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Aerts A, Vovchenko M, Elahi SA, Viñuelas RC, De Maeseneer T, Purino M, Hoogenboom R, Van Oosterwyck H, Jonkers I, Cardinaels R, Smet M. A Spontaneous In Situ Thiol-Ene Crosslinking Hydrogel with Thermo-Responsive Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1264. [PMID: 38732733 PMCID: PMC11085619 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The thermo-responsive behavior of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) makes it an ideal candidate to easily embed cells and allows the polymer mixture to be injected. However, P(NiPAAm) hydrogels possess minor mechanical properties. To increase the mechanical properties, a covalent bond is introduced into the P(NIPAAm) network through a biocompatible thiol-ene click-reaction by mixing two polymer solutions. Co-polymers with variable thiol or acrylate groups to thermo-responsive co-monomer ratios, ranging from 1% to 10%, were synthesized. Precise control of the crosslink density allowed customization of the hydrogel's mechanical properties to match different tissue stiffness levels. Increasing the temperature of the hydrogel above its transition temperature of 31 °C induced the formation of additional physical interactions. These additional interactions both further increased the stiffness of the material and impacted its relaxation behavior. The developed optimized hydrogels reach stiffnesses more than ten times higher compared to the state of the art using similar polymers. Furthermore, when adding cells to the precursor polymer solutions, homogeneous thermo-responsive hydrogels with good cell viability were created upon mixing. In future work, the influence of the mechanical micro-environment on the cell's behavior can be studied in vitro in a continuous manner by changing the incubation temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Aerts
- Laboratory of Organic Material Synthesis, Polymer Chemistry and Materials, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f, P.O. Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Maxim Vovchenko
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C, P.O. Box 2419, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, P.O. Box 2416, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seyed Ali Elahi
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C, P.O. Box 2419, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven Tervuursevest 101, P.O. Box 1501, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rocío Castro Viñuelas
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven Tervuursevest 101, P.O. Box 1501, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tess De Maeseneer
- Rheology and Technology, Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, P.O. Box 2424, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martin Purino
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, UGent, Krijgslaan 281, Building S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, UGent, Krijgslaan 281, Building S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Oosterwyck
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C, P.O. Box 2419, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Jonkers
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven Tervuursevest 101, P.O. Box 1501, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruth Cardinaels
- Rheology and Technology, Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, P.O. Box 2424, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mario Smet
- Laboratory of Organic Material Synthesis, Polymer Chemistry and Materials, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f, P.O. Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
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Shah RA, Runge T, Ostertag TW, Tang S, Dziubla TD, Hilt JZ. Development of temperature-responsive polymeric gels with physical crosslinking due to intermolecular 𝜋-𝜋 interactions. POLYM INT 2022; 71:292-300. [PMID: 35695835 PMCID: PMC9173683 DOI: 10.1002/pi.6328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) PNIPAAm was polymerized with co-monomers containing a biphenyl moiety to create a unique thermoresponsive physically crosslinked system due to the presence of pi-pi interactions between the biphenyl moieties. The biphenyl monomers used were 2-phenylphenol monoacrylate (2PPMA) and 4-phenylphenol monoacrylate (4PPMA). These monomers were utilized to synthesize a set of polymers with biphenyl monomer (2PPMA/4PPMA) content from 2.5 to 7.5 mole percent and with initiator concentrations from 0.1 and 1.0 weight percent. The resulting polymers were characterized by various techniques, such as gel permeation chromatography (GPC), swelling studies and mechanical testing. The decrease in the average molecular weight of the polymers due to the increase in the concentration of initiator was confirmed by GPC results. Swelling studies confirmed the expected temperature dependent swelling properties and explored the impact of the biphenyl comonomers. These studies indicated that with the increase in biphenyl comonomers, the physical crosslinking increases which leads to decrease in the swelling ratio. The results from the mechanical tests also depict the effect of the concentration of biphenyl comonomers. These physically crosslinked polymeric systems with their unique properties have potential applications spanning environmental remediation/sensing, biomedicine, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh A. Shah
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Tyler Runge
- Department of Physics and Engineering, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450, USA
| | - Thomas W. Ostertag
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Shuo Tang
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Thomas D. Dziubla
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - J. Zach Hilt
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA,Author to whom correspondence should be addressed,
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Kalkan B, Orakdogen N. Negatively charged poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-methacrylic acid)/polyacrylamide semi-IPN hydrogels: Correlation between swelling and compressive elasticity. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhong Q, Hu N, Mi L, Wang JP, Metwalli E, Bießmann L, Herold C, Yang J, Wu GP, Xu ZK, Cubitt R, Müller-Buschbaum P. Impact of Thermal History on the Kinetic Response of Thermoresponsive Poly(diethylene glycol monomethyl ether methacrylate)- block-poly(poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate) Thin Films Investigated by In Situ Neutron Reflectivity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:6228-6237. [PMID: 32388986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The impact of thermal history on the kinetic response of thin thermoresponsive diblock copolymer poly(diethylene glycol monomethyl ether methacrylate)-block-poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate), abbreviated as PMEO2MA-b-POEGMA300, films is investigated by in situ neutron reflectivity. The PMEO2MA and POEGMA300 blocks are both thermoresponsive polymers with a lower critical solution temperature. Their transition temperatures (TTs) are around 25 °C (TT1, PMEO2MA) and 60 °C (TT2, POEGMA300). Thus, by applying different temperature protocols (20 to 60 or 20 to 40 to 60 °C), the PMEO2MA-b-POEGMA300 thin films experience different thermal histories: the first protocol directly switches from a swollen to a collapsed state, whereas the second one switches first from a swollen to a semicollapsed and finally to a collapsed state. Although the applied thermal histories differ, the response and final state of the collapsed films are very close to each other. After the thermal stimulus, both films present a complicated response composed of an initial shrinkage, followed by a rearrangement. Interestingly, a subsequent reswelling of the collapsed film is only observed in the case of having applied a thermal stimulus of 20 to 40 °C. The normalized film thickness and the D2O amount of each layer in the PMEO2MA-b-POEGMA300 films are consistent at the end of the two different thermal stimuli. Hence, it can be concluded that the thermal history does not influence the final state of the PMEO2MA-b-POEGMA300 films upon heating. Based on this property, these thin films are especially suitable for the temperature switches on the nanoscale, which may experience different thermal histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Neng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Mi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Ping Wang
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Long Teng Road, 201620 Shanghai, China
| | - Ezzeldin Metwalli
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lorenz Bießmann
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Herold
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jing Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guang-Peng Wu
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhi-Kang Xu
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Robert Cubitt
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Sievers J, Zschoche S, Dockhorn R, Friedrichs J, Werner C, Freudenberg U. Temperature-Induced Mechanomodulation of Interpenetrating Networks of Star Poly(ethylene glycol)-Heparin and Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:41862-41874. [PMID: 31589405 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive interpenetrating networks (IPNs) were prepared by sequential synthesis of a biohybrid network of star-shaped poly(ethylene glycol) [starPEG] and heparin and a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-polymer network. Amide bond formation was used for cross-linking of the starPEG-heparin network and photo-cross-linking with N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide) was applied for the formation of the second polymer network. Both networks were linked by chain entanglements and hydrogen bonds only. The obtained sequential IPNs (seq-IPNs) showed temperature-dependent network properties as reflected by swelling and elasticity data as well as by the release of glycosaminoglycan-binding growth factors. The elastic modulus of the seq-IPNs was found to be amplified up to 50-fold upon temperature change from 22 to 37 °C compared to the intrinsic elastic moduli of the two combined networks. The heparin concentration (as well as the complexation of growth factors with the hydrogel-contained heparin) was demonstrated to be variably independent from the mechanical properties (elastic moduli) of the hydrogels. Illustrating the usability of the developed seq-IPN platform for cell fate control, the thermo-modulation of the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is shown as well as the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells exposed to stiff and BMP-2 releasing seq-IPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Sievers
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Strasse 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Stefan Zschoche
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Strasse 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Ron Dockhorn
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Strasse 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Jens Friedrichs
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Strasse 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Strasse 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
- Excellence Centers for Regenerative Therapies Dresden and Physics of Life , Technische Universität Dresden , Fetscherstrasse 105 , 01307 Dresden , Germany
| | - Uwe Freudenberg
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Strasse 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
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Pérez-Luna VH, González-Reynoso O. Encapsulation of Biological Agents in Hydrogels for Therapeutic Applications. Gels 2018; 4:E61. [PMID: 30674837 PMCID: PMC6209244 DOI: 10.3390/gels4030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are materials specially suited for encapsulation of biological elements. Their large water content provides an environment compatible with most biological molecules. Their crosslinked nature also provides an ideal material for the protection of encapsulated biological elements against degradation and/or immune recognition. This makes them attractive not only for controlled drug delivery of proteins, but they can also be used to encapsulate cells that can have therapeutic applications. Thus, hydrogels can be used to create systems that will deliver required therapies in a controlled manner by either encapsulation of proteins or even cells that produce molecules that will be released from these systems. Here, an overview of hydrogel encapsulation strategies of biological elements ranging from molecules to cells is discussed, with special emphasis on therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor H Pérez-Luna
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 West 33rd Street, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
| | - Orfil González-Reynoso
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán # 1451, Guadalajara, Jalisco C.P. 44430, Mexico.
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7
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Rwei SP, Chiang WY, Way TF, Tuan HNA, Chang YC. Study of theThermo-/pH-Sensitivity of Stereo-Controlled Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide-co-IAM) Copolymers via RAFT Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10050512. [PMID: 30966546 PMCID: PMC6415441 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a smart copolymer, Poly(nipam-co-IAM) was synthesized by copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (nipam) and itaconamic acid (IAM) through reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Poly(nipam-co-IAM) has been studied previously synthesized via radical polymerization without stereo-control, and this work used cumyl dithiobenzoate and Ytterbium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate as RAFT and stereo-control agents, respectively. The stereo-control result in this work shows that tacticity affects the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and/or the profile of phase separation of Poly(nipam-co-IAM). In the pH 7 and pH 10 buffer solutions, the P(nipam-co-IAM) copolymer solutions showed soluble–insoluble–soluble transitions, i.e., both LCST and upper critical solution temperature (UCST) transitions, which had not been found previously, and the insoluble to soluble transition (redissolved behavior) occurred at a relatively low temperature. The insoluble to soluble transition of P(nipam-co-IAM) in alkaline solution occurred at a temperature of less than 45 °C. However, the redissolved behavior of P(nipam-co-IAM) was found only in the pH 7 and pH 10 buffer solutions and this redissolved behavior was more prominent for the atactic copolymers than in the isotactic-rich ones. In addition, the LCST results under our experimental range of meso content did not show a significant difference between the isotactic-rich and the atactic P(nipam-co-IAM). Further study on the soluble-insoluble-soluble (S-I-S) transition and the application thereof for P(nipam-co-IAM) copolymers will be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syang-Peng Rwei
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials and Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Whe-Yi Chiang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials and Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Tun-Fun Way
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials and Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Huynh Nguyen Anh Tuan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials and Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Chin Chang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials and Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Venault A, Hsu KJ, Yeh LC, Chinnathambi A, Ho HT, Chang Y. Surface charge-bias impact of amine-contained pseudozwitterionic biointerfaces on the human blood compatibility. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 151:372-383. [PMID: 28063289 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This work discusses the impact of the charge bias and the hydrophilicity on the human blood compatibility of pseudozwitterionic biomaterial gels. Four series of hydrogels were prepared, all containing negatively-charged 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate (SA), and either acrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) or [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium (TMA), to form SnAm, SnNm, SnDm or SnTm hydrogels, respectively. An XPS analysis proved that the polymerization was well controlled from the initial monomer ratios. All gels present high surface hydrophilicity, but varying bulk hydration, depending on the nature/content of the comonomer, and on the immersion medium. The most negative interfaces (pure SA, S7A3, S5A5) showed significant fibrinogen adsorption, ascribed to the interactions of the αC domains of the protein with the gels, then correlated to considerable platelet adhesion; but low leukocyte/erythrocyte attachments were measured. Positive gels (excess of DMAEMA or TMA) are not hemocompatible. They mediate protein adsorption and the adhesion of human blood cells, through electrostatic attractive interactions. The neutral interfaces (zeta potential between -10mV and +10mV) are blood-inert only if they present a high surface and bulk hydrophilicity. Overall, this study presents a map of the hemocompatible behavior of hydrogels as a function of their surface charge-bias, essential to the design of blood-contacting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Venault
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan.
| | - Ko-Jen Hsu
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Chen Yeh
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Arunachalam Chinnathambi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hsin-Tsung Ho
- Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Yung Chang
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan.
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Carvalho E, Verma P, Hourigan K, Banerjee R. Myocardial infarction: stem cell transplantation for cardiac regeneration. Regen Med 2015; 10:1025-43. [PMID: 26563414 DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that by 2030, almost 23.6 million people will perish from cardiovascular disease, according to the WHO. The review discusses advances in stem cell therapy for myocardial infarction, including cell sources, methods of differentiation, expansion selection and their route of delivery. Skeletal muscle cells, hematopoietic cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs)-derived cardiomyocytes have advanced to the clinical stage, while induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) are yet to be considered clinically. Delivery of cells to the sites of injury and their subsequent retention is a major issue. The development of supportive scaffold matrices to facilitate stem cell retention and differentiation are analyzed. The review outlines clinical translation of conjugate stem cell-based cellular therapeutics post-myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Carvalho
- IITB Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Paul Verma
- Turretfield Research Centre, South Australian Research & Development Institute (SARDI), SA, Australia.,Stem Cells & Reprogramming Group, Monash University, Australia
| | - Kerry Hourigan
- FLAIR/Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering & Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Australia
| | - Rinti Banerjee
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India
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Rwei SP, Way TF, Chang SM, Chiang WY, Lien YY. Thermo- and pH- responsive copolymers: Poly(n-Isopropylacrylamide-co-IAM) copolymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Syang-Peng Rwei
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology; Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Tun-Fun Way
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute; Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Shu-Mei Chang
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology; Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Whe-Yi Chiang
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology; Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Yi-Yin Lien
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology; Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China
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11
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Jha AK, Jackson WM, Healy KE. Controlling osteogenic stem cell differentiation via soft bioinspired hydrogels. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98640. [PMID: 24937602 PMCID: PMC4060996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) is guided by various physical and biochemical factors. Among these factors, modulus (i.e., rigidiy) of the ECM has gained significant attention as a physical osteoinductive signal that can contribute to endochondral ossification of a cartilaginous skeletal template. However, MSCs also participate in intramembranous bone formation, which occurs de novo from within or on a more compliant tissue environment. To further understand the role of the matrix interactions in this process, we evaluated osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs cultured on low moduli (102, 390 or 970 Pa) poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (p(NIPAAm)) based semi-interpenetrating networks (sIPN) modified with the integrin engaging peptide bsp-RGD(15) (0, 105 or 210 µM). Cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs, as measured by alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), bone sialoprotein-2 (iBSP), and osteocalcien (OCN) protein expression, was highest on substrates with the highest modulus and peptide concentrations. However, within this range of substrate stiffness, many osteogenic cellular functions were enhanced by increasing either the modulus or the peptide density. These findings suggest that within a compliant and low modulus substrate, a high affinity adhesive ligand serves as a substitute for a rigid matrix to foster osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K. Jha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Wesley M. Jackson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin E. Healy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Characterization of thermo and pH responsive NIPAM based microgels and their membrane blocking potential. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Ravichandran R, Venugopal JR, Sundarrajan S, Mukherjee S, Ramakrishna S. Minimally invasive cell-seeded biomaterial systems for injectable/epicardial implantation in ischemic heart disease. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5969-94. [PMID: 23271906 PMCID: PMC3526148 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s37575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is characterized by heart-wall thinning, myocyte slippage, and ventricular dilation. The injury to the heart-wall muscle after MI is permanent, as after an abundant cell loss the myocardial tissue lacks the intrinsic capability to regenerate. New therapeutics are required for functional improvement and regeneration of the infarcted myocardium, to overcome harmful diagnosis of patients with heart failure, and to overcome the shortage of heart donors. In the past few years, myocardial tissue engineering has emerged as a new and ambitious approach for treating MI. Several left ventricular assist devices and epicardial patches have been developed for MI. These devices and acellular/cellular cardiac patches are employed surgically and sutured to the epicardial surface of the heart, limiting the region of therapeutic benefit. An injectable system offers the potential benefit of minimally invasive release into the myocardium either to restore the injured extracellular matrix or to act as a scaffold for cell delivery. Furthermore, intramyocardial injection of biomaterials and cells has opened new opportunities to explore and also to augment the potentials of this technique to ease morbidity and mortality rates owing to heart failure. This review summarizes the growing body of literature in the field of myocardial tissue engineering, where biomaterial injection, with or without simultaneous cellular delivery, has been pursued to enhance functional and structural outcomes following MI. Additionally, this review also provides a complete outlook on the tissue-engineering therapies presently being used for myocardial regeneration, as well as some perceptivity into the possible issues that may hinder its progress in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari Ravichandran
- Healthcare and Energy Materials Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Subramanian Sundarrajan
- Healthcare and Energy Materials Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shayanti Mukherjee
- Healthcare and Energy Materials Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Healthcare and Energy Materials Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Su J, Wall ST, Healy KE, Wildsoet CF. Scleral reinforcement through host tissue integration with biomimetic enzymatically degradable semi-interpenetrating polymer network. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:905-16. [PMID: 19814587 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatically degradable semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (edsIPNs) were explored for their biocompatibility and ability to promote new scleral tissue growth, as a means of reinforcing the posterior wall of the eye. The edsIPNs comprised thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid), customizable peptide crosslinkers cleavable by matrix metalloproteinases, and interpenetrating linear poly(acrylic acid)-graft-peptide chains to engage with cell surface receptors. Rheological studies revealed an increase in stiffness at body temperature; the complex shear modulus |G*| was 14.13 +/- 6.13 Pa at 22 degrees C and 63.18 +/- 12.24 Pa at 37 degrees C, compatible with injection at room temperature. Primary chick scleral fibroblasts and chondrocytes cultured on edsIPN increased by 15.1- and 11.1-fold, respectively, over 11 days; both exhibited delayed onset of exponential growth compared with the cells plated on tissue culture polystyrene. The edsIPN was delivered by retrobulbar injection (100 microL) to nine 2-week-old chicks to assess biocompatibility in vivo. Ocular axial dimensions were assessed using A-scan ultrasonography over 28 days, after which eyes were processed for histological analysis. Although edsIPN injections did not affect the rate of ocular elongation, the outer fibrous sclera showed significant thickening. The demonstration that injectable biomimetic edsIPNs stimulate scleral fibrous tissue growth represents proof-of-principle for a novel approach for scleral reinforcement and a potential therapy for high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Su
- Vision Science Group, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2020, USA
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15
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Žugić D, Spasojević P, Petrović Z, Djonlagić J. Semi-interpenetrating networks based on poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone). J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Wall ST, Saha K, Ashton RS, Kam KR, Schaffer DV, Healy KE. Multivalency of Sonic hedgehog conjugated to linear polymer chains modulates protein potency. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:806-12. [PMID: 18380472 DOI: 10.1021/bc700265k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A potently active multivalent form of the protein Sonic hedgehog (Shh) was produced by bioconjugation of a modified recombinant form of Shh to the linear polymers poly(acrylic acid) (pAAc) and hyaluronic acid (HyA) via a two-step reaction exploiting carboimiide and maleimide chemistry. Efficiency of the conjugation was approximately 75% even at stoichiometric ratios of 30 Shh molecules per linear HyA chain (i.e., 30:1 Shh/HyA). Bioactivity of the conjugates was tested via a cellular assay across a range of stoichiometric ratios of Shh molecules to HyA linear chains, which was varied from 0.6:1 Shh/HyA to 22:1 Shh/HyA. Results indicate that low conjugation ratios decrease Shh bioactivity and high ratios increase this activity beyond the potency of monomeric Shh, with approximately equal activity between monomeric soluble Shh and conjugated Shh at 7:1 Shh/HyA. In addition, high-ratio constructs increased angiogenesis determined by the in vivo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. These results are captured by a kinetic model of multiple interactions between the Shh/HyA conjugates and cell surface receptors resulting in higher cell signaling at lower bulk Shh concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Wall
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1760, USA
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17
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New Interpenetrating Polymer Networks of N-isopropylacrylamide/ N-acryloxysuccinimide: Synthesis and Characterization. Polym Bull (Berl) 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-007-0870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Chung EH, Gilbert M, Virdi AS, Sena K, Sumner DR, Healy KE. Biomimetic artificial ECMs stimulate bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 79:815-26. [PMID: 16886222 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a biomimetic polymer network is capable of affecting bone regeneration in vivo. Starting with a foundation consisting of an environmentally responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) hydrogel, we incorporated matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) degradable crosslinkers and peptides containing integrin-binding domains (i.e., Arg-Gly-Asp) to create a biomimetic matrix designed to encourage osteoblast migration and proliferation. We independently tuned matrix stiffness and peptide concentration to generate a response surface model of osteoblast proliferation on different types of matrices. Osteoblast proliferation was significantly influenced by matrix stiffness (i.e., its complex modulus) and peptide concentration. When implanted in a rat femoral ablation model, these matrices induced bone regeneration only when protease degradable crosslinks were used to create the network. For the matrices with MMP-13 degradable crosslinkers, the bone formed had a trabecular-like structure and was distributed throughout the marrow space. Based on the correlated effects of matrix stiffness and ligand concentration, the response surface model will facilitate improvements in the regenerative capacity of these artificial extracellular matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene H Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Semi-interpenetrating networks based on POLY(N-isopropyl acrilamide) and POLY(N-vinylpyrrolidone). HEMIJSKA INDUSTRIJA 2007. [DOI: 10.2298/hemind0706350z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Three series of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks based on cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), PNIPA, and 1, 2 and 3 wt% of linear poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), PVP, were synthesized in order to improve the mechanical properties of PNIPA gels. The effect of the incorporation of the linear PVP polymer into the temperature responsive networks on the phase transition temperature, swelling behavior and mechanical properties was studied. Polymer networks with four different crosslinking densities were prepared with various molar ratios (25/1 to 100/1) of the monomer (N-isopropylacrylamide) to the cross linker (N,N'-methylene-bisacrylamide). The hydrogels were characterized by determination of the equilibrium degree of swelling at 25 ?C, the dynamic shear modulus and the effective crosslinking density, as well as the ultimate hydrogel properties, such as the tensile strength and elongation at break. Furthermore, the deswelling kinetics of the hydrogels was also studied by measuring their water retention capacity. The inclusion of the linear hydrophilic PVP in the PNIPA networks increased the equilibrium degree of swelling, the highest values of which were obtained for samples with 2 and 3 wt% of PVP and the NIPA/MBA molar ratio of 75/1 and 100/1. The highest reinforcement effect, evaluated from the ratio of G'red(semi-IPN) to G'red(PNIPA), was obtained by incorporation of 2 wt% PVP. The tensile strength of the semi-IPNs reinforced with linear PVP was higher than that of the PNIPA networks. The elongation at break of these semi-IPNs varied between 22 and 55%, which are 22^11% larger than those for single PNIPA networks. The tensile measurements confirmed that the presence of 2 wt% of the linear polymer significantly reinforced the PNIPA network.
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Wall ST, Walker JC, Healy KE, Ratcliffe MB, Guccione JM. Theoretical impact of the injection of material into the myocardium: a finite element model simulation. Circulation 2006; 114:2627-35. [PMID: 17130342 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.657270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To treat cardiac injuries created by myocardial infarcts, current approaches seek to add cells and/or synthetic extracellular matrices to the damaged ventricle to restore function. Because definitive myocardial regeneration remains undemonstrated, we propose that cardiac changes observed from implanted materials may result from altered mechanisms of the ventricle. METHODS AND RESULTS We exploited a validated finite element model of an ovine left ventricle with an anteroapical infarct to examine the short-term effect of injecting material to the left ventricular wall. The model's mesh and regional material properties were modified to simulate expected changes. Three sets of simulations were run: (1) single injection to the anterior border zone; (2) therapeutic multiple border zone injections; and (3) injection of material to the infarct region. Results indicate that additions to the border zone decrease end-systolic fiber stress proportionally to the fractional volume added, with stiffer materials improving this attenuation. As a potential therapy, small changes in wall volume (approximately 4.5%) reduce elevated border zone fiber stresses from mean end-systole levels of 28.2 kPa (control) to 23.3 kPa (treatment), similar to levels of 22.5 kPA computed in remote regions. In the infarct, injection improves ejection fraction and the stroke volume/end-diastolic volume relationship but has no effect on the stroke volume/end-diastolic pressure relationship. CONCLUSIONS Simulations indicate that the addition of noncontractile material to a damaged left ventricular wall has important effects on cardiac mechanics, with potentially beneficial reduction of elevated myofiber stresses, as well as confounding changes to clinical left ventricular metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Wall
- University of California at Berkeley/San Francisco, Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, USA
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Abstract
Biopolymer therapeutics are likely to be the next generation of medicines, and nucleic acids are among the most important of these potential drugs. The challenges of delivering genes are formidable and advanced biomimetic materials are expected to be required. Polymers that can respond to changes in temperature and pH are good candidates for gene delivery vehicles, as the stimulus response can be used to alter their interactions with the drug payload. In this review, the chemistries underlying these responsive polymers are considered, and the possible mechanisms by which nucleic acids, primarily DNA, can be protected during transit and released at target sites are outlined. Sophisticated multicomponent polymers are being developed, with functionalities designed to overcome the barriers to gene delivery at both the systemic and local level; key examples are highlighted. The extension of these materials to yet more advanced therapies, such as cell delivery and regenerative medicine, is outlined as an emerging technology for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Alexander
- The School of Pharmacy, Boots Science Building, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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Kim S, Chung EH, Gilbert M, Healy KE. Synthetic MMP-13 degradable ECMs based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) semi-interpenetrating polymer networks. I. Degradation and cell migration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 75:73-88. [PMID: 16049978 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive and injectable semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (sIPNs) containing a biospecific cell-adhesive signal and proteolytically degradable domains were developed as a synthetic equivalent of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The sIPNs synthesized define a modular hydrogel ECM where different properties of the matrix can be manipulated independently, thus creating a system where parametric analysis of the effect of hydrogel properties on cell proliferation and differentiation is possible. sIPNs composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) [p(NIPAAm-co-AAc)] and RGD-grafted poly(acrylic acid) linear chains [p(AAc)-g-RGD] were synthesized with peptide crosslinkers containing a matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13, collagenase-3) degradable domain. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of peptide-crosslinked p(NIPAAm-co-AAc) sIPNs was not influenced by the addition of either linear p(AAc) or peptide-modified p(AAc) chains ( approximately 34 degrees C) in PBS. Degradation of peptide-crosslinked hydrogels and sIPNs was enzyme specific and concentration dependent. Exposure of rat calvarial osteoblast (RCO) culture to the degradation products from the peptide-crosslinked hydrogels did not significantly affect cell viability. Migration of RCOs into the sIPNs was dependent upon the presence of both a cell-adhesive RGD peptide (Ac-CGGNGEPRGDTYRAY-NH2) and proteolytically-degradable crosslinks; however, there was greater dependence on the latter. The sIPNs synthesized are versatile materials for assessing cell fate in synthetic ECM constructs in vitro and tissue regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Kim
- Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 370 HMMB #1760, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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