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Chiang PT, Tsai LK, Tsai HH. New targets in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Curr Opin Neurol 2024:00019052-990000000-00197. [PMID: 39325041 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating stroke with limited medical treatments; thus, timely exploration of emerging therapeutic targets is essential. This review focuses on the latest strategies to mitigate secondary brain injury post-ICH other than targeting surgery or hemostasis, addressing a significant gap in clinical practice and highlighting potential improvements in patient outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Promising therapeutic targets to reduce secondary brain injury following ICH have recently been identified, including attenuation of iron toxicity and inhibition of ferroptosis, enhancement of endogenous resorption of hematoma, and modulation of perihematomal inflammatory responses and edema. Additionally, novel insights suggest the lymphatic system of the brain may potentially play a role in hematoma clearance and edema management. Various experimental and early-phase clinical trials have demonstrated these approaches may potentially offer clinical benefits, though most research remains in the preliminary stages. SUMMARY Continued research is essential to identify multifaceted treatment strategies for ICH. Clinical translation of these emerging targets could significantly enhance the efficacy of therapeutic interventions and potentially reduce secondary brain damage and improve neurological recovery. Future efforts should focus on large-scale clinical trials to validate these approaches, to pave the way for more effective treatment protocols for spontaneous ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Tien Chiang
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kai Tsai
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital
| | - Hsin-Hsi Tsai
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital
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Ye XH, Xu ZM, Shen D, Jin YJ, Li JW, Xu XH, Tong LS, Gao F. Gas6/Axl signaling promotes hematoma resolution and motivates protective microglial responses after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Exp Neurol 2024; 382:114964. [PMID: 39288830 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) stands out as the most fatal subtype of stroke, currently devoid of effective therapy. Recent research underscores the significance of Axl and its ligand growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6) in normal brain function and a spectrum of neurological disorders, including ICH. This study is designed to delve into the role of Gas6/Axl signaling in facilitating hematoma clearance and neuroinflammation resolution following ICH. METHODS Adult male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to sham and ICH groups. ICH was induced by intrastriatal injection of autologous arterial blood. Recombinant mouse Gas6 (rmGas6) was administered intracerebroventricularly 30 min after ICH. Virus-induced knockdown of Axl or R428 (a selective inhibitor of Axl) treatment was administrated before ICH induction to investigate the protective mechanisms. Molecular changes were assessed using western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. Coronal brain slices, brain water content and neurobehavioral tests were employed to evaluate histological and neurofunctional outcomes, respectively. Primary glia cultures and erythrophagocytosis assays were applied for mechanistic studies. RESULTS The expression of Axl increased at 12 h after ICH, peaking on day 3. Gas6 expression did not remarkably changed until day 3 post-ICH. Early administration of rmGas6 following ICH significantly reduced hematoma volume, mitigated brain edema, and restored neurological function. Both Axl-knockdown and Axl inhibitor treatment abolished the neuroprotection of exogenous Gas6 in ICH. In vitro studies demonstrated that microglia exhibited higher capacity for phagocytosing eryptotic erythrocytes compared to normal erythrocytes, a process reversed by blocking the externalized phosphatidylserine on eryptotic erythrocytes. The erythrophagocytosis by microglia was Axl-mediated and Gas6-dependent. Augmentation of Gas6/Axl signaling attenuated neuroinflammation and drove microglia towards pro-resolving phenotype. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the beneficial effects of recombinant Gas6 on hematoma resolution, alleviation of neuroinflammation, and neurofunctional recovery in an animal model of ICH. These effects were primarily mediated by the phagocytotic role of Axl expressed on microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Hua Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Dan Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yu-Jia Jin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jia-Wen Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xu-Hua Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China
| | - Lu-Sha Tong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China.
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Neri S, Brandsma ET, Mul FPJ, Kuijpers TW, Matlung HL, van Bruggen R. An AI-based imaging flow cytometry approach to study erythrophagocytosis. Cytometry A 2024. [PMID: 39248056 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Erythrophagocytosis is a process consisting of recognition, engulfment and digestion by phagocytes of antibody-coated or damaged erythrocytes. Understanding the dynamics that are behind erythrophagocytosis is fundamental to comprehend this cellular process under specific circumstances. Several techniques have been used to study phagocytosis. Among these, an interesting approach is the use of Imaging Flow Cytometry (IFC) to distinguish internalization and binding of cells or particles. However, this method requires laborious analysis. Here, we introduce a novel approach to analyze the phagocytosis process by combining Artificial Intelligence (AI) with IFC. Our study demonstrates that this approach is highly suitable to study erythrophagocytosis, categorizing internalized, bound and non-bound erythrocytes. Validation experiments showed that our pipeline performs with high accuracy and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Neri
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E T Brandsma
- Saxion, Academy Life Science Engineering and Design, University of Applied Science, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - F P J Mul
- Department Central Cell Analysis Facility, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T W Kuijpers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H L Matlung
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R van Bruggen
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sahebi K, Foroozand H, Amirsoleymani M, Eslamzadeh S, Negahdaripour M, Tajbakhsh A, Rahimi Jaberi A, Savardashtaki A. Advancing stroke recovery: unlocking the potential of cellular dynamics in stroke recovery. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:321. [PMID: 38992073 PMCID: PMC11239950 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke stands as a predominant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, and there is a pressing need for effective therapies to improve outcomes and enhance the quality of life for stroke survivors. In this line, effective efferocytosis, the clearance of apoptotic cells, plays a crucial role in neuroprotection and immunoregulation. This process involves specialized phagocytes known as "professional phagocytes" and consists of four steps: "Find-Me," "Eat-Me," engulfment/digestion, and anti-inflammatory responses. Impaired efferocytosis can lead to secondary necrosis and inflammation, resulting in adverse outcomes following brain pathologies. Enhancing efferocytosis presents a potential avenue for improving post-stroke recovery. Several therapeutic targets have been identified, including osteopontin, cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor, the µ opioid receptor antagonist β-funaltrexamine, and PPARγ and RXR agonists. Ferroptosis, defined as iron-dependent cell death, is now emerging as a novel target to attenuate post-stroke tissue damage and neuronal loss. Additionally, several biomarkers, most importantly CD163, may serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for acute ischemic stroke, aiding in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Non-pharmacological approaches involve physical rehabilitation, hypoxia, and hypothermia. Mitochondrial dysfunction is now recognized as a major contributor to the poor outcomes of brain stroke, and medications targeting mitochondria may exhibit beneficial effects. These strategies aim to polarize efferocytes toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, limit the ingestion of distressed but viable neurons, and stimulate efferocytosis in the late phase of stroke to enhance post-stroke recovery. These findings highlight promising directions for future research and development of effective stroke recovery therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keivan Sahebi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Foroozand
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Saghi Eslamzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Abbas Rahimi Jaberi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Wang P, Yang X, Yang F, Cardiff K, Houchins M, Carballo N, Shear DA, Scultetus AH, Bailey ZS. Intravenous Administration of Anti-CD47 Antibody Augments Hematoma Clearance, Mitigates Acute Neuropathology, and Improves Cognitive Function in a Rat Model of Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2024. [PMID: 38874230 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2024.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced intracerebral hematoma is a major driver of secondary injury pathology such as neuroinflammation, cerebral edema, neurotoxicity, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, which contribute to neuronal loss, motor deficits, and cognitive impairment. Cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) is an antiphagocytic cell surface protein inhibiting hematoma clearance. This study was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of blockade of CD47 via intravenous (i.v.) administration of anti-CD47 antibodies following penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI) with significant traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (tICH). The pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of the anti-CD47 antibody elicited that antibody concentration decayed over 7 days post-administration. Blood tests and necropsy analysis indicated no severe adverse events following treatment. Cerebral hemoglobin levels were significantly increased after injury, however, anti-CD47 antibody administration at 0.1 mg/kg resulted in a significant reduction in cerebral hemoglobin levels at 72 h post-administration, indicating augmentation of hematoma clearance. Immunohistochemistry assessment of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1) demonstrated a significant reduction of GFAP levels in the lesion core and peri-lesional area. Based on these analyses, the optimal dose was identified as 0.1 mg/kg. Lesion volume showed a reduction following treatment. Rotarod testing revealed significant motor deficits in all injured groups but no significant therapeutic benefits. Spatial learning performance revealed significant deficits in all injured groups, which were significantly improved by the last testing day. Anti-CD47 antibody treated rats showed significantly improved attention deficits, but not retention scores. These results provide preliminary evidence that blockade of CD47 using i.v. administration of anti-CD47 antibodies may serve as a potential therapeutic for TBI with ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Fangzhou Yang
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine Cardiff
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Melonie Houchins
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Noemy Carballo
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah A Shear
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Anke H Scultetus
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Zachary S Bailey
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Wang H, Guo Y, Zhang X, Zhou X. Bexarotene Induce Differentiation of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells through Arg-1 Signalling Pathway. Transplant Proc 2024; 56:1469-1477. [PMID: 38981763 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2024.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular therapy has emerged as a promising strategy to minimize the use of conventional immunosuppressive drugs and ultimately induce long-term graft survival. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) can be used for immunosuppressive treatment of solid organ transplants. METHODS Granular macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and bexarotene, an X receptor-selective retinoid, were used for in vitro MDSC induction. Cell phenotypes were detected using flow cytometry, while mRNA was detected via real-time PCR. A mouse skin transplantation model was used to verify the inhibitory effects of this treatment. RESULTS The combination of GM-CSF and bexarotene-induced MDSC differentiation. MDSCs induce immune tolerance by inhibiting T-cell proliferation, influencing cytokine secretion, and inducing T-cell transformation into Treg cells. Combination treatment significantly up-regulated Arg-1 expression in MDSCs. The Arg-1 inhibitor nor-NOHA neutralized the immunosuppressive activity of MDSCs, suggesting the involvement of Arg-1 in MDSC-mediated immunosuppression. GM-CSF and bexarotene-induced MDSCs prolong graft survival in mouse skin transplants, exhibiting in vivo immunosuppressive effects. CONCLUSIONS A new method for inducing MDSCs is presented. The combination of GM-CSF and bexarotene induces MDSCs with remarkable regulatory functions. Adoptive transfer of the induced MDSCs extended allograft survival. These results suggest that MDSCs can potentially be used in future clinical transplants to inhibit rejection, reduce adverse events, and induce operative tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhou Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhou
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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7
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Fu X, Wang M, Wan Y, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. Formation of Multinucleated Giant Cells after Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Characteristics and Role of Complement C3. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1251. [PMID: 38927458 PMCID: PMC11201741 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hematoma clearance is critical for mitigating intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced brain injury. Multinucleated giant cells (MGCs), a type of phagocyte, and the complement system may play a pivotal role in hematoma resolution, but whether the complement system regulates MGC formation after ICH remains unclear. The current study investigated the following: (1) the characteristics of MGC formation after ICH, (2) whether it was impacted by complement C3 deficiency in mice and (3) whether it also influenced hematoma degradation (hemosiderin formation). Young and aged male mice, young female mice and C3-deficient and -sufficient mice received a 30 μL injection of autologous whole blood into the right basal ganglia. Brain histology and immunohistochemistry were used to examine MGC formation on days 3 and 7. Hemosiderin deposition was examined by autofluorescence on day 28. Following ICH, MGCs were predominantly located in the peri-hematoma region exhibiting multiple nuclei and containing red blood cells or their metabolites. Aging was associated with a decrease in MGC formation after ICH, while sex showed no discernible effect. C3 deficiency reduced MGC formation and reduced hemosiderin formation. Peri-hematomal MGCs may play an important role in hematoma resolution. Understanding how aging and complement C3 impact MGCs may provide important insights into how to regulate hematoma resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjie Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yingfeng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard F. Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Luo Z, Sheng Z, Hu L, Shi L, Tian Y, Zhao X, Yang W, Xiao Z, Shen D, Wu W, Lan T, Zhao B, Wang X, Zhuang N, Zhang JN, Wang Y, Lu Y, Wang L, Zhang C, Wang P, An J, Yang F, Li Q. Targeted macrophage phagocytosis by Irg1/itaconate axis improves the prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke and peritonitis. EBioMedicine 2024; 101:104993. [PMID: 38324982 PMCID: PMC10862510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.104993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages are innate immune cells whose phagocytosis function is critical to the prognosis of stroke and peritonitis. cis-aconitic decarboxylase immune-responsive gene 1 (Irg1) and its metabolic product itaconate inhibit bacterial infection, intracellular viral replication, and inflammation in macrophages. Here we explore whether itaconate regulates phagocytosis. METHODS Phagocytosis of macrophages was investigated by time-lapse video recording, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining in macrophage/microglia cultures isolated from mouse tissue. Unbiased RNA-sequencing and ChIP-sequencing assays were used to explore the underlying mechanisms. The effects of Irg1/itaconate axis on the prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke (ICH) and peritonitis was observed in transgenic (Irg1flox/flox; Cx3cr1creERT/+, cKO) mice or control mice in vivo. FINDINGS In a mouse model of ICH, depletion of Irg1 in macrophage/microglia decreased its phagocytosis of erythrocytes, thereby exacerbating outcomes (n = 10 animals/group, p < 0.05). Administration of sodium itaconate/4-octyl itaconate (4-OI) promoted macrophage phagocytosis (n = 7 animals/group, p < 0.05). In addition, in a mouse model of peritonitis, Irg1 deficiency in macrophages also inhibited phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus (n = 5 animals/group, p < 0.05) and aggravated outcomes (n = 9 animals/group, p < 0.05). Mechanistically, 4-OI alkylated cysteine 155 on the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), consequent in nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and transcriptional activation of Cd36 gene. Blocking the function of CD36 completely abolished the phagocytosis-promoting effects of Irg1/itaconate axis in vitro and in vivo. INTERPRETATION Our findings provide a potential therapeutic target for phagocytosis-deficiency disorders, supporting further development towards clinical application for the benefit of stroke and peritonitis patients. FUNDING The National Natural Science Foundation of China (32070735, 82371321 to Q. Li, 82271240 to F. Yang) and the Beijing Natural Science Foundation Program and Scientific Research Key Program of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education (KZ202010025033 to Q. Li).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoli Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ziyang Sheng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Liye Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yichen Tian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhongnan Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Danmin Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Weihua Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ting Lan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Boqian Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Nan Zhuang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jian-Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yamei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yabin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Liyong Wang
- Core Facilities for Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chenguang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing An
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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9
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Wang P, Shen Y, Manaenko A, Liu F, Yang W, Xiao Z, Li P, Ran Y, Dang R, He Y, Wu Q, Xie P, Li Q. TMT-based quantitative proteomics reveals the protective mechanism of tenuigenin after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117213. [PMID: 37739103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tenuigenin (TNG) is an extract obtained from Polygalae Radix. It possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. However, the potential mechanism of TNG in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has not been well studied. AIM OF THE STUDY In the present study, we aimed to identify the prospective mechanism of TNG in treating ICH. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 120 mice were divided into five groups: Sham group, ICH + vehicle group, ICH + TNG(8 mg/kg), ICH + TNG(16 mg/kg), and ICH + TNG(32 mg/kg). The modified Garcia test and beam walking test were carried out at 24 h and 72 h after ICH. Brain water content, haematoma volume and hemoglobin content examinations were performed at 72 h after ICH. TMT-based quantitative proteomics combined with bioinformatics analysis methods was used to distinguish differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) to explore potential pharmacological mechanisms. Western blotting was performed to validate representative proteins. RESULTS Our results showed that the optimal dose of TNG was 16 mg/kg, which could markedly improve neurological functions, and reduce cerebral oedema, haematoma volume and hemoglobin levels 72 h after ICH. A total of 404 DEPs (353 up-and 51 downregulated) were identified in the ICH + vehicle vs. sham group, while 342 DEPs (306 up-and 36 downregulated) and 76 DEPs (28 up-and 48 downregulated) were quantified in the TNG vs. sham group and TNG vs. ICH + vehicle group, respectively. In addition, a total of 26 DEPs were selected according to strict criteria. Complement and coagulation cascades were the most significantly enriched pathways, and two proteins (MBL-C and Car1) were further validated as hub molecules. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that the therapeutic effects of TNG on ICH were closely associated with the complement system, and that MBL-C and Car1 might be potential targets of TNG for the treatment of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - YiQing Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - FangYu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - WenSong Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - ZhongSong Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - PeiZheng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - YuXin Ran
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - RuoZhi Dang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yong He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - QingYuan Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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10
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Wen W, Cheng J, Tang Y. Brain perivascular macrophages: current understanding and future prospects. Brain 2024; 147:39-55. [PMID: 37691438 PMCID: PMC10766266 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain perivascular macrophages are specialized populations of macrophages that reside in the space around cerebral vessels, such as penetrating arteries and venules. With the help of cutting-edge technologies, such as cell fate mapping and single-cell multi-omics, their multifaceted, pivotal roles in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, vascular integrity maintenance and metabolic regulation have more recently been further revealed under physiological conditions. Accumulating evidence also implies that perivascular macrophages are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease, cerebrovascular dysfunction, autoimmune disease, traumatic brain injury and epilepsy. They can act in either protective or detrimental ways depending on the disease course and stage. However, the underlying mechanisms of perivascular macrophages remain largely unknown. Therefore, we highlight potential future directions in research on perivascular macrophages, including the utilization of genetic mice and novel therapeutic strategies that target these unique immune cells for neuroprotective purposes. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive update on the current knowledge of brain perivascular macrophages, shedding light on their pivotal roles in central nervous system health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wen
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Yamei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, China
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11
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Fan L, Jin L, Tang T, Zheng Y, Chen Z, Lin H, Ding C, Wang T, Chen H, Guo Y, Xu C, Zhou H, Wu X, Fu X, Yan F, Mao Z, Chen G. Neutrophil-like pH-responsive pro-efferocytic nanoparticles improve neurological recovery by promoting erythrophagocytosis after intracerebral hemorrhage. Theranostics 2024; 14:283-303. [PMID: 38164152 PMCID: PMC10750197 DOI: 10.7150/thno.90370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating cerebrovascular disease resulting from blood extravasating into the brain parenchyma. Escalation of erythrophagocytosis (a form of efferocytosis), avoiding the consequent release of the detrimental erythrocyte lysates, may be a promising target of ICH management. The ADAM17 inhibitor and liver X receptor (LXR) agonist could promote efficient efferocytosis and injury repair. Nevertheless, the poor bioavailability and restriction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) hinder their application. Therefore, it is needed that biocompatible and smart nanoplatforms were designed and synthesized to realize effective therapy targeting erythrophagocytosis. Methods: We first assessed the synergistic effect of therapeutic GW280264X (an ADAM17 inhibitor) and desmosterol (an LXR agonist) on erythrophagocytosis in vitro. Then a pH-responsive neutrophil membrane-based nanoplatform (NPEOz) served as a carrier to accurately deliver therapeutic GW280264X and desmosterol to the damaged brain was prepared via co-extrusion. Afterwards, their pH-responsive performance was valued in vitro and targeting ability was assessed through fluorescence image in vivo. Finally, the pro-erythrophagocytic and anti-neuroinflammatory ability of the nanomedicine and related mechanisms were investigated. Results: After the synergistical effect of the above two drugs on erythrophagocytosis was confirmed, we successfully developed neutrophil-disguised pH-responsive nanoparticles to efficiently co-deliver them. The nanoparticles could responsively release therapeutic agents under acidic environments, and elicit favorable biocompatibility and ability of targeting injury sites. D&G@NPEOz nanoparticles enhanced erythrophagocytosis through inhibiting shedding of the efferocytotic receptors MERTK/AXL mediated by ADAM17 and accelerating ABCA-1/ABCG-1-mediated cholesterol efflux regulated by LXR respectively. In addition, the nano-formulation was able to modulate the inflammatory microenvironment by transforming efferocytes towards a therapeutic phenotype with reducing the release of proinflammatory cytokines while increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, and improve neurological function. Conclusions: This biomimetic nanomedicine is envisaged to offer an encouraging strategy to effectively promote hematoma and inflammation resolution, consequently alleviate ICH progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Lulu Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tianchi Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Yonghe Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Zihang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Haopu Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Chao Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Huaijun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Yinghan Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Chaoran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xiongjie Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Zhengwei Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, China
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12
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Lin T, Jiang D, Chen W, Lin JS, Zhang X, Chen C, Hsu C, Lai L, Chen P, Yang K, Sansing LH, Chang C. Trained immunity induced by high-salt diet impedes stroke recovery. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57164. [PMID: 37965920 PMCID: PMC10702837 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-salt diet (HSD) elicits sustained sterile inflammation and worsens tissue injury. However, how this occurs after stroke, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, remains unknown. Here, we report that HSD impairs long-term brain recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage, a severe form of stroke, despite salt withdrawal prior to the injury. Mechanistically, HSD induces innate immune priming and training in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) by downregulation of NR4a family and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. This training compromises alternative activation of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) without altering the initial inflammatory responses of the stroke brain. Healthy mice transplanted with bone marrow from HSD-fed mice retain signatures of reduced MDM reparative functions, further confirming a persistent form of innate immune memory that originates in the bone marrow. Loss of NR4a1 in macrophages recapitulates HSD-induced negative impacts on stroke outcomes while gain of NR4a1 enables stroke recovery in HSD animals. Together, we provide the first evidence that links HSD-induced innate immune memory to the acquisition of persistent dysregulated inflammatory responses and unveils NR4a1 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze‐Yen Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Danye Jiang
- Department of NeurologyMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center in HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - Wan‐Ru Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
- School of MedicineNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Jhih Syuan Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Xin‐Yu Zhang
- Department and Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Hung Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chia‐Lang Hsu
- Department of Medical ResearchNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Liang‐Chuan Lai
- Department and Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ping‐Hung Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kai‐Chien Yang
- Department and Graduate Institute of PharmacologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Lauren H Sansing
- Department of NeurologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Che‐Feng Chang
- Department and Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
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13
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Chhatwal S, Antony H, Lamei S, Kovács-Öller T, Klettner AK, Zille M. A systematic review of the cell death mechanisms in retinal pigment epithelium cells and photoreceptors after subretinal hemorrhage - Implications for treatment options. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115572. [PMID: 37742603 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans rely on vision as their most important sense. This is accomplished by photoreceptors (PRs) in the retina that detect light but cannot function without the support and maintenance of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In subretinal hemorrhage (SRH), blood accumulates between the neurosensory retina and the RPE or between the RPE and the choroid. Blood breakdown products subsequently damage PRs and the RPE and lead to poor vision and blindness. Hence, there is a high need for options to preserve the retina and visual functions. We conducted a systematic review of the literature in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines to identify the cell death mechanisms in RPE and PRs after SRH to deepen our understanding of the pathways involved. After screening 736 publications published until November 8, 2022, we identified 19 records that assessed cell death in PRs and/or RPE in experimental models of SRH. Among the different cell death mechanisms, apoptosis was the most widely investigated mechanism (11 records), followed by ferroptosis (4), whereas necroptosis, pyroptosis, and lysosome-dependent cell death were only assessed in one study each. We discuss different therapeutic options that were assessed in these studies, including the removal of the hematoma/iron chelation, cytoprotection, anti-inflammatory agents, and antioxidants. Further systematic investigations will be necessary to determine the exact cell death mechanisms after SRH with respect to different blood breakdown components, cell types, and time courses. This will form the basis for the development of novel treatment options for SRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirjan Chhatwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Henrike Antony
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Saman Lamei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamás Kovács-Öller
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Alexa Karina Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, University of Kiel, Quincke Research Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marietta Zille
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Wang J, Wang T, Fang M, Wang Z, Xu W, Teng B, Yuan Q, Hu X. Advances of nanotechnology for intracerebral hemorrhage therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1265153. [PMID: 37771570 PMCID: PMC10523393 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1265153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the most devastating subtype of stoke, is of high mortality at 5 years and even those survivors usually would suffer permanent disabilities. Fortunately, various preclinical active drugs have been approached in ICH, meanwhile, the therapeutic effects of these pharmaceutical ingredients could be fully boosted with the assistance of nanotechnology. In this review, besides the pathology of ICH, some ICH therapeutically available active drugs and their employed nanotechnologies, material functions, and therapeutic principles were comprehensively discussed hoping to provide novel and efficient strategies for ICH therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianyou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zexu Wang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bang Teng
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qijuan Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Ye F, Yang J, Holste KG, Koduri S, Hua Y, Keep RF, Garton HJL, Xi G. Characteristics of activation of monocyte-derived macrophages versus microglia after mouse experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1475-1489. [PMID: 37113078 PMCID: PMC10414013 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231173187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Both monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and brain resident microglia participate in hematoma resolution after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Here, we utilized a transgenic mouse line with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) labeled microglia (Tmem119-EGFP mice) combined with a F4/80 immunohistochemistry (a pan-macrophage marker) to visualize changes in MDMs and microglia after ICH. A murine model of ICH was used in which autologous blood was stereotactically injected into the right basal ganglia. The autologous blood was co-injected with CD47 blocking antibodies to enhance phagocytosis or clodronate liposomes for phagocyte depletion. In addition, Tmem119-EGFP mice were injected with the blood components peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2) or thrombin. MDMs entered the brain and formed a peri-hematoma cell layer by day 3 after ICH and giant phagocytes engulfed red blood cells were found. CD47 blocking antibody increased the number of MDMs around and inside the hematoma and extended MDM phagocytic activity to day 7. Both MDMs and microglia could be diminished by clodronate liposomes. Intracerebral injection of Prx2 but not thrombin attracted MDMs into brain parenchyma. In conclusion, MDMs play an important role in phagocytosis after ICH which can be enhanced by CD47 blocking antibody, suggesting the modulation of MDMs after ICH could be a future therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghui Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jinting Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Sravanthi Koduri
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hugh JL Garton
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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16
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Liu Y, Wang P, Jin G, Shi P, Zhao Y, Guo J, Yin Y, Shao Q, Li P, Yang P. The novel function of bexarotene for neurological diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102021. [PMID: 37495118 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Bexarotene, a retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist, is approved by FDA to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. However, it has also demonstrated promising therapeutic potential for neurological diseases such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, and particularly Alzheimer's disease(AD). In AD, bexarotene inhibits the production and aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ), activates Liver X Receptor/RXR heterodimers to increase lipidated apolipoprotein E to remove Aβ, mitigates the negative impact of Aβ, regulates neuroinflammation, and ultimately improves cognitive function. For other neurological diseases, its mechanisms of action include inhibiting inflammatory responses, up-regulating microglial phagocytosis, and reducing misfolded protein aggregation, all of which aid in alleviating neurological damage. Here, we briefly discuss the characteristics, applications, and adverse effects of bexarotene, summarize its pharmacological mechanisms and therapeutic results in various neurological diseases, and elaborate on the problems encountered in preclinical research, with the aim of providing help for the further application of bexarotene in central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangtao Liu
- College of Pharamacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China; College of Third Clinical, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Guofang Jin
- College of Pharamacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China
| | - Peijie Shi
- College of Pharamacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang First People's Hospital, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yonghui Zhao
- Xinxiang First People's Hospital, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jiayi Guo
- College of Pharamacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yaling Yin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qianhang Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Peng Li
- College of Pharamacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Pengfei Yang
- College of Pharamacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China.
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17
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Cheng J, Wang W, Xia Y, Li Y, Jia J, Xiao G. Regulators of phagocytosis as pharmacologic targets for stroke treatment. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1122527. [PMID: 37601043 PMCID: PMC10433754 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1122527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke, including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, causes massive cell death in the brain, which is followed by secondary inflammatory injury initiated by disease-associated molecular patterns released from dead cells. Phagocytosis, a cellular process of engulfment and digestion of dead cells, promotes the resolution of inflammation and repair following stroke. However, professional or non-professional phagocytes also phagocytose stressed but viable cells in the brain or excessively phagocytose myelin sheaths or prune synapses, consequently exacerbating brain injury and impairing repair following stroke. Phagocytosis includes the smell, eating and digestion phases. Notably, efficient phagocytosis critically depends on phagocyte capacity to take up dead cells continually due to the limited number of phagocytes vs. dead cells after injury. Moreover, phenotypic polarization of phagocytes occurring after phagocytosis is also essential to the proresolving and prorepair properties of phagocytosis. Much has been learned about the molecular signals and regulatory mechanisms governing the sense and recognition of dead cells by phagocytes during the smell and eating phase following stroke. However, some key areas remain extremely understudied, including the mechanisms involved in digestion regulation, continual phagocytosis and phagocytosis-induced phenotypic switching following stroke. Here, we summarize new discoveries related to the molecular mechanisms and multifaceted effects of phagocytosis on brain injury and repair following stroke and highlight the knowledge gaps in poststroke phagocytosis. We suggest that advancing the understanding of poststroke phagocytosis will help identify more biological targets for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cheng
- Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Academy of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guodong Xiao
- Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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18
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Novorolsky RJ, Kasheke GDS, Hakim A, Foldvari M, Dorighello GG, Sekler I, Vuligonda V, Sanders ME, Renden RB, Wilson JJ, Robertson GS. Preserving and enhancing mitochondrial function after stroke to protect and repair the neurovascular unit: novel opportunities for nanoparticle-based drug delivery. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1226630. [PMID: 37484823 PMCID: PMC10360135 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1226630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is composed of vascular cells, glia, and neurons that form the basic component of the blood brain barrier. This intricate structure rapidly adjusts cerebral blood flow to match the metabolic needs of brain activity. However, the NVU is exquisitely sensitive to damage and displays limited repair after a stroke. To effectively treat stroke, it is therefore considered crucial to both protect and repair the NVU. Mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) uptake supports NVU function by buffering Ca2+ and stimulating energy production. However, excessive mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake causes toxic mitochondrial Ca2+ overloading that triggers numerous cell death pathways which destroy the NVU. Mitochondrial damage is one of the earliest pathological events in stroke. Drugs that preserve mitochondrial integrity and function should therefore confer profound NVU protection by blocking the initiation of numerous injury events. We have shown that mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and efflux in the brain are mediated by the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter complex (MCUcx) and sodium/Ca2+/lithium exchanger (NCLX), respectively. Moreover, our recent pharmacological studies have demonstrated that MCUcx inhibition and NCLX activation suppress ischemic and excitotoxic neuronal cell death by blocking mitochondrial Ca2+ overloading. These findings suggest that combining MCUcx inhibition with NCLX activation should markedly protect the NVU. In terms of promoting NVU repair, nuclear hormone receptor activation is a promising approach. Retinoid X receptor (RXR) and thyroid hormone receptor (TR) agonists activate complementary transcriptional programs that stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis, suppress inflammation, and enhance the production of new vascular cells, glia, and neurons. RXR and TR agonism should thus further improve the clinical benefits of MCUcx inhibition and NCLX activation by increasing NVU repair. However, drugs that either inhibit the MCUcx, or stimulate the NCLX, or activate the RXR or TR, suffer from adverse effects caused by undesired actions on healthy tissues. To overcome this problem, we describe the use of nanoparticle drug formulations that preferentially target metabolically compromised and damaged NVUs after an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. These nanoparticle-based approaches have the potential to improve clinical safety and efficacy by maximizing drug delivery to diseased NVUs and minimizing drug exposure in healthy brain and peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn J. Novorolsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Gracious D. S. Kasheke
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Antoine Hakim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Marianna Foldvari
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Gabriel G. Dorighello
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beersheva, Israel
| | | | | | - Robert B. Renden
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Justin J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - George S. Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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19
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Sawaya R, Ueda J, Saito S. Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping and Amide Proton Transfer-Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer for the Evaluation of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076627. [PMID: 37047596 PMCID: PMC10095413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) model using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) with preclinical 7T-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and determine the potential of amide proton transfer-CEST (APT-CEST) for use as a biomarker for the early detection of ICH. Six Wistar male rats underwent MRI, and another six underwent histopathological examinations on postoperative days 0, 3, and 7. The ICH model was created by injecting bacterial collagenase into the right hemisphere of the brain. QSM and APT-CEST MRI were performed using horizontal 7T-MRI. Histological studies were performed to observe ICH and detect iron deposition at the ICH site. T2-weighted images (T2WI) revealed signal changes associated with hemoglobin degeneration in red blood cells, indicating acute-phase hemorrhage on day 0, late-subacute-phase hemorrhage on day 3, and chronic-phase hemorrhage on day 7. The susceptibility alterations in each phase were detected using QSM. QSM and Berlin blue staining revealed hemosiderin deposition in the chronic phase. APT-CEST revealed high magnetization transfer ratios in the acute phase. Abundant mobile proteins and peptides were observed in early ICH, which were subsequently diluted. APT-CEST imaging may be a reliable noninvasive biomarker for the early diagnosis of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reika Sawaya
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 560-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junpei Ueda
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 560-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Saito
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 560-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Advanced Medical Technologies, National Cardiovascular and Cerebral Research Center, Suita 564-8565, Osaka, Japan
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20
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Ohashi SN, DeLong JH, Kozberg MG, Mazur-Hart DJ, van Veluw SJ, Alkayed NJ, Sansing LH. Role of Inflammatory Processes in Hemorrhagic Stroke. Stroke 2023; 54:605-619. [PMID: 36601948 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.037155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke is the deadliest form of stroke and includes the subtypes of intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. A common cause of hemorrhagic stroke in older individuals is cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage both lead to the rapid collection of blood in the central nervous system and generate inflammatory immune responses that involve both brain resident and infiltrating immune cells. These responses are complex and can contribute to both tissue recovery and tissue injury. Despite the interconnectedness of these major subtypes of hemorrhagic stroke, few reviews have discussed them collectively. The present review provides an update on inflammatory processes that occur in response to intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related hemorrhage. The goal is to highlight inflammatory processes that underlie disease pathology and recovery. We aim to discuss recent advances in our understanding of these conditions and identify gaps in knowledge with the potential to develop effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Ohashi
- Department of Neurology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jonathan H DeLong
- Department of Neurology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Mariel G Kozberg
- J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.G.K., S.J.v.V.)
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (M.G.K., S.J.v.V.)
| | - David J Mazur-Hart
- Department of Neurological Surgery (D.J.M.-H.), Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland
| | - Susanne J van Veluw
- J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.G.K., S.J.v.V.)
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (M.G.K., S.J.v.V.)
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (N.J.A.), Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland
| | - Lauren H Sansing
- Department of Neurology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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21
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Zheng Y, Tan X, Cao S. The Critical Role of Erythrolysis and Microglia/Macrophages in Clot Resolution After Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Review of the Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:59-67. [PMID: 34981286 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common cerebrovascular disorder with high morbidity and mortality. Secondary brain injury after ICH, which is initiated by multiple hemolytic products during erythrolysis, has been identified as a critical factor accounting for the poor prognosis of ICH patients. Clot resolution and hematoma clearance occur immediately after ICH via erythrolysis and erythrophagocytosis. During this process, erythrolysis after ICH results in the release of hemoglobin and products of degradation along with rapid morphological changes in red blood cells (RBCs). Phagocytosis of deformed erythrocytes and products of degradation by microglia/macrophages accelerates hematoma clearance, which turns out to be neuroprotective. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanism of erythrolysis and the role of microglia/macrophages after ICH is urgently needed. In this review, the current research progresses on the underlying mechanism of erythrolysis and erythrophagocytosis, as well as several useful tools for the quantification of erythrolysis-induced brain injury, are summarized, providing potential intervention targets and possible treatment strategies for ICH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghe Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenglong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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22
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Sun Y, Li Q, Guo H, He Q. Ferroptosis and Iron Metabolism after Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010090. [PMID: 36611883 PMCID: PMC9818318 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The method of iron-dependent cell death known as ferroptosis is distinct from apoptosis. The suppression of ferroptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) will effectively treat ICH and improve prognosis. This paper primarily summarizes the mechanism of ferroptosis after ICH, with an emphasis on lipid peroxidation, the antioxidant system, iron metabolism, and other pathways. In addition, regulatory targets and drug molecules were described. Although there has been some progress in the field of study, there are still numerous gaps. The mechanism by which non-heme iron enters neurons through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the mitochondrial role in ferroptosis, and the specific mechanism by which lipid peroxidation induces ferroptosis remain unclear and require further study. In addition, the inhibitory effect of many drugs on ferroptosis after ICH has only been demonstrated in basic experiments and must be translated into clinical trials. In summary, research on ferroptosis following ICH will play an important role in the treatment of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hongxiu Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Quanwei He
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Correspondence:
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23
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Chen P, Lin MH, Li YX, Huang ZJ, Rong YY, Lin QS, Ye ZC. Bexarotene enhances astrocyte phagocytosis via ABCA1-mediated pathways in a mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Exp Neurol 2022; 358:114228. [PMID: 36108713 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Enhancing phagocytosis can facilitate the removal of inflammatory molecules, limit the toxicity of dead cells and debris, and promote recovery after brain injury. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of bexarotene (Bex), a retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist, in promoting astrocyte phagocytosis and neurobehavioral recovery after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS Mice SAH model was induced by pre-chiasmatic injection of blood. Modified Garcia score, novel object recognition, rotarod test, and Morris water maze were performed to assess neurological function. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy were used to evaluate astrocyte phagocytosis in vivo. In addition, ABCA1/MEGF10&GULP1, the primary astrocyte phagocytosis pathway, were stimulated by Bex or suppressed by HX531 (a RXR antagonist) to evaluate their impacts on astrocyte phagocytosis and neurological recovery. RESULTS Astrocytes phagocytosis of blood components were observed in mice after SAH induction, which is further increased by Bex treatment. Bex dramatically attenuated neuroinflammation, reduced brain edema, improved early neurological performance and promoted neurocognitive recovery. Meanwhile, Bex decreased neurotoxic reactive astrocytes and preserved neurogenesis after SAH. Bex increased the expression of astrocyte phagocytosis-related proteins ABCA1, MEGF10, and GULP1. Bex also increased the lysosomal processing of engulfed blood components in astrocytes. Moreover, Bex significantly promoted astrocytes to phagocytize debris in vitro by increasing the expression of ABCA1, MEGF10 and GULP1, while HX531 inhibited astrocyte phagocytosis and decreased these protein levels. CONCLUSIONS Bex enhanced astrocyte phagocytosis through the ABCA1-mediated pathways, and promoted neurobehavior recovery in mice after SAH induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Mou-Hui Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Yu-Xi Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Yu-You Rong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Qing-Song Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Zu-Cheng Ye
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China.
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24
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Relationship of Serum IL-12 to Inflammation, Hematoma Volume, and Prognosis in Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Emerg Med Int 2022; 2022:8688413. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8688413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Inflammatory cascades and hematomas after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) cause brain tissue and neuronal damage. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) promotes brain inflammation, and regulates coagulation mediated by red blood cells and platelets. This study was designed to investigate the relationship of serum IL-12 to inflammation, hematoma volume, and prognosis in ICH patients. Methods. We recruited patients with ICH within 12 hours of symptom onset (n = 209) and measured their serum IL-12 levels. Patients with an increased National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) score ≥4 were defined as early neurological deterioration, and modified rankin scale (mRS) score >2 at 3 months after intracerebral hemorrhage was defined as poor prognosis. Results. Levels of serum IL-12 was positively correlated with the admission of NIHSS scores (r = 0.535,
), hematoma volume (r = 0.608,
), serum CRP levels (r = 0.561,
), and serum TNF-α levels (r = 0.533,
) in 209 cases ICH patients. Levels of IL-12 in ICH patients with early neurological deterioration (median: 82.9 versus 65.8,
) or with poor prognosis (median: 79.0 versus 65.3,
) were all significantly higher than those in other ICH patients. In addition, serum IL-12 levels could be used to differentiate ICH patients at risk for early neurological deterioration with an AUC of 0.788 (95% CI: 0.717–0.858) or ICH patients at risk for suffering from an unfavorable outcome with an AUC of 0.787 (95% CI: 0.722–0.851). Conclusion. Elevated admission serum IL-12 levels are closely related to the inflammation, hematoma volume, and prognosis in ICH patients. Substantializing serum IL-12 levels is a prognostic biomarker for ICH.
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25
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Xia F, Keep RF, Ye F, Holste KG, Wan S, Xi G, Hua Y. The Fate of Erythrocytes after Cerebral Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2022; 13:655-664. [PMID: 35066815 PMCID: PMC9782724 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00980-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
After a cerebral hemorrhage (intracerebral, subarachnoid, and intraventricular), extravasated blood contributes to both initial brain injury, via physical disruption and mass effect, and secondary injury, through the release of potentially neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory factors such as hemoglobin, iron, and peroxiredoxin-2. Erythrocytes are a major blood component and are a source of such damaging factors. Erythrolysis after cerebral hemorrhage releases potential neurotoxins, contributing to brain injury and edema. Alternatively, erythrocyte phagocytosis via microglia or macrophages may limit the spill of neurotoxins therefore limiting subsequent brain injury. The aim of this review is to discuss the process of phagocytosis of erythrocytes by microglia or macrophages after cerebral hemorrhage, the effect of erythrolysis on brain injury, novel mechanisms of erythrocyte and phagocyte egress from the brain, and exciting new targets in this pathway to attenuate brain injury. Understanding the fate of erythrocytes after cerebral hemorrhage may uncover additional potential interventions for clinical translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Fenghui Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Katherine G Holste
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Shu Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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26
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Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Protects Against Brain Injury After Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Involvement of Anti-Inflammatory Processes and Hematoma Clearance via CD36. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:2150-2161. [PMID: 36048344 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage causes high mortality and morbidity, but its therapy methods are limited. In the present study, pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) was demonstrated to have beneficial effects on an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) model. This study explored the effects and underlying mechanisms of PEMF in a mouse model of ICH and cultured BV2 cells. PEMF was applied 4 hours after collagenase-induced ICH at day 0 and 4 hours per day for seven consecutive days. The expression levels of proinflammatory factors were assessed by ELISA kits and western blotting. Hematoma volume was measured by histological analysis. The effects of PEMF on phagocytosis of the erythrocytes were observed in cultured BV2 cells and ICH mouse models. Seven days after ICH, the hematoma volume was significantly reduced in PEMF-treated animals compared to nontreated mice. We found that PEMF decreased the hematoma volume and the expression levels of proinflammatory factors after ICH. Moreover, PEMF enhanced the erythrophagocytosis of microglia via CD36. Furthermore, we found that downregulation CD36 with Genistein blocked the effects of PEMF-induced hematoma clearance and anti-inflammations effects. Thus, the PEMF-mediated promotion of neurological functions may at least partly involve anti-inflammatory processes and hematoma clearance. These results suggest that PEMF treatment promoted the hematoma clearance and alleviated the inflammation after ICH.
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27
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Chen W, Zhang Y, Zhai X, Xie L, Guo Y, Chen C, Li Y, Wang F, Zhu Z, Zheng L, Wan J, Li P. Microglial phagocytosis and regulatory mechanisms after stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:1579-1596. [PMID: 35491825 PMCID: PMC9441720 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221098841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stroke, including ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke can cause massive neuronal death and disruption of brain structure, which is followed by secondary inflammatory injury initiated by pro-inflammatory molecules and cellular debris. Phagocytic clearance of cellular debris by microglia, the brain's scavenger cells, is pivotal for neuroinflammation resolution and neurorestoration. However, microglia can also exacerbate neuronal loss by phagocytosing stressed-but-viable neurons in the penumbra, thereby expanding the injury area and hindering neurofunctional recovery. Microglia constantly patrol the central nervous system using their processes to scour the cellular environment and start or cease the phagocytosis progress depending on the "eat me" or "don't eat me'' signals on cellular surface. An optimal immune response requires a delicate balance between different phenotypic states to regulate neuro-inflammation and facilitate reconstruction after stroke. Here, we examine the literature and discuss the molecular mechanisms and cellular pathways regulating microglial phagocytosis, their resulting effects in brain injury and neural regeneration, as well as the potential therapeutic targets that might modulate microglial phagocytic activity to improve neurological function after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueman Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozhu Zhai
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lv Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunlu Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fajun Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ziyu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieqing Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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28
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Methodologies and tools to shed light on erythrophagocytosis. Biochimie 2022; 202:166-179. [PMID: 35952949 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBC) are the most abundant circulating cell of the human body. RBC are constantly exposed to multiple stresses in the circulation, leading to molecular and structural impairments and death. The physiological process of RBC senescence or ageing is referred to as eryptosis. At the end of their lifespan, aged RBC are recognized and removed from the blood by professional phagocytes via a phenomenon called erythrophagocytosis (EP); the phagocytosis of RBC. Some genetic and acquired diseases can influence eryptosis, thereby affecting RBC lifespan and leading to hemolytic anemia. In some diseases, such as diabetes and atherosclerosis, eryptosis and EP can participate in disease progression with both professional and non-professional phagocytes. Therefore, investigating the process of EP in vivo and in vitro, as well as in different cell types, will not only contribute to the understanding of the physiological steps of EP, but also to the deciphering of the specific mechanisms involving RBC and EP that underlie certain pathologies. In this review, the process of EP is introduced and the different methods for studying EP are discussed together with examples of the experimental procedures and materials required.
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29
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A previous hemorrhagic stroke protects against a subsequent stroke via microglia alternative polarization. Commun Biol 2022; 5:654. [PMID: 35780249 PMCID: PMC9250506 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia in hemorrhagic stroke contribute to both acute-phase exacerbation and late-phase attenuation of injury. Here, by using the mouse model, we reported that the shift in polarization of microglia from M1 to M2 phenotype could be altered by a past ‘mini’ stroke, resulting in better neurological function recovery, faster attenuation of lesion volume, and better survival. In mice with a previous stroke, M2 predominance appeared markedly in advance compared to mice without a previous stroke. Mechanistically, the RBC-mediated M2 polarization of microglia was synergistically enhanced by T cells: microglia cocultured with RBCs alone resulted in mild alterations to M2 markers, whereas in the presence of T cells, they expressed an early and sustained M2 response. These results suggest that by harnessing the microglia-mediated M2 polarization response, we could help mitigate devastating sequelae before a prospective hemorrhagic stroke even happens. Microglia shift in polarization from an M1 to a M2 phenotype following a past “mini” stroke, resulting in better neurological function recovery, faster attenuation of lesion volume, and better survival.
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Dai S, Wei J, Zhang H, Luo P, Yang Y, Jiang X, Fei Z, Liang W, Jiang J, Li X. Intermittent fasting reduces neuroinflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage through the Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:122. [PMID: 35624490 PMCID: PMC9137193 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation contributes to the poor prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Intermittent fasting (IF) has been shown to be protective against inflammation in multiple pathogenic processes. In the present study, we aimed to investigated the beneficial effects of IF in attenuating neuroinflammation and neurological deficits in a mouse model of ICH and to investigate the underlying mechanism. Methods ICH was modeled by intrastriatal injection of autologous blood and IF was modeled by every-other-day feeding in male control mice (C57BL/6), mice with and microglia specific knockout Sirt3f/f;Cx3cr1-Cre (Sirt3 cKO), and Sirt3f/f (wild-type) mice. Brain tissues and arterial blood were harvested at 1, 3, 7 and 28 days after ICH for immunohistochemistry analysis of Iba-1, DARPP-32 and HO-1, morphological analysis by HE staining and inflammatory factor release tests by ELISA. Neurological functions were approached by corner test and cylinder test. Fluorescent double-labeled staining of Iba-1 with CD16, Arg1 or Sirt3 was used to provide direct image of co-expression of these molecules in microglia. TUNEL, cleaved caspase-3 and Nissl staining was performed to evaluate cellular injuries. Results IF alleviated neurological deficits in both acute and chronic phases after ICH. Morphologically, IF enhanced hematoma clearance, reduced brain edema in acute phase and attenuated striatum atrophy in chronic phase. In addition, IF decreased the numbers of TUNEL+ cells and increased Nissl+ neuron number at day 1, 3 and 7 after ICH. IF suppressed CD16+Iba-1+ microglia activation at day 3 after ICH and reduced inflammatory releases, such as IL-1β and TNF-α. The above effects of IF were attenuated by microglia Sirt3 deletion partly because of an inhibition of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Interestingly, IF increased Iba-1+ microglia number at day 7 which mainly expressed Arg1 while decreased the proinflammatory factor levels. In mice with microglia-specific Sirt3 deletion, the effects of IF on Iba-1+ microglia activation and anti-inflammatory factor expressions were attenuated when compared with wild-type Sirt3f/f mice. Conclusions IF protects against ICH by suppressing the inflammatory responses via the Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02474-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, China.,National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, China.,Department of Health Service, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongchen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuefan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhou Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenbin Liang
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jianli Jiang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, China.
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Liu J, Li N, Zhu Z, Kiang KMY, Ng ACK, Dong CM, Leung GKK. Vitamin D Enhances Hematoma Clearance and Neurologic Recovery in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2022; 53:2058-2068. [PMID: 35514286 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.037769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythrophagocytosis by reparative monocyte-derived macrophage contributes to hematoma clearance and neurological recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Vitamin D (VitD) is a neuroprotective hormone and regulates the differentiation of monocyte-derived macrophage from monocytes. In this study, we examined the effects of VitD supplementation on monocyte-derived macrophage and hematoma clearance in rodent with ICH. METHODS Neurobehavioral functions and hematoma volume were assessed using a collagenase injection model in both young- and middle-aged mice with or without VitD treatment given 2 hours post-ICH induction. We used flow cytometry to analyze CD36 expression and macrophage and undifferentiated monocyte cell numbers during in vivo erythrophagocytosis in collagenase and autologous blood injection models. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence were used to assess the expression levels of the PPAR-γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ)-CD36 axis and CD206. A macrophage differentiation study was conducted on murine bone marrow-derived monocytes. RESULTS VitD promoted neurological recovery and facilitated hematoma clearance in both young- and middle-aged mice after ICH. Within the perihematomal region, mature macrophages, rather than undifferentiated monocytes, expressed higher levels of CD36 in driving erythrocyte clearance. VitD increased the macrophage number but decreased the monocyte number and elevated the levels of CD36 and PPAR-γ in the brain. In vitro, VitD accelerated the differentiation of reparative macrophages from bone marrow-derived monocytes. CONCLUSIONS VitD promotes reparative macrophage differentiation, facilitates hematoma clearance, and improves neurobehavioral performance in mice with ICH, suggesting that VitD should be further examined as a potentially promising treatment for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liu
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, China (J.L., N.L., Z.Z., K.K., A.N.)
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, China (J.L., N.L., Z.Z., K.K., A.N.).,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China (N.L.)
| | - Zhiyuan Zhu
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, China (J.L., N.L., Z.Z., K.K., A.N.).,Department of Functional neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China (Z.Z.)
| | - Karrie Mei-Yee Kiang
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, China (J.L., N.L., Z.Z., K.K., A.N.)
| | - Anson Cho Kiu Ng
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, China (J.L., N.L., Z.Z., K.K., A.N.)
| | - Celia M Dong
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China (C.M.D.)
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Liu J, Zhu Z, Leung GKK. Erythrophagocytosis by Microglia/Macrophage in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: From Mechanisms to Translation. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:818602. [PMID: 35237132 PMCID: PMC8882619 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.818602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating condition characterized by hematoma related mass effect. Microglia/macrophage (M φ) are rapidly recruited in order to remove the red blood cells through erythrophagocytosis. Efficient erythrophagocytosis can detoxify hemolytic products and facilitate neurological recovery after ICH. The underlying mechanisms include modulation of inflammatory response and oxidative stress, among others. It is a dynamic process mediated by a cascade of signal transduction, including “find-me” signals, “eat-me” signals and a set of phagocytotic receptors-ligand pairs that may be exploited as therapeutic targets. This review summarizes mechanistic signaling pathways of erythrophagocytosis and highlights the potential of harnessing M φ-mediated phagocytosis for ICH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liu
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhu
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gilberto Ka-Kit Leung
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Gilberto Ka-Kit Leung,
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Tsai HH, Hsieh YC, Lin JS, Kuo ZT, Ho CY, Chen CH, Chang CF. Functional Investigation of Meningeal Lymphatic System in Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2022; 53:987-998. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.037834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Promotion of hematoma resolution in a timely manner reduces intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) brain injury induced by toxic blood components and subsequent neuroinflammation. The meningeal lymphatic system is responsible for clearance of macromolecules and pathogenic substances from the central nervous system; however, its role in intraparenchymal hematoma clearance and ICH outcomes is unknown. In the present study, we aimed to understand the contribution of the meningeal lymphatic system to ICH pathologies and to test whether pharmacological enhancement of meningeal lymphatic function promotes hematoma resolution and brain recovery after ICH.
Methods:
Immunofluorescence of whole-mount meninges was used to measure complexity and coverage level of meningeal lymphatic vasculature following ICH induction. Fluorescent microbeads and PKH-26-labeled erythrocytes were used to evaluate drainage function of the meningeal lymphatic system. Visudyne treatment, deep cervical lymph node ligation, and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)-C injection were performed to manipulate meningeal lymphatic function. Neurobehavioral performance and hematoma volume were assayed by the cylinder test and histological measurements. Iron deposition, residual erythrocytes, neuronal loss, and astrogliosis were assessed by immunohistochemistry and antibody-based fluorescence staining.
Results:
Meningeal lymphangiogenesis and enhanced lymphatic drainage occurred during the late phase of ICH. Ablation and blockage of meningeal lymphatic vessels impeded hematoma clearance, whereas pharmacological enhancement of their function reduced hematoma volume, improved behavioral performance, and reduced brain residual erythrocytes, iron deposition, neuronal loss, and astroglial activation.
Conclusions:
Early enhancement of meningeal lymphatic function is beneficial for ICH recovery. Targeting the meningeal lymphatic system is therefore a potential therapeutic approach for treating ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hsi Tsai
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei (H.-H.T.)
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei (H.-H.T.)
| | - Yung-Chia Hsieh
- School of Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei. (Y.-C.H.)
- Department and Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei. (Y.-C.H., J.S.L., Z.-T.K., C.-Y.H., C.-H.C., C.-F.C.)
| | - Jhih Syuan Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei. (Y.-C.H., J.S.L., Z.-T.K., C.-Y.H., C.-H.C., C.-F.C.)
| | - Zi-Ting Kuo
- Department and Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei. (Y.-C.H., J.S.L., Z.-T.K., C.-Y.H., C.-H.C., C.-F.C.)
| | - Chi-Ying Ho
- Department and Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei. (Y.-C.H., J.S.L., Z.-T.K., C.-Y.H., C.-H.C., C.-F.C.)
| | - Chih-Hung Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei. (Y.-C.H., J.S.L., Z.-T.K., C.-Y.H., C.-H.C., C.-F.C.)
| | - Che-Feng Chang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei. (Y.-C.H., J.S.L., Z.-T.K., C.-Y.H., C.-H.C., C.-F.C.)
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Novel targets, treatments, and advanced models for intracerebral haemorrhage. EBioMedicine 2022; 76:103880. [PMID: 35158309 PMCID: PMC8850756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common type of stroke and a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Despite advances in surgical interventions and acute ICH management, there is currently no effective therapy to improve functional outcomes in patients. Recently, there has been tremendous progress uncovering new pathophysiological mechanisms underlying ICH that may pave the way for the development of therapeutic interventions. Here, we highlight emerging targets, but also existing gaps in preclinical animal modelling that prevent their exploitation. We particularly focus on (1) ICH aetiology, (2) the haematoma, (3) inflammation, and (4) post-ICH pathology. It is important to recognize that beyond neurons and the brain, other cell types and organs are crucially involved in ICH pathophysiology and successful interventions likely will need to address the entire organism. This review will spur the development of successful therapeutic interventions for ICH and advanced animal models that better reflect its aetiology and pathophysiology.
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Yu X, Fu X, Wu X, Tang W, Xu L, Hu L, Xu C, Zhou H, Zhou G, Li J, Cao S, Liu J, Yan F, Wang L, Liu F, Chen G. Metformin Alleviates Neuroinflammation Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice by Regulating Microglia/Macrophage Phenotype in a Gut Microbiota-Dependent Manner. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:789471. [PMID: 35115909 PMCID: PMC8806158 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.789471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in regulating intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced neuroinflammation. The anti-neuroinflammatory effects of metformin (Met) have been reported in many central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, whether Met regulates neuroinflammation through the gut microbiota in ICH-induced brain injury remains unknown. We found that Met treatment substantially alleviated neurological dysfunction and reduced neuroinflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory polarization of microglia/macrophages in mice with ICH. Moreover, Met treatment altered the microbiota composition and improved intestinal barrier function. The expression of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), a biomarker of intestinal barrier damage, was also significantly reduced by Met treatment. Neuroinflammation was also potently ameliorated after the transplantation of fecal microbiota from Met-treated ICH mice. The neuroprotective effects of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were similar to those of oral Met treatment. However, suppression of the gut microbiota negated the neuroprotective effects of Met in ICH mice. Therefore, Met is a promising therapeutic agent for neuroinflammation owing to ICH-induced imbalance of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiongjie Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Tang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Xu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Libin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoyang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenglong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuyi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fuyi Liu Gao Chen
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fuyi Liu Gao Chen
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Abstract
Inflammation and its myriad pathways are now recognized to play both causal and consequential roles in vascular brain health. From acting as a trigger for vascular brain injury, as evidenced by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, to steadily increasing the risk for chronic cerebrovascular disease, distinct inflammatory cascades play differential roles in varying states of cerebrovascular injury. New evidence is regularly emerging that characterizes the role of specific inflammatory pathways in these varying states including those at risk for stroke and chronic cerebrovascular injury as well as during the acute, subacute, and repair phases of stroke. Here, we aim to highlight recent basic science and clinical evidence for many distinct inflammatory cascades active in these varying states of cerebrovascular injury. The role of cerebrovascular infections, spotlighted by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic, and its association with increased stroke risk is also reviewed. Rather than converging on a shared mechanism, these emerging studies implicate varied and distinct inflammatory processes in vascular brain injury and repair. Recognition of the phasic nature of inflammatory cascades on varying states of cerebrovascular disease is likely essential to the development and implementation of an anti-inflammatory strategy in the prevention, treatment, and repair of vascular brain injury. Although advances in revascularization have taught us that time is brain, targeting inflammation for the treatment of cerebrovascular disease will undoubtedly show us that timing is brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Mun
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles
| | - Jason D Hinman
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles
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Aronowski J, Sansing LH, Xi G, Zhang JH. Mechanisms of Damage After Cerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chen Y, Chang J, Wei J, Feng M, Wang R. Assessing the Evolution of Intracranial Hematomas by using Animal Models: A Review of the Progress and the Challenges. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:2205-2214. [PMID: 34417943 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00828-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke has become the second leading cause of death in people aged higher than 60 years, with cancer being the first. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most lethal type of stroke. Using imaging techniques to evaluate the evolution of intracranial hematomas in patients with hemorrhagic stroke is worthy of ongoing research. The difficulty in obtaining ultra-early imaging data and conducting intensive dynamic radiographic imaging in actual clinical settings has led to the application of experimental animal models to assess the evolution of intracranial hematomas. Herein, we review the current knowledge on primary intracerebral hemorrhage mechanisms, focus on the progress of animal studies related to hematoma development and secondary brain injury, introduce preclinical therapies, and summarize related challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jianbo Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Junji Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ming Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Chen Y, Chen S, Chang J, Wei J, Feng M, Wang R. Perihematomal Edema After Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Update on Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Therapeutic Advances. Front Immunol 2021; 12:740632. [PMID: 34737745 PMCID: PMC8560684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.740632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has one of the worst prognoses among patients with stroke. Surgical measures have been adopted to relieve the mass effect of the hematoma, and developing targeted therapy against secondary brain injury (SBI) after ICH is equally essential. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that perihematomal edema (PHE) is a quantifiable marker of SBI after ICH and is associated with a poor prognosis. Thus, PHE has been considered a promising therapeutic target for ICH. However, the findings derived from existing studies on PHE are disparate and unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to classify, compare, and summarize the existing studies on PHE. In this review, we describe the growth characteristics and relevant underlying mechanism of PHE, analyze the contributions of different risk factors to PHE, present the potential impact of PHE on patient outcomes, and discuss the currently available therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengpan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Institute of Neuroscience, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianbo Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junji Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Mercury Chloride Impacts on the Development of Erythrocytes and Megakaryocytes in Mice. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9100252. [PMID: 34678948 PMCID: PMC8537753 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic mercury (Hg2+) is a highly toxic heavy metal. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of Hg2+ on the development of erythrocytes and megakaryocytes. B10.S mice (H-2s) and DBA/2 mice (H-2d) were administrated with 10 μM HgCl2 or 50 μM HgCl2 via drinking water for four weeks, and erythro-megakaryopoiesis was evaluated thereafter. The administration of 50 μM HgCl2 increased the number of erythrocytes and platelets in B10.S mice, which was not due to a reduced clearance for mature erythrocytes. The administration of 50 μM HgCl2, but not 10 μM HgCl2, increased the number of progenitors for erythrocytes and megakaryocytes in the bone marrow (BM) of B10.S mice, including erythroid-megakaryocyte progenitors (EMPs), burst-forming unit-erythroid progenitors (BFU-Es), colony-forming unit-erythroid progenitors (CFU-Es), and megakaryocyte progenitors (MkPs). Moreover, 50 μM HgCl2 caused EMPs to be more proliferative and possess an increased potential for differentiation into committed progenies in B10.S mice. Mechanistically, 50 μM HgCl2 increased the expression of the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) in EMPs, thus enhancing the Jak2/STAT5 signaling pathway to promote erythro-megakaryopoiesis in B10.S mice. Conversely, 50 μM HgCl2 did not impact erythro-megakaryopoiesis in DBA/2 mice. This study may extend our current understanding for hematopoietic toxicology of Hg.
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Tang B, Song M, Xie X, Le D, Tu Q, Wu X, Chen M. Tumor Necrosis Factor-stimulated Gene-6 (TSG-6) Secreted by BMSCs Regulates Activated Astrocytes by Inhibiting NF-κB Signaling Pathway to Ameliorate Blood Brain Barrier Damage After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2387-2402. [PMID: 34145502 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the influence of tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) secreted by bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on blood brain barrier (BBB) after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and its related mechanisms. BMSCs and astrocytes were isolated and induced by TNF-α and LPS respectively. The effect of TSG-6 secreted by BMSCs on the proliferation and apoptosis of astrocytes and inflammatory response were assessed by CCK8, flow cytometry, and ELISA respectively. Then we studied the effects of TSG-6 secreted by BMSCs through the paracrine mechanism on the integrity of BBB after ICH via NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. We successfully isolated BMSCs and astrocytes. After LPS treatment of astrocytes, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α showed an upward trend. TSG-6 secreted by TNF-α-activated BMSCs could antagonize the inflammatory response in activated astrocytes. Through the co-culture of astrocytes and BMSCs and the ICH animal model, we found that TSG-6 regulates activated astrocytes by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and ameliorates BBB damage. Furthermore, we found that TNF-α-activated BMSCs secreted exosomes containing TSG-6 and played an anti-inflammatory effect. TSG-6 secreted by BMSCs regulates activated astrocytes by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby ameliorating BBB damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Min Song
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xun Xie
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Dongsheng Le
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qiulin Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China.
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de Miguel-Yanes JM, Lopez-de-Andres A, Jimenez-Garcia R, Hernandez-Barrera V, de Miguel-Diez J, Méndez-Bailón M, Pérez-Farinós N, Muñoz-Rivas N, Carabantes-Alarcon D, López-Herranz M. Incidence and Outcomes of Hemorrhagic Stroke among Adults in Spain (2016-2018) According to Sex: A Retrospective, Cohort, Observational, Propensity Score Matched Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10163753. [PMID: 34442046 PMCID: PMC8397207 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: We aim to analyze sex differences in the incidence, clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes of hemorrhagic stroke (HS) in Spain (2016–2018) using the National Hospital Discharge Database. (2) Methods: Retrospective, cohort, observational study. We estimated the incidence of HS in men and women. We analyzed comorbidity, treatments, procedures, and hospital outcomes. We matched each woman with a man by age, type of HS and medical conditions using propensity score matching. (3) Results: HS was coded in 57,227 patients aged ≥18 years (44.3% women). Overall, men showed higher incidence rates (57.3/105 vs. 43.0/105; p < 0.001; IRR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.38–1.83). Women suffered more subarachnoid hemorrhages (25.2% vs. 14.6%), whereas men more often had intracerebral hemorrhages (55.7% vs. 54.1%). In-hospital mortality (IHM) was higher for intracerebral hemorrhage in both men and women. Women underwent decompressive craniectomy less often than men (5.0% vs. 6.2%; p < 0.001). After matching, IHM among women was higher (29.0% vs. 23.7%; p < 0.001). Increments in age, comorbidity and use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents prior to hospitalization were associated were higher IHM, and decompressive craniectomy was associated with lower IHM in both sexes. After multivariable adjustment, women had higher IHM (OR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.18–1.28). (4) Conclusion: Men had higher incidence rates of HS than women. Women less often underwent decompressive craniectomy. IHM was higher among women admitted for HS than among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. de Miguel-Yanes
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana Lopez-de-Andres
- Department of Public Health & Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.J.-G.); (D.C.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-394-1523
| | - Rodrigo Jimenez-Garcia
- Department of Public Health & Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.J.-G.); (D.C.-A.)
| | - Valentin Hernandez-Barrera
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Teaching and Research Unit, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Javier de Miguel-Diez
- Respiratory Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Manuel Méndez-Bailón
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Napoleón Pérez-Farinós
- Public Health and Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Nuria Muñoz-Rivas
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - David Carabantes-Alarcon
- Department of Public Health & Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.J.-G.); (D.C.-A.)
| | - Marta López-Herranz
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Xu C, Chen H, Zhou S, Sun C, Xia X, Peng Y, Zhuang J, Fu X, Zeng H, Zhou H, Cao Y, Yu Q, Li Y, Hu L, Zhou G, Yan F, Chen G, Li J. Pharmacological Activation of RXR-α Promotes Hematoma Absorption via a PPAR-γ-dependent Pathway After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1412-1426. [PMID: 34142331 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenously eliminating the hematoma is a favorable strategy in addressing intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This study sought to determine the role of retinoid X receptor-α (RXR-α) in the context of hematoma absorption after ICH. Our results showed that pharmacologically activating RXR-α with bexarotene significantly accelerated hematoma clearance and alleviated neurological dysfunction after ICH. RXR-α was expressed in microglia/macrophages, neurons, and astrocytes. Mechanistically, bexarotene promoted the nuclear translocation of RXR-α and PPAR-γ, as well as reducing neuroinflammation by modulating microglia/macrophage reprograming from the M1 into the M2 phenotype. Furthermore, all the beneficial effects of RXR-α in ICH were reversed by the PPAR-γ inhibitor GW9662. In conclusion, the pharmacological activation of RXR-α confers robust neuroprotection against ICH by accelerating hematoma clearance and repolarizing microglia/macrophages towards the M2 phenotype through PPAR-γ-related mechanisms. Our data support the notion that RXR-α might be a promising therapeutic target for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Huaijun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Shengjun Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Chenjun Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Xiaolong Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Yucong Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Xiongjie Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Hanhai Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Libin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Guoyang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
| | - Jianru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
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Sallam MA, Wyatt Shields Iv C, Prakash S, Kim J, Pan DC, Mitragotri S. A dual macrophage polarizer conjugate for synergistic melanoma therapy. J Control Release 2021; 335:333-344. [PMID: 34048840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) play a paradoxical role in the fate of aggressive tumors like melanoma. Immune modulation of TAMs from the tumor-permissive M2 phenotype to antitumoral M1 phenotype is an emerging attractive approach in melanoma therapy. Resiquimod is a TLR7/8 agonist that shifts the polarization of macrophages towards M1 phenotype. Bexarotene (BEX) is a retinoid that induce the expression of phagocytic receptors in macrophages besides its ability to downregulate the M2 polarization. However, the clinical use of both agents is hindered by poor pharmacokinetic properties. Here, for the first time we repurposed BEX based on its immunomodulatory properties and combined it with RES by designing hyaluronic acid (HA) conjugates of both drugs that act synergistically as a dual macrophage polarizer to promote the M1 phenotype and suppress the M2 phenotype. This combination enhanced the macrophage secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), while suppressing the production of tumor promoting cytokine CCL22. It enhanced the macrophage phagocytic ability and showed superior inhibitory effects against B16F10 cells. In vivo studies on a mouse melanoma model confirmed the superiority of the dual conjugate compared to the single HA-drug conjugates in suppressing the tumor growth. Immunoprofiling of the excised tumors revealed a significant increase in the M1/M2 ratio of TAMs in mice treated with the dual conjugate. Our intravenously injectable HA conjugate of RES and BEX provides a promising immunotherapeutic combination strategy for resetting the M1/M2 ratio, supporting the tumoricidal activity of TAMs for effective melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A Sallam
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Industrial pharmacy, Faculty of pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521, Egypt
| | - C Wyatt Shields Iv
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Supriya Prakash
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel C Pan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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45
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Yu X, Zhou G, Shao B, Zhou H, Xu C, Yan F, Wang L, Chen G, Li J, Fu X. Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Induced by Intracerebral Hemorrhage Aggravates Neuroinflammation in Mice. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:647304. [PMID: 34025607 PMCID: PMC8137318 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.647304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) induces a strong hematoma-related neuroinflammatory reaction and alters peripheral immune homeostasis. Recent research has found that gut microbiota plays a role in neurodegeneration and autoimmune diseases by regulating immune homeostasis and neuroinflammation. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between ICH, microbiota alteration, and immune responses after hematoma-induced acute brain injury. In our study, we used a mouse model of ICH, and 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing showed that ICH causes gut microbiota dysbiosis, which in turn affects ICH outcome through immune-mediated mechanisms. There was prominent reduced species diversity and microbiota overgrowth in the dysbiosis induced by ICH, which may reduce intestinal motility and increase gut permeability. In addition, recolonizing ICH mice with a normal health microbiota ameliorates functional deficits and neuroinflammation after ICH. Meanwhile, cell-tracking studies have demonstrated the migration of intestinal lymphocytes to the brain after ICH. In addition, therapeutic transplantation of fecal microbiota improves intestinal barrier damage. These results support the conclusion that the gut microbiome is a target of ICH-induced systemic alteration and is considered to have a substantial impact on ICH outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoyang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiongjie Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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46
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Ye F, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G, Garton HJL. CD47 blocking antibody accelerates hematoma clearance and alleviates hydrocephalus after experimental intraventricular hemorrhage. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 155:105384. [PMID: 33945877 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD47, a glycoprotein on red blood cell membranes, inhibits phagocytosis via interaction with signal regulatory protein α on phagocytes. Our previous research has demonstrated that blocking CD47 accelerates hematoma clearance and reduces brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. The current study investigated whether phagocytosis or erythrocyte CD47 impacts hematoma resolution and hydrocephalus development after intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Methods Adult (3-month-old) male Fischer 344 rats were intraventricularly injected with 200 μl autologous blood, mixed with either CD47 blocking antibody or isotype IgG, or 200 μl saline as control. In subgroups of CD47 blocking antibody treated rats, clodronate liposomes (to deplete microglia/monocyte-derived macrophages) or control liposomes were co-injected. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate ventricular volume and intraventricular T2* lesion volume (estimating hematoma volume). The brains were harvested after 4 or 72 h for histology to evaluate phagocytosis. Results In adult male rats, CD47 blocking antibody alleviated hydrocephalus development by day 3. In addition, the CD47 blocking antibody reduced intraventricular T2* lesion and T2* non-hypointense lesion size after IVH through day 1 to day 3. Erythrophagocytosis was observed as soon as 4 h after IVH and was enhanced on day 3. Furthermore, intra-hematoma infiltration of CD68, heme oxygenase-1 and ferritin positive phagocytes were upregulated by CD47 blockade by day 3. Clodronate liposomes co-injection caused more severe hydrocephalus and weight loss. Conclusion Blocking CD47 in the hematoma accelerated hematoma clearance and alleviated hemolysis and hydrocephalus development after IVH, suggesting CD47 might be valuable in the future treatment for IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghui Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Hugh J L Garton
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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47
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Mike JK, Ferriero DM. Efferocytosis Mediated Modulation of Injury after Neonatal Brain Hypoxia-Ischemia. Cells 2021; 10:1025. [PMID: 33925299 PMCID: PMC8146813 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal brain hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a leading cause of morbidity and long-term disabilities in children. While we have made significant progress in describing HI mechanisms, the limited therapies currently offered for HI treatment in the clinical setting stress the importance of discovering new targetable pathways. Efferocytosis is an immunoregulatory and homeostatic process of clearance of apoptotic cells (AC) and cellular debris, best described in the brain during neurodevelopment. The therapeutic potential of stimulating defective efferocytosis has been recognized in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will explore the involvement of efferocytosis after a stroke and HI as a promising target for new HI therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krystofova Mike
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Donna Marie Ferriero
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
- Department of Neurology Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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48
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Vidal V, Puente A, García-Cerro S, García Unzueta MT, Rueda N, Riancho J, Martínez-Cué C. Bexarotene Impairs Cognition and Produces Hypothyroidism in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:613211. [PMID: 33935706 PMCID: PMC8082148 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.613211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
All individuals with Down syndrome (DS) eventually develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology, including neurodegeneration, increases in β-amyloid (Aβ) expression, and aggregation and neurofibrillary tangles, between the third and fourth decade of their lives. There is currently no effective treatment to prevent AD neuropathology and the associated cognitive degeneration in DS patients. Due to evidence that the accumulation of Aβ aggregates in the brain produces the neurodegenerative cascade characteristic of AD, many strategies which promote the clearance of Aβ peptides have been assessed as potential therapeutics for this disease. Bexarotene, a member of a subclass of retinoids that selectively activates retinoid receptors, modulates several pathways essential for cognitive performance and Aβ clearance. Consequently, bexarotene might be a good candidate to treat AD-associated neuropathology. However, the effects of bexarotene treatment in AD remain controversial. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate whether chronic bexarotene treatment administered to the most commonly used murine model of DS, the Ts65Dn (TS) mouse could reduce Aβ expression in their brains and improve their cognitive abilities. Chronic administration of bexarotene to aged TS mice and their CO littermates for 9 weeks diminished the reference, working, and spatial learning and memory of TS mice, and the spatial memory of CO mice in the Morris water maze. This treatment also produced marked hypoactivity in the plus maze, open field, and hole board tests in TS mice, and in the open field and hole board tests in CO mice. Administration of bexarotene reduced the expression of Aβ1-40, but not of Aβ1-42, in the hippocampi of TS mice. Finally, bexarotene increased Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in TS mice and reduced Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in CO mice, while animals of both karyotypes displayed reduced thyroxine levels after bexarotene administration. The bexarotene-induced hypothyroidism could be responsible for the hypoactivity of TS and CO mice and their diminished performance in the Morris water maze. Together, these results do not provide support for the use of bexarotene as a potential treatment of AD neuropathology in the DS population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Vidal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Alba Puente
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Susana García-Cerro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Noemí Rueda
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Javier Riancho
- Neurology Service, Hospital Sierrallana-IDIVAL, Torrelavega, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez-Cué
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Leal AS, Reich LA, Moerland JA, Zhang D, Liby KT. Potential therapeutic uses of rexinoids. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2021; 91:141-183. [PMID: 34099107 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of nuclear receptors, particularly retinoid X receptors (RXR), and their involvement in numerous pathways related to development sparked interest in their immunomodulatory properties. Genetic models using deletion or overexpression of RXR and the subsequent development of several small molecules that are agonists or antagonists of this receptor support a promising therapeutic role for these receptors in immunology. Bexarotene was approved in 1999 for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Several other small molecule RXR agonists have since been synthesized with limited preclinical development, but none have yet achieved FDA approval. Cancer treatment has recently been revolutionized with the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors, but their success has been restricted to a minority of patients. This review showcases the emerging immunomodulatory effects of RXR and the potential of small molecules that target this receptor as therapies for cancer and other diseases. Here we describe the essential roles that RXR and partner receptors play in T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and epithelial cells, especially within the tumor microenvironment. Most of these effects are site and cancer type dependent but skew immune cells toward an anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effect. This beneficial effect on immune cells supports the promise of combining rexinoids with approved checkpoint blockade therapies in order to enhance efficacy of the latter and to delay or potentially eliminate drug resistance. The data compiled in this review strongly suggest that targeting RXR nuclear receptors is a promising new avenue in immunomodulation for cancer and other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Leal
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Lyndsey A Reich
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jessica A Moerland
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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50
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Fu X, Zeng H, Zhao J, Zhou G, Zhou H, Zhuang J, Xu C, Li J, Peng Y, Cao Y, Li Y, Chen H, Wang L, Yan F, Chen G. Inhibition of Dectin-1 Ameliorates Neuroinflammation by Regulating Microglia/Macrophage Phenotype After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12:1018-1034. [PMID: 33539006 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00889-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Polarization of microglia/macrophages toward the pro-inflammatory phenotype is an important contributor to neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Dectin-1 is a pattern recognition receptor that has been reported to play a key role in regulating neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke and spinal cord injury. However, the role and mechanism of action of Dectin-1 after ICH remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of Dectin-1 on modulating the microglia/macrophage phenotype and neuroinflammation and the possible underlying mechanism after ICH. We found that Dectin-1 expression increased after ICH, and was mainly localized in microglia/macrophages. Neutrophil infiltration and microglia/macrophage polarization toward the pro-inflammatory phenotype increased after ICH. However, treatment with a Dectin-1 inhibitor reversed these phenomena and induced a shift the anti-inflammatory phenotype in microglia/macrophages; this resulted in alleviation of neurological dysfunction and facilitated hematoma clearance after ICH. We also found that Dectin-1 crosstalks with the downstream pro-inflammatory pathway, Card9/NF-κB, by activating spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) both in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, our data suggest that Dectin-1 is involved in the microglia/macrophage polarization and functional recovery after ICH, and that this mechanism, at least in part, may contribute to the involvement of the Syk/Card9/NF-kB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjie Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Hanhai Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jikuang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Guoyang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Chaoran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jianru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Yucong Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Huaijun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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