1
|
Martín-Luengo B, Vorobiova AN, Feurra M, Myachykov A, Shtyrov Y. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left middle frontal gyrus modulates the information people communicate in different social contexts. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9995. [PMID: 37340041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neocortical structures of the left frontal lobe, middle frontal gyrus (MFG) in particular, have been suggested to be linked to the processing of punishing and unpleasant outcomes in decision tasks. To assess the role of left MFG (lMFG) in communicative decisions, we used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to inhibit its function during communicational exchanges under two types of social contexts: formal and informal. Three groups of participants received an offline 1-Hz inhibitory rTMS of lMFG, right MFG as an active control site, or lMFG sham/placebo TMS as a passive control condition. Participants' task included answering difficult general-knowledge questions, rating their confidence in their answers' correctness, and, finally, deciding if they would report or withhold these answers in formal and informal social contexts. There were significantly more reported than withheld answers in the informal context in all groups. The formal context showed no differences between reported and withheld answers in both control conditions, while, crucially, real rTMS of lMFG produced a different pattern, with more withheld than reported answers. Thus, lMFG inhibition seems to result in more rational decisions made only in formal communication contexts, where there is a perception of a certain pressure or possible negative outcomes. In informal social contexts and in the absence of negative consequences the pattern of answers did not change, regardless of the reporting strategy or the TMS protocol used. These results suggest selective context-dependent involvement of the lMFG in decision-making processes during communicational exchanges taking place under social pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martín-Luengo
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia, 101000.
| | - Alicia Nunez Vorobiova
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia, 101000
| | - Matteo Feurra
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia, 101000
| | - Andriy Myachykov
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia, 101000
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Yury Shtyrov
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ihara AS, Miyazaki A, Izawa Y, Takayama M, Hanayama K, Tanemura J. Enhancement of Facilitation Training for Aphasia by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:573459. [PMID: 33024429 PMCID: PMC7516201 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.573459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to enhance the performance of naming and sentence production in chronic post-stroke aphasia by tablet-based language training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) conducted on non-consecutive days. We applied a deblocking method involved in stimulation–facilitation therapy to six participants with chronic aphasia who performed naming and sentence production tasks for impaired modalities, immediately after a spoken-word picture-matching task for an intact modality. The participants took part in two conditional sessions: a tDCS condition in which they performed a spoken word-picture matching task while we delivered an anodal tDCS over the left inferior frontal cortex; and a sham condition in which sham stimulation was delivered. We hypothesized that, compared with the sham stimulation, the application of anodal tDCS over the left inferior frontal cortex during the performance of tasks requiring access to semantic representations would enhance the deblocking effect, thereby improving the performances for subsequent naming and sentence production. Our results showed greater improvements 2 weeks after training with tDCS than those after training with sham stimulation. The accuracy rate of naming was significantly higher in the tDCS condition than in the sham condition, regardless of whether the words were trained or not. Also, we found a significant improvement in the production of related words and sentences for the untrained words in the tDCS condition, compared with that found pre-training, while in the sham condition we found no significant improvement compared with that found pre-training. These results support our hypothesis and suggest the effectiveness of the use of tDCS during language training on non-consecutive days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya S. Ihara
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology and Osaka University, Kobe, Japan
- *Correspondence: Aya S. Ihara
| | - Akiko Miyazaki
- Rehabilitation Center, Kawasaki Medical School Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Izawa
- Department of Childhood Education, Faculty of Education, Fukuyama City University, Fukuyama, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Okayama Rehabilitation Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Misaki Takayama
- Department of Rehabilitation, Okayama Rehabilitation Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kozo Hanayama
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Jun Tanemura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Akinina Y, Dragoy O, Ivanova MV, Iskra EV, Soloukhina OA, Petryshevsky AG, Fedinа ON, Turken AU, Shklovsky VM, Dronkers NF. Grey and white matter substrates of action naming. Neuropsychologia 2019; 131:249-265. [PMID: 31129278 PMCID: PMC6650369 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite a persistent interest in verb processing, data on the neural underpinnings of verb retrieval are fragmentary. The present study is the first to analyze the contributions of both grey and white matter damage affecting verb retrieval through action naming in stroke. We used voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) with an action naming task in 40 left-hemisphere stroke patients. Within the grey matter, we revealed the critical involvement of the left precentral and inferior frontal gyri, insula, and parts of basal ganglia. An overlay of white matter tract probability masks on the VLSM lesion map revealed involvement of left-hemisphere long and short association tracts with terminations in the frontal areas; and several projection tracts. The involvement of these structures is interpreted in the light of existing picture naming models, semantic control processes, and the embodiment cognition framework. Our results stress the importance of both cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical networks of language processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Akinina
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Center for Language and Brain, 21/4 Staraya Basmannaya Street, Office 510, 105066, Moscow, Russia; University of Groningen, Graduate School for the Humanities, P.O. Box 716, NL-9700, AS Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - O Dragoy
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Center for Language and Brain, 21/4 Staraya Basmannaya Street, Office 510, 105066, Moscow, Russia; Federal Center for Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, Department of Medical Rehabilitation, 1/10 Ostrovityanova Street, 117342, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Ivanova
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Center for Language and Brain, 21/4 Staraya Basmannaya Street, Office 510, 105066, Moscow, Russia; University of California, Berkeley, Dept. of Psychology, 2121 Berkeley Way, 94704, Berkeley, CA, USA; Center for Aphasia and Related Disorders, VA Northern California Health Care System, 150 Muir Road 126R, 94553, Martinez, CA, USA
| | - E V Iskra
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Center for Language and Brain, 21/4 Staraya Basmannaya Street, Office 510, 105066, Moscow, Russia; Center for Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation, 20 Nikoloyamskaya Street, 109240, Moscow, Russia
| | - O A Soloukhina
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Center for Language and Brain, 21/4 Staraya Basmannaya Street, Office 510, 105066, Moscow, Russia
| | - A G Petryshevsky
- Center for Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation, 20 Nikoloyamskaya Street, 109240, Moscow, Russia
| | - O N Fedinа
- Center for Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation, 20 Nikoloyamskaya Street, 109240, Moscow, Russia; Medicine and Nuclear Technology Ltd., 1/133 Akademika Kurchatova Street, 123182, Moscow, Russia
| | - A U Turken
- Center for Aphasia and Related Disorders, VA Northern California Health Care System, 150 Muir Road 126R, 94553, Martinez, CA, USA
| | - V M Shklovsky
- Center for Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation, 20 Nikoloyamskaya Street, 109240, Moscow, Russia
| | - N F Dronkers
- University of California, Berkeley, Dept. of Psychology, 2121 Berkeley Way, 94704, Berkeley, CA, USA; Center for Aphasia and Related Disorders, VA Northern California Health Care System, 150 Muir Road 126R, 94553, Martinez, CA, USA; University of California, Davis, Dept. of Neurology, Sacramento, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Weber K, Lau EF, Stillerman B, Kuperberg GR. The Yin and the Yang of Prediction: An fMRI Study of Semantic Predictive Processing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148637. [PMID: 27010386 PMCID: PMC4806910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Probabilistic prediction plays a crucial role in language comprehension. When predictions are fulfilled, the resulting facilitation allows for fast, efficient processing of ambiguous, rapidly-unfolding input; when predictions are not fulfilled, the resulting error signal allows us to adapt to broader statistical changes in this input. We used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to examine the neuroanatomical networks engaged in semantic predictive processing and adaptation. We used a relatedness proportion semantic priming paradigm, in which we manipulated the probability of predictions while holding local semantic context constant. Under conditions of higher (versus lower) predictive validity, we replicate previous observations of reduced activity to semantically predictable words in the left anterior superior/middle temporal cortex, reflecting facilitated processing of targets that are consistent with prior semantic predictions. In addition, under conditions of higher (versus lower) predictive validity we observed significant differences in the effects of semantic relatedness within the left inferior frontal gyrus and the posterior portion of the left superior/middle temporal gyrus. We suggest that together these two regions mediated the suppression of unfulfilled semantic predictions and lexico-semantic processing of unrelated targets that were inconsistent with these predictions. Moreover, under conditions of higher (versus lower) predictive validity, a functional connectivity analysis showed that the left inferior frontal and left posterior superior/middle temporal gyrus were more tightly interconnected with one another, as well as with the left anterior cingulate cortex. The left anterior cingulate cortex was, in turn, more tightly connected to superior lateral frontal cortices and subcortical regions-a network that mediates rapid learning and adaptation and that may have played a role in switching to a more predictive mode of processing in response to the statistical structure of the wider environmental context. Together, these findings highlight close links between the networks mediating semantic prediction, executive function and learning, giving new insights into how our brains are able to flexibly adapt to our environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Weber
- Department of Psychiatry and the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Science, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen F. Lau
- Department of Psychiatry and the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Science, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
- University of Maryland, Department of Linguistics, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Stillerman
- Department of Psychiatry and the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Science, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gina R. Kuperberg
- Department of Psychiatry and the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Science, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zou L, Packard JL, Xia Z, Liu Y, Shu H. Neural Correlates of Morphological Processing: Evidence from Chinese. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 9:714. [PMID: 26834609 PMCID: PMC4717318 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological decomposition is an important part of complex word processing. In Chinese, this requires a comprehensive consideration of phonological, orthographic and morphemic information. The left inferior frontal gyrus (L-IFG) has been implicated in this process in alphabetic languages. However, it is unclear whether the neural mechanisms underlying morphological processing in alphabetic languages would be the same in Chinese, a logographic language. To investigate the neural basis of morphological processing in Chinese compound words, an fMRI experiment was conducted using an explicit auditory morphological judgment task. Results showed the L-IFG to be a core area in Chinese morphological processing, consistent with research in alphabetic languages. Additionally, a broad network consisting of the L-MTG, the bilateral STG and the L-FG that taps phonological, orthographic, and semantic information was found to be involved. These results provide evidence that the L-IFG plays an important role in morphological processing even in languages that are typologically different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zou
- School of Psychology and Education, Zaozhuang UniversityZaozhuang, China; State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jerome L Packard
- Cognitive Science Group, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zhichao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Youyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Hua Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Son S, Kubota M, Miyata J, Fukuyama H, Aso T, Urayama SI, Murai T, Takahashi H. Creativity and positive symptoms in schizophrenia revisited: Structural connectivity analysis with diffusion tensor imaging. Schizophr Res 2015; 164:221-6. [PMID: 25823399 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Both creativity and schizotypy are suggested to be manifestations of the hyperactivation of unusual or remote concepts/words. However, the results of studies on creativity in schizophrenia are diverse, possibly due to the multifaceted aspects of creativity and difficulties of differentiating adaptive creativity from pathological schizotypy/positive symptoms. To date, there have been no detailed studies comprehensively investigating creativity, positive symptoms including delusions, and their neural bases in schizophrenia. In this study, we investigated 43 schizophrenia and 36 healthy participants using diffusion tensor imaging. We used idea, design, and verbal (semantic and phonological) fluency tests as creativity scores and Peters Delusions Inventory as delusion scores. Subsequently, we investigated group differences in every psychological score, correlations between fluency and delusions, and relationships between these scores and white matter integrity using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). In schizophrenia, idea and verbal fluency were significantly lower in general, and delusion score was higher than in healthy controls, whereas there were no group differences in design fluency. We also found positive correlation between phonological fluency and delusions in schizophrenia. By correlation analyses using TBSS, we found that the anterior part of corpus callosum was the substantially overlapped area, negatively correlated with both phonological fluency and delusion severity. Our results suggest that the anterior interhemispheric dysconnectivity might be associated with executive dysfunction, and disinhibited automatic spreading activation in the semantic network was manifested as uncontrollable phonological fluency or delusions. This dysconnectivity could be one possible neural basis that differentiates pathological positive symptoms from adaptive creativity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuraku Son
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Manabu Kubota
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Jun Miyata
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hidenao Fukuyama
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Aso
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Urayama
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Toshiya Murai
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moisala M, Salmela V, Salo E, Carlson S, Vuontela V, Salonen O, Alho K. Brain activity during divided and selective attention to auditory and visual sentence comprehension tasks. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:86. [PMID: 25745395 PMCID: PMC4333810 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we measured brain activity of human participants while they performed a sentence congruence judgment task in either the visual or auditory modality separately, or in both modalities simultaneously. Significant performance decrements were observed when attention was divided between the two modalities compared with when one modality was selectively attended. Compared with selective attention (i.e., single tasking), divided attention (i.e., dual-tasking) did not recruit additional cortical regions, but resulted in increased activity in medial and lateral frontal regions which were also activated by the component tasks when performed separately. Areas involved in semantic language processing were revealed predominantly in the left lateral prefrontal cortex by contrasting incongruent with congruent sentences. These areas also showed significant activity increases during divided attention in relation to selective attention. In the sensory cortices, no crossmodal inhibition was observed during divided attention when compared with selective attention to one modality. Our results suggest that the observed performance decrements during dual-tasking are due to interference of the two tasks because they utilize the same part of the cortex. Moreover, semantic dual-tasking did not appear to recruit additional brain areas in comparison with single tasking, and no crossmodal inhibition was observed during intermodal divided attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Moisala
- Division of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ; Department of Teacher Education, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Viljami Salmela
- Division of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ; Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University Espoo, Finland
| | - Emma Salo
- Division of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Synnöve Carlson
- Brain Research Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science Espoo, Finland ; Neuroscience Unit, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virve Vuontela
- Neuroscience Unit, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oili Salonen
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Alho
- Division of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ; Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University Espoo, Finland ; Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ; Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ihara AS, Mimura T, Soshi T, Yorifuji S, Hirata M, Goto T, Yoshinime T, Umehara H, Fujimaki N. Facilitated Lexical Ambiguity Processing by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the Left Inferior Frontal Cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:26-34. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that the left inferior frontal cortex is involved in the resolution of lexical ambiguities for language comprehension. In this study, we hypothesized that processing of lexical ambiguities is improved when the excitability of the left inferior frontal cortex is enhanced. To test the hypothesis, we conducted an experiment with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). We investigated the effect of anodal tDCS over the left inferior frontal cortex on behavioral indexes for semantic judgment on lexically ambiguous and unambiguous words within a context. Supporting the hypothesis, the RT was shorter in the anodal tDCS session than in the sham session for ambiguous words. The results suggest that controlled semantic retrieval and contextual selection were facilitated by anodal tDCS over the left inferior frontal cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya S. Ihara
- 1National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takanori Mimura
- 1National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takahiro Soshi
- 1National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Hiroaki Umehara
- 1National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Norio Fujimaki
- 1National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vasic N, Plichta MM, Wolf RC, Fallgatter AJ, Sosic-Vasic Z, Grön G. Reduced neural error signaling in left inferior prefrontal cortex in young adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2014; 18:659-70. [PMID: 22660917 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712446172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The neural network involved in inhibition of inappropriate response tendencies shares commonalities with the error-processing network, signaling failure of inhibition. Most studies on error processing in ADHD have been conducted in children using electrophysiological methods. METHOD Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, the authors studied 14 adults with ADHD and 12 group-matched healthy control participants while performing a modified version of a combined Eriksen Flanker-Go/NoGo-task. RESULTS Patients with ADHD demonstrated significantly reduced error signaling in the left inferior frontal gyrus bordering the anterior insular cortex (BA 47), computed from the contrast of unsuccessful minus successful inhibition trials. CONCLUSION Hypoactivation of the left inferior frontal cortex during error signaling might represent a neurofunctional marker of a crucial prerequisite for error processing in adults with ADHD. This possibly indicates a dysfunction of the neural system that operates task-set related representations and monitoring of erroneous performances in service of ensuing posterror processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Vasic
- University of Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Michael M Plichta
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany University of Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Robert C Wolf
- University of Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Georg Grön
- University of Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ulrich M, Adams SC, Kiefer M. Flexible establishment of functional brain networks supports attentional modulation of unconscious cognition. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:5500-16. [PMID: 24954512 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In classical theories of attention, unconscious automatic processes are thought to be independent of higher-level attentional influences. Here, we propose that unconscious processing depends on attentional enhancement of task-congruent processing pathways implemented by a dynamic modulation of the functional communication between brain regions. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we tested our model with a subliminally primed lexical decision task preceded by an induction task preparing either a semantic or a perceptual task set. Subliminal semantic priming was significantly greater after semantic compared to perceptual induction in ventral occipito-temporal (vOT) and inferior frontal cortex, brain areas known to be involved in semantic processing. The functional connectivity pattern of vOT varied depending on the induction task and successfully predicted the magnitude of behavioral and neural priming. Together, these findings support the proposal that dynamic establishment of functional networks by task sets is an important mechanism in the attentional control of unconscious processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ulrich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Moradi S, Lidestam B, Saremi A, Rönnberg J. Gated auditory speech perception: effects of listening conditions and cognitive capacity. Front Psychol 2014; 5:531. [PMID: 24926274 PMCID: PMC4040882 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to measure the initial portion of signal required for the correct identification of auditory speech stimuli (or isolation points, IPs) in silence and noise, and to investigate the relationships between auditory and cognitive functions in silence and noise. Twenty-one university students were presented with auditory stimuli in a gating paradigm for the identification of consonants, words, and final words in highly predictable and low predictable sentences. The Hearing in Noise Test (HINT), the reading span test, and the Paced Auditory Serial Attention Test were also administered to measure speech-in-noise ability, working memory and attentional capacities of the participants, respectively. The results showed that noise delayed the identification of consonants, words, and final words in highly predictable and low predictable sentences. HINT performance correlated with working memory and attentional capacities. In the noise condition, there were correlations between HINT performance, cognitive task performance, and the IPs of consonants and words. In the silent condition, there were no correlations between auditory and cognitive tasks. In conclusion, a combination of hearing-in-noise ability, working memory capacity, and attention capacity is needed for the early identification of consonants and words in noise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Moradi
- Linnaeus Centre HEAD, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
| | - Björn Lidestam
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
| | - Amin Saremi
- Division of Technical Audiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
- Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all”, Department for Neuroscience, Computational Neuroscience Group, Carl von Ossietzky University of OldenburgOldenburg, Germany
| | - Jerker Rönnberg
- Linnaeus Centre HEAD, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ulrich M, Hoenig K, Grön G, Kiefer M. Brain Activation during Masked and Unmasked Semantic Priming: Commonalities and Differences. J Cogn Neurosci 2013; 25:2216-29. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Using fMRI during a lexical decision task, we investigated the neural correlates of semantic priming under masked and unmasked prime presentation conditions in a repeated measurement design of the same group of 24 participants (14 women). The task was to discriminate between pseudowords and words. Masked and unmasked prime words differed in their degree of semantic relatedness with target stimuli. Neural correlates of priming were defined as significantly different neural activations upon semantically unrelated minus related trials. Left fusiform gyrus, left posterior inferior frontal gyrus, and bilateral pre-SMA showed priming effects independent of the masking condition. By contrast, bilateral superior temporal gyri, superior parietal lobules, and the SMA proper demonstrated greater neural priming in the unmasked compared with the masked condition. The inverted contrast (masked priming minus unmasked priming) did not show significant differences even at lowered thresholds of significance. The conjoint effects of priming in the left fusiform gyrus suggest its involvement as a direct consequence of the neural organization of semantic memory. Activity in brain regions showing significantly more neural priming in the unmasked condition possibly reflected participants' evaluation of the prime–target relationship, presumably in the context of semantic matching. The present results therefore indicate that masked and unmasked semantic priming partially depend on dissociable mechanisms at the neural and most likely also at the functional level.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ye Z, Doñamayor N, Münte TF. Brain network of semantic integration in sentence reading: insights from independent component analysis and graph theoretical analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 35:367-76. [PMID: 22987790 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of cortical and sub-cortical brain structures has been linked with sentence-level semantic processes. However, it remains unclear how these brain regions are organized to support the semantic integration of a word into sentential context. To look into this issue, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study that required participants to silently read sentences with semantically congruent or incongruent endings and analyzed the network properties of the brain with two approaches, independent component analysis (ICA) and graph theoretical analysis (GTA). The GTA suggested that the whole-brain network is topologically stable across conditions. The ICA revealed a network comprising the supplementary motor area (SMA), left inferior frontal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, left caudate nucleus, and left angular gyrus, which was modulated by the incongruity of sentence ending. Furthermore, the GTA specified that the connections between the left SMA and left caudate nucleus as well as that between the left caudate nucleus and right thalamus were stronger in response to incongruent vs. congruent endings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ye
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee CL, Federmeier KD. Ambiguity's aftermath: how age differences in resolving lexical ambiguity affect subsequent comprehension. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:869-79. [PMID: 22321956 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
When ambiguity resolution is difficult, younger adults recruit selection-related neural resources that older adults do not. To elucidate the nature of those resources and the consequences of their recruitment for subsequent comprehension, we embedded noun/verb homographs and matched unambiguous words in syntactically well-specified but semantically neutral sentences. Target words were followed by a prepositional phrase whose head noun was plausible for only one meaning of the homograph. Replicating past findings, younger but not older adults elicited sustained frontal negativity to homographs compared to unambiguous words. On the subsequent head nouns, younger adults showed plausibility effects in all conditions, attesting to successful meaning selection through suppression. In contrast, older adults showed smaller plausibility effects following ambiguous words and failed to show plausibility effects when the context picked out the homograph's non-dominant meaning (i.e., they did not suppress the contextually-irrelevant dominant meaning). Meaning suppression processes, reflected in the frontal negativity, thus become less available with age, with consequences for subsequent comprehension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-lin Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wurm MF, Schubotz RI. Squeezing lemons in the bathroom: Contextual information modulates action recognition. Neuroimage 2012; 59:1551-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
|
16
|
From novel to familiar: tuning the brain for metaphors. Neuroimage 2011; 59:3212-21. [PMID: 22155328 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metaphors are fundamental to creative thought and expression. Newly coined metaphors regularly infiltrate our collective vocabulary and gradually become familiar, but it is unclear how this shift from novel to conventionalized meaning happens in the brain. We investigated the neural career of metaphors in a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using extensively normed new metaphors and simulated the ordinary, gradual experience of metaphor conventionalization by manipulating participants' exposure to these metaphors. Results showed that the conventionalization of novel metaphors specifically tunes activity within bilateral inferior prefrontal cortex, left posterior middle temporal gyrus, and right postero-lateral occipital cortex. These results support theoretical accounts attributing a role for the right hemisphere in processing novel, low salience figurative meanings, but also show that conventionalization of metaphoric meaning is a bilaterally-mediated process. Metaphor conventionalization entails a decreased neural load within semantic networks rather than a hemispheric or regional shift across brain areas.
Collapse
|
17
|
Husband EM, Kelly LA, Zhu DC. Using Complement Coercion to Understand the Neural Basis of Semantic Composition: Evidence from an fMRI Study. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 23:3254-66. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Previous research regarding the neural basis of semantic composition has relied heavily on violation paradigms, which often compare implausible sentences that violate world knowledge to plausible sentences that do not violate world knowledge. This comparison is problematic as it may involve extralinguistic operations such as contextual repair and processes that ultimately lead to the rejection of an anomalous sentence, and these processes may not be part of the core language system. Also, it is unclear if violations of world knowledge actually affect the linguistic operations for semantic composition. Here, we compared two types of sentences that were grammatical, plausible, and acceptable and differed only in the number of semantic operations required for comprehension without the confound of implausible sentences. Specifically, we compared complement coercion sentences (the novelist began the book), which require an extra compositional operation to arrive at their meaning, to control sentences (the novelist wrote the book), which do not have this extra compositional operation, and found that the neural response to complement coercion sentences activated Brodmann's area 45 in the left inferior frontal gyrus more than control sentences. Furthermore, the processing of complement coercion recruited different brain regions than more traditional semantic and syntactic violations (the novelist astonished/write the book, respectively), suggesting that coercion processes are a part of the core of the language faculty but do not recruit the wider network of brain regions underlying semantic and syntactic violations.
Collapse
|
18
|
The Influence of Semantically Related and Unrelated Text Cues on the Intelligibility of Sentences in Noise. Ear Hear 2011; 32:e16-25. [DOI: 10.1097/aud.0b013e318228036a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
19
|
Ihara A, Wei Q, Matani A, Fujimaki N, Yagura H, Nogai T, Umehara H, Murata T. Language comprehension dependent on emotional context: a magnetoencephalography study. Neurosci Res 2011; 72:50-8. [PMID: 22001763 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In communication, language can be interpreted differently depending upon the emotional context. To clarify the effect of emotional context on language processing, we performed experiments using a cross-modal priming paradigm with an auditorily presented prime and a visually presented target. The primes were the names of people that were spoken with a happy, sad, or neutral intonation; the targets were interrogative one-word sentences with emotionally neutral content. Using magnetoencephalography, we measured neural activities during silent reading of the targets presented in a happy, sad, or neutral context. We identified two conditional differences: the happy and sad conditions produced less activity than the neutral condition in the right posterior inferior and middle frontal cortices in the latency window from 300 to 400 ms; the happy and neutral conditions produced greater activity than the sad condition in the left posterior inferior frontal cortex in the latency window from 400 to 500 ms. These results suggest that the use of emotional context stored in the right frontal cortex starts at ∼300 ms, that integration of linguistic information with emotional context starts at ∼400 ms in the left frontal cortex, and that language comprehension dependent on emotional context is achieved by ∼500 ms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ihara
- Brain ICT Laboratory, Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2 Iwaoka, Iwaoka-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2492, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Christensen KR, Wallentin M. The locative alternation: distinguishing linguistic processing cost from error signals in Broca's region. Neuroimage 2011; 56:1622-31. [PMID: 21385619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) is known to be involved in the processing of syntactic complexity, such as word order variation. It is also known to be involved in semantic interpretation in studies of various types of semantic and pragmatic anomalies. Across neuroimaging studies of language processing, two main approaches can be found, one that contrasts anomalous and well-formed words or sentences in order to yield an error response and one that contrasts two well-formed syntactic structures differing in complexity, investigating effects of increased integration costs. The present fMRI study aimed at disentangling the error signal from the processing cost signal in LIFG. To do so, we examined the so-called Locative Alternation, which involves the contrast between the Content-Locative construction, e.g. He sprays paint on the wall, and the Container-Locative construction, e.g. He sprays the wall with paint, which have been argued to differ in processing. By including asymmetric verbs, e.g. He blocks the road with rocks vs. *He blocks rocks on the road, we were able to study the contrast between well formed and anomalous constructions. Participants performed an acceptability judgment task during fMRI. The results showed that increased syntactic integration costs yielded both increased response time as well as LIFG activation. Anomalous sentences yielded low acceptability rating but no increase in response time, yet they also evoked increased LIFG activation. Thus, the processing cost and the error signal were found to be functionally independent, but spatially overlapping in the brain.
Collapse
|
21
|
Dien J, Michelson CA, Franklin MS. Separating the visual sentence N400 effect from the P400 sequential expectancy effect: Cognitive and neuroanatomical implications. Brain Res 2010; 1355:126-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
22
|
Cardillo ER, Schmidt GL, Kranjec A, Chatterjee A. Stimulus design is an obstacle course: 560 matched literal and metaphorical sentences for testing neural hypotheses about metaphor. Behav Res Methods 2010; 42:651-64. [PMID: 20805587 PMCID: PMC2952404 DOI: 10.3758/brm.42.3.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite the ubiquity and importance of metaphor in thought and communication, its neural mediation remains elusive. We suggest that this uncertainty reflects, in part, stimuli that have not been designed with recent conceptual frameworks in mind or that have been hampered by inadvertent differences between metaphoric and literal conditions. In this article, we begin addressing these shortcomings by developing a large, flexible, extensively normed, and theoretically motivated set of metaphoric and literal sentences. On the basis of the results of three norming studies, we provide 280 pairs of closely matched metaphoric and literal sentences that are characterized along 10 dimensions: length, frequency, concreteness, familiarity, naturalness, imageability, figurativeness, interpretability, valence, and valence judgment reaction time. In addition to allowing for control of these potentially confounding lexical and sentential factors, these stimuli are designed to address questions about the role of novelty, metaphor type, and sensory-motor grounding in determining the neural basis of metaphor comprehension. Supplemental data for this article may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen R Cardillo
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 3 West Gates, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Syntactic reconstruction and reanalysis, semantic dead ends, and prefrontal cortex. Brain Cogn 2010; 73:41-50. [PMID: 20236747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) is crucially has been found to be involved in syntactic processing of various kinds. This study investigates the cortical effects of two types of syntactic processes: (i) Reconstruction in ellipsis (recovery of left-out material given by context, More people have been to Paris than [...] to Oslo), using pseudo-elliptical structures ('dead ends') as control (More people have been to Paris than I have). (ii) Reanalysis in the face of structural ambiguity in syntactic 'garden paths', where the parser initially assigns an incorrect structure and is forced to reanalyze. Reanalysis and reconstruction require additional syntactic processing and were predicted to increase activation in areas otherwise involved in structural computation: LIFG (BA 44,45), premotor BA 6, and posterior temporal BA 21,22. This was borne out. The results showed an interaction effect of the types of construction in all three areas reflecting syntactic processing.
Collapse
|
24
|
Sabb FW, van Erp TG, Hardt ME, Dapretto M, Caplan R, Cannon TD, Bearden CE. Language network dysfunction as a predictor of outcome in youth at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophr Res 2010; 116:173-83. [PMID: 19861234 PMCID: PMC2818263 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Language processing abnormalities are a hallmark feature of schizophrenia. Yet, no study to date has investigated underlying neural networks associated with discourse processing in adolescents at clinical high risk (CHR) for developing psychosis(1). METHODS Forty CHR youth and 24 demographically comparable healthy controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a naturalistic discourse processing paradigm. We assessed differences in blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activity between task conditions (Topic Maintenance vs. Reasoning) and between groups. Furthermore, we examined the association of regional brain activity with symptom severity and social outcome at follow-up, 6 to 24 months after the scan. RESULTS Relative to controls, CHR participants showed increased neural activity in a network of language-associated brain regions, including the medial prefrontal cortex bilaterally, left inferior frontal (LIFG; BA44/45, 47) and middle temporal gyri, and the anterior cingulate (BA24 and 32). Further, increased activity in the superior temporal gyrus (STG), caudate, and LIFG distinguished those who subsequently developed psychosis. Within the CHR sample, severity of positive formal thought disorder at follow-up was positively correlated with signal change in the LIFG, superior frontal gyrus, and inferior/middle temporal gyri, whereas social outcome was inversely correlated with signal change in the LIFG and anterior cingulate. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with a neural inefficiency hypothesis in those at greatest risk for psychosis, and additionally suggest that baseline activation differences may predict symptomatic and functional outcome. These results highlight the need to further investigate the neural systems involved in conversion to psychosis, and how language disruption changes over time in at-risk adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fred W. Sabb
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 956968, Rm 2265, 300 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968
| | - Theo G.M. van Erp
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563
| | - Molly E. Hardt
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563
| | - Mirella Dapretto
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 956968, Rm 2265, 300 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968
| | - Rochelle Caplan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 956968, Rm 2265, 300 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968
| | - Tyrone D. Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 956968, Rm 2265, 300 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 956968, Rm 2265, 300 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Blumstein SE. Auditory word recognition: evidence from aphasia and functional neuroimaging. LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS COMPASS 2009; 3:824-838. [PMID: 19915692 PMCID: PMC2776756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-818x.2009.00136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the neural systems underlying auditory word recognition processes using both lesion and functional neuroimaging studies. Focus is on the influence of the sound properties of language (its phonetic as well as its phonological properties) in the service of identifying a particular word or the conceptual/meaning associated with that word. Results indicate that auditory word recognition recruits a neural system in which information is passed through the network in what appears to be functionally distinct stages - acoustic-phonetic analysis in temporal areas, mapping of sound structure to the lexicon, accessing a lexical candidate and its associated lexical-semantic network in temporo-parietal areas, and lexical selection in frontal areas. Information cascades throughout the network as shown by the influence of 'goodness' of fit and phonological/lexical competition on modulation of activation in both posterior areas including the superior temporal gyrus and supramarginal gyrus and in frontal areas including the inferior frontal gyrus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila E Blumstein
- Albert D. Mead Professor of Cognitive and Linguistic Sciences at Brown University
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sitnikova T, Goff D, Kuperberg GR. Neurocognitive abnormalities during comprehension of real-world goal-directed behaviors in schizophrenia. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009; 118:256-77. [PMID: 19413402 PMCID: PMC2819083 DOI: 10.1037/a0015619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Origins of impaired adaptive functioning in schizophrenia remain poorly understood. Behavioral disorganization may arise from an abnormal reliance on common combinations between concepts stored in semantic memory. Avolition-apathy may be related to deficits in using goal-related requirements to flexibly plan behavior. The authors recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) in 16 patients with medicated schizophrenia and 16 healthy controls in a novel video paradigm presenting congruous or incongruous objects in real-world activities. All incongruous objects were contextually inappropriate, but the incongruous scenes varied in comprehensibility. Psychopathology was assessed with the Scales for the Assessment of Positive and Negative Symptoms (SAPS/SANS) and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. In patients, an N400 ERP, thought to index activity in semantic memory, was abnormally enhanced to less comprehensible incongruous scenes, and larger N400 priming was associated with disorganization severity. A P600 ERP, which may index flexible object-action integration based on goal-related requirements, was abnormally attenuated in patients, and its smaller magnitude was associated with the SANS rating of impersistence at work or school (goal-directed behavior). Thus, distinct neurocognitive abnormalities may underlie disorganization and goal-directed behavior deficits in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Sitnikova
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Measuring event-related potentials (ERPs) has been fundamental to our understanding of how language is encoded in the brain. One particular ERP response, the N400 response, has been especially influential as an index of lexical and semantic processing. However, there remains a lack of consensus on the interpretation of this component. Resolving this issue has important consequences for neural models of language comprehension. Here we show that evidence bearing on where the N400 response is generated provides key insights into what it reflects. A neuroanatomical model of semantic processing is used as a guide to interpret the pattern of activated regions in functional MRI, magnetoencephalography and intracranial recordings that are associated with contextual semantic manipulations that lead to N400 effects.
Collapse
|
28
|
Lee KH, Siegle GJ. Common and distinct brain networks underlying explicit emotional evaluation: a meta-analytic study. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2009; 7:521-34. [PMID: 19270039 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsp001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain mechanisms underlying explicit evaluation of emotion have been explored using different tasks including 'stimulus-focused evaluation', 'evaluation of one's own emotion' and 'evaluation of others' emotions'. Yet the extent to which similar brain mechanisms underlie different evaluation tasks is unclear. A meta-analysis of published neuroimaging studies of explicit emotional evaluation was conducted to examine common and distinct regions underlying these different evaluation tasks. This study revealed regions common to all three tasks: The amygdala and LPFC as common regions may be involved in emotion-cognition interactions, and the DMPFC may possibly play integrative roles in explicit emotional evaluation. Distinct regions were also identified: (i) the sensory cortex and VLPFC were specifically associated with 'stimulus evaluation', possibly involved in perceptual and conceptual processing; (ii) the insula and rACC were specifically associated with 'evaluation of one's own emotion', potentially associated with interoceptive and experiential processing; and (iii) the STS and TPJ were specifically associated with 'evaluation of others' emotions', potentially reflecting their roles in TOM and empathy. These findings suggest that different types of explicit emotional evaluation may involve common and distinct networks and provide new insights on multiple mechanisms underlying explicit emotional evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwa Lee
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tays WJ, Dywan J, Mathewson KJ, Segalowitz SJ. Age Differences in Target Detection and Interference Resolution in Working Memory: An Event-related Potential Study. J Cogn Neurosci 2008; 20:2250-62. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
There is growing consensus that a decline in attentional control is a core aspect of cognitive aging. We used event-related potentials to examine the time course of attentional control in older and younger adults as they attempted to resolve familiarity-based and response-based interference during a working memory task. Accuracy was high for both groups but their neural response to targets and to distracters was markedly different. Young adults' early target selection was evident by 300 msec in a differentiated P3a and they responded to interference by generating a medial frontal negativity (MFN) to distracters by 450 msec that was largest when the need for interference resolution was greatest. Dipole source analyses revealed a temporal coactivation of the inferior frontal and anterior cingulate cortex in younger adults, suggesting that these regions may interact during interference resolution. Older adults did not show the early target-selective P3a effect and failed to subsequently produce the MFN in response to distracting stimuli. In fact, older adults showed a large frontal positivity in place of the MFN but, rather than serve a compensatory role, this frontal activation was associated with poorer behavioral performance. These data suggest that aging interferes with a dynamic interplay of early target selection followed by later suppression of distracter-related neural activity—a process central to the efficient control of attention.
Collapse
|
30
|
Dien J, Franklin MS, Michelson CA, Lemen LC, Adams CL, Kiehl KA. fMRI characterization of the language formulation area. Brain Res 2008; 1229:179-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
31
|
Bedny M, McGill M, Thompson-Schill SL. Semantic adaptation and competition during word comprehension. Cereb Cortex 2008; 18:2574-85. [PMID: 18308708 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Word comprehension engages the left ventrolateral prefrontal (lVLPFC) and posterior lateral-temporal cortices (PLTC). The contributions of these brain regions to comprehension remain controversial. We hypothesized that the PLTC activates meanings, whereas the lVLPFC resolves competition between representations. To test this hypothesis, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess the independent effects of adaptation and competition on neural activity. Participants judged the relatedness of word pairs. Some consecutive pairs contained a common ambiguous word. The same or different meanings of this word were primed (e.g., SUMMER-FAN, CEILING-FAN; ADMIRER-FAN, CEILING-FAN). Based on the logic of fMRI adaptation, trials with more semantic overlap should produce more adaptation (less activation) in regions that activate meaning. In contrast, trials with more semantic ambiguity should produce more activation in regions that resolve competition. We observed a double dissociation between activity in the PLTC and lVLPFC. LPLTC activity depended on the amount of semantic overlap, irrespective of the amount of semantic ambiguity. In contrast, lVLPFC activity depended on the amount of semantic ambiguity. Moreover, across participants the size of the competition effect as measured by errors was correlated with the size of the competition effect in the lVLPFC. We conclude that the lVLPFC is an executive mechanism within language processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bedny
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Devlin JT, Price CJ. Perirhinal contributions to human visual perception. Curr Biol 2008; 17:1484-8. [PMID: 17764947 PMCID: PMC1971135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures including the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and perirhinal cortex are thought to be part of a unitary system dedicated to memory [1, 2], although recent studies suggest that at least one component—perirhinal cortex—might also contribute to perceptual processing [3–6]. To date, the strongest evidence for this comes from animal lesion studies [7–14]. In contrast, the findings from human patients with naturally occurring MTL lesions are less clear and suggest a possible functional difference between species [15–20]. Here, both these issues were addressed with functional neuroimaging in healthy volunteers performing a perceptual discrimination task originally developed for monkeys [7]. This revealed perirhinal activation when the task required the integration of visual features into a view-invariant representation but not when it could be accomplished on the basis of simple features (e.g., color and shape). This activation pattern matched lateral inferotemporal regions classically associated with visual processing but differed from entorhinal cortex associated with memory encoding. The results demonstrate a specific role for the perirhinal cortex in visual perception and establish a functional homology for perirhinal cortex between species, although we propose that in humans, the region contributes to a wider behavioral repertoire including mnemonic, perceptual, and linguistic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Devlin
- Department of Psychology, University College London, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Salo R, Leamon MH, Natsuaki Y, Moore C, Waters C, Nordahl TE. Findings of preserved implicit attention in methamphetamine dependent subjects. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:217-23. [PMID: 17870223 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Long-term methamphetamine (MA) abuse is associated with a wide range of deficits on explicit tasks of selective attention. Less is known however about the effects of MA abuse on implicit measures of attention. Accordingly, we used a computerized spatial priming task to assess implicit attentional processes in 54 MA dependent subjects (mean age=37.04+/-8.9 years) and 32 healthy controls without history of any form of substance abuse (mean age=33.63+/-7.05 years). The MA dependent subjects had been drug-abstinent a minimum of 3 weeks with a mean duration of MA use of 13.27+/-7.75 years. The MA dependent subjects did not differ significantly from controls on either inhibitory priming [p=.37] or facilitory priming) [p=.69]. This result comports with our earlier findings of intact object-based priming in MA dependent individuals and suggests that intact priming effects extend across spatial domains. Further, this pattern of sparing suggests that cortical brain systems typically supporting implicit attentional functioning are relatively intact in long-term MA dependent individuals whereas brain systems supporting explicit attentional processes are affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Salo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Activation of the posterior cingulate by semantic priming: a co-registered ERP/fMRI study. Brain Res 2007; 1189:97-114. [PMID: 18061152 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the N400 is the best understood semantically sensitive component of the event-related potential (ERP), others have been observed as well. In an earlier lexical decision study, an N300 ERP was found to be enhanced to unprimed targets, although the effect could also be characterized as a prolonged P2 to primed targets as described in other reports. Because its scalp topography suggested its neural source might be of interest, a source localization was conducted that suggested that this component emanated from the dorsal posterior cingulate cortex (dPCC). In order to confirm this word N300 localization, a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was conducted to replicate the ERP study with a separate sample of 17 participants in an event-related design, using a 3-T scanner. A significant activation in the right dPCC was found corresponding to the N300 localization. The activation was greater on the related prime trials, supporting the characterization of the ERP component as being a P2 rather than an N300. A review is provided which suggests that a number of separate lines of ERP research regarding the word N300, the picture N300, the word P2, the phonological mismatch negativity, and the word midline frontal negativity may be most parsimoniously regarded as dealing with the same ERP component and that they all therefore emanate from the dPCC. It is suggested that this region plays a role in stimulus-response mapping in polymodal fashion. It is also suggested that the ERP component be termed a P2-dPCC.
Collapse
|
35
|
Ihara A, Hayakawa T, Wei Q, Munetsuna S, Fujimaki N. Lexical access and selection of contextually appropriate meaning for ambiguous words. Neuroimage 2007; 38:576-88. [PMID: 17888689 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the neural mechanisms of lexical access and selection of contextually appropriate meanings for ambiguous words, we investigated the spatio-temporal characteristics of neural activities during silent reading and semantic judgment of lexically ambiguous or unambiguous target words that were preceded by semantically related or unrelated words by using magnetoencephalography. The left posterior superior temporal/inferior parietal area and the left anterior middle/inferior temporal area consistently showed a clear context effect, regardless of the ambiguity: the activities for related words were weaker than those for unrelated words. The activities in the left inferior frontal cortex, in contrast, were influenced by ambiguities. From approximately 200 to 300 ms, the activities in the left anterior inferior frontal cortex (aIFC) were stronger for ambiguous words than for unambiguous words, regardless of context. The stronger activities in the left aIFC, reflecting an increase in controlled semantic retrieval, indicate that multiple meanings for lexically ambiguous words are accessed irrespective of context. At approximately 400 ms, the left posterior inferior frontal cortex (pIFC) showed a clear context effect for unambiguous words but not for ambiguous ones. In addition, the activation in the left pIFC was stronger for related ambiguous words than for related unambiguous ones. These results suggest that in ambiguous words, not only contextually appropriate meanings but also two or more inappropriate meanings would be semantically integrated with a context. We conclude that the left IFC plays an important role in selecting an appropriate meaning from multiple alternatives after the integration of contextual information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ihara
- Biological ICT Group, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2 Iwaoka, Iwaoka-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2492, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Copland DA, de Zubicaray GI, McMahon K, Eastburn M. Neural correlates of semantic priming for ambiguous words: An event-related fMRI study. Brain Res 2007; 1131:163-72. [PMID: 17173868 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the neural correlates of semantic priming by using event-related fMRI to record blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses while participants performed speeded lexical decisions (word/nonword) on visually presented related versus unrelated prime-target pairs. A long stimulus onset asynchrony of 1000 ms was employed, which allowed for increased controlled processing and selective frequency-based ambiguity priming. Conditions included an ambiguous word prime (e.g. bank) and a target related to its dominant (e.g. money) or subordinate meaning (e.g. river). Compared to an unrelated condition, primed dominant targets were associated with increased activity in the LIFG, the right anterior cingulate and superior temporal gyrus, suggesting postlexical semantic integrative mechanisms, while increased right supramarginal activity for the unrelated condition was consistent with expectancy based priming. Subordinate targets were not primed and were associated with reduced activity primarily in occipitotemporal regions associated with word recognition, which may be consistent with frequency-based meaning suppression. These findings provide new insights into the neural substrates of semantic priming and the functional-anatomic correlates of lexical ambiguity suppression mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Copland
- Centre for Research in Language Processing and Linguistics, Division of Speech Pathology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Samson D, Connolly C, Humphreys GW. When “happy” means “sad”: Neuropsychological evidence for the right prefrontal cortex contribution to executive semantic processing. Neuropsychologia 2007; 45:896-904. [PMID: 17007894 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of the left inferior prefrontal cortex in semantic processing has been widely investigated in the last decade. Converging evidence from functional imaging studies shows that this region is involved in the "executive" or "controlled" aspects of semantic processing. In this study, we report a single case study of a patient, PW, with damage to the right prefrontal and temporal cortices following stroke. PW showed a problem in executive control of semantic processing, where he could not easily override automatic but irrelevant semantic processing. This case, thus, shows the necessary role of the right inferior prefrontal cortex in executive semantic processing. Compared to tasks previously used in the literature, our tasks placed higher demands on executive semantic processing. We suggest that the right inferior prefrontal cortex is recruited when the demands on executive semantic processing are particularly high.
Collapse
|
38
|
Cristescu TC, Devlin JT, Nobre AC. Orienting attention to semantic categories. Neuroimage 2006; 33:1178-87. [PMID: 17011212 PMCID: PMC2651199 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the ability to orient attention to a complex, non-perceptual attribute of stimuli-semantic category. Behavioral consequences and neural correlates of semantic orienting were revealed and compared with those of spatial orienting, using event-related functional magnetic-resonance imaging. Semantic orienting significantly shortened response times to identify word stimuli, showing that it is possible to focus attention on non-perceptual attributes of stimuli to enhance behavioral performance. Semantic-orienting cues engaged parietal and frontal areas that were also involved in spatial orienting, but in addition engaged brain areas associated with semantic analysis of words, such as the left anterior inferior frontal cortex. These findings show that attentional orienting selectively engages brain areas with functional specialization for the predicted attributes. They also support the existence of a core frontoparietal network, which controls attentional orienting in speeded response tasks independently of the type of expectations, interacting with task-relevant functionally specialized areas to optimize perception and action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara C. Cristescu
- University of Oxford, Department of Experimental Psychology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK
| | - Joseph T. Devlin
- Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Anna C. Nobre
- University of Oxford, Department of Experimental Psychology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK
- Corresponding author. Fax: +44 1865 310447.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Beckmann CF, Jenkinson M, Woolrich MW, Behrens TEJ, Flitney DE, Devlin JT, Smith SM. Applying FSL to the FIAC data: model-based and model-free analysis of voice and sentence repetition priming. Hum Brain Mapp 2006; 27:380-91. [PMID: 16565953 PMCID: PMC2653076 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents results obtained from applying various tools from FSL (FMRIB Software Library) to data from the repetition priming experiment used for the HBM'05 Functional Image Analysis Contest. We present analyses from the model-based General Linear Model (GLM) tool (FEAT) and from the model-free independent component analysis tool (MELODIC). We also discuss the application of tools for the correction of image distortions prior to the statistical analysis and the utility of recent advances in functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) time series modeling and inference such as the use of optimal constrained HRF basis function modeling and mixture modeling inference. The combination of hemodynamic response function (HRF) and mixture modeling, in particular, revealed that both sentence content and speaker voice priming effects occurred bilaterally along the length of the superior temporal sulcus (STS). These results suggest that both are processed in a single underlying system without any significant asymmetries for content vs. voice processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian F Beckmann
- Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tillmann B, Koelsch S, Escoffier N, Bigand E, Lalitte P, Friederici AD, von Cramon DY. Cognitive priming in sung and instrumental music: Activation of inferior frontal cortex. Neuroimage 2006; 31:1771-82. [PMID: 16624581 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural correlates of the processing of musical syntax-like structures have been investigated via expectancy violation due to musically unrelated (i.e., unexpected) events in musical contexts. Previous studies reported the implication of inferior frontal cortex in musical structure processing. However - due to the strong musical manipulations - activations might be explained by sensory deviance detection or repetition priming. Our present study investigated neural correlates of musical structure processing with subtle musical violations in a musical priming paradigm. Instrumental and sung sequences ended on related and less-related musical targets. The material controlled sensory priming components, and differences in target processing required listeners' knowledge on musical structures. Participants were scanned with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) while performing speeded phoneme and timbre identification judgments on the targets. Behavioral results acquired in the scanner replicated the facilitation effect of related over less-related targets. The blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal linked to target processing revealed activation of right inferior frontal areas (i.e., inferior frontal gyrus, frontal operculum, anterior insula) that was stronger for less-related than for related targets, and this was independent of the material carrying the musical structures. This outcome points to the implication of inferior frontal cortex in the processing of syntactic relations also for musical material and to its role in the processing and integration of sequential information over time. In addition to inferior frontal activation, increased activation was observed in orbital gyrus, temporal areas (anterior superior temporal gyrus, posterior superior temporal gyrus and sulcus, posterior middle temporal gyrus) and supramarginal gyrus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Tillmann
- CNRS UMR 5020, Neurosciences et Systèmes Sensoriels, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon I, IFR 19, 50 Av. Tony Garnier, F-69366 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Windmann S, Kirsch P, Mier D, Stark R, Walter B, Güntürkün O, Vaitl D. On Framing Effects in Decision Making: Linking Lateral versus Medial Orbitofrontal Cortex Activation to Choice Outcome Processing. J Cogn Neurosci 2006; 18:1198-211. [PMID: 16839292 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2006.18.7.1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Two correlates of outcome processing in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) have been proposed in the literature: One hypothesis suggests that the lateral/medial division relates to representation of outcome valence (negative vs. positive), and the other suggests that the medial OFC maintains steady stimulus-outcome associations, whereas the lateral OFC represents changing (unsteady) outcomes to prepare for response shifts. These two hypotheses were contrasted by comparing the original with the inverted version of the Iowa Gambling Task in an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment. Results showed (1) that (caudo) lateral OFC was indeed sensitive to the steadiness of the outcomes and not merely to outcome valence and (2) that the original and the inverted tasks, although both designed to measure sensitivity for future outcomes, were not equivalent as they enacted different behaviors and brain activation patterns. Results are interpreted in terms of Kahneman and Tversky's prospect theory suggesting that cognitions and decisions are biased differentially when probabilistic future rewards are weighed against consistent punishments relative to the opposite scenario [Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist, 39, 341–350, 1984]. Specialized processing of unsteady rewards (involving caudolateral OFC) may have developed during evolution in support of goal-related thinking, prospective planning, and problem solving.
Collapse
|
42
|
Van Petten C, Luka BJ. Neural localization of semantic context effects in electromagnetic and hemodynamic studies. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2006; 97:279-93. [PMID: 16343606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Measures of electrical brain activity (event-related potentials, ERPs) have been useful in understanding language processing for several decades. Extant data suggest that the amplitude of the N400 component of the ERP is a general index of the ease or difficulty of retrieving stored conceptual knowledge associated with a word, which is dependent on both the stored representation itself, and the retrieval cues provided by the preceding context. Recordings from patients with brain damage, intracranial recordings, and magnetoencephalographic data implicate a (probably large portion of) the left temporal lobe as the largest source of the N400 semantic context effect, with a substantial but lesser contribution from the right temporal lobe. Event-related functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) studies using semantic context manipulations are dominated by observations of greater hemodynamic activity for incongruent sentence completions or semantically unrelated words than congruent or related words, consistent with the direction of the ERP effect. The locations of the hemodynamic effects show some variability across studies, but one commonly identified region is the left superior temporal gyrus, which is compatible with the electrophysiological results. A second commonly identified region in the fMRI studies is the left inferior frontal gyrus, which does not appear to make a substantial contribution to the N400 effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyma Van Petten
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Thompson-Schill SL, Bedny M, Goldberg RF. The frontal lobes and the regulation of mental activity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2005; 15:219-24. [PMID: 15831406 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Results of neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies of frontal lobe function have been interpreted by some as evidence for specialized modules that are localized to distinct regions of frontal cortex, and that differ in both content and process from those in neighboring regions. These descriptions stand in stark contrast to the many domain-general theoretical accounts of the regulatory role of the frontal lobes in cognition. Recent attempts to understand how general regulatory mechanisms might operate across multiple domains (e.g. working memory, sentence comprehension) have been increasingly important in our understanding of the frontal lobes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Thompson-Schill
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6241, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|