocytes at low chemokine concentration. This may attract additional susceptible leukocytes to the site of infection enhancing virus spread and pathogenesis.
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Chehaibi K, le Maire L, Bradoni S, Escola JC, Blanco-Vaca F, Slimane MN. Effect of PPAR-β/δ agonist GW0742 treatment in the acute phase response and blood-brain barrier permeability following brain injury. Transl Res 2017; 182:27-48. [PMID: 27818230 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The systemic response to ischemic stroke is associated with the hepatic acute phase response (APR) that modulates leukocytes recruitment to the injured brain. The inappropriate recruitment of leukocytes to the brain parenchyma can result in blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Emerging data suggest that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPAR-β/δ) activation has a potential neuroprotective role in ischemic stroke. However, mechanisms of PPAR-β/δ mediated protection in ischemic insults remain unclear. In the present study, we determined for the first time, the effects of GW0742, a PPAR-β/δ agonist on the APR following brain injury and assessed the effects on BBB permeability and tight junction integrity via claudin-5, occludin, and zona occludens-1 expression. C57/BL6 mice were exposed to 1 hour of ischemia and received 10 minutes before reperfusion either a vehicle solution or GW0742. Hepatic expression of chemokines (C-X-C motif ligand: CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL10), serum amyloid A-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 was measured, and the extent of brain and hepatic neutrophil infiltration was determined. The results showed that GW0742 treatment decreased infarct volume and edema, reactant production and neutrophil recruitment to the brain and liver, which is a hallmark of the APR. GW0742 significantly reduced BBB leakage and metalloproteinase 9 expression and upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins. These findings may help to guide the experimental and clinical therapeutic use of PPAR-β/δ agonists against brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khouloud Chehaibi
- Research Unit: UR 12ES09 Dyslipidemia and Atherogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Laura le Maire
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Sarah Bradoni
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Joan Carles Escola
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohamed Naceur Slimane
- Research Unit: UR 12ES09 Dyslipidemia and Atherogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia
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Fleming SB, McCaughan C, Lateef Z, Dunn A, Wise LM, Real NC, Mercer AA. Deletion of the Chemokine Binding Protein Gene from the Parapoxvirus Orf Virus Reduces Virulence and Pathogenesis in Sheep. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:46. [PMID: 28174562 PMCID: PMC5258736 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae and infects sheep and goats, often around the mouth, resulting in acute pustular skin lesions. ORFV encodes several secreted immunomodulators including a broad-spectrum chemokine binding protein (CBP). Chemokines are a large family of secreted chemotactic proteins that activate and regulate inflammation induced leukocyte recruitment to sites of infection. In this study we investigated the role of CBP in vivo in the context of ORFV infection of sheep. The CBP gene was deleted from ORFV strain NZ7 and infections of sheep used to investigate the effect of CBP on pathogenesis. Animals were either infected with the wild type (wt) virus, CBP-knockout virus or revertant strains. Sheep were infected by scarification on the wool-less area of the hind legs at various doses of virus. The deletion of the CBP gene severely attenuated the virus, as only few papules formed when animals were infected with the CBP-knock-out virus at the highest dose (107 p.f.u). In contrast, large pustular lesions formed on almost all animals infected with the wt and revertant strains at 107 p.f.u. The lesions for the CBP-knock-out virus resolved approximately 5–6 days p.i, at a dose of 107 pfu whereas in animals infected with the wt and revertants at this dose, lesions began to resolve at approximately 10 days p.i. Few pustules developed at the lowest dose of 103 p.f.u. for all viruses. Immunohistochemistry of biopsy skin-tissue from pustules showed that the CBP-knockout virus replicated in all animals at the highest dose and was localized to the skin epithelium while haematoxylin and eosin staining showed histological features of the CBP-knockout virus typical of the parent virus with acanthosis, elongated rete ridges and orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis. MHC-II immunohistochemistry analysis for monocytes and dendritic cells showed greater staining within the papillary dermis of the CBP-knock-out virus compared with the revertant viruses, however this was not the case with the wt where staining was similar. Our results show that the CBP gene encodes a secreted immunodulator that has a critical role in virulence and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Fleming
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Catherine McCaughan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Zabeen Lateef
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Amy Dunn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lyn M Wise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nicola C Real
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
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Fann DYW, Ng GYQ, Poh L, Arumugam TV. Positive effects of intermittent fasting in ischemic stroke. Exp Gerontol 2017; 89:93-102. [PMID: 28115234 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a dietary protocol where energy restriction is induced by alternate periods of ad libitum feeding and fasting. Prophylactic intermittent fasting has been shown to extend lifespan and attenuate the progress and severity of age-related diseases such as cardiovascular (e.g. stroke and myocardial infarction), neurodegenerative (e.g. Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease) and cancerous diseases in animal models. Stroke is the second leading cause of death, and lifestyle risk factors such as obesity and physical inactivity have been associated with elevated risks of stroke in humans. Recent studies have shown that prophylactic IF may mitigate tissue damage and neurological deficit following ischemic stroke by a mechanism(s) involving suppression of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation and cell death pathways in animal stroke models. This review summarizes data supporting the potential hormesis mechanisms of prophylactic IF in animal models, and with a focus on findings from animal studies of prophylactic IF in stroke in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Yang-Wei Fann
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gavin Yong Quan Ng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luting Poh
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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The opposing roles of NO and oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Res 2016; 116:57-69. [PMID: 27988384 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis. A reduction in the bioavailability of endogenous NO, manifest as a decrease in the production and/or impaired signaling, is associated with many cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, stroke and heart failure. There is substantial evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated predominantly from NADPH oxidases (Nox), are responsible for the reduced NO bioavailability in vascular and cardiac pathologies. ROS can compromise NO function via a direct inactivation of NO, together with a reduction in NO synthesis and oxidation of its receptor, soluble guanylyl cyclase. Whilst nitrovasodilators are administered to compensate for the ROS-mediated loss in NO bioactivity, their clinical utility is limited due to the development of tolerance and resistance and systemic hypotension. Moreover, efforts to directly scavenge ROS with antioxidants has had limited clinical efficacy. This review outlines the therapeutic utility of NO-based therapeutics in cardiovascular diseases and describes the source and impact of ROS in these pathologies, with particular focus on the interaction with NO. Future therapeutic approaches in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases are highlighted with a focus on nitroxyl (HNO) donors as an alternative to traditional NO donors and the development of novel Nox inhibitors.
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Sharif S, Nakatani Y, Wise L, Corbett M, Real NC, Stuart GS, Lateef Z, Krause K, Mercer AA, Fleming SB. A Broad-Spectrum Chemokine-Binding Protein of Bovine Papular Stomatitis Virus Inhibits Neutrophil and Monocyte Infiltration in Inflammatory and Wound Models of Mouse Skin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168007. [PMID: 27936239 PMCID: PMC5148066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) is a Parapoxvirus that induces acute pustular skin lesions in cattle and is transmissible to humans. Previous studies have shown that BPSV encodes a distinctive chemokine-binding protein (CBP). Chemokines are critically involved in the trafficking of immune cells to sites of inflammation and infected tissue, suggesting that the CBP plays a role in immune evasion by preventing immune cells reaching sites of infection. We hypothesised that the BPSV-CBP binds a wide range of inflammatory chemokines particularly those involved in BPSV skin infection, and inhibits the recruitment of immune cells from the blood into inflamed skin. Molecular analysis of the purified protein revealed that the BPSV-CBP is a homodimeric polypeptide with a MW of 82.4 kDa whilst a comprehensive screen of inflammatory chemokines by surface plasmon resonance showed high-affinity binding to a range of chemokines within the CXC, CC and XC subfamilies. Structural analysis of BPSV-CBP, based on the crystal structure of orf virus CBP, provided a probable explanation for these chemokine specificities at a molecular level. Functional analysis of the BPSV-CBP using transwell migration assays demonstrated that it potently inhibited chemotaxis of murine neutrophils and monocytes in response to CXCL1, CXCL2 as well as CCL2, CCL3 and CCL5 chemokines. In order to examine the effects of CBP in vivo, we used murine skin models to determine its impact on inflammatory cell recruitment such as that observed during BPSV infection. Intradermal injection of BPSV-CBP blocked the influx of neutrophils and monocytes in murine skin in which inflammation was induced with lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, intradermal injection of BPSV-CBP into injured skin, which more closely mimics BPSV lesions, delayed the influx of neutrophils and reduced the recruitment of MHC-II+ immune cells to the wound bed. Our findings suggest that the CBP could be important in pathogenesis of BPSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Sharif
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yoshio Nakatani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lyn Wise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nicola C. Real
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gabriella S. Stuart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Zabeen Lateef
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kurt Krause
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew A. Mercer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen B. Fleming
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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Chu HX, Kim HA, Lee S, Broughton BR, Drummond GR, Sobey CG. Evidence of CCR2-independent transmigration of Ly6C hi monocytes into the brain after permanent cerebral ischemia in mice. Brain Res 2016; 1637:118-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Möller K, Pösel C, Kranz A, Schulz I, Scheibe J, Didwischus N, Boltze J, Weise G, Wagner DC. Arterial Hypertension Aggravates Innate Immune Responses after Experimental Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:461. [PMID: 26640428 PMCID: PMC4661280 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial hypertension is not only the leading risk factor for stroke, but also attributes to impaired recovery and poor outcome. The latter could be explained by hypertensive vascular remodeling that aggravates perfusion deficits and blood–brain barrier disruption. However, besides vascular changes, one could hypothesize that activation of the immune system due to pre-existing hypertension may negatively influence post-stroke inflammation and thus stroke outcome. To test this hypothesis, male adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKYs) were subjected to photothrombotic stroke. One and 3 days after stroke, infarct volume and functional deficits were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral tests. Expression levels of adhesion molecules and chemokines along with the post-stroke inflammatory response were analyzed by flow cytometry, quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry in rat brains 4 days after stroke. Although comparable at day 1, lesion volumes were significantly larger in SHR at day 3. The infarct volume showed a strong correlation with the amount of CD45 highly positive leukocytes present in the ischemic hemispheres. Functional deficits were comparable between SHR and WKY. Brain endothelial expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and P-selectin (CD62P) was neither increased by hypertension nor by stroke. However, in SHR, brain infiltrating myeloid leukocytes showed significantly higher surface expression of ICAM-1 which may augment leukocyte transmigration by leukocyte–leukocyte interactions. The expression of chemokines that primarily attract monocytes and granulocytes was significantly increased by stroke and, furthermore, by hypertension. Accordingly, ischemic hemispheres of SHR contain considerably higher numbers of monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes. Exacerbated brain inflammation in SHR may finally be responsible for larger infarct volumes. These findings provide an immunological explanation for the epidemiological observation that existing hypertension negatively affects stroke outcome and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Möller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology Leipzig, Germany ; Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Pösel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Kranz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isabell Schulz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johanna Scheibe
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nadine Didwischus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology Leipzig, Germany ; Research Group Human Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Boltze
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology Leipzig, Germany ; Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Institute for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gesa Weise
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology Leipzig, Germany ; Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
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33
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Nelson CA, Epperson ML, Singh S, Elliott JI, Fremont DH. Structural Conservation and Functional Diversity of the Poxvirus Immune Evasion (PIE) Domain Superfamily. Viruses 2015; 7:4878-98. [PMID: 26343707 PMCID: PMC4584292 DOI: 10.3390/v7092848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses encode a broad array of proteins that serve to undermine host immune defenses. Structural analysis of four of these seemingly unrelated proteins revealed the recurrent use of a conserved beta-sandwich fold that has not been observed in any eukaryotic or prokaryotic protein. Herein we propose to call this unique structural scaffolding the PIE (Poxvirus Immune Evasion) domain. PIE domain containing proteins are abundant in chordopoxvirinae, with our analysis identifying 20 likely PIE subfamilies among 33 representative genomes spanning 7 genera. For example, cowpox strain Brighton Red appears to encode 10 different PIEs: vCCI, A41, C8, M2, T4 (CPVX203), and the SECRET proteins CrmB, CrmD, SCP-1, SCP-2, and SCP-3. Characterized PIE proteins all appear to be nonessential for virus replication, and all contain signal peptides for targeting to the secretory pathway. The PIE subfamilies differ primarily in the number, size, and location of structural embellishments to the beta-sandwich core that confer unique functional specificities. Reported ligands include chemokines, GM-CSF, IL-2, MHC class I, and glycosaminoglycans. We expect that the list of ligands and receptors engaged by the PIE domain will grow as we come to better understand how this versatile structural architecture can be tailored to manipulate host responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Megan L Epperson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Sukrit Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Jabari I Elliott
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology,Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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34
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Chu HX, Broughton BR, Ah Kim H, Lee S, Drummond GR, Sobey CG. Evidence That Ly6C
hi
Monocytes Are Protective in Acute Ischemic Stroke by Promoting M2 Macrophage Polarization. Stroke 2015; 46:1929-37. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.009426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Ly6C
hi
monocytes are generally thought to exert a proinflammatory role in acute tissue injury, although their impact after injuries to the central nervous system is poorly defined. CC chemokine receptor 2 is expressed on Ly6C
hi
monocytes and plays an essential role in their extravasation and transmigration into the brain after cerebral ischemia. We used a selective CC chemokine receptor 2 antagonist, INCB3344, to assess the effect of Ly6C
hi
monocytes recruited into the brain early after ischemic stroke.
Methods—
Male C57Bl/6J mice underwent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 1 hour followed by 23 hours of reperfusion. Mice were administered either vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide/carboxymethylcellulose) or INCB3344 (10, 30 or 100 mg/kg IP) 1 hour before ischemia and at 2 and 6 hours after ischemia. At 24 hours, we assessed functional outcomes, infarct volume, and quantified the immune cells in blood and brain by flow cytometry or immunofluorescence. Gene expression of selected inflammatory markers was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
Results—
Ly6C
hi
monocytes were increased 3-fold in the blood and 10-fold in the brain after stroke, and these increases were selectively prevented by INCB3344 in a dose-dependent manner. Mice treated with INCB3344 exhibited markedly worse functional outcomes and larger infarct volumes, in association with reduced M2 polarization and increased peroxynitrite production in macrophages, compared with vehicle-treated mice.
Conclusions—
Our data suggest that Ly6C
hi
monocytes exert an acute protective effect after ischemic stroke to limit brain injury and functional deficit that involves promotion of M2 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah X. Chu
- From the Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology (H.X.C., B.R.S.B., H.A.K., S.L., G.R.D., C.G.S.) and Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Surgery, Southern Clinical School (G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brad R.S. Broughton
- From the Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology (H.X.C., B.R.S.B., H.A.K., S.L., G.R.D., C.G.S.) and Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Surgery, Southern Clinical School (G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hyun Ah Kim
- From the Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology (H.X.C., B.R.S.B., H.A.K., S.L., G.R.D., C.G.S.) and Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Surgery, Southern Clinical School (G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seyoung Lee
- From the Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology (H.X.C., B.R.S.B., H.A.K., S.L., G.R.D., C.G.S.) and Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Surgery, Southern Clinical School (G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grant R. Drummond
- From the Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology (H.X.C., B.R.S.B., H.A.K., S.L., G.R.D., C.G.S.) and Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Surgery, Southern Clinical School (G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher G. Sobey
- From the Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology (H.X.C., B.R.S.B., H.A.K., S.L., G.R.D., C.G.S.) and Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Surgery, Southern Clinical School (G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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