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Ioannou M, Leonidou E, Chaziri I, Mouzarou A. Direct Oral Anticoagulants: Navigating Through Clinical Challenges. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2024; 38:637-650. [PMID: 37552381 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-023-07499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been approved, for over a decade, by both European and American medicine agencies, for treatment and prevention of several cardiovascular conditions. Since then, an increasing amount of data has been added to the medical literature day by day, resulting in a dichotomy in selection of the appropriate agent, dosage, and duration of treatment for special populations with multiple comorbidities. Considering these issues, we have prepared a comprehensive review for the clinical practitioner, to optimize the DOAC utilization in clinical practice. METHODS A thorough literature search and review was conducted, concerning mainly the last decade. Our review focused on the current guidelines and the most recently published studies in PubMed, Science Direct Scopus, and Google Scholar to date. CONCLUSION The purpose of this study is to provide guidance for healthcare professionals for making proper decisions when confronted with clinical challenges. Nevertheless, further research is required to establish DOAC superiority in complicated cases, where there is clinical uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ioannou
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital Limassol, State Health Organization Services, 4131, Limassol, Cyprus.
| | - Elena Leonidou
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital Limassol, State Health Organization Services, 4131, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Ioanna Chaziri
- Department of Pneumonology, Northern Älvborg County Hospital, Trollhättan, Sweden
| | - Angeliki Mouzarou
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital Paphos, State Health Organization Services, Paphos, Cyprus
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Shantsila E, Choi EK, Lane DA, Joung B, Lip GY. Atrial fibrillation: comorbidities, lifestyle, and patient factors. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2024; 37:100784. [PMID: 38362547 PMCID: PMC10866737 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Modern anticoagulation therapy has dramatically reduced the risk of stroke and systemic thromboembolism in people with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, AF still impairs quality of life, increases the risk of stroke and heart failure, and is linked to cognitive impairment. There is also a recognition of the residual risk of thromboembolic complications despite anticoagulation. Hence, AF management is evolving towards a more comprehensive understanding of risk factors predisposing to the development of this arrhythmia, its' complications and interventions to mitigate the risk. This review summarises the recent advances in understanding of risk factors for incident AF and managing these risk factors. It includes a discussion of lifestyle, somatic, psychological, and socioeconomic risk factors. The available data call for a practice shift towards a more individualised approach considering an increasingly broader range of health and patient factors contributing to AF-related health burden. The review highlights the needs of people living with co-morbidities (especially with multimorbidity), polypharmacy and the role of the changing population demographics affecting the European region and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Shantsila
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Brownlow Group GP Practice, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eue-Keun Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deirdre A. Lane
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Boyoung Joung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory Y.H. Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
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Wang YT, Chen JH, Liao SF, Chen YJ, Lip GYH, Yeh JS. Cardiac and renal outcomes of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation. Eur J Clin Invest 2024; 54:e14086. [PMID: 37635402 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral anticoagulation therapy with warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) is the mainstay for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). The DOACs might have a lower risk of declining renal function than warfarin. This study aimed to compare renal outcomes among rivaroxaban, edoxaban, dabigatran, and warfarin. METHOD This cohort study identified 2203 adults with AF who started anticoagulation therapy between 1 July 2013 and 31 December 2020, in a clinical database at a single centre. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was adopted to balance baseline characteristics among four anticoagulants treatment groups. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiac and renal outcomes, involving a ≥30% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), renal failure and cardiovascular death. RESULTS After propensity score weighting, dabigatran was associated with significantly lower risks of a ≥30% decline in eGFR (hazard ratio [HR]: .69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: .497-.951, p = .0237), doubling of the serum creatinine level (HR: .49, 95% CI: .259-.927, p = .0282) and the cardiac and renal outcome composite (HR: .67, 95% CI: .485-.913, p = .0115) than warfarin. Rivaroxaban and edoxaban did not show significant protective effects on renal outcomes compared to warfarin. CONCLUSION In this study, patients treated with dabigatran had significantly reduced risks of declining renal function and composite cardiac and renal events than those treated with warfarin. However, rivaroxaban and edoxaban were not associated with lower risks of any renal outcomes than warfarin. More studies are warranted to investigate and compare the impact of renal function between different DOACs in patients with AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Hsin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Liao
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jong-Shiuan Yeh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hindley B, Lip GYH, McCloskey AP, Penson PE. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of direct oral anticoagulants. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2023; 19:911-923. [PMID: 37991392 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2023.2287472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have overtaken vitamin K antagonists to become the most widely used method of anticoagulation for most indications. Their stable and predictable pharmacokinetics combined with relatively simple dosing, and the absence of routine monitoring has made them an attractive proposition for healthcare providers. Despite the benefits of DOACs as a class, important differences exist between individual DOAC drugs in respect of their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles with implications for dosing and reversal in cases of major bleeding. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the state of knowledge relating to the pharmacokinetics of dabigatran (factor IIa/thrombin inhibitor) and apixaban, edoxaban and rivaroxaban (factor Xa) inhibitors. We focus on pharmacokinetic differences between the drugs which may have clinically significant implications. EXPERT OPINION Patient-centered care necessitates a careful consideration of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences between DOACs, and how these relate to individual patient circumstances. Prescribers should be aware of the potential for pharmacokinetic drug interactions with DOACs which may influence prescribing decisions in patients with multiple comorbidities. In order to give an appropriate dose of DOAC drugs, accurate estimation of renal function using the Cockcroft-Gault formula using actual body weight is necessary. An increasing body of evidence supports the use of DOACs in patients who are obese, and this is becoming more routine in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hindley
- Pharmacy Department, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - G Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Danish Center for Clinical Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - A P McCloskey
- Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - P E Penson
- Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
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Clinical outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with DOACs in a specialized anticoagulation center: Critical appraisal of real-world data. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279297. [PMID: 36827286 PMCID: PMC9955586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are progressively replacing vitamin K antagonists in the prevention of thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, their real-world clinical outcomes appear to be contradictory, with some studies reporting fewer and others reporting higher complications than the pivotal randomized controlled trials. We present the results of a clinical model for the management of DOACs in real clinical practice and provide a review of the literature. METHODS The MACACOD project is an ongoing, observational, prospective, single-center study with unselected patients that focuses on rigorous DOAC selection, an educational visit, laboratory measurements, and strict follow-up. RESULTS A total of 1,259 patients were included. The composite incidence of major complications was 4.93% py in the whole cohort vs 4.49% py in the edoxaban cohort. The rate of all-cause mortality was 6.11% py for all DOACs vs 5.12% py for edoxaban. There weren't differences across sex or between Edoxaban reduced or standard doses. However, there were differences across ages, with a higher incidence of major bleeding complications in patients >85 years (5.13% py vs 1.69% py in <75 years). CONCLUSIONS We observed an incidence of serious complications of 4.93% py, in which severe bleeding predominated (3.65% py). Considering our results, more specialized attention seems necessary to reduce the incidence of severe complications and also a more critical view of the literature. Considering our results, and our indirect comparison with many real-world studies, more specialized attention seems necessary to reduce the incidence of severe complications in AF patients receiving DOACs.
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Wang Y, Li L, Wei Z, Lu S, Liu W, Zhang J, Feng J, Wang D. Efficacy and Safety of Renal Function on Edoxaban Versus Warfarin for Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:medicines10010013. [PMID: 36662497 PMCID: PMC9861612 DOI: 10.3390/medicines10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: Edoxaban is a novel oral anticoagulant which may decrease the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in patients suffering from atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the decreased efficacy of edoxaban versus warfarin for the avoidance of stroke and systemic embolism in AF with creatinine clearance (CrCl) > 95 mL/min has been reported. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to further clarify the safety (major bleeding) and efficacy (stroke or systemic embolism) of edoxaban for AF patients with various CrCl. Methods: A systematic search of studies on edoxaban and warfarin in AF patients related to renal function was conducted in PubMed, Medline, Web of Science databases, EBSCO, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. In this meta-analysis (protocol number: PROSPERO CRD 42021245512), we included studies that provide specific data on three outcomes: ischemic stroke or systemic embolism (S/SE), bleeding, and all-cause mortality. Results: This meta-analysis enrolled two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) studies and two retrospective studies that enrolled 28,065 patients. According to CrCl, subjects are divided into three groups (CrCl 30−50 mL/min, CrCl 50−95 mL/min, CrCl > 95 mL/min). In AF patients with CrCl 30−50 mL/min, edoxaban 30 mg daily is similar to warfarin in the prevention of ischemic S/SE and all-cause mortality, resulting in lower bleeding rate and better net clinical outcome (ischemic S/SE: hazard ratio (HR), 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.19−1.87; all-cause mortality: HR, 0.65, 95% CI, 0.35−1.19; bleeding: HR, 0.75, 95% CI, 0.60−0.93; net clinical outcome: HR, 0.75, 95% CI, 0.63−0.90). In the group of CrCl 50−95 mL/min, the net clinical outcome was more favorable with edoxaban 60 mg daily than warfarin (HR, 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68−0.96), and there was no significant difference between edoxaban 60 mg daily and warfarin in terms of prevention of bleeding, ischemic S/SE, and all-cause mortality. For AF patients with CrCl > 95 mL/min, there was a statistically significant difference in lower bleeding rate between edoxaban 60 mg daily and warfarin (bleeding: HR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.58−0.84). There was no differential safety in ischemic S/SE, all-cause mortality, and net clinical outcome. Conclusion: Overall, edoxaban was superior to warfarin in terms of net clinical outcome in various groups of CrCl with AF patients. Although there was no significant difference in net clinical outcome between edoxaban and warfarin for AF patients with CrCl > 95 mL/min, edoxaban is not inferior to warfarin in safety and effectiveness in the various levels of CrCl. Edoxaban may be a more effective and safe treatment than warfarin for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who require anticoagulation. More high-quality and long-term clinical research are needed to further estimate the effects of edoxaban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapeng Wang
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Graduate School, Nanjing 210008, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Cardiothoracic Vascular Disease, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhanlan Wei
- Instructional Technology and Media, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Cardiothoracic Vascular Disease, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wenxue Liu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Institute of Cardiothoracic Vascular Disease, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Janghui Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Junbo Feng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (D.W.)
| | - Dongjin Wang
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Graduate School, Nanjing 210008, China
- Department of Cardio–Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
- Department of Cardio–Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210011, China
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (D.W.)
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Corrochano M, Acosta-Isaac R, Plaza M, Muñoz R, Mojal S, Moret C, Souto JC. Impact of increased kidney function on clinical and biological outcomes in real-world patients treated with Direct Oral Anticoagulants. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278693. [PMID: 36490245 PMCID: PMC9733869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Renal excretion of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) varies depending on the drug. Hypothetically, an increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) may lead to suboptimal dosing and a higher thromboembolic events incidence. However, real-world patient data do not support the theoretical risk. The aim is to analyse DOAC outcomes in patients with normal and high (≥90 mL/min) GFR, focusing on biological parameters and thrombotic/haemorrhagic events. METHODS Observational prospective single-centre study and registry of patients on DOACs. Follow-up was 1,343 patient-years. A bivariate analysis was performed of baseline variables according to GFR (<90 mL/min vs ≥90 mL/min). Anti-Xa activity before and after drug intake (HemosIL, Liquid Anti-Xa, Werfen) was measured for edoxaban, apixaban, and rivaroxaban; diluted thrombin time for dabigatran (HEMOCLOT); and additionally, plasma concentrations in edoxaban (HemosIl, Liquid Anti-Xa suitably calibrated). RESULTS 1,135 patients anticoagulated with DOACs were included and 152 patients with GFR ≥90 mL/min. Of 18 serious thrombotic complications during follow-up, 17 occurred in patients with GFR <90 mL/min, and 1 in a patient with GFR ≥90 mL/min. A higher incidence of complications was observed in patients with normal GFR, but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). No statistically significant differences with clinical relevance were observed between the normal or supranormal groups in anti-Xa activity or in edoxaban plasma concentrations. CONCLUSIONS There was no increased incidence of thrombotic/haemorrhagic complications in our patients treated with DOACs, including 66% treated with edoxaban, and patients with GFR ≥90 mL/min. Likewise, drug anti-Xa activity and edoxaban plasma concentration did not seem to be influenced by GFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Corrochano
- Thrombosis and Haemostasis Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Intitut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - René Acosta-Isaac
- Thrombosis and Haemostasis Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Intitut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Melania Plaza
- Intitut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Muñoz
- Intitut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Mojal
- Intitut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Moret
- Thrombosis and Haemostasis Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Intitut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Souto
- Thrombosis and Haemostasis Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Intitut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
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Huqi A, Zoccali C, Giugliano RP, De Caterina R. The non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation patients with high-normal renal function - A systematic review. Vascul Pharmacol 2022; 147:107123. [PMID: 36202288 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.107123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have revolutionized treatment of atrial fibrillation. Although benefits of anticoagulation therapy are clear, a minority of patients still experience treatment inefficacy or harm. All NOACs have varying degree of renal clearance, which may significantly affect plasma concentrations. Pivotal clinical trials have explored the effects of dose reduction in patients with chronic renal disease. None of these have, however, specifically addressed the need for a dose up-titration in patients with renal hyperfiltration, in whom lower drug plasma levels are to be expected. A signal for lower efficacy in this patient subset has recently emerged. We systematically assessed the peer-reviewed scientific literature on this topic, including a recently reported randomized pharmacokinetic study in renal hyperfiltrators also reporting on ischemic and bleeding events. We conclude that the reduction in NOAC plasma levels in AF patients with renal hyperfiltration is limited in extent and, does not translate into a clinically meaningful reduction in efficacy for NOACs as compared to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in such patients. At the current state of knowledge, NOAC current dosing should not be altered in patients with high-normal renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alda Huqi
- Chair of Cardiology, University of Pisa and Cardiology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carmine Zoccali
- Renal Research Institute, New York, USA; Associazione Ipertensione Nefrologia Trapianto Renale (IPNET) c/o Nefrologia-CNR, Ospedali Riuniti, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Robert P Giugliano
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Chair of Cardiology, University of Pisa and Cardiology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy; Fondazione VillaSerena per la Ricerca, Città Sant'Angelo, Pescara, Italy.
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Ono R, Nishimura K, Takahashi H, Hori Y, Fukushima K, Kobayashi Y. Impact of Renal Function on Anti-factor Xa Activity Concentrations with Edoxaban Use in Patients with Non-valvular Atrial Fibrillation. Drugs R D 2022; 22:281-288. [DOI: 10.1007/s40268-022-00403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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10
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Li W, Zhou Y, Chen S, Zeng D, Zhang H. Use of non-vitamin K antagonists oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation patients on dialysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1005742. [PMID: 36176998 PMCID: PMC9513185 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1005742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) showed a benefit-risk profile superior to that of warfarin in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease. However, the effectiveness and safety of NOACs in AF patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on dialysis remain unclear. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis regarding the effect of NOACs vs. warfarin in AF patients undergoing dialysis. Methods A search of the Pubmed and EMBASE databases until November 2021 was performed. Adjusted risk ratios (RRs) and 95%confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled by a random-effects model with an inverse variance method. Results Six studies involving 3,744 NOAC- and 26,973 warfarin- users were deemed to meet the criteria. In the pooled analysis, the use of mixed NOACs had similar incidences of effectiveness and safety outcomes compared with warfarin use. And factor Xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban or apixaban) did not have significantly better effectiveness than warfarin. For the safety outcomes, the use of factor Xa inhibitors was associated with a reduced risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (RR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.70–0.95), but not major bleeding and intracranial bleeding. Conclusion Compared with warfarin, the use of NOACs, especially factor Xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban or apixaban), showed at least similar effectiveness and safety outcomes in AF patients on dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Li
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Huadu Hospital, Southern Medical University (People's Hospital of Huadu District), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanxia Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Leliu Hospital Affiliated to Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Huadu Hospital, Southern Medical University (People's Hospital of Huadu District), Guangzhou, China
| | - Dewang Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Huadu Hospital, Southern Medical University (People's Hospital of Huadu District), Guangzhou, China
- Dewang Zeng
| | - Haidong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Haidong Zhang
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Chiang CE, Chao TF, Choi EK, Lim TW, Krittayaphong R, Li M, Chen M, Guo Y, Okumura K, Lip GY. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: A Scientific Statement of JACC: Asia (Part 2). JACC. ASIA 2022; 2:519-537. [PMID: 36624790 PMCID: PMC9823285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacasi.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and is associated with substantial increases in the risk for stroke and systemic thromboembolism. With the successful introduction of the first non-vitamin K antagonistdirect oral anticoagulant agent (NOAC) in 2009, the role of vitamin K antagonists has been replaced in most clinical settings except in a few conditions for which NOACs are contraindicated. Data for the use of NOACs in different clinical scenarios have been accumulating in the past decade, and a more sophisticated strategy for patients with AF is now warranted. JACC: Asia recently appointed a working group to summarize the most updated information regarding stroke prevention in AF. The aim of this statement is to provide possible treatment options in daily practice. Local availability, cost, and patient comorbidities should also be considered. Final decisions may still need to be individualized and based on clinicians' discretion. This is part 2 of the statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chern-En Chiang
- General Clinical Research Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan,Address for correspondence: Dr Chern-En Chiang, General Clinical Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan. @en_chern
| | - Tze-Fan Chao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eue-Keun Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Toon Wei Lim
- National University Heart Centre, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rungroj Krittayaphong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mingfang Li
- Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minglong Chen
- Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yutao Guo
- Department of Pulmonary Vessel and Thrombotic Disease, Sixth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool & Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Okumura
- Division of Cardiology, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Gregory Y.H. Lip
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool & Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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12
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Rhee TM, Lee SR, Choi EK, Oh S, Lip GYH. Efficacy and Safety of Oral Anticoagulants for Atrial Fibrillation Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:885548. [PMID: 35757349 PMCID: PMC9226375 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.885548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundData on different direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with renal impairment are insufficient. We aimed to perform pairwise and network meta-analysis comparing oral anticoagulants (OACs) in AF patients with renal impairment, including advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) with creatinine clearance <30 mL/min.MethodsPubMed, Embase, Cochrane Database, and references of related articles were searched up to April 2021. We included randomized trials and non-randomized studies using propensity-score or multivariable-model adjustments that compared clinical outcomes among OACs. Hazard ratios (HRs) for stroke or thromboembolism, major bleeding, and all-cause death were pooled using random-effects model.ResultsFrom 19 studies, 124,628 patients were included. In patients with AF and CKD, DOACs presented significantly lower risks of stroke or thromboembolism [HRpooled = 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.73–0.85, I2 = 16.6%] and major bleeding [HRpooled = 0.76 (0.64–0.89), I2 = 85.7%] when compared with warfarin, regardless of the severity of renal impairment. Results were consistent in advanced CKD patients for stroke or thromboembolism [HRpooled = 0.60 (0.43–0.85), I2 = 0.0%] and major bleeding [HRpooled = 0.74 (0.59–0.93), I2 = 30.4%]. In the network meta-analysis, edoxaban and apixaban presented the highest rank probability to reduce the risk of stroke or thromboembolism (edoxaban, P-score = 94.5%) and major bleeding (apixaban, P-score = 95.8%), respectively. Apixaban remained the safest OAC with the highest rank probability for major bleeding (P-score = 96.9%) in patients with advanced CKD.ConclusionDOACs, particularly apixaban and edoxaban, presented superior efficacy and safety than warfarin in AF patients with CKD. Apixaban was associated with the lowest risk of major bleeding among OACs for patients with advanced CKD.Systematic Review Registration[PROSPERO], identifier [CRD42021241718].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Min Rhee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - So-Ryoung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eue-Keun Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Eue-Keun Choi
| | - Seil Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gregory Y. H. Lip
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool Chest and Heart Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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13
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Real-World Comparisons of Low-Dose NOACs versus Standard-Dose NOACs or Warfarin on Efficacy and Safety in Patients with AF: A Meta-Analysis. Cardiol Res Pract 2022; 2022:4713826. [PMID: 35449605 PMCID: PMC9017587 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4713826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to further investigate the efficacy and safety of low-dose NOACs by performing a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Background Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that low-dose non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) showed inferior efficacy compared with standard-dose NOACs, although they are still frequently prescribed for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) in the clinical practice. Methods Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Embase, and MEDLINE were systematically searched from the inception to September 9, 2021, for cohort studies that compared the efficacy and/or safety of low-dose NOACs in patients with AF. The primary outcomes were ischemic stroke and major bleeding, and the secondary outcomes were mortality, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and gastrointestinal hemorrhage (GH). Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with the random-effect model. Results Twenty-five publications involving 487856 patients with AF were included. Compared with standard-dose NOACs, low-dose NOACs had comparable risks of ischemic stroke (HR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.11), major bleeding (HR = 1.12, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.28), ICH (HR = 1.09, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.36), and GH (HR = 1.11, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.33), except for a higher risk of mortality (HR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.65). Compared with warfarin, low-dose NOACs were associated with lower risks of ischemic stroke (HR = 0.72, 95% CI .67 to 0.78), mortality (HR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.77), major bleeding (HR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.79), ICH (HR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.77), and GH (HR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.95). Conclusions Low-dose NOACs were comparable to standard-dose NOACs considering risks of ischemic stroke, major bleeding, ICH, and GH, and they were superior to warfarin. Low-dose NOACs might be prescribed effectively and safely for patients with AF. Considering limitations, further well-designed prospective studies are foreseen.
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Liao JN, Kuo L, Liu CM, Chen SA, Chao TF. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation patients with advanced chronic kidney and liver diseases. Eur Heart J Suppl 2022; 24:A11-A18. [PMID: 35185405 PMCID: PMC8850708 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/suab154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) or chronic liver disease (CLD) is frequent in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) because of their common risk factors. Chronic kidney disease and CLD superimposed on AF are associated with increased risks of thrombosis and bleeding, which further complicates the use of oral anticoagulants (OACs). Because currently approved non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) undergo certain degrees of metabolism and clearance in the liver and kidney, increased exposure to medications and risk of bleeding are major concerns with the use of NOACs in patients with advanced CKD and CLD. Besides, these patients were mostly excluded from landmark trials of NOACs and related cohort studies are also limited. Therefore, the optimal strategy for the use of NOACs in this population remains unclear. This review would go through current evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of NOACs in AF patients with advanced CKD and CLD and provide a comprehensive discussion for clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Nan Liao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling Kuo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ann Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Fan Chao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Waranugraha Y, Rizal A, Syaban MFR, Faratisha IFD, Erwan NE, Yunita KC. Direct comparison of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant versus warfarin for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of real-world evidences. Egypt Heart J 2021; 73:70. [PMID: 34379219 PMCID: PMC8357866 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-021-00194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To overcome the several drawbacks of warfarin, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) were developed. Even though randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provided high-quality evidence, the real-world evidence is still needed. This systematic review and meta-analysis proposed to measure the safety and efficacy profile between warfarin and NOACs in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients in preventing stroke. Results We collected articles about the real-world studies comparing warfarin and NOACs for NVAF patients recorded in electronic scientific databases such as Embase, ProQuest, PubMed, and Cochrane. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using the generic inverse variance method. A total of 34 real-world studies, including 2287288 NVAF patients, were involved in this study. NOACs effectively reduced the stroke risk than warfarin (HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.69 to 0.87; p < 0.01). Moreover, NOACs effectively lowered all-cause mortality risk (HR 0.71; 95% CI 0.63 to 0.81; p < 0.01). From the safety aspect, compared to warfarin, NOACs significantly reduced major bleeding risk (HR 0.68; 95% CI 0.54 to 0.86; p < 0.01) and intracranial bleeding risk (HR 0.54; 95% CI 0.42 to 0.70; p < 0.01). However, NOACs administration failed to decrease gastrointestinal bleeding risk (HR 0.78; 95% CI 0.58 to 1.06; p = 0.12). Conclusions In NVAF patients, NOACs were found to be more effective than warfarin at reducing stroke risk. NOACSs also lowered the risk of all-cause mortality, cerebral hemorrhage, and severe bleeding in NVAF patients compared to warfarin. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43044-021-00194-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoga Waranugraha
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia.
| | - Ardian Rizal
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
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Moudallel S, Cornu P, Dupont A, Steurbaut S. Determinants for under- and overdosing of direct oral anticoagulants and physicians' implementation of clinical pharmacists' recommendations. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 88:753-763. [PMID: 34331720 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To analyse the appropriateness of direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) dosing and determinants for under-and overdosing as well as acceptance and implementation rates of pharmacists' interventions. METHODS Cross-sectional study in a tertiary hospital in hospitalized patients with atrial fibrillation on DOACs in 2019 (n = 1688). Primary outcome was the proportion of patients with inappropriate DOAC prescribing with identification of determinants for under-and overdosing. Secondary outcomes included acceptance and implementation rates of pharmacists' recommendations and determination of reasons for nonacceptance/nonimplementation. RESULTS Inappropriate prescribing was observed in 16.9% of patients (n = 286) with underdosing (9.7%) being more prevalent than overdosing (6.9%). For all DOACs considered together, body weight<60 kg (odds ratio [OR] 0.46 [0.27-0.77]), edoxaban use (OR 0.42 [0.24-0.74]), undergoing surgery (OR 0.57 [0.37-0.87]) and being DOAC naïve (OR 0.45 [0.29-0.71]) were associated with significantly lower odds of underdosing. Bleeding history (OR 1.86 [1.24-2.80]) and narcotic use (OR 1.67 [1.13-2.46]) were associated with significantly higher odds for underdosing. Determinants with a significantly higher odds of overdosing were renal impairment (OR 11.29 [6.23-20.45]) and body weight<60 kg (OR 2.34 [1.42-3.85]), whereas dabigatran use (OR 0.24 [0.08-0.71]) and apixaban (OR 0.18 [0.10-0.32]) were associated with a significantly lower odds of overdosing compared to rivaroxaban. Physicians accepted the pharmacists' advice in 179 cases (79.2%) consisting of 92 (51.4%) recommendations for underdosing, 82 (45.8%) for overdosing and 5 (2.8%) for contraindications. CONCLUSION Inappropriate DOAC prescribing remains common, although there is a slight improvement compared to our study of 2016. Clinical services led by pharmacists help physicians to reduce the number of inadequate prescriptions for high-risk medications such as DOACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souad Moudallel
- Research Group Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium
| | - Pieter Cornu
- Research Group Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium
| | - Alain Dupont
- Research Group Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium
| | - Stephane Steurbaut
- Research Group Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium
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Lee WC, Huang MP. Lead thrombus under standard-dose edoxaban in a patient with normal to high creatinine clearance and protein S deficiency. Thromb J 2021; 19:50. [PMID: 34273971 PMCID: PMC8285875 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-021-00302-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are as effective and safe as warfarin for thromboembolic prevention and treatment. The efficacy of NOACs lacks evidence from large and randomized studies in patients with inherited severe thrombophilia, including protein S deficiency. Further, some concerns still exist regarding the relative efficacy of edoxaban in preventing arterial thromboembolism in patients with normal to high creatinine clearance (CrCl). We present a case of a rare complication of lead thrombus under standard-dose edoxaban in a patient with protein S deficiency and supernormal renal function. CASE PRESENTATION A 65-year-old man experienced persistent chest tightness and a high level of D-dimer. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed a lead thrombus at the superior vena cava. He had a medical history including, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAf), sick sinus syndrome after permanent pacemaker implantation, and transient ischemic attack. He received standard-dose edoxaban (60 mg daily) after PAf was diagnosed. His estimated CrCl was 98.6-102.1 mL/min. However, protein S deficiency (22.8%; normal range: 55-130%) was diagnosed. After switching to dabigatran (150 mg twice daily) for 3 months, the chest CT showed lead thrombus resolution and no symptoms were seen during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS This case was a rare complication of lead thrombus in a protein S deficient patient with normal renal function receiving standard-dose edoxaban. Edoxaban efficacy is uncertain in patients with protein S deficiency, and intracardiac devices also increase the risk of thromboembolic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chieh Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123, Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung City, 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Min-Ping Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123, Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung City, 83301, Taiwan
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Ferrari F, da Silveira AD, Martins VM, Franzoni LT, Zimerman LI, Stein R. Direct-Acting Oral Anticoagulants in Atrial Fibrillation: What's New in the Literature. Cardiol Rev 2021; 29:120-130. [PMID: 32332235 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is considered the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, and it is associated with a significant risk of adverse events, especially ischemic stroke. Oral anticoagulation is the cornerstone for stroke prevention in AF; for many years, only vitamin K antagonists were used for this purpose, with an absolute risk reduction >60%. However, these agents have limitations, such as narrow therapeutic margins and drug-food and drug-drug interactions. More recently, 4 direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs)-non-vitamin K antagonists-have become available for patients with AF: dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban. In addition to a comparable efficacy to warfarin in large randomized controlled trials, DOACs were found to promote a lower risk of intracranial bleeding. The strategic dosage and lack of need for periodic prothrombin-time testing make their use attractive, especially for primary or secondary prevention of stroke in older adults. Furthermore, among patients with AF presenting with acute coronary syndrome or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, apixaban is associated with a reduction in serious bleeding events when compared with warfarin. On the other hand, there is no evidence of benefit of DOACs in patients with mechanical prosthetic valves or moderate/severe mitral stenosis. Furthermore, the suitability of DOACs in patients with liver disease is still poorly understood, and their safety in patients requiring renal replacement therapy remains uncertain. This review provides an overview of the main trials of DOACs, their pharmacology and safety profile, clinical implications, and best indications in light of the current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Ferrari
- From the Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Exercise Cardiology Research Group (CardioEx), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Anderson Donelli da Silveira
- From the Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Exercise Cardiology Research Group (CardioEx), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitor Magnus Martins
- From the Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leandro Tolfo Franzoni
- From the Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Exercise Cardiology Research Group (CardioEx), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Stein
- From the Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Exercise Cardiology Research Group (CardioEx), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Su X, Yan B, Wang L, Lv J, Cheng H, Chen Y. Oral Anticoagulant Agents in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and CKD: A Systematic Review and Pairwise Network Meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2021; 78:678-689.e1. [PMID: 33872690 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.02.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relative efficacy and safety of different oral anticoagulant agents (OACs) for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and pairwise and Bayesian network meta-analysis. SETTING & STUDY POPULATIONS Adult patients with AF and CKD stages 3-5D who received OACs. SELECTION CRITERIA FOR STUDIES Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that reported the efficacy and safety outcomes of subgroups with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR)<60mL/min. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently abstracted data, assessed study quality, and rated the strength of evidence (SOE). ANALYTICAL APPROACH Random-effects models using restricted maximum-likelihood methods were fit for the pairwise meta-analyses as well as a network meta-analysis within a Bayesian framework. RESULTS Pairwise meta-analysis including 8 RCTs and 46 observational studies showed that direct OACs (DOACs) were superior to warfarin in preventing thromboembolic events (hazard ratio [HR], 0.86 [95% CI, 0.78-0.95]), without heterogeneity (I2=10.5%), and in reducing the risk of bleeding events (HR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.66-0.99]), with substantial heterogeneity (I2=69.8%), in patients with AF and a GFR of 15-60mL/min. Bayesian network meta-analysis including 8 RCTs showed that dose-adjusted apixaban and a 15-mg dose of edoxaban were superior to the other OAC regimens in reducing bleeding events. Dose-adjusted apixaban was more effective than edoxaban in preventing thromboembolic events for patients with AF and GFR in the range of 25-50 or 30-50mL/min. In dialysis recipients with AF, the use of OACs increased the risk of bleeding events by 28% (HR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.03-1.60]) without significant beneficial effects versus not using anticoagulants. LIMITATIONS Low SOE and heterogeneity in most comparisons. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that DOACs are superior to warfarin for the prevention of thromboembolic events and reduction in bleeding risk in patients with AF and mild to moderate kidney disease. However, the low SOE limits the conclusions that can be drawn about the preferred DOAC. Notably, the use of OACs may increase bleeding risk without significant benefits in dialysis recipients with AF. REGISTRATION Registered at PROSPERO with identification number CRD42018090896.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Su
- Division of Nephrology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Division of Nephrology, Shanxi Medical University Second Hospital, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bingjuan Yan
- Division of Nephrology, Shanxi Medical University Second Hospital, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Shanxi Medical University Second Hospital, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jicheng Lv
- Division of Nephrology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing
| | - Hong Cheng
- Division of Nephrology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Yipu Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University.
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The PAR-1 antagonist vorapaxar ameliorates kidney injury and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:2873-2891. [PMID: 33078834 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 has emerged as a key profibrotic player in various organs including kidney. PAR-1 activation leads to deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the tubulointerstitium and induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during renal fibrosis. We tested the anti-fibrotic potential of vorapaxar, a clinically approved PAR-1 antagonist for cardiovascular protection, in an experimental kidney fibrosis model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and an AKI-to-chronic kidney disease (CKD) transition model of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury (UIRI), and dissected the underlying renoprotective mechanisms using rat tubular epithelial cells. PAR-1 is activated mostly in the renal tubules in both the UUO and UIRI models of renal fibrosis. Vorapaxar significantly reduced kidney injury and ameliorated morphologic changes in both models. Amelioration of kidney fibrosis was evident from down-regulation of fibronectin (Fn), collagen and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) in the injured kidney. Mechanistically, inhibition of PAR-1 inhibited MAPK ERK1/2 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-mediated Smad signaling, and suppressed oxidative stress, overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and macrophage infiltration into the kidney. These beneficial effects were recapitulated in cultured tubular epithelial cells in which vorapaxar ameliorated thrombin- and hypoxia-induced TGF-β expression and ECM accumulation. In addition, vorapaxar mitigated capillary loss and the expression of adhesion molecules on the vascular endothelium during AKI-to-CKD transition. The PAR-1 antagonist vorapaxar protects against kidney fibrosis during UUO and UIRI. Its efficacy in human CKD in addition to CV protection warrants further investigation.
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Oh HJ, Ryu KH, Park BJ, Yoon BH. The risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants: A network meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25216. [PMID: 33726018 PMCID: PMC7982234 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have been widely used for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF) and the treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism. There is an issue with safety, especially in clinically relevant bleeding. We performed a network meta-analysis to evaluate the risk of major gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding associated with NOACs. METHODS Interventions were warfarin, enoxaparin, apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban. The primary outcome was the incidence of major GI bleeding. A subgroup analysis was performed according to the following indications: AF, deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism, and postsurgical prophylaxis. RESULTS A total of 29 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 4 large observation population studies were included. Compared with warfarin, apixaban showed a decreased the risk of major GI bleeding (relative risk [RR] 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.25-0.76), and rivaroxaban tended to increase this risk (RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.06-1.85). Dabigatran (RR 1.25, 95% CI 0.98-1.60), edoxaban (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.69-1.65), and enoxaparin (RR 1.24, 95% CI 0.63-2.43) did not significantly increase the risk of GI bleeding than did warfarin. In the subgroup analysis, according to indications, apixaban showed a decreased risk of major GI bleeding (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.34-0.74) than did warfarin in AF studies. Dabigatran (RR 2.36, 95% CI 1.55-3.60, and rivaroxaban (RR 1.75, 95% CI 1.10-6.41) increased the risk of major GI bleeding than did apixaban. An analysis of studies on venous thromboembolism or pulmonary embolism showed that no individual NOAC or enoxaparin was associated with an increased risk of major GI bleeding compared to warfarin. CONCLUSION Individual NOACs had varying profiles of GI bleeding risk. Results of analyses including only RCTs and those including both RCTs and population studies showed similar trends, but also showed several differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Oh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Cancer Prevention and Detection, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si
| | - Kum Hei Ryu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Cancer Prevention and Detection, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si
| | - Bum Joon Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Cancer Prevention and Detection, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si
| | - Byung-Ho Yoon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ewha Womans University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Waterford SD, Ad N. Nonvitamin K oral anticoagulants in cardiac surgery: What cardiothoracic surgeons need to know 2.0. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 163:2145-2152. [PMID: 33863494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Waterford
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY.
| | - Niv Ad
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Adventist HealthCare, Silver Spring, Md
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23
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Abstract
Incidence and prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic kidney disease are increasing, and the two conditions commonly coexist. Renal impairment further increases the risk of ischemic stroke and systemic thromboembolism in patients with AF but also paradoxically predisposes to bleeding. Renal function should be monitored closely in patients with AF requiring oral anticoagulation therapy, particularly those receiving direct oral anticoagulants. Vitamin K antagonists can be used as part of a dose-adjusted anticoagulation regimen in patients with mild to moderate renal dysfunction. Dialysis-dependent patients taking vitamin K antagonists are at increased risk of sustaining major hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stefil
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Liverpool Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool L14 3PE, UK
| | - Katarzyna Nabrdalik
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool L14 3PE, UK; Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool L14 3PE, UK; Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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24
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Bang OY, On YK, Lee MY, Jang SW, Han S, Han S, Won MM, Park YJ, Lee JM, Choi HY, Kang S, Suh HS, Kim YH. The risk of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding in Asian patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation treated with non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants compared to warfarin: Results from a real-world data analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242922. [PMID: 33253294 PMCID: PMC7703907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although randomized trials provide a high level of evidence regarding the efficacy of non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs), the results of such trials may differ from those observed in day-to-day clinical practice. AIMS To compare the risk of stroke/systemic embolism (S/SE) and major bleeding (MB) between NOAC and warfarin in clinical practice. METHODS Patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) who started warfarin/NOACs between January 2015 and November 2016 were retrospectively identified from Korea's nationwide health insurance claims database. Using inpatient diagnosis and imaging records, the Cox models with inverse probability of treatment weighting using propensity scores were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for NOACs relative to warfarin. RESULTS Of the 48,389 patients, 10,548, 11,414, 17,779 and 8,648 were administered apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban and warfarin, respectively. Many patients had suffered prior strokes (36.7%, 37.7%, 31.4%, and 32.2% in apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and warfarin group, respectively), exhibited high CHA2DS2-VASc (4.8, 4.6, 4.6, and 4.1 in apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and warfarin group, respectively) and HAS-BLED (3.7, 3.6, 3.6, and 3.3 in apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and warfarin group, respectively) scores, had received antiplatelet therapy (75.4%, 75.7%, 76.8%, and 70.1% in apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and warfarin group, respectively), or were administered reduced doses of NOACs (49.8%, 52.9%, and 42.8% in apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban group, respectively). Apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban showed a significantly lower S/SE risk [HR, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.62, 0.54-0.71; 0.60, 0.53-0.69; and 0.71, 0.56-0.88, respectively] than warfarin. Apixaban and dabigatran (HR, 95% CI: 0.58, 0.51-0.66 and 0.75, 0.60-0.95, respectively), but not rivaroxaban (HR, 95% CI: 0.84, 0.69-1.04), showed a significantly lower MB risk than warfarin. CONCLUSIONS Among Asian patients who were associated with higher bleeding risk, low adherence, and receiving reduced NOAC dose than that provided in randomised controlled trials, all NOACs were associated with a significantly lower S/SE risk and apixaban and dabigatran with a significantly lower MB risk than warfarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Young Bang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Keun On
- Department of Cardiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung-Yong Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University, Chung Nam, South Korea
| | - Sung-Won Jang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongwook Han
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sola Han
- Pharmaceutical Economics, Outcomes Research & Policy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Mi-Mi Won
- Pfizer Korea Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Hae Sun Suh
- Pharmaceutical Economics, Outcomes Research & Policy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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25
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Palareti G, Antonucci E, Legnani C, Mastroiacovo D, Poli D, Prandoni P, Tosetto A, Pengo V, Testa S, Ageno W. Bleeding and thrombotic complications during treatment with direct oral anticoagulants or vitamin K antagonists in venous thromboembolic patients included in the prospective, observational START2-register. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e040449. [PMID: 33247017 PMCID: PMC7703414 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The proportion and characteristics of Italian patients affected by venous thromboembolism (VTE) treated with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) or vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), and complications occurring during follow-up. DESIGN A prospective cohort of 2728 VTE patients included in the Survey on anticoagulaTed pAtients RegisTer (START2-Register) from January 2014 to June 2018 was investigated. Characteristics of patients, type of treatment and complications occurring during 2962 years of follow-up were analysed. SETTING About 60 Italian anticoagulation and thrombosis centres participated in the observational START2-Register PARTICIPANTS: 2728 adult patients with VTE of a lower limb and/or pulmonary embolism (PE), with a follow-up after the initial phase treatment. INTERVENTIONS Patients could receive DOACs or VKAs; both prescribed by the National and Regional Health Systems for patients with VTE. OUTCOMES MEASURES Efficacy: rate of VTE recurrence (all thrombotic complications were also recorded). SAFETY the rate of major and clinically relevant non-major bleeding events. RESULTS Almost 80% of patients were treated with DOACs. The prevalence of symptomatic PE and impaired renal function was higher in patients receiving VKAs. Duration of anticoagulation was >180 days in approximately 70% of patients. Bleeding events were similar in both treatment groups. The overall eventuality of recurrence was significantly higher in DOAC cohorts versus VKA cohorts (HR 2.15 (1.14-4.06), p=0.018); the difference was almost completely due to recurrences occurring during extended treatment (2.73% DOAC vs 0.49% VKA, p<0.0001). All-cause mortality was higher in VKA-treated (5.9%) than in DOAC-treated patients (2.6%, p<0.001). CONCLUSION Italian centres treat most patients with VTE with DOACs and prefer VKA for those with more serious clinical conditions. Recurrences were significantly more frequent in DOAC-treated patients due to increased incidence after 180 days of treatment, probably due to reduced adherence to treatment. These results underline the importance of structured surveillance of DOAC-treated patients with VTE to strengthen treatment adherence during extended therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniela Poli
- SOD Malattie Aterotrombotiche, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Tosetto
- Divisione di Ematologia, Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Vittorio Pengo
- Thrombosis Research Laboratory, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sophie Testa
- Centro Emostasi e Trombosi A O Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Walter Ageno
- Dipartimento di Emergenza e Accettazione, Centro Trombosi ed Emostasi, Ospedale di Circolo, Università dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
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26
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Mumoli N, Amellone C, Antonelli G, Augello G, Cloro C, D’Alleva A, Ascenzo LD, Imbalzano E, Masala R, Riccioni G, Romeo E, Rossi L, Santoro G, Sciatti E, Tondo A, Toso E, Venturini E, Vizzardi E, Mascioli G. Clinical Discussions in Antithrombotic Therapy Management in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Delphi Consensus Panel. CJC Open 2020; 2:641-651. [PMID: 33305224 PMCID: PMC7711025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have entered clinical practice for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation or prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. However, remaining uncertainty regarding DOAC use in some clinical scenarios commonly encountered in the real world has not been fully explored in clinical trials. Methods We report on use of a Delphi consensus process on DOAC use in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients. The consensus process dealt with 9 main topics: (i) DOACs vs vitamin K antagonists in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients; (ii) therapeutic options for patients with stable total time in range treated with vitamin K antagonists; (iii) therapeutic options for patients aged > 85 years; (iv) therapeutic management of hyperfiltering patients; (v) pharmacologic interactions; (vi) therapeutic options in the long-term treatment (prevention) of patients with AF and acute coronary syndrome after the triple therapy; (vii) low doses of DOACs in AF patients; (viii) ischemic stroke in patients inappropriately treated with low doses of DOACs; (ix) management of patients taking DOACs with left atrial appendage thrombosis. Results A total of 101 physicians (cardiologists, internists, geriatricians, and hematologists) from Italy expressed their level of agreement on each statement by using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree; 2 = disagree; 3 = somewhat agree; 4 = agree; 5 = strongly agree). Votes 1-2 were considered to be disagreement; votes 3-5 were considered to be agreement. Agreement among the respondents of ≥ 66% for each statement was considered consensus. A brief discussion of the results for each topic is also reported. Conclusions In clinical practice, there is still uncertainty on DOAC use, especially in elderly, fragile, comorbid, and hyperfiltering patients.
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27
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McBane RD, Torres Roldan VD, Niven AS, Pruthi RK, Franco PM, Linderbaum JA, Casanegra AI, Oyen LJ, Houghton DE, Marshall AL, Ou NN, Siegel JL, Wysokinski WE, Padrnos LJ, Rivera CE, Flo GL, Shamoun FE, Silvers SM, Nayfeh T, Urtecho M, Shah S, Benkhadra R, Saadi SM, Firwana M, Jawaid T, Amin M, Prokop LJ, Murad MH. Anticoagulation in COVID-19: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Rapid Guidance From Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clin Proc 2020; 95:2467-2486. [PMID: 33153635 PMCID: PMC7458092 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A higher risk of thrombosis has been described as a prominent feature of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This systematic review synthesizes current data on thrombosis risk, prognostic implications, and anticoagulation effects in COVID-19. We included 37 studies from 4070 unique citations. Meta-analysis was performed when feasible. Coagulopathy and thrombotic events were frequent among patients with COVID-19 and further increased in those with more severe forms of the disease. We also present guidance on the prevention and management of thrombosis from a multidisciplinary panel of specialists from Mayo Clinic. The current certainty of evidence is generally very low and continues to evolve.
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Key Words
- aptt, activated thromboplastin time
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- dic, disseminated intravascular coagulation
- doac, direct oral anticoagulant
- dvt, deep venous thrombosis
- icu, intensive care unit
- lmwh, low-molecular-weight heparin
- or, odds ratio
- pe, pulmonary embolism
- pt, prothrombin time
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- sc, subcutaneously
- vte, venous thromboembolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D McBane
- Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Victor D Torres Roldan
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Alexander S Niven
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Rajiv K Pruthi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Ana I Casanegra
- Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Lance J Oyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Damon E Houghton
- Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ariela L Marshall
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Narith N Ou
- Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Waldemar E Wysokinski
- Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Candido E Rivera
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Gayle L Flo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Fadi E Shamoun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Scott M Silvers
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Tarek Nayfeh
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Meritxell Urtecho
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Sahrish Shah
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Raed Benkhadra
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Samer Mohir Saadi
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Mohammed Firwana
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Tabinda Jawaid
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Mustapha Amin
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - M Hassan Murad
- Evidence-based Practice Center and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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Domek M, Gumprecht J, Ding WY, Lip GYH, Lane DA. Practice-derived data on non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant therapy to complement observations from randomized trials. Eur Heart J Suppl 2020; 22:I1-I12. [PMID: 33093817 PMCID: PMC7556745 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/suaa100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Anticoagulation is fundamental in the management of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The study aims to provide a comparative review of the major phase III randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and real-world data (RWD) from reliable, high-grade Phase IV studies that assess the efficacy and safety of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) vs. vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). Observational studies based on nationwide or health insurance database records on the use of NOACs vs. VKAs in patients with AF were included. We performed a comparison of the efficacy and safety characteristics associated with NOACs vs. VKAs in RCTs and RWD. Although RCTs provide strong support for evidence-based practice, RWD may be used to reflect the broader picture of various clinical settings, provide supplementary insight and fulfil knowledge gaps. Both study types confirmed the safety and efficacy of NOACs in preventing stroke and thromboembolism in patients with AF. In comparison to VKAs, NOACs were associated with reduced risk of ischaemic events and lower rates of adverse events such as major bleeding or intracranial haemorrhage. Administration of NOACs might be associated with increased risk of dose-related gastrointestinal bleeding and myocardial ischaemic events, especially in the early treatment period after switching from VKAs. Special care should be taken in challenging clinical situations like severe renal or hepatic impairment when the treatment regimen needs to be considered individually. Randomized clinical trial and RWD studies are complementary and present comparable findings, affirming that NOACs are safe and effective for anticoagulation of patients with AF in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Domek
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Nephrology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Jakub Gumprecht
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Silesian Centre for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Wern Yew Ding
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Silesian Centre for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland
- Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Deirdre A Lane
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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29
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Yu HT, Yang PS, Jang E, Kim TH, Uhm JS, Kim JY, Pak HN, Lee MH, Lip GYH, Joung B. Label Adherence of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Dosing and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e014177. [PMID: 32495677 PMCID: PMC7429045 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Dose adjustment of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) is indicated in some patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), based on selected patient factors or concomitant medications. We assessed the frequency of label adherence of NOAC dosing among AF patients and the associations between off-label NOAC dosing and clinical outcomes. Methods and Results We evaluated 53 649 AF patients treated with an NOAC using Korean National Health Insurance Service database during the period from 2013 to 2016. NOAC doses were classified as either underdosed or overdosed, consistent with Korea Food and Drug Administration labeling. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to investigate the effectiveness and safety outcomes including stroke or systemic embolism, major bleeding, and all-cause mortality. Overall, 16 757 NOAC-treated patients (31.2%) were underdosed, 4492 were overdosed (8.4%), and 32 400 (60.4%) were dosed appropriately according to drug labeling. Compared with patients with label adherence, those who were underdosed or overdosed were older (aged 71±8 and 75±7 years versus 70±9 years, respectively; P<0.001) and had higher CHA2DS2-VASc scores (4.6±1.7 and 5.3±1.7 versus 4.5±1.8, respectively; P<0.001). NOAC overdosing was associated with increased risk for stroke or systemic embolism (5.76 versus 4.03 events/100 patient-years, P<0.001), major bleeding (4.77 versus 2.94 events/100 patient-years, P<0.001), and all-cause mortality (5.43 versus 3.05 events/100 patient-years, P<0.001) compared with label-adherent use. Conclusions In real-world practice, a significant proportion (almost 2 in 5) of AF patients received NOAC doses inconsistent with drug labeling. NOAC overdosing is associated with worse clinical outcomes in Asian AF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Tae Yu
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Sung Yang
- Department of Cardiology CHA Bundang Medical Center CHA University Seongnam Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsun Jang
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Kim
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sun Uhm
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Youn Kim
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Nam Pak
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Hyoung Lee
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science University of Liverpool United Kingdom
| | - Boyoung Joung
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
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30
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Chan YH, Lee HF, Chao TF, Wu CT, Chang SH, Yeh YH, See LC, Kuo CT, Chu PH, Wang CL, Lip GYH. Real-world Comparisons of Direct Oral Anticoagulants for Stroke Prevention in Asian Patients with Non-valvular Atrial Fibrillation: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 33:701-710. [PMID: 31745687 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-019-06910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether four direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are superior to warfarin among Asians with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) remains unclear in the real-world setting. METHODS We searched PubMed and Medline + Journals@Ovid + EMBASE from September 17, 2009 to May 4, 2019 to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of all observational real-world studies comparing four DOACs with warfarin specifically focused on Asian patients with NVAF. RESULTS From the original 212 results retrieved, 18 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, DOACs were associated with lower risks of thromboembolism (hazard ratio; [95% confidence interval], 0.70; [0.63-0.78]), acute myocardial infarction (0.67; [0.57-0.79]), all-cause mortality (0.62; [0.56-0.69]), major bleeding (0.59; [0.50-0.69]), intracranial hemorrhage (0.50; [0.40-0.62]), gastrointestinal bleeding (0.66; [0.46-0.95]), and any bleeding (0.82; [0.73-0.92]) than warfarin. There was statistic heterogeneity between DOACs for the risks of thromboembolism (P interaction = 0.03) and acute myocardial infarction (P interaction = 0.007) when compared to warfarin. However, all DOACs showed lower risks of thromboembolism and acute myocardial infarction than warfarin when pooling studies that compared individual DOAC with warfarin. With regard to the other outcomes when compared to warfarin, there was no statistical heterogeneity between DOACs. In addition, the effectiveness and safety of four DOACs versus warfarin persisted in the subgroups of either standard-dose or low-dose DOACs. CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis shows that the DOACs had greater effectiveness and safety compared to warfarin in real-world practice for stroke prevention, among Asian patients with NVAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Chan
- The Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Microscopy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Fu Lee
- The Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Fan Chao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tung Wu
- The Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hung Chang
- The Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsin Yeh
- The Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Lai-Chu See
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Biostatistics Core Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tai Kuo
- The Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Hsien Chu
- The Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Li Wang
- The Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan. .,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
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Gorczyca I, Michalska A, Chrapek M, Budnik M, Starzyk K, Jelonek O, Uziębło-Życzkowska B, Kapłon-Cieślicka A, Gawałko M, Krzesiński P, Jurek A, Scisło P, Kochanowski J, Kiliszek M, Gielerak G, Filipiak KJ, Opolski G, Wożakowska-Kapłon B. Thrombus in the left atrial appendage in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in clinical practice-A multicenter registry. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020; 31:2005-2012. [PMID: 32458520 DOI: 10.1111/jce.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence and predictors of left atrial appendage thrombus (LAAT) in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) who have been treated with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are not well defined. We aimed to assess the occurrence and predictors of LAAT on transesophageal echocardiography (TOE) in patients with non-valvular AF treated with NOACs for at least 3 weeks. METHODS Consecutive patients with non-valvular AF who underwent TOE before catheter ablation or electrical cardioversion in three high-reference centers between 2014 and 2018 were included. Patients on apixaban were excluded from the study due to low numbers in this category. All patients received NOACs for at least 3 weeks before TOE. RESULTS A total of 1148 patients (female, 38.1%; mean age, 62.1 years) referred to our centers for catheter ablation of AF (52.1%) or electrical cardioversion (47.9%) were included. Patients were on rivaroxaban (51.9%) or dabigatran (48.1%). Preprocedural TOE revealed LAAT in 4.4% of all patients. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed the CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥2 points (OR = 2.11; 95% CI, 1.15-3.88; P = .0161), non-paroxysmal AF (OR = 6.30; 95% CI, 2.22-17.91; P = .0005), and GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (OR = 2.05; 95% CI, 1.14-3.67; P = .0160) were independent predictors of LAAT in patients treated with NOACs. CONCLUSIONS In non-valvular AF patients treated with NOACs, the prevalence of LAAT was 4.4% before electrical cardioversion or ablation. In addition to the CHA2DS2-VASc score, the type of AF and renal function should be considered in the stratification of thromboembolism risk in AF patients and qualification for a preprocedural TOE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Gorczyca
- 1st Clinic of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Swietokrzyskie Cardiology Centre, Kielce, Poland.,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Anna Michalska
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chrapek
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Monika Budnik
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Starzyk
- 1st Clinic of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Swietokrzyskie Cardiology Centre, Kielce, Poland.,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Olga Jelonek
- 1st Clinic of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Swietokrzyskie Cardiology Centre, Kielce, Poland
| | | | | | - Monika Gawałko
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Krzesiński
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jurek
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Scisło
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Kochanowski
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Kiliszek
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Gielerak
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof J Filipiak
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Opolski
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Wożakowska-Kapłon
- 1st Clinic of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Swietokrzyskie Cardiology Centre, Kielce, Poland.,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
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Choi EK. Cardiovascular Research Using the Korean National Health Information Database. Korean Circ J 2020; 50:754-772. [PMID: 32725984 PMCID: PMC7441000 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2020.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Korean National Health Information Database (NHID) contains nationwide claims data, including sociodemographic data, health care utilization, health screening data, and healthcare provider information. To compensate for the limitations of randomized clinical trials, real-world observational studies using claims data have emerged as a novel research tool. We summarized the structure of the Korean NHID and the recent researches conducted in the field of cardiovascular science. Epidemiological studies, prescription patterns, temporal trends, comparison of effectiveness and safety of treatments, variability index using laboratory data, and rare intractable disease constitute interesting topics of research in cardiovascular science using the NHID. The operational definition of covariates and clinical outcomes is important for researchers interested in using the NHID data as new tools to prove their hypothesis. A step-by-step approach adopted by a team of data scientists, epidemiologists, statisticians, and clinical researchers may be most effective while designing research studies. The ultimate direction of research using the NHID should aim to improve the welfare of the public by promoting public health, reducing medical costs, and guiding healthcare policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eue Keun Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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Chan YH, Lee HF, See LC, Tu HT, Chao TF, Yeh YH, Wu LS, Kuo CT, Chang SH, Lip GYH. Effectiveness and Safety of Four Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Asian Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation. Chest 2019; 156:529-543. [PMID: 31103697 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.04.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether four direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are superior to warfarin in Asian patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) remains unclear. METHODS This nationwide retrospective cohort study was based on data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database from June 1, 2012, to December 31, 2017, covering patients with NVAF taking edoxaban (n = 4,577), apixaban (n = 9,952), rivaroxaban (n = 33,022), dabigatran (n = 22,371), and warfarin (n = 19,761). Propensity score weighting was used to balance covariates across study groups. Patients were followed up until occurrence of study outcomes or end date of study. RESULTS Edoxaban, apixaban, and rivaroxaban were associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke/systemic embolism than warfarin. All DOACs had a lower risk of major bleeding than warfarin. Apixaban was associated with a lower risk of major bleeding than rivaroxaban and dabigatran, whereas the risk of major bleeding was comparable between edoxaban and apixaban. The reduced risks of thromboembolism/major bleeding for the four DOACs persisted in high-risk subgroups, including those with chronic kidney disease, elderly patients (age ≥ 75 years), secondary stroke prevention, or CHA2DS2-VASc score (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥ 75 years, diabetes mellitus, previous stroke/transient ischemic attack, vascular disease, age 65-74 years, and female sex) ≥ 4. A total of 2,924 (64%), 6,359 (64%), 31,108 (94%), and 19,821 (89%) patients received low-dose edoxaban (15-30 mg/d), apixaban (2.5 mg bid), rivaroxaban (10-15 mg/d), and dabigatran (110 mg bid), respectively. The effectiveness/safety outcomes with the four low-dose DOACs compared with warfarin were consistent with the main analysis. CONCLUSIONS In the largest real-world practice study among Asian patients with NVAF, four DOACs were associated with a comparable or lower risk of thromboembolism, and a lower risk of bleeding than warfarin. There was consistency even among high-risk subgroups and whether standard-or low-dose regimens were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Chan
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Microscopy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Fu Lee
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lai-Chu See
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Biostatistics Core Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Tzu Tu
- Center for Big Data Analytics and Statistics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Fan Chao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsin Yeh
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Sheng Wu
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tai Kuo
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Shang-Hung Chang
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Center for Big Data Analytics and Statistics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, England
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Clinical presentation, diagnostic findings and management of cerebral ischemic events in patients on treatment with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants - A systematic review. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213379. [PMID: 30925155 PMCID: PMC6440627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOAC) are equally or potentially superior in terms of effectiveness in the prevention of ischemic stroke and carry a lower associated risk of intracranial hemorrhage compared to Vitamin K antagonists. Nevertheless, ischemic strokes also occur in patients who are being treated with NOAC. In those particular patients, knowledge about the underlying stroke etiology, clinical presentation, acute management, and complication rates is scarce. Objective Systematic literature review to provide a comprehensive clinical overview in terms of presentation, laboratory, imaging parameters and outcomes of patients suffering from acute cerebral ischemic events (i.e. TIA and acute ischemic stroke) while on treatment with a NOAC. Only if available, comparison to VKA is presented which was not the primary focus of this analysis. Data sources PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and EMBASE from January 1, 2006, to November 20, 2018. Study eligibility criteria 52 studies providing detailed information on a total of 12247 patients were included. We excluded case reports and case series with less than five patients. Study appraisal and synthesis method We systematically assessed study quality using a bias tool and pooled consistent data. Results Existing data indicates milder stroke severity and smaller infarct size of acute ischemic stroke on treatment with NOAC compared to stroke occurrence on Vitamin K antagonists (VKA). Established risk factors for ischemic events also play a role in stroke while on NOACs, albeit the underlying etiology remains poorly understood. Intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular therapy seem to be safe and effective, but patient selection for recanalization therapies is challenging. Limitations Limited quality of published data, duplicate cases, statistical issues of data pooling, possible incomplete retrieval of identified research and reporting bias might have limited our findings. Conclusions Acute ischemic events despite treatment with NOAC therapy are insufficiently investigated. Systematic review registration number PROSPERO: CRD42018074853.
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Fawzy AM, Yang WY, Lip GY. Safety of direct oral anticoagulants in real-world clinical practice: translating the trials to everyday clinical management. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2019; 18:187-209. [PMID: 30712419 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2019.1578344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) may be regarded as some of the most successful innovations in recent times. These drugs which were specifically developed to overcome the challenges posed by warfarin did just that and in the process, have changed the outlook towards stroke prevention with anticoagulation. The decade of experience with these drugs that has resulted in the availability of large scale data on their safety profile has aided this. Areas covered: This review examines existing real-world studies (RWS) and their interpretation to better appreciate how they either complement or contradict findings from the hallmark trials. Specific focus has been made on the safety of DOACs, on their risks of major bleeding, intra-cranial haemorrhage (ICH), gastro-intestinal (GI) bleeding and all-cause mortality compared to warfarin and each other. DOAC use in the elderly and other sub-groups are briefly discussed. Expert opinion: Results for safety outcomes according to 'real world evidence' (RWE) are in-keeping with randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and currently, all 4 DOACs have been deemed at least as effective as warfarin, while demonstrating superiority in some aspects. While real world studies act as a complementary source of knowledge, traditional RCTs remain the gold standard for determining cause-effect relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameenathul M Fawzy
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Wang-Yang Yang
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,b Department of Cardiology, Beijing AnZhen Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Gregory Yh Lip
- c Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science , University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital , Liverpool , UK
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Lip GYH. The safety of NOACs in atrial fibrillation patient subgroups: A narrative review. Int J Clin Pract 2019; 73:e13285. [PMID: 30334313 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Four non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have been evaluated in clinical trials for the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Although each of the NOACs have been shown to be at least non-inferior to warfarin for efficacy and safety outcomes, controversy remains over the relative safety of each NOAC inpatient subgroups. This narrative review provides an overview of phase III data on NOAC trials for the prevention of stroke in AF, with a focus on reporting the safety of each agent in key patient subgroups based on age, gender, accumulated risk factors, and primary or secondary prevention of stroke. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was completed and, where data permit, analyses of phase III trials of the NOACs are presented for each patient subgroup. RESULTS Analyses of key safety outcomes from NOAC trials were completed using primary trial data, including major bleeding and all-cause mortality. The safety of NOACs was generally consistent and favourable compared with warfarin according to patient age, gender, previous history of stroke, and the presence of risk factors for stroke. CONCLUSIONS The safety of the NOACs compared with warfarin was generally favourable across different patient subgroups, including those perceived to be at "high risk" for adverse outcomes. However, certain NOACs may be preferable to warfarin in some subgroups, based on indirect analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Y H Lip
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Joung B, Lee JM, Lee KH, Kim TH, Choi EK, Lim WH, Kang KW, Shim J, Lim HE, Park J, Lee SR, Lee YS, Kim JB. 2018 Korean Guideline of Atrial Fibrillation Management. Korean Circ J 2018; 48:1033-1080. [PMID: 30403013 PMCID: PMC6221873 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2018.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia in the general population. The Korean Heart Rhythm Society organized a Korean AF Management Guideline Committee and analyzed all available studies regarding the management of AF, including studies on Korean patients. This guideline is based on recent data of the Korean population and the recent guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology, European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, and Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society. Expert consensus or guidelines for the optimal management of Korean patients with AF were achieved after a systematic review with intensive discussion. This article provides general principles for appropriate risk stratification and selection of anticoagulation therapy in Korean patients with AF. This guideline deals with optimal stroke prevention, screening, rate and rhythm control, risk factor management, and integrated management of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Joung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jung Myung Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Hong Lee
- Department of Cardiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eue Keun Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Hyun Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Woon Kang
- Division of Cardiology, Eulji University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jaemin Shim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Euy Lim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junbeom Park
- Department of Cardiology, Ewha Woman University, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Ryoung Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Soo Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jin Bae Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
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