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Yang Z, Gao W, Yang K, Chen W, Chen Y. The protective role of RACK1 in hepatic ischemia‒reperfusion injury-induced ferroptosis. Inflamm Res 2024:10.1007/s00011-024-01944-y. [PMID: 39292271 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01944-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Although ferroptosis plays a crucial role in hepatic ischemia‒reperfusion injury (IRI), the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. We aimed to explore the potential involvement of the receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) in hepatic IRI-triggered ferroptosis. Using hepatocyte-specific RACK1 knockout mice and alpha mouse liver 12 (AML12) cells, we conducted a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments. We found that RACK1 has a protective effect on hepatic IRI-induced ferroptosis. Specifically, RACK1 was found to interact with AMPKα through its 1-93 amino acid (aa) region, which facilitates the phosphorylation of AMPKα at threonine 172 (Thr172), ultimately exerting an antiferroptotic effect. Furthermore, the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) ZNFX1 Antisense 1 (ZFAS1) directly binds to aa 181-317 of RACK1. ZFAS1 has a dual impact on RACK1 by promoting its ubiquitin‒proteasome-mediated degradation and inhibiting its expression at the transcriptional level, which indirectly exacerbates hepatic IRI-induced ferroptosis. These findings underscore the protective role of RACK1 in hepatic IRI-induced ferroptosis and showcase its potential as a prophylactic target for hepatic IRI mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelong Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi Jing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wenjie Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi Jing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi Jing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Weigang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi Jing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi Jing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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2
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Ni H, Kan X, Rui Q, Zhang Y, Zhai W, Zhang B, Yu Z. RACK1 promotes autophagy via the PERK signaling pathway to protect against traumatic brain injury in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14691. [PMID: 38532543 PMCID: PMC10966134 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Neuronal cell death is a primary factor that determines the outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We previously revealed the importance of receptor for activated C kinase (RACK1), a multifunctional scaffold protein, in maintaining neuronal survival after TBI, but the specific mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism underlying RACK1-mediated neuroprotection in TBI. METHODS TBI model was established using controlled cortical impact injury in Sprague-Dawley rats. Genetic intervention and pharmacological inhibition of RACK1 and PERK-autophagy signaling were administrated by intracerebroventricular injection. Western blotting, coimmunoprecipitation, transmission electron microscopy, real-time PCR, immunofluorescence, TUNEL staining, Nissl staining, neurobehavioral tests, and contusion volume assessment were performed. RESULTS Endogenous RACK1 was upregulated and correlated with autophagy induction after TBI. RACK1 knockdown markedly inhibited TBI-induced autophagy, whereas RACK1 overexpression exerted the opposite effects. Moreover, RACK1 overexpression ameliorated neuronal apoptosis, neurological deficits, and cortical tissue loss after TBI, and these effects were abrogated by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine or siRNAs targeting Beclin1 and Atg5. Mechanistically, RACK1 interacted with PERK and activated PERK signaling. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of the PERK pathway abolished RACK1-induced autophagy after TBI. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that RACK1 protected against TBI-induced neuronal damage partly through autophagy induction by regulating the PERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research LaboratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Xugang Kan
- Department of Neurobiology and Cell Biology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of NeurobiologyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Qin Rui
- Department of Center of Clinical LaboratoryThe Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Cell Biology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of NeurobiologyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research LaboratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Baole Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Cell Biology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of NeurobiologyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research LaboratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
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3
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He W, Shi X, Dong Z. The roles of RACK1 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Biomed Res 2024; 38:137-148. [PMID: 38410996 PMCID: PMC11001590 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.37.20220259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) is a protein that plays a crucial role in various signaling pathways and is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a prevalent neurodegenerative disease. RACK1 is highly expressed in neuronal cells of the central nervous system and regulates the pathogenesis of AD. Specifically, RACK1 is involved in regulation of the amyloid-β precursor protein processing through α- or β-secretase by binding to different protein kinase C isoforms. Additionally, RACK1 promotes synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity by inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and activating gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors, thereby preventing neuronal excitotoxicity. RACK1 also assembles inflammasomes that are involved in various neuroinflammatory pathways, such as nuclear factor-kappa B, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 pathways. The potential to design therapeutics that block amyloid-β accumulation and inflammation or precisely regulate synaptic plasticity represents an attractive therapeutic strategy, in which RACK1 is a potential target. In this review, we summarize the contribution of RACK1 to the pathogenesis of AD and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting He
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xiuyu Shi
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
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4
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Castillo-Medina RE, Islas-Flores T, Morales-Ruiz E, Villanueva MA. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the SBiP1 chaperone from Symbiodinium microadriaticum CassKB8 and light parameters that modulate its phosphorylation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293299. [PMID: 37862348 PMCID: PMC10588850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The coding and promoter region sequences from the BiP-like protein SBiP1 from Symbiodinium microadriaticum CassKB8 were obtained by PCR, sequenced and compared with annotated sequences. The nucleotides corresponding to the full sequence were correctly annotated and the main SBiP1 features determined at the nucleotide and amino acid level. The translated protein was organized into the typical domains of the BiP/HSP70 family including a signal peptide, a substrate- and a nucleotide-binding domain, and an ER localization sequence. Conserved motifs included a highly conserved Thr513 phosphorylation site and two ADP-ribosylation sites from eukaryotic BiP's. Molecular modeling showed the corresponding domain regions and main exposed post-translational target sites in its three-dimensional structure, which also closely matched Homo sapiens BiP further indicating that it indeed corresponds to a BiP/HSP70 family protein. The gene promoter region showed at least eight light regulation-related sequences consistent with the molecule being highly phosphorylated in Thr under dark conditions and dephosphorylated upon light stimuli. We tested light parameter variations that could modulate the light mediated phosphorylation effect and found that SBiP1 Thr dephosphorylation was only significantly detected after 15-30 min light stimulation. Such light-induced dephosphorylation was observed even when dichlorophenyl dimethyl urea, a photosynthesis inhibitor, was also present in the cells during the light stimulation. Dephosphorylation occurred indistinctly under red, yellow, blue or the full visible light spectra. In additon, it was observed at a light intensity of as low as 1 μmole photon m-2 s-1. Our results indicate that: a) SBiP1 is a chaperone belonging to the BiP/HSP70 family proteins; b) its light-modulated phosphorylation/dephosphorylation most likely functions as an activity switch for the chaperone; c) this light-induced modulation occurs relatively slow but is highly sensitive to the full spectrum of visible light; and d) the light induced Thr dephosphorylation is independent of photosynthetic activity in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Eduardo Castillo-Medina
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-UNAM, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Tania Islas-Flores
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-UNAM, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Estefanía Morales-Ruiz
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-UNAM, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Marco A. Villanueva
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-UNAM, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, México
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Sîrbulescu RF, Ilieş I, Amelung L, Zupanc GKH. Proteomic characterization of spontaneously regrowing spinal cord following injury in the teleost fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus, a regeneration-competent vertebrate. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2022; 208:671-706. [PMID: 36445471 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-022-01591-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In adult mammals, spontaneous repair after spinal cord injury (SCI) is severely limited. By contrast, teleost fish successfully regenerate injured axons and produce new neurons from adult neural stem cells after SCI. The molecular mechanisms underlying this high regenerative capacity are largely unknown. The present study addresses this gap by examining the temporal dynamics of proteome changes in response to SCI in the brown ghost knifefish (Apteronotus leptorhynchus). Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) was combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to collect data during early (1 day), mid (10 days), and late (30 days) phases of regeneration following caudal amputation SCI. Forty-two unique proteins with significant differences in abundance between injured and intact control samples were identified. Correlation analysis uncovered six clusters of spots with similar expression patterns over time and strong conditional dependences, typically within functional families or between isoforms. Significantly regulated proteins were associated with axon development and regeneration; proliferation and morphogenesis; neuronal differentiation and re-establishment of neural connections; promotion of neuroprotection, redox homeostasis, and membrane repair; and metabolism or energy supply. Notably, at all three time points examined, significant regulation of proteins involved in inflammatory responses was absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra F Sîrbulescu
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, 28725, Bremen, Germany
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Iulian Ilieş
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, 28725, Bremen, Germany
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lisa Amelung
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Günther K H Zupanc
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, 28725, Bremen, Germany.
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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6
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Zhu X, Li H, You W, Yu Z, Wang Z, Shen H, Li X, Yu H, Wang Z, Chen G. Role of Rph3A in brain injury induced by experimental cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1124-1138. [PMID: 35467084 PMCID: PMC9160444 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim was to study the role of Rph3A in neuronal injury induced by cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion. Methods The protein and mRNA levels of Rph3A in penumbra were detected by Western blot. The localization of Rph3A in different cell types in penumbra was detected by immunofluorescence. Apoptosis in the brain was detected by TUNEL staining. We tested neurobehavioral evaluation using rotarod test, adhesive‐removal test, and Morris Water maze test. We examined the expression and localization of Rph3A in cultured neurons and astrocytes in vitro by Western blot and ELISA, respectively. Results The mRNA and protein levels of Rph3A had significantly increased in brain penumbra of the rat MCAO/R model. Rph3A was mainly distributed in neurons and astrocytes and was significantly increased by MCAO/R. We downregulated Rph3A and found that it further worsened the cerebral infarct, neuronal death and behavioral, cognitive, and memory impairments in rats after MCAO/R. We also found that ischemia‐reperfusion upregulated the in vitro protein level and secretion of Rph3A in astrocytes but led to a decrease in the protein level of Rph3A in neurons. Conclusion The increase in Rph3A in the brain penumbra may be an endogenous protective mechanism against ischemia‐reperfusion injury, which is mainly dominated by astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlong Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanchun You
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongqi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Nantong city, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Luo K, Wang Z, Zhuang K, Yuan S, Liu F, Liu A. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid suppresses axonal damage and neurological dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage via the HDAC1/HSP70/TDP-43 axis. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1423-1433. [PMID: 35501375 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased focus has been placed on the role of histone deacetylase inhibitors as crucial players in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) progression. Therefore, this study was designed to expand the understanding of SAH by exploring the downstream mechanism of the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) in SAH. The expression of TDP-43 in patients with SAH and rat models of SAH was measured. Then, western blot analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and transmission electron microscope were used to investigate the in vitro effect of TDP-43 on a neuronal cell model of SAH established by oxyhemoglobin treatment. Immunofluorescence staining and coimmunoprecipitation assays were conducted to explore the relationship among histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and TDP-43. Furthermore, the in vivo effect of HDAC1 on SAH was investigated in rat models of SAH established by endovascular perforation. High expression of TDP-43 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with SAH and brain tissues of rat models of SAH was observed, and TDP-43 accumulation in the cytoplasm and the formation of inclusion bodies were responsible for axonal damage, abnormal nuclear membrane morphology, and apoptosis in neurons. TDP-43 degradation was promoted by the HDAC1 inhibitor SAHA via the acetylation of HSP70, alleviating SAH, and this effect was verified in vivo in rat models. In conclusion, SAHA relieved axonal damage and neurological dysfunction after SAH via the HSP70 acetylation-induced degradation of TDP-43, highlighting a novel therapeutic target for SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, China
| | - Zhifei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, China
| | - Kai Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, China
| | - Shishan Yuan
- Medical College, Hunan Normal University, 410000, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 519000, Zhuhai, China.
| | - Aihua Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, China. .,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100070, Beijing, China.
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8
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Wang Y, Xu J, You W, Shen H, Li X, Yu Z, Li H, Chen G. Roles of Rufy3 in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced early brain injury via accelerating neuronal axon repair and synaptic plasticity. Mol Brain 2022; 15:35. [PMID: 35461284 PMCID: PMC9034509 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00919-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RUN and FYVE domain-containing 3 (Rufy3) is a well-known adapter protein of a small GTPase protein family and is bound to the activated Ras family protein to maintain neuronal polarity. However, in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), the role of Rufy3 has not been investigated. Consequently, we aimed to investigate the potential role of Rufy3 in an in vivo model of SAH-induced early brain injury (EBI). In addition, we investigated the relevant brain-protective mechanisms. Oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) stimulation of cultured primary neurons simulated vitro SAH condition. The SAH rat model was induced by infusing autologous blood into the optic chiasma pool and treating the rats with lentivirus-negative control 1 (LV-NC1), lentivirus-Rufy3 shRNA (LV-shRNA), lentivirus-negative control 2 (LV-NC2), lentivirus-Rufy3 (LV-Rufy3), or 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP (8p-CPT) (Rap1 agonist). In experiment one, we found that the protein level of Rufy3 decreased and neuronal axon injury in the injured neurons but was rectified by LV-Rufy3 treatment. In experiment two, mRNA and protein levels of Rufy3 were downregulated in brain tissue and reached the lowest level at 24 h after SAH. In addition, the expression of Myelin Basic Protein was downregulated and that of anti-hypophosphorylated neurofilament H (N52) was upregulated after SAH. In experiments three and four, Rufy3 overexpression (LV-Rufy3) increased the interactions between Rufy3 and Rap1, the level of Rap1-GTP, and the ratio of Rap1-GTP/total GTP. In addition, LV-Rufy3 treatment inhibited axon injury and accelerated axon repair by activating the Rap1/Arap3/Rho/Fascin signaling pathway accompanied by upregulated protein expression levels of ARAP3, Rho, Fascin, and Facin. LV-Rufy3 also enhanced synaptic plasticity by activating the Rap1/MEK/ERK/synapsin I signaling pathway accompanied by upregulated protein expression levels of ERK1, p-ERK1, MEK1, p-MEK1, synaspin I, and p-synaspin I. Moreover, LV-Rufy3 also alleviated brain damage indicators, including cortical neuronal cell apoptosis and degeneration, brain edema, and cognitive impairment after SAH. However, the downregulation of Rufy3 had the opposite effect and aggravated EBI induced by SAH. Notably, the combined application of LV-Rufy3 and 8p-CPT showed a significant synergistic effect on the aforementioned parameters. Our findings suggest that enhanced Rufy3 expression may reduce EBI by inhibiting axon injury and promoting neuronal axon repair and synaptic plasticity after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanchun You
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Li X, Li H, Xu Z, Ma C, Wang T, You W, Yu Z, Shen H, Chen G. Ischemia-induced cleavage of OPA1 at S1 site aggravates mitochondrial fragmentation and reperfusion injury in neurons. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:321. [PMID: 35395832 PMCID: PMC8993832 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal mitochondrial dynamics are disturbed after ischemic stroke. Optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and its GTPase activity are involved in maintaining mitochondrial cristae and inner membrane fusion. This study aimed to explore the role of OMA1-mediated OPA1 cleavage (S1-OPA1) in neurons exposed to cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. After oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) for 60 min, we found that mitochondrial fragmentation occurred successively in the axon and soma of neurons, accompanied by an increase in S1-OPA1. In addition, S1-OPA1 overexpression significantly aggravated mitochondrial damage in neurons exposed to OGD for 60 min and 24 h after OGD/R, characterized by mitochondrial fragmentation, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial cristae ultrastructural damage, increased superoxide production, decreased ATP production and increased mitochondrial apoptosis, which was inhibited by the lysine 301 to alanine mutation (K301A). Furthermore, we performed neuron-specific overexpression of S1-OPA1 in the cerebral cortex around ischemia of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) mice. The results further demonstrated in vivo that S1-OPA1 exacerbated neuronal mitochondrial ultrastructural destruction and injury induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, while S1-OPA1-K301 overexpression had no effect. In conclusion, ischemia induced neuronal OMA1-mediated cleavage of OPA1 at the S1 site. S1-OPA1 aggravated neuronal mitochondrial fragmentation and damage in a GTPase-dependent manner, and participated in neuronal ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhongmou Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wanchun You
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China.
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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10
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Class III PI3K Biology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:69-93. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Ryan F, Khoshnam SE, Khodagholi F, Ashabi G, Ahmadiani A. How cytosolic compartments play safeguard functions against neuroinflammation and cell death in cerebral ischemia. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1445-1467. [PMID: 34173922 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00770-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of mortality and disability globally. Neuronal damage following ischemic stroke is rapid and irreversible, and eventually results in neuronal death. In addition to activation of cell death signaling, neuroinflammation is also considered as another pathogenesis that can occur within hours after cerebral ischemia. Under physiological conditions, subcellular organelles play a substantial role in neuronal functionality and viability. However, their functions can be remarkably perturbed under neurological disorders, particularly cerebral ischemia. Therefore, their biochemical and structural response has a determining role in the sequel of neuronal cells and the progression of disease. However, their effects on cell death and neuroinflammation, as major underlying mechanisms of ischemic stroke, are still not understood. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the contribution of each organelle on these pathological processes after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fari Ryan
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Centre, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghorbangol Ashabi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 1417613151, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Pan YW, Wu DP, Liang HF, Tang GY, Fan CL, Shi L, Ye WC, Li MM. Total Saponins of Panax notoginseng Activate Akt/mTOR Pathway and Exhibit Neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo against Ischemic Damage. Chin J Integr Med 2021; 28:410-418. [PMID: 34581940 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reveal the neuroprotective effect and the underlying mechanisms of a mixture of the main components of Panax notoginseng saponins (TSPN) on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) of cultured cortical neurons. METHODS The neuroprotective effect of TSPN was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry and live/dead cell assays. The morphology of dendrites was detected by immunofluorescence. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was developed in rats as a model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. The neuroprotective effect of TSPN was evaluated by neurological scoring, tail suspension test, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) and Nissl stainings. Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to measure the changes in the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. RESULTS MTT showed that TSPN (50, 25 and 12.5 µ g/mL) protected cortical neurons after OGD/R treatment (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Flow cytometry and live/dead cell assays indicated that 25 µ g/mL TSPN decreased neuronal apoptosis (P<0.05), and immunofluorescence showed that 25 µ g/mL TSPN restored the dendritic morphology of damaged neurons (P<0.05). Moreover, 12.5 µ g/mL TSPN downregulated the expression of Beclin-1, Cleaved-caspase 3 and LC3B-II/LC3B-I, and upregulated the levels of phosphorylated (p)-Akt and p-mTOR (P<0.01 or P<0.05). In the MCAO model, 50 µ g/mL TSPN improved defective neurological behavior and reduced infarct volume (P<0.05). Moreover, the expression of Beclin-1 and LC3B in cerebral ischemic penumbra was downregulated after 50 µ g/mL TSPN treatment, whereas the p-mTOR level was upregulated (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION TSPN promoted neuronal survival and protected dendrite integrity after OGD/R and had a potential therapeutic effect by alleviating neurological deficits and reversing neuronal loss. TSPN promoted p-mTOR and inhibited Beclin-1 to alleviate ischemic damage, which may be the mechanism that underlies the neuroprotective activity of TSPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Pan
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Department of TCM Preventive Medicine, Tianhe District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Dong-Ping Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hua-Feng Liang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Gen-Yun Tang
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chun-Lin Fan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lei Shi
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Man-Mei Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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13
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Xue T, Sun Q, Zhang Y, Wu X, Shen H, Li X, Wu J, Li H, Wang Z, Chen G. Phosphorylation at S548 as a Functional Switch of Sterile Alpha and TIR Motif-Containing 1 in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:453-469. [PMID: 32968873 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sterile alpha and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor motif-containing 1 (SARM1) is a pro-degenerative molecule in Wallerian degeneration, which is mainly expressed in brain/neurons and colocalized with mitochondria and microtubules. The aim of this study was to determine the role of SARM1 in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and the underlying mechanisms. In vivo, a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model in adult male Sprague Dawley rats (250-300 g) was established, and in vitro, cultured primary neurons were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) to imitate I/R injury. Overexpression lentiviruses encoding wild-type SARM1 and SARM1 with serine 548 alanine mutation (S548A) were constructed and administered to rats by intra-penumbral injection. First, the potential role of SARM1 in cerebral I/R injury was confirmed by the increased protein levels of SARM1 within penumbra tissue, especially in neurons. Second, there was an increase in the phosphorylation ratio of p-SARM1(S548)/SARM1 at 2 h after MCAO/R. Third, on the basis of site-specific mutagenesis, we identified S548 as a key site for SARM1 phosphorylation in I/R conditions. Fourth, SARM1 (S548A) overexpression reduced infarct size, neuronal death, and neurobehavioral dysfunction, while wild-type SARM1 overexpression had the opposite effects. Finally, we found that SARM1 phosphorylation at the S548 site switched SARM1 function from promoting mitochondrial transport to inhibiting mitochondrial transport along axons after I/R injury. Restriction of SARM1 phosphorylation at S548 may be a promising intervention target for I/R injury; thus, exogenous administration of SARM1 (S548A) may be a novel strategy for improving neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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14
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Wang Y, Kong XQ, Wu F, Xu B, Bao DJ, Cheng CD, Wei XP, Dong YF, Niu CS. SOCS1/JAK2/STAT3 axis regulates early brain injury induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage via inflammatory responses. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2453-2464. [PMID: 33907034 PMCID: PMC8374552 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.313049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SOCS1/JAK2/STAT3 axis is strongly associated with tumor growth and progression, and participates in cytokine secretion in many diseases. However, the effects of the SOCS1/JAK2/STAT3 axis in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage remain to be studied. A subarachnoid hemorrhage model was established in rats by infusing autologous blood into the optic chiasm pool. Some rats were first treated with JAK2/STAT3 small interfering RNA (Si-JAK2/Si-STAT3) or overexpression plasmids of JAK2/STAT3. In the brains of subarachnoid hemorrhage model rats, the expression levels of both JAK2 and STAT3 were upregulated and the expression of SOCS1 was downregulated, reaching a peak at 48 hours after injury. Simultaneously, the interactions between JAK2 and SOCS1 were reduced. In contrast, the interactions between JAK2 and STAT3 were markedly enhanced. Si-JAK2 and Si-STAT3 treatment alleviated cortical neuronal cell apoptosis and necrosis, destruction of the blood-brain barrier, brain edema, and cognitive functional impairment after subarachnoid hemorrhage. This was accompanied by decreased phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 protein, decreased total levels of JAK2 and STAT3 protein, and increased SOCS1 protein expression. However, overexpression of JAK2 and STAT3 exerted opposite effects, aggravating subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced early brain injury. Si-JAK2 and Si-STAT3 inhibited M1-type microglial conversion and the release of pro-inflammatory factors (inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α) and increased the release of anti-inflammatory factors (arginase-1, interleukin-10, and interleukin-4). Furthermore, primary neurons stimulated with oxyhemoglobin were used to simulate subarachnoid hemorrhage in vitro, and the JAK2 inhibitor AG490 was used as an intervention. The in vitro results also suggested that neuronal protection is mediated by the inhibition of JAK2 and STAT3 expression. Together, our findings indicate that the SOCS1/JAK2/STAT3 axis contributes to early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage both in vitro and in vivo by inducing inflammatory responses. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Anhui Medical University and the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (approval No. LLSC-20180202) on March 1, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiang-Qian Kong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University; Department of Vascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Anhui Medical College, Anhui Provincial Medical Genetics Center, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - De-Jun Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chuan-Dong Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yong-Fei Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chao-Shi Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Brain Disease, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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15
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Zhang M, Lu H, Xie X, Shen H, Li X, Zhang Y, Wu J, Ni J, Li H, Chen G. TMEM175 mediates Lysosomal function and participates in neuronal injury induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Mol Brain 2020; 13:113. [PMID: 32799888 PMCID: PMC7429711 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As the main organelles for the clearance of damaged proteins and damaged organelles, the function of lysosomes is crucial for maintaining the intracellular homeostasis of long-lived neurons. A stable acidic environment is essential for lysosomes to perform their functions. TMEM175 has been identified as a new K+ channel that is responsible for regulating lysosomal membrane potential and pH stability in neurons. This study aimed to understand the role of TMEM175 in lysosomal function of neurons and neuronal injury following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). A middle-cerebral-artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model was established in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo, and cultured neurons were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) to mimic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in vitro. We found that the protein level of TMEM175 decreased after cerebral I/R injury and that TMEM175 overexpression ameliorated MCAO/R-induced brain-cell death and neurobehavioral deficits in vivo. Furthermore, these results were recapitulated in cultured neurons. Acridine orange (AO) staining, as well as LysoSensor Green DND-189, cathepsin-B (CTSB), and cathepsin-D (CTSD) activities, showed that TMEM175 deficiency inhibited the hydrolytic function of lysosomes by affecting lysosomal pH. In contrast, TMEM175 upregulation reversed OGD/R-induced lysosomal dysfunction and impaired mitochondrial accumulation in cultured neurons. TMEM175 deficiency induced by cerebral I/R injury leads to compromised lysosomal pH stability, thus inhibiting the hydrolytic function of lysosomes. Consequently, lysosomal-dependent degradation of damaged mitochondria is suppressed and thereby exacerbates brain damage. Exogenous up-regulation of TMEM175 protein level could reverse the neuronal lysosomal dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haifeng Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xueshun Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunhai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianqiang Ni
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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16
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Compound K inhibits autophagy-mediated apoptosis induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion via regulating AMPK-mTOR pathway in neurons. Life Sci 2020; 254:117793. [PMID: 32416164 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Chen X, Jiang M, Li H, Wang Y, Shen H, Li X, Zhang Y, Wu J, Yu Z, Chen G. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis attenuates early brain injury via promoting the delivery of exosomal microRNA-124 from neuron to microglia after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:209. [PMID: 32664984 PMCID: PMC7362528 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01882-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation is a major contributor to early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). MicroRNA-124 (miR-124) is the most abundant miRNAs in the central nervous system (CNS) and plays a vital role in microglial activation by targeting protein CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα). It has been reported that the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis is involved in the delivery of miR-124 from neurons to microglia. METHODS An experimental rat SAH model was established by injecting autologous arterial blood into the prechiasmatic cistern, and cultured primary neurons and microglia were exposed to oxyhemoglobin to mimic SAH in vitro. We additionally exploited specific expression plasmids encoding CX3CL1 and CX3CR1. RESULTS We observed significant decreases in CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in the brain tissues of SAH patients. We also observed decreases in the levels of CX3CL1 in neurons and CX3CR1 in microglia after SAH in rats. Moreover, microglia exhibited an activated phenotype with macrophage-like morphology and high levels of CD45 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II after SAH. After overexpression of CX3CL1/CX3CR1, the level of CD45 and MHC class II and the release of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1α and complement 1q were significantly decreased. There was also increased neuronal degeneration and behavior dysfunction after SAH, both of which were inhibited by CX3CL1/CX3CR1 overexpression. Additionally, we found that the delivery of exosomal miR-124 from neurons to microglia was significantly reduced after SAH, accompanied by an increase in C/EBPα expression, and was inhibited by CX3CL1/CX3CR1 overexpression. In conclusion, the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis may play protective roles after SAH by promoting the delivery of exosomal miR-124 to microglia and attenuate microglial activation and neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis may be a potential intervention target for the inhibition of SAH-induced EBI by promoting exosome transport of miR-124 to microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Yunhai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China.
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18
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Zhang Y, Li H, Li X, Wu J, Xue T, Wu J, Shen H, Li X, Shen M, Chen G. TMEM16F Aggravates Neuronal Loss by Mediating Microglial Phagocytosis of Neurons in a Rat Experimental Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Model. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1144. [PMID: 32733436 PMCID: PMC7359929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a severe, acute condition, normally caused by cerebrovascular disease, and results in high rates of disability, and death. Phagoptosis is a newly recognized form of cell death caused by phagocytosis of viable cells, and has been reported to contribute to neuronal loss in brain tissue after ischemic stroke. Previous data indicated that exposure of phosphatidylserine to viable neurons could induce microglial phagocytosis of such neurons. Phosphatidylserine can be reversibly exposed to viable cells as a result of a calcium-activated phospholipid scramblase named TMEM16F. TMEM16F-mediated phospholipid scrambling on platelet membranes is critical for hemostasis and thrombosis, which plays an important role in Scott syndrome and has been confirmed by much research. However, few studies have investigated the association between TMEM16F and phagocytosis in ischemic stroke. In this study, a middle-cerebral-artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model was used in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo, and cultured neurons were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) to simulate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in vitro. We found that the protein level of TMEM16F was significantly increased at 12 h after I-R injury both in vivo and in vitro, and reversible phosphatidylserine exposure was confirmed in neurons undergoing I/R injury in vitro. Additionally, we constructed a LV-TMEM16F-RNAi transfection system to suppress the expression of TMEM16F during and after cerebral ischemia. As a result, TMEM16F knockdown alleviated motor function injury and decreased the microglial phagocytosis of viable neurons in the penumbra through inhibiting the “eat-me” signal phosphatidylserine. Our data indicate that reducing neuronal phosphatidylserine-exposure via deficiency of TMEM16F blocks phagocytosis of neurons and rescues stressed-but-still-viable neurons in the penumbra, which may contribute to reducing infarct volume and improving functional recovering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Zhang
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Xue
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meifen Shen
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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19
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Gao J, Long L, Xu F, Feng L, Liu Y, Shi J, Gong Q. Icariside II, a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, attenuates cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3β-mediated activation of autophagy. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1434-1452. [PMID: 31658364 PMCID: PMC7056470 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion causes exacerbated neuronal damage involving excessive autophagy and neuronal loss. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of icariside II, one of main active ingredients of Herba Epimedii on this loss and whether this is related to its PDE 5 inhibitory action. Experimental Approach Focal cerebral ischaemia was induced in the rat by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion over 2 hr, followed by reperfusion with icariside II, 3‐methylamphetamine or rapamycin. The effect of icariside II was determined measuring behaviour changes and the size of the infarction. The expressions of PDE 5, autophagy‐related proteins and the level of phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) were determined. Cultured primary cortical neurons were subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation in the presence and absence of icariside II. A surface plasmon resonance assay and molecular docking were used to explore the interactions of icariside II with PDE 5 or GSK‐3β. Key Results Icariside II not only protected against induced ischaemic reperfusion injury in rats but also attenuated such injury in primary cortical neurons. The neuroprotective effects of icariside II on such injury were attributed to interfering with the PKG/GSK‐3β/autophagy axis by directly bounding to PDE 5 and GSK‐3β. Conclusions and Implications These findings indicate that icariside II attenuates cerebral I/R‐induced injury via interfering with PKG/GSK‐3β/autophagy axis. This study raises the possibility that icariside II and other PDE 5 inhibitors maybe effective in the treatment ischaemia stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P. R. China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Long Long
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P. R. China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Fan Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Linying Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuangui Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Jingshan Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Qihai Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P. R. China
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Duan Y, Wu D, Huber M, Shi J, An H, Wei W, He X, Ding Y, Ji X. New Endovascular Approach for Hypothermia With Intrajugular Cooling and Neuroprotective Effect in Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2020; 51:628-636. [PMID: 31884905 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.026523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Induction of hypothermia as a stroke therapy has been limited by logistical challenges. This study was designed to determine the hypothermic and neuroprotective efficacy of infusing cold saline directly into the internal jugular (IJ) vein and compare the effects of IJ hypothermia to those achieved by intracarotid artery hypothermia in an ischemic stroke model.
Methods—
The right middle cerebral artery was occluded in rats using an intraluminal filament. Immediately following reperfusion, hypothermia was achieved by infusing isotonic saline through microcatheter into the right IJ or right intracarotid over 30 minutes. Infarct sizes, neurological deficits, blood-brain barrier damage, edema volume, blood-brain barrier associated molecules (MMP-9 [matrix metallopeptidase 9] and AQP-4 [aquaporin 4]), and apoptosis-associated proteins (Bcl-2 and cleaved Caspase-3) were measured.
Results—
We found that both IJ- and intracarotid-based infusion cooled the brain robustly with a minimal effect on rectal temperatures. This brain cooling led to significantly reduced infarct volumes at 24 hours after reperfusion, as well as decreased expression of the proapoptotic protein cleaved Caspase-3 and increased expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Intracarotid and IJ cooling also aided in blood-brain barrier maintenance, as shown by decreased edema volumes, reduced Evans Blue leakage, and decreased expression of edema-facilitating proteins (MMP-9 and AQP-4). Both cooling methods then translated to preserved neurological function as determined by multiple functional tests over a 28-day observation period. Most importantly, the cooling and neuroprotective efficacy of IJ cooling was comparable to intracarotid cooling by almost every metric evaluated.
Conclusions—
Compared with intracarotid infusion, IJ infusion conferred a similar degree of hypothermia and neuroprotection following ischemic stroke. Given the ease of establishing vascular access via the internal jugular vein and the powerful neuroprotection that hypothermia provides, IJ brain cooling could be used as a promising hypothermia-induction modality going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Duan
- From the Department of Neurology, China-America Institute of Neuroscience (Y. Duan, D.W., J.S., H.A., W.W., X.H., Y. Ding, X.J.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine (Y. Duan, D.W., X.J.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, China (Y. Duan., D.W., X.J.)
| | - Di Wu
- From the Department of Neurology, China-America Institute of Neuroscience (Y. Duan, D.W., J.S., H.A., W.W., X.H., Y. Ding, X.J.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine (Y. Duan, D.W., X.J.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, China (Y. Duan., D.W., X.J.)
| | - Mitchell Huber
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI (M.H., Y. Ding.)
| | - Jingfei Shi
- From the Department of Neurology, China-America Institute of Neuroscience (Y. Duan, D.W., J.S., H.A., W.W., X.H., Y. Ding, X.J.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Hong An
- From the Department of Neurology, China-America Institute of Neuroscience (Y. Duan, D.W., J.S., H.A., W.W., X.H., Y. Ding, X.J.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Wenjing Wei
- From the Department of Neurology, China-America Institute of Neuroscience (Y. Duan, D.W., J.S., H.A., W.W., X.H., Y. Ding, X.J.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Xiaoduo He
- From the Department of Neurology, China-America Institute of Neuroscience (Y. Duan, D.W., J.S., H.A., W.W., X.H., Y. Ding, X.J.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- From the Department of Neurology, China-America Institute of Neuroscience (Y. Duan, D.W., J.S., H.A., W.W., X.H., Y. Ding, X.J.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI (M.H., Y. Ding.)
| | - Xunming Ji
- From the Department of Neurology, China-America Institute of Neuroscience (Y. Duan, D.W., J.S., H.A., W.W., X.H., Y. Ding, X.J.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine (Y. Duan, D.W., X.J.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, China (Y. Duan., D.W., X.J.)
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Anttila JE, Pöyhönen S, Airavaara M. Secondary Pathology of the Thalamus after Focal Cortical Stroke in Rats is not Associated with Thermal or Mechanical Hypersensitivity and is Not Alleviated by Intra-Thalamic Post-Stroke Delivery of Recombinant CDNF or MANF. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:425-438. [PMID: 31037983 PMCID: PMC6628565 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719837915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A stroke affecting the somatosensory pathway can trigger central post-stroke pain
syndrome (CPSP). The symptoms often include hyperalgesia, which has also been described in
rodents after the direct damage of the thalamus. Previous studies have shown that
hemorrhagic stroke or ischemia caused by vasoconstriction in the thalamus induces
increased pain sensitivity. We investigated whether inducing secondary damage in the
thalamus by a cortical stroke causes similar pain hypersensitivity as has previously been
reported with direct ischemic injury. We induced a focal cortical ischemia-reperfusion
injury in male rats, quantified the amount of secondary neurodegeneration in the thalamus,
and measured whether the thalamic neurodegeneration is associated with thermal or
mechanical hypersensitivity. After one month, we observed extensive neuronal degeneration
and found approximately 40% decrease in the number of NeuN+ cells in the ipsilateral
thalamus. At the same time, there was a massive accumulation—a 30-fold increase—of
phagocytic cells in the ipsilateral thalamus. However, despite the evident damage in the
thalamus, we did not observe thermal or mechanical sensitization. Thus, thalamic
neurodegeneration after cortical ischemia-reperfusion does not induce CPSP-like symptoms
in rats, and these results suggest that direct ischemic damage is needed for CPSP
induction. Despite not observing hyperalgesia, we investigated whether administration of
cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) and mesencephalic astrocyte-derived
neurotrophic factor (MANF) into the ipsilateral thalamus would reduce the secondary
damage. We gave a single injection (10 µg) of recombinant CDNF or MANF protein into the
thalamus at 7 days post-stroke. Both CDNF and MANF treatment promoted the functional
recovery but had no effect on the neuronal loss or the amount of phagocytic cells in the
thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni E. Anttila
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,
Finland
| | - Suvi Pöyhönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,
Finland
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,
Finland
- Mikko Airavaara, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE,
University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
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