1
|
Gomez-Pinilla F, Thapak P. Exercise epigenetics is fueled by cell bioenergetics: Supporting role on brain plasticity and cognition. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 220:43-55. [PMID: 38677488 PMCID: PMC11144461 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.04.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Exercise has the unique aptitude to benefit overall health of body and brain. Evidence indicates that the effects of exercise can be saved in the epigenome for considerable time to elevate the threshold for various diseases. The action of exercise on epigenetic regulation seems central to building an "epigenetic memory" to influence long-term brain function and behavior. As an intrinsic bioenergetic process, exercise engages the function of the mitochondria and redox pathways to impinge upon molecular mechanisms that regulate synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. We discuss how the action of exercise uses mechanisms of bioenergetics to support a "epigenetic memory" with long-term implications for neural and behavioral plasticity. This information is crucial for directing the power of exercise to reduce the burden of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Pavan Thapak
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xie J, Zhang Z. Recent Advances and Therapeutic Implications of 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenases in Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3949-3975. [PMID: 38041714 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a common disease with a high disability rate and mortality, which brings heavy pressure on families and medical insurance. Nowadays, the golden treatments for ischemic stroke in the acute phase mainly include endovascular therapy and intravenous thrombolysis. Some drugs are used to alleviate brain injury in patients with ischemic stroke, such as edaravone and 3-n-butylphthalide. However, no effective neuroprotective drug for ischemic stroke has been acknowledged. 2-Oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2OGDDs) are conserved and common dioxygenases whose activities depend on O2, Fe2+, and 2OG. Most 2OGDDs are expressed in the brain and are essential for the development and functions of the brain. Therefore, 2OGDDs likely play essential roles in ischemic brain injury. In this review, we briefly elucidate the functions of most 2OGDDs, particularly the effects of regulations of 2OGDDs on various cells in different phases after ischemic stroke. It would also provide promising potential therapeutic targets and directions of drug development for protecting the brain against ischemic injury and improving outcomes of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression, Department of Mental Health and Public Health, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mehta SL, Arruri V, Vemuganti R. Role of transcription factors, noncoding RNAs, epitranscriptomics, and epigenetics in post-ischemic neuroinflammation. J Neurochem 2024:10.1111/jnc.16055. [PMID: 38279529 PMCID: PMC11272908 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Post-stroke neuroinflammation is pivotal in brain repair, yet persistent inflammation can aggravate ischemic brain damage and hamper recovery. Following stroke, specific molecules released from brain cells attract and activate central and peripheral immune cells. These immune cells subsequently release diverse inflammatory molecules within the ischemic brain, initiating a sequence of events, including activation of transcription factors in different brain cell types that modulate gene expression and influence outcomes; the interactive action of various noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) to regulate multiple biological processes including inflammation, epitranscriptomic RNA modification that controls RNA processing, stability, and translation; and epigenetic changes including DNA methylation, hydroxymethylation, and histone modifications crucial in managing the genic response to stroke. Interactions among these events further affect post-stroke inflammation and shape the depth of ischemic brain damage and functional outcomes. We highlighted these aspects of neuroinflammation in this review and postulate that deciphering these mechanisms is pivotal for identifying therapeutic targets to alleviate post-stroke dysfunction and enhance recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh L. Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Erlitzki N, Kohli RM. An Overview of Global, Local, and Base-Resolution Methods for the Detection of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Genomic DNA. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2842:325-352. [PMID: 39012604 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4051-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) as a common DNA modification in mammalian genomes has ushered in new areas of inquiry regarding the dynamic epigenome. The balance between 5hmC and its precursor, 5-methylcytosine (5mC), has emerged as a determinant of key processes including cell fate specification, and alterations involving these bases have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. The identification of 5hmC separately from 5mC initially posed a challenge given that legacy epigenetic sequencing technologies could not discriminate between these two most abundant modifications, a significant blind spot considering their potentially functionally opposing roles. The growing interest in 5hmC, as well as in the Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) family enzymes that catalyze its generation and further oxidation to 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxycytosine (5caC), has spurred the development of versatile methods for 5hmC detection. These methods enable the quantification and localization of 5hmC in diverse biological samples and, in some cases, at the resolution of individual nucleotides. However, navigating this growing toolbox of methods for 5hmC detection can be challenging. Here, we detail existing and emerging methods for the detection, quantification, and localization of 5hmC at global, locus-specific, and base resolution levels. These methods are discussed in the context of their advantages and limitations, with the goal of providing a framework to help guide researchers in choosing the level of resolution and the associated method that could be most suitable for specific needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noa Erlitzki
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rahul M Kohli
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jeong S, Chokkalla AK, Davis CK, Vemuganti R. Post-stroke depression: epigenetic and epitranscriptomic modifications and their interplay with gut microbiota. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4044-4055. [PMID: 37188778 PMCID: PMC10646155 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic and epitranscriptomic modifications that regulate physiological processes of an organism at the DNA and RNA levels, respectively, are novel therapeutic candidates for various neurological diseases. Gut microbiota and its metabolites are known to modulate DNA methylation and histone modifications (epigenetics), as well as RNA methylation especially N6-methyladenosine (epitranscriptomics). As gut microbiota as well as these modifications are highly dynamic across the lifespan of an organism, they are implicated in the pathogenesis of stroke and depression. The lack of specific therapeutic interventions for managing post-stroke depression emphasizes the need to identify novel molecular targets. This review highlights the interaction between the gut microbiota and epigenetic/epitranscriptomic pathways and their interplay in modulating candidate genes that are involved in post-stroke depression. This review further focuses on the three candidates, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, ten-eleven translocation family proteins, and fat mass and obesity-associated protein based on their prevalence and pathoetiologic role in post-stroke depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Jeong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Charles K Davis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- William S. Middleton Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Petroff RL, Cavalcante RG, Colacino JA, Goodrich JM, Jones TR, Lalancette C, Morgan RK, Neier K, Perera BPU, Rygiel CA, Svoboda LK, Wang K, Sartor MA, Dolinoy DC. Developmental exposures to common environmental contaminants, DEHP and lead, alter adult brain and blood hydroxymethylation in mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1198148. [PMID: 37384255 PMCID: PMC10294071 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1198148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The developing epigenome changes rapidly, potentially making it more sensitive to toxicant exposures. DNA modifications, including methylation and hydroxymethylation, are important parts of the epigenome that may be affected by environmental exposures. However, most studies do not differentiate between these two DNA modifications, possibly masking significant effects. Methods: To investigate the relationship between DNA hydroxymethylation and developmental exposure to common contaminants, a collaborative, NIEHS-sponsored consortium, TaRGET II, initiated longitudinal mouse studies of developmental exposure to human-relevant levels of the phthalate plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and the metal lead (Pb). Exposures to 25 mg DEHP/kg of food (approximately 5 mg DEHP/kg body weight) or 32 ppm Pb-acetate in drinking water were administered to nulliparous adult female mice. Exposure began 2 weeks before breeding and continued throughout pregnancy and lactation, until offspring were 21 days old. At 5 months, perinatally exposed offspring blood and cortex tissue were collected, for a total of 25 male mice and 17 female mice (n = 5-7 per tissue and exposure). DNA was extracted and hydroxymethylation was measured using hydroxymethylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (hMeDIP-seq). Differential peak and pathway analysis was conducted comparing across exposure groups, tissue types, and animal sex, using an FDR cutoff of 0.15. Results: DEHP-exposed females had two genomic regions with lower hydroxymethylation in blood and no differences in cortex hydroxymethylation. For DEHP-exposed males, ten regions in blood (six higher and four lower) and 246 regions (242 higher and four lower) and four pathways in cortex were identified. Pb-exposed females had no statistically significant differences in blood or cortex hydroxymethylation compared to controls. Pb-exposed males, however, had 385 regions (all higher) and six pathways altered in cortex, but no differential hydroxymethylation was identified in blood. Discussion: Overall, perinatal exposure to human-relevant levels of two common toxicants showed differences in adult DNA hydroxymethylation that was specific to sex, exposure type, and tissue, but male cortex was most susceptible to hydroxymethylation differences by exposure. Future assessments should focus on understanding if these findings indicate potential biomarkers of exposure or are related to functional long-term health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L. Petroff
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Raymond G. Cavalcante
- Epigenomics Core, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Justin A. Colacino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jaclyn M. Goodrich
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Tamara R. Jones
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Claudia Lalancette
- Epigenomics Core, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rachel K. Morgan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kari Neier
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Bambarendage P. U. Perera
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Christine A. Rygiel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Laurie K. Svoboda
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Maureen A. Sartor
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Dana C. Dolinoy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chelluboina B, Vemuganti R. Gene Silencing in the Brain with siRNA to Promote Long-Term Post-Stroke Recovery. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2616:419-425. [PMID: 36715950 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2926-0_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference is a promising strategy to degrade target RNAs of interest after stroke using small interfering RNA (siRNA). An optimized targeting such as combining a siRNA with a nontoxic transfection reagent that facilitates the effective delivery of siRNAs to the brain and subsequent cellular uptake after stroke is needed. Furthermore, an appropriate route of administration such as intravenous (tail vein or retro-orbital sinus) or cerebroventricular injection has to be used. Using siRNAs tagged with fluorescent probes shows the cellular uptake of siRNA. Efficacy and window of opportunity for a siRNA needs to be determined by testing multiple doses and time frame that alters the long-term functional outcomes. Real-time PCR/western blots can be used to determine the siRNA efficiency by evaluating the knockdown of the RNA/protein of interest. In siRNA studies, it is also essential to identify a proper dose (efficacious, but not toxic) by histopathologic testing to identify any toxicity in the peripheral organs and CNS. This chapter describes the strategies to deliver siRNAs to treat stroke and to facilitate post-stroke long-term recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
MicroRNA miR-7 Is Essential for Post-stroke Functional Recovery. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:111-115. [PMID: 35088373 PMCID: PMC9329483 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transient focal ischemia induces a sustained downregulation of miR-7 leading to derepression of its target α-synuclein (α-Syn), which promotes neuronal death. We previously showed that treatment with miR-7 mimic prevents α-Syn induction and protects brain after stroke in rodents irrespective of age and sex. To further decipher the role of miR-7, we currently studied infarction and motor function in miR-7 double knockout mice (lack both miR-7a and miR-7b) subjected to focal ischemia. Adult miR-7-/- mice showed similar motor and cognitive functions to miR-7+/+ mice. However, when subjected to even a mild focal ischemia, the miR-7-/- mice showed exacerbated brain damage and worsened motor function compared with the miR-7+/+ mice. Replenishing miR-7 in miR-7-/- mice (IV injection of miR-7 mimic) restored miR-7 mediated neuroprotection and motor recovery, potentially by preventing α-Syn protein induction. Thus, we show that miR-7 is an essential miRNA in the brain that prevents α-Syn translation and the ensuing brain damage after stroke.
Collapse
|
9
|
Morris-Blanco KC, Chokkalla AK, Kim T, Bhatula S, Bertogliat MJ, Gaillard AB, Vemuganti R. High-Dose Vitamin C Prevents Secondary Brain Damage After Stroke via Epigenetic Reprogramming of Neuroprotective Genes. Transl Stroke Res 2022; 13:1017-1036. [PMID: 35306630 PMCID: PMC9485293 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C has recently been identified as an epigenetic regulator by activating ten-eleven translocases (TETs), enzymes involved in generating DNA hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Currently, we investigated whether high-dose vitamin C promotes neuroprotection through epigenetic modulation of 5hmC, if there are sex-specific differences in outcome, and the therapeutic potential of vitamin C in stroke-related comorbidities in adult mice. Post-stroke treatment with ascorbate (reduced form), but not dehydroascorbate (oxidized form), increased TET3 activity and 5hmC levels and reduced infarct following focal ischemia. Hydroxymethylation DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing showed that ascorbate increased 5hmC across the genome and specifically in promoters of several stroke pathophysiology-related genes, particularly anti-inflammatory genes. Ascorbate also decreased markers of oxidative stress, mitochondrial fragmentation, and apoptosis in cortical peri-infarct neurons and promoted motor and cognitive functional recovery in both sexes via TET3. Furthermore, post-stroke ascorbate treatment reduced infarct volume and improved motor function recovery in aged, hypertensive and diabetic male and female mice. Delayed ascorbate treatment at 6 h of reperfusion was still effective at reducing infarct volume and motor impairments in adult mice. Collectively, this study shows that post-stroke treatment with high-dose ascorbate protects the brain through epigenetic reprogramming and may function as a robust therapeutic against stroke injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kahlilia C Morris-Blanco
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - TaeHee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Saivenkateshkomal Bhatula
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mario J Bertogliat
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Alexis B Gaillard
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Morris-Blanco KC, Chokkalla AK, Arruri V, Jeong S, Probelsky SM, Vemuganti R. Epigenetic mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets in stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:2000-2016. [PMID: 35854641 PMCID: PMC9580166 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221116192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates a central role for epigenetic modifications in the progression of stroke pathology. These epigenetic mechanisms are involved in complex and dynamic processes that modulate post-stroke gene expression, cellular injury response, motor function, and cognitive ability. Despite decades of research, stroke continues to be classified as a leading cause of death and disability worldwide with limited clinical interventions. Thus, technological advances in the field of epigenetics may provide innovative targets to develop new stroke therapies. This review presents the evidence on the impact of epigenomic readers, writers, and erasers in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke pathophysiology. We specifically explore the role of DNA methylation, DNA hydroxymethylation, histone modifications, and epigenomic regulation by long non-coding RNAs in modulating gene expression and functional outcome after stroke. Furthermore, we highlight promising pharmacological approaches and biomarkers in relation to epigenetics for translational therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Soomin Jeong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Samantha M Probelsky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Peng J, Ghosh D, Zhang F, Yang L, Wu J, Pang J, Zhang L, Yin S, Jiang Y. Advancement of epigenetics in stroke. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:981726. [PMID: 36312038 PMCID: PMC9610114 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.981726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide plethora of intervention procedures, tissue plasminogen activators, mechanical thrombectomy, and several neuroprotective drugs were reported in stroke research over the last decennium. However, against this vivid background of newly emerging pieces of evidence, there is little to no advancement in the overall functional outcomes. With the advancement of epigenetic tools and technologies associated with intervention medicine, stroke research has entered a new fertile. The stroke involves an overabundance of inflammatory responses arising in part due to the body's immune response to brain injury. Neuroinflammation contributes to significant neuronal cell death and the development of functional impairment and even death in stroke patients. Recent studies have demonstrated that epigenetics plays a key role in post-stroke conditions, leading to inflammatory responses and alteration of the microenvironment within the injured tissue. In this review, we summarize the progress of epigenetics which provides an overview of recent advancements on the emerging key role of secondary brain injury in stroke. We also discuss potential epigenetic therapies related to clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Dipritu Ghosh
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jinpeng Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jinwei Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shigang Yin
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The Role of DNA Methylation in Stroke Recovery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810373. [PMID: 36142283 PMCID: PMC9499691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations affect the onset of ischemic stroke, brain injury after stroke, and mechanisms of poststroke recovery. In particular, DNA methylation can be dynamically altered by maintaining normal brain function or inducing abnormal brain damage. DNA methylation is regulated by DNA methyltransferase (DNMT), which promotes methylation, DNA demethylase, which removes methyl groups, and methyl-cytosine–phosphate–guanine-binding domain (MBD) protein, which binds methylated DNA and inhibits gene expression. Investigating the effects of modulating DNMT, TET, and MBD protein expression on neuronal cell death and neurorepair in ischemic stroke and elucidating the underlying mechanisms can facilitate the formulation of therapeutic strategies for neuroprotection and promotion of neuronal recovery after stroke. In this review, we summarize the role of DNA methylation in neuroprotection and neuronal recovery after stroke according to the current knowledge regarding the effects of DNA methylation on excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and recovery after ischemic stroke. This review of the literature regarding the role of DNA methylation in neuroprotection and functional recovery after stroke may contribute to the development and application of novel therapeutic strategies for stroke.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ma X, Yang B, Li X, Miao Z. Tet Enzymes-Mediated DNA 5hmC Modification in Cerebral Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Injury. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:884-891. [PMID: 35394559 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) has recently been found that plays an important role in many diseases; however, there are still few studies in the field of stroke. The purpose of this review is to introduce the influence and function of 5hmC in stroke, in order for more people can study it. In this review, we introduced the role of 5hmC in ischemia and hemorrhage stroke, and summarized the possible therapeutic prospects of 5hmC in stroke. In conclusion, we suggest that 5hmC may serve as a biomarker or therapeutic target for the treatment of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Ma
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Institute of Neuroscience of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Gusu School, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215153, China.
| | - Zhigang Miao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dvoriantchikova G, Lypka KR, Ivanov D. The Potential Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Development of Retinitis Pigmentosa and Related Photoreceptor Dystrophies. Front Genet 2022; 13:827274. [PMID: 35360866 PMCID: PMC8961674 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.827274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa and related photoreceptor dystrophies (RPRPD) are rare retinal diseases caused by hereditary gene mutations resulting in photoreceptor death, followed by vision loss. While numerous genes involved in these diseases have been identified, many cases have still not been associated with any gene, indicating that new mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of these photoreceptor dystrophies. Many genes associated with RPRPD regulate photoreceptor specification and maturation in the developing retina. Since retinal development begins with a population of equivalent, proliferating retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) having a specific “competence” in generating all types of retinal neurons, including cone and rod photoreceptors, we tested the epigenetic changes in promoters of genes required for photoreceptor development and genes associated with RPRPD during RPC differentiation into cone and rod photoreceptors. We found that promoters of many of these genes are epigenetically repressed in RPCs but have no epigenetic restrictions in photoreceptors. Our findings also suggest that DNA methylation as an epigenetic mark, and DNA demethylation as a process, are more important than other epigenetic marks or mechanisms in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Most notably, irregularities in the DNA demethylation process during the RPC-to-photoreceptor transition may significantly contribute to retinitis pigmentosa (RP) pathogenesis since genes with hypermethylated promoters in RPCs account for at least 40% of autosomal recessive RP cases and at least 30% of autosomal dominant RP cases. Thus, we proposed an epigenetic model according to which unsuccessful demethylation of regulatory sequences (e.g., promoters, enhancers) of genes required for photoreceptor development, maturation, and function during the RPC-to-photoreceptor transition may reduce or even eliminate their activity, leading to RPRPD without any inheritable mutations in these genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galina Dvoriantchikova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Karin Rose Lypka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Dmitry Ivanov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Dmitry Ivanov,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ma X, Zhang M, Yan R, Wu H, Yang B, Miao Z. β2SP/TET2 complex regulates gene 5hmC modification after cerebral ischemia. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:11300-11309. [PMID: 34799994 PMCID: PMC8650033 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
βII spectrin (β2SP) is encoded by Sptbn1 and is involved in the regulation of various cell functions. β2SP contributes to the formation of the myelin sheath, which may be related to the mechanism of neuropathy caused by demyelination. As one of the main features of cerebral ischemia, demyelination plays a key role in the mechanism of cerebral ischemia injury. Here, we showed that β2SP levels were increased, and this molecule interacted with TET2 after ischemic injury. Furthermore, we found that the level of TET2 was decreased in the nucleus when β2SP was knocked out after oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), and the level of 5hmC was reduced in the OGD+β2SP KO group. In contrast, the expression of β2SP did not change in TET2 KO mice. In addition, the 5hmC sequencing results revealed that β2SP can affect the level of 5hmC, the differentially hydroxymethylated region (DhMR) mainly related with the Calcium signalling pathway, cGMP‐PKG signalling pathway, Wnt signalling pathway and Hippo signalling pathway. In summary, our results suggest that β2SP could regulate the gene 5hmC by interacted with TET2 and will become a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Rui Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Hainan Wu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing City, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Zhigang Miao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lopez MS, Morris-Blanco KC, Ly N, Maves C, Dempsey RJ, Vemuganti R. MicroRNA miR-21 Decreases Post-stroke Brain Damage in Rodents. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 13:483-493. [PMID: 34796453 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00952-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to their role in controlling translation, microRNAs emerged as novel therapeutic targets to modulate post-stroke outcomes. We previously reported that miR-21 is the most abundantly induced microRNA in the brain of rodents subjected to preconditioning-induced cerebral ischemic tolerance. We currently show that intracerebral administration of miR-21 mimic decreased the infarct volume and promoted better motor function recovery in adult male and female C57BL/6 mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. The miR-21 mimic treatment is also efficacious in aged mice of both sexes subjected to focal ischemia. Mechanistically, miR-21 mimic treatment decreased the post-ischemic levels of several pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory RNAs, which might be responsible for the observed neuroprotection. We further observed post-ischemic neuroprotection in adult mice administered with miR-21 mimic intravenously. Overall, the results of this study implicate miR-21 as a promising candidate for therapeutic translation after stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary S Lopez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.,Cell & Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | | | - Nancy Ly
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Carly Maves
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Robert J Dempsey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA. .,Cell & Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA. .,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ma J, Shen L, Bao L, Yuan H, Wang Y, Liu H, Wang Q. A novel prognosis prediction model, including cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4, ischemia-modified albumin, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and homocysteine, for ischemic stroke in the Chinese hypertensive population. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23756. [PMID: 33734490 PMCID: PMC8128308 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is still a lack of tools to assess the prognosis of ischemic stroke patients induced by hypertension. In this study, we built a novel prognostic assessment model for ischemic stroke in the Chinese hypertensive population. Methods Mass spectrometry technique was used to analyze the changes in serum protein profiles of hypertensive patients with ischemic stroke. A total of 314 hypertensive patients were divided into the testing group (206 patients) and the validation group (108 patients). Results Compared with hypertensive patients without ischemic stroke, serum cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4), ischemia‐modified albumin (IMA), lipoprotein‐associated phospholipase A2 (Lp‐PLA2), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and homocysteine (HCY) levels were significantly increased among hypertensive patients with ischemic stroke (p < 0.05). Then, we built a novel prognostic assessment model for hypertensive patients with ischemic stroke [Logit(P) = 29.172–1.088*CTLA‐4–0.952*IMA‐0.537*Lp‐PLA2 −0.066*GFAP −0.149*HCY]. It showed higher efficiency (AUC = 0.981, sensitivity = 95.5%, specificity = 93.8%) than any single marker. The estimated probability was 0.739, which means if higher than 0.739, it was classified into poor prognosis. Compared with the estimated probability ≤0.739 group, the survival rate of hypertensive patients with ischemic stroke in the estimated probability >0.739 group was significantly decreased (χ2 = 40.001, p < 0.001). In the validation group, our novel prognostic assessment model still showed good efficiency (AUC = 0.969, sensitivity = 89.4%, specificity = 92.5%; χ2 = 47.551, p < 0.001). Conclusion Current novel prognostic assessment model we have built is of great value in the prognostic evaluation for ischemic stroke in the Chinese hypertensive population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, P.R. China
| | - Likui Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lei Bao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, P.R. China
| | - Hua Yuan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, P.R. China
| | - Yingxin Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, P.R. China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Morris-Blanco KC, Chokkalla AK, Bertogliat MJ, Vemuganti R. TET3 regulates DNA hydroxymethylation of neuroprotective genes following focal ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:590-603. [PMID: 32380888 PMCID: PMC7922754 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20912965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) epigenetic modification is highly enriched in the CNS and a critical modulator of neuronal function and development. We found that cortical 5hmC was enhanced from 5 min to three days of reperfusion following focal ischemia in adult mice. Blockade of the 5hmC-producing enzyme ten-eleven translocase 3 (TET3) increased edema, infarct volume, and motor function impairments. To determine the mechanism by which TET3 provides ischemic neuroprotection, we assessed the genomic regions where TET3 modulates 5hmC. Genome-wide sequencing analysis of differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMRs) revealed that focal ischemia robustly increased 5hmC at the promoters of thousands of genes in a TET3-dependent manner. TET3 inhibition reduced 5hmC at the promoters of neuroprotective genes involved in cell survival, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, antioxidant defense, DNA repair, and metabolism demonstrating a role for TET3 in endogenous protection against stroke. The mRNA expression of several genes with known involvement in ischemic neuroprotection were also reduced with TET3 knockdown in both male and female mice, establishing a correlation between decreased promoter 5hmC levels and decreased gene expression. Collectively, our results indicate that TET3 globally increases 5hmC at regulatory regions and overwhelmingly modulates 5hmC in several neuroprotective pathways that may improve outcome after ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kahlilia C Morris-Blanco
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Research, William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mario J Bertogliat
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Research, William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Boltze J, Aronowski JA, Badaut J, Buckwalter MS, Caleo M, Chopp M, Dave KR, Didwischus N, Dijkhuizen RM, Doeppner TR, Dreier JP, Fouad K, Gelderblom M, Gertz K, Golubczyk D, Gregson BA, Hamel E, Hanley DF, Härtig W, Hummel FC, Ikhsan M, Janowski M, Jolkkonen J, Karuppagounder SS, Keep RF, Koerte IK, Kokaia Z, Li P, Liu F, Lizasoain I, Ludewig P, Metz GAS, Montagne A, Obenaus A, Palumbo A, Pearl M, Perez-Pinzon M, Planas AM, Plesnila N, Raval AP, Rueger MA, Sansing LH, Sohrabji F, Stagg CJ, Stetler RA, Stowe AM, Sun D, Taguchi A, Tanter M, Vay SU, Vemuganti R, Vivien D, Walczak P, Wang J, Xiong Y, Zille M. New Mechanistic Insights, Novel Treatment Paradigms, and Clinical Progress in Cerebrovascular Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:623751. [PMID: 33584250 PMCID: PMC7876251 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.623751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has brought tremendous progress in diagnostic and therapeutic options for cerebrovascular diseases as exemplified by the advent of thrombectomy in ischemic stroke, benefitting a steeply increasing number of stroke patients and potentially paving the way for a renaissance of neuroprotectants. Progress in basic science has been equally impressive. Based on a deeper understanding of pathomechanisms underlying cerebrovascular diseases, new therapeutic targets have been identified and novel treatment strategies such as pre- and post-conditioning methods were developed. Moreover, translationally relevant aspects are increasingly recognized in basic science studies, which is believed to increase their predictive value and the relevance of obtained findings for clinical application.This review reports key results from some of the most remarkable and encouraging achievements in neurovascular research that have been reported at the 10th International Symposium on Neuroprotection and Neurorepair. Basic science topics discussed herein focus on aspects such as neuroinflammation, extracellular vesicles, and the role of sex and age on stroke recovery. Translational reports highlighted endovascular techniques and targeted delivery methods, neurorehabilitation, advanced functional testing approaches for experimental studies, pre-and post-conditioning approaches as well as novel imaging and treatment strategies. Beyond ischemic stroke, particular emphasis was given on activities in the fields of traumatic brain injury and cerebral hemorrhage in which promising preclinical and clinical results have been reported. Although the number of neutral outcomes in clinical trials is still remarkably high when targeting cerebrovascular diseases, we begin to evidence stepwise but continuous progress towards novel treatment options. Advances in preclinical and translational research as reported herein are believed to have formed a solid foundation for this progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Jaroslaw A Aronowski
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jerome Badaut
- NRS UMR 5287, INCIA, Brain Molecular Imaging Team, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, and Neurosurgery, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mateo Caleo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nadine Didwischus
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens P Dreier
- Department of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karim Fouad
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mathias Gelderblom
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karen Gertz
- Department of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominika Golubczyk
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara A Gregson
- Neurosurgical Trials Group, Institute of Neuroscience, The University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Hamel
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel F Hanley
- Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Friedhelm C Hummel
- Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland.,Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maulana Ikhsan
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- Department of Neurology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Saravanan S Karuppagounder
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Inga K Koerte
- Psychiatric Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Ludewig
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerlinde A S Metz
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Alex Palumbo
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Monica Pearl
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Miguel Perez-Pinzon
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anna M Planas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Àrea de Neurociències, Barcelona, Spain.,Department d'Isquèmia Cerebral I Neurodegeneració, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Ami P Raval
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Maria A Rueger
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lauren H Sansing
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Farida Sohrabji
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Charlotte J Stagg
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - R Anne Stetler
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Dandan Sun
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Akihiko Taguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mickael Tanter
- Institute of Physics for Medicine Paris, INSERM U1273, ESPCI Paris, CNRS FRE 2031, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Sabine U Vay
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Denis Vivien
- UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging for Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Normandy University, Caen, France.,CHU Caen, Clinical Research Department, CHU de Caen Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Marietta Zille
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cristancho AG, Marsh ED. Epigenetics modifiers: potential hub for understanding and treating neurodevelopmental disorders from hypoxic injury. J Neurodev Disord 2020; 12:37. [PMID: 33327934 PMCID: PMC7745506 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-020-09344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fetal brain is adapted to the hypoxic conditions present during normal in utero development. Relatively more hypoxic states, either chronic or acute, are pathologic and can lead to significant long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae. In utero hypoxic injury is associated with neonatal mortality and millions of lives lived with varying degrees of disability. MAIN BODY Genetic studies of children with neurodevelopmental disease indicate that epigenetic modifiers regulating DNA methylation and histone remodeling are critical for normal brain development. Epigenetic modifiers are also regulated by environmental stimuli, such as hypoxia. Indeed, epigenetic modifiers that are mutated in children with genetic neurodevelopmental diseases are regulated by hypoxia in a number of preclinical models and may be part of the mechanism for the long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae seem in children with hypoxic brain injury. Thus, a comprehensive understanding the role of DNA methylation and histone modifications in hypoxic injury is critical for developing novel strategies to treat children with hypoxic injury. CONCLUSIONS This review focuses on our current understanding of the intersection between epigenetics, brain development, and hypoxia. Opportunities for the use of epigenetics as biomarkers of neurodevelopmental disease after hypoxic injury and potential clinical epigenetics targets to improve outcomes after injury are also discussed. While there have been many published studies on the epigenetics of hypoxia, more are needed in the developing brain in order to determine which epigenetic pathways may be most important for mitigating the long-term consequences of hypoxic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana G Cristancho
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
- Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Eric D Marsh
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
- Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kouidou S, Malousi A, Andreou AZ. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: Triggering a Lethal Fight to Keep Control of the Ten-Eleven Translocase (TET)-Associated DNA Demethylation? Pathogens 2020; 9:E1006. [PMID: 33266135 PMCID: PMC7760189 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extended and diverse interference of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in multiple host functions and the diverse associated symptoms implicate its involvement in fundamental cellular regulatory processes. The activity of ten-eleven translocase 2 (TET2) responsible for selective DNA demethylation, has been recently identified as a regulator of endogenous virus inactivation and viral invasion, possibly by proteasomal deregulation of the TET2/TET3 activities. In a recent report, we presented a detailed list of factors that can be affected by TET activity, including recognition of zinc finger protein binding sites and bimodal promoters, by enhancing the flexibility of adjacent sequences. In this review, we summarize the TET-associated processes and factors that could account for SARS-CoV-2 diverse symptoms. Moreover, we provide a correlation for the observed virus-induced symptoms that have been previously associated with TET activities by in vitro and in vitro studies. These include early hypoxia, neuronal regulation, smell and taste development, liver, intestinal, and cardiomyocyte differentiation. Finally, we propose that the high mortality of SARS-CoV-2 among adult patients, the different clinical symptoms of adults compared to children, the higher risk of patients with metabolic deregulation, and the low mortality rates among women can all be accounted for by the complex balance of the three enzymes with TET activity, which is developmentally regulated. This activity is age-dependent, related to telomere homeostasis and integrity, and associated with X chromosome inactivation via (de)regulation of the responsible XIST gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Kouidou
- Lab of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Andigoni Malousi
- Lab of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xiao X, Liu X, Jiao B. Epigenetics: Recent Advances and Its Role in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:538301. [PMID: 33178099 PMCID: PMC7594522 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.538301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This review summarizes recent findings on the epigenetics of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and provides therapeutic strategies for AD. Methods: We searched the following keywords: “genetics,” “epigenetics,” “Alzheimer's disease,” “DNA methylation,” “DNA hydroxymethylation,” “histone modifications,” “non-coding RNAs,” and “therapeutic strategies” in PubMed. Results: In this review, we summarizes recent studies of epigenetics in AD, including DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs. There are no consistent results of global DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation in AD. Epigenetic genome-wide association studies show that many differentially methylated sites exist in AD. Several studies investigate the role of histone modifications in AD; for example, histone acetylation decreases, whereas H3 phosphorylation increases significantly in AD. In addition, non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA-16 and BACE1-antisense transcript (BACE1-AS), are associated with the pathology of AD. These epigenetic changes provide us with novel insights into the pathogenesis of AD and may be potential therapeutic strategies for AD. Conclusion: Epigenetics is associated with the pathogenesis of AD, including DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, which provide potential therapeutic strategies for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xixi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Asada M, Hayashi H, Murakami K, Kikuiri K, Kaneko R, Yuan B, Takagi N. Investigating the Relationship Between Neuronal Cell Death and Early DNA Methylation After Ischemic Injury. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:581915. [PMID: 33177984 PMCID: PMC7591788 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.581915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia induces neuronal cell death and causes various kinds of brain dysfunction. Therefore, prevention of neuronal cell death is most essential for protection of the brain. On the other hand, it has been reported that epigenetics including DNA methylation plays a pivotal role in pathogenesis of some diseases such as cancer. Accumulating evidences indicate that aberrant DNA methylation is related to cell death. However, DNA methylation after cerebral ischemia has not been fully understood yet. The aim of this present study was to investigate the relationships between DNA methylation and neuronal cell death after cerebral ischemia. We examined DNA methylation under the ischemic condition by using transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) model rats and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)–treated cortical neurons in primary culture. In this study, we demonstrated that DNA methylation increased in these neurons 24 h after MCAO/R and that DNA methylation, possibly through activation of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) 3a, increased in such neurons immediately after NMDA treatment. Furthermore, NMDA-treated neurons were protected by treatment with a DNMT inhibitor that were accompanied by inhibition of DNA methylation. Our results showed that DNA methylation would be an initiation factor of neuronal cell death and that inhibition of such methylation could become an effective therapeutic strategy for stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Asada
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Hideki Hayashi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Murakami
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Kento Kikuiri
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kaneko
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Bo Yuan
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Josai University, Sakado, Japan
| | - Norio Takagi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| |
Collapse
|