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Liu Y, Wei L, He C, Chen R, Meng L. Lipoxin A4 inhibits ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation and airway remodeling in a mouse model of asthma. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 349:109660. [PMID: 34537180 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease, which is characterized by airway inflammation, remodeling and airway hyperresponsiveness. Airway remodeling is caused by long-term inflammation of the airways. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is a natural eicosanoid with powerful anti-inflammatory properties, and has been shown to serve a critical role in orchestrating pulmonary inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness in asthmatic mice. However, its effect on airway remodeling is unknown. Female BALB/c mice were used to establish a mouse model of asthma which were sensitized and challenged by ovalbumin (OVA). LXA4 was intranasally administrated prior to the challenge. The results of our study indicated that LXA4 suppressed the OVA-induced inflammatory cell infiltration and T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines secretion in the mouse model of asthma. Characteristics of airway remodeling, such as thickening of the bronchial wall and smooth muscle, overdeposition of collagen, and overexpression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen-I were reversed by LXA4. Furthermore, LXA4 suppressed the aberrant activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway in the lung tissues of asthmatic mice. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that LXA4 alleviated allergic airway inflammation and remodeling in asthmatic mice, which may be related to the inhibition of STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Chao He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Ling Meng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
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Knuplez E, Sturm EM, Marsche G. Emerging Role of Phospholipase-Derived Cleavage Products in Regulating Eosinophil Activity: Focus on Lysophospholipids, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4356. [PMID: 33919453 PMCID: PMC8122506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are important effector cells involved in allergic inflammation. When stimulated, eosinophils release a variety of mediators initiating, propagating, and maintaining local inflammation. Both, the activity and concentration of secreted and cytosolic phospholipases (PLAs) are increased in allergic inflammation, promoting the cleavage of phospholipids and thus the production of reactive lipid mediators. Eosinophils express high levels of secreted phospholipase A2 compared to other leukocytes, indicating their direct involvement in the production of lipid mediators during allergic inflammation. On the other side, eosinophils have also been recognized as crucial mediators with regulatory and homeostatic roles in local immunity and repair. Thus, targeting the complex network of lipid mediators offer a unique opportunity to target the over-activation and 'pro-inflammatory' phenotype of eosinophils without compromising the survival and functions of tissue-resident and homeostatic eosinophils. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the critical role of phospholipase-derived lipid mediators in modulating eosinophil activity in health and disease. We focus on lysophospholipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and eicosanoids with exciting new perspectives for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gunther Marsche
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (E.K.); (E.M.S.)
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3
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Naclerio R, Baroody F, Bachert C, Bleier B, Borish L, Brittain E, Chupp G, Fisher A, Fokkens W, Gevaert P, Kennedy D, Kim J, Laidlaw TM, Lee JJ, Piccirillo JF, Pinto JM, Roland LT, Schleimer RP, Schlosser RJ, Schwaninger JM, Smith TL, Tan BK, Tan M, Toskala E, Wenzel S, Togias A. Clinical Research Needs for the Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps in the New Era of Biologics: A National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Workshop. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2020; 8:1532-1549.e1. [PMID: 32142964 PMCID: PMC8177483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of biologics targeting various aspects of type 2 inflammation for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) will provide clinicians with powerful tools to help treat these patients. However, other therapies are also available, and positioning of biologics in a management algorithm will require comparative trials. In November 2019, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases convened a workshop to consider potential future trial designs. Workshop participants represented a wide spectrum of clinical specialties, including otolaryngology, allergy, and pulmonary medicine, as well as expertise in CRSwNP pathophysiology and in trial methodology and statistics. The workshop discussed the current state of knowledge in CRSwNP and considered the advantages and disadvantages of various clinical trial or observational study designs and various clinical outcomes. The output from this workshop, which is presented in this report, will hopefully provide investigators with adequate information and ideas to design future studies and answer critical clinical questions. It will also help clinicians understand the current state of the management of CRSwNP and its gaps and be more able to interpret the new information to come.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Benjamin Bleier
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Otolaryngology, Boston, Mass
| | | | - Erica Brittain
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | | | - Anat Fisher
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Jean Kim
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md
| | - Tanya M Laidlaw
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Boston, Mass
| | | | | | | | - Lauren T Roland
- University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | | | | | - Julie M Schwaninger
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | | | | | - Ming Tan
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | | | | | - Alkis Togias
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
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4
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Barnig C, Frossard N, Levy BD. Towards targeting resolution pathways of airway inflammation in asthma. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 186:98-113. [PMID: 29352860 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disorder characterized by persistent inflammation of the airways with mucosal infiltration of eosinophils, T lymphocytes, and mast cells, and release of proinflammatory cytokines and lipid mediators. The natural resolution of airway inflammation is now recognized as an active host response, with highly coordinated cellular events under the control of endogenous pro-resolving mediators that enable the restoration of tissue homeostasis. Lead members of proresolving mediators are enzymatically derived from essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, including arachidonic acid-derived lipoxins, eicosapentaenoic acid-derived E-series resolvins, and docosahexaenoic acid-derived D-series resolvins, protectins, and maresins. Functionally, these specialized pro-resolving mediators can limit further leukocyte recruitment, induce granulocyte apoptosis, and enhance efferocytosis by macrophages. They can also switch macrophages from classical to alternatively activated cells, promote the return of non-apoptotic cells to lymphatics and blood vessels, and help initiate tissue repair and healing. In this review, we highlight cellular and molecular mechanisms for successful resolution of inflammation, and describe the main specialized pro-resolving mediators that drive these processes. Furthermore, we report recent data suggesting that the pathobiology of severe asthma may result in part from impaired resolution of airway inflammation, including defects in the biosynthesis of these specialized pro-resolving mediators. Finally, we discuss resolution-based therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Barnig
- Department of Chest Disease, Strasbourg University Hospital, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg, France; EA 3072, University of Strasbourg, France.
| | - Nelly Frossard
- UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique and LabEx MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Zemski Berry KA, Murphy RC, Kosmider B, Mason RJ. Lipidomic characterization and localization of phospholipids in the human lung. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:926-933. [PMID: 28280112 PMCID: PMC5408611 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m074955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids play a central role in lung physiology and pathology; however, a comprehensive lipidomic characterization of human pulmonary cells relevant to disease has not been performed. The cells involved in lung host defense, including alveolar macrophages (AMs), bronchial epithelial cells (BECs), and alveolar type II cells (ATIIs), were isolated from human subjects and lipidomic analysis by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS was performed. Additionally, pieces of lung tissue from the same donors were analyzed by MALDI imaging MS in order to determine lipid localization in the tissue. The unique distribution of phospholipids in ATIIs, BECs, and AMs from human subjects was accomplished by subjecting the large number of identified phospholipid molecular species to univariant statistical analysis. Specific MALDI images were generated based on the univariant statistical analysis data to reveal the location of specific cell types within the human lung slice. While the complex composition and function of the lipidome in various disease states is currently poorly understood, this method could be useful for the characterization of lipid alterations in pulmonary disease and may aid in a better understanding of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Beata Kosmider
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Robert J Mason
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
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Plasma 15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid Predicts Treatment Outcomes in Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2017; 5:998-1007.e2. [PMID: 28159558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspirin desensitization followed by daily aspirin provides therapeutic benefits to patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). It is not well understood how eicosanoid levels change during aspirin treatment. OBJECTIVE To investigate associations between clinical outcomes of aspirin treatment and plasma eicosanoid levels in patients with AERD. METHODS Thirty-nine patients with AERD were offered aspirin treatment (650 mg twice daily) for 4 weeks. Respiratory parameters and plasma levels of multiple eicosanoids were recorded at baseline and after 4 weeks of aspirin therapy using the Asthma Control Test and Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire. Respiratory function was evaluated using the FEV1 and nasal inspiratory peak flow. RESULTS After aspirin treatment, respiratory symptoms improved in 16 patients, worsened in 12 patients, and did not change in 4 patients. Seven patients were unable to complete the desensitization protocol. Patients with symptom improvement had higher baseline plasma 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) levels than did patients with symptom worsening: 7006 pg/mL (interquartile range, 6056-8688 pg/mL) versus 4800 pg/mL (interquartile range, 4238-5575 pg/mL), P = .0005. Baseline 15-HETE plasma levels positively correlated with the change in Asthma Control Test score (r = 0.61; P = .001) and in FEV1 after 4 weeks of aspirin treatment (r = 0.49; P = .01). It inversely correlated with Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire score (r = -0.58; P = .002). Black and Latino patients were more likely to have symptom worsening on aspirin or fail to complete the initial desensitization than white, non-Latino patients (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS In patients with AERD, low baseline 15-HETE plasma levels and black or Latino ethnicity are associated with worsening of respiratory symptoms during aspirin treatment.
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Barnig C, Levy BD. Innate immunity is a key factor for the resolution of inflammation in asthma. Eur Respir Rev 2015; 24:141-53. [PMID: 25726564 PMCID: PMC4490858 DOI: 10.1183/09059180.00012514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The resolution of inflammation is an integral and natural part of the physiological response to tissue injury, infection and allergens or other noxious stimuli. Resolution is now recognised as an active process with highly regulated cellular and biochemical events. Recent discoveries have highlighted that innate inflammatory cells have bimodal effector functions during the inflammatory response, including active roles during the resolution process. Several mediators displaying potent pro-resolving actions have recently been uncovered. Lipoxin A4, the lead member of this new class of pro-resolving mediators, has anti-inflammatory actions on type 2 innate lymphoid cells and pro-resolving actions through natural killer cells in asthma immunobiology. Eosinophils are also able to control crucial aspects of resolution through the generation of pro-resolving mediators. Uncontrolled asthma has been associated with a defect in the generation of specialised pro-resolving mediators, including lipoxin A4 and protectin D1. Thus, bioactive stable analogue mimetics of these mediators that can harness endogenous resolution mechanisms for inflammation may offer new therapeutic strategies for asthma and airway inflammation associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Barnig
- Dept of Chest Disease, University Hospital of Strasbourg and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Brunnström Å, Tryselius Y, Feltenmark S, Andersson E, Leksell H, James A, Mannervik B, Dahlén B, Claesson HE. On the biosynthesis of 15-HETE and eoxin C4 by human airway epithelial cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 121:83-90. [PMID: 26026713 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that 15-lipoxygenase type 1 (15-LO-1) plays a pathophysiological role in asthma. The aim for this study was to investigate the 15-LO-1 expression and activity in primary human airway epithelial cells cultivated on micro-porous filters at air-liquid interface. Incubation of human airway epithelial cells with arachidonic acid led to the formation of 15(S)-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) and exposing the cells to bacteria or physical injury markedly increased their production of 15-HETE. The cells were also found to convert arachidonic acid to eoxin C4 (EXC4). Subcellular fractionation revealed that the conversion of EXA4 to EXC4 was catalyzed by a soluble glutathione transferase (GST). The GST P1-1 enzyme was found to possess the highest activity of the investigated soluble GSTs. Following IL-4 treatment of airway epithelial cells, microarray analysis confirmed high expression of 15-LO-1 and GST P1-1, and immunohistochemical staining of bronchial biopsies revealed co-localization of 15-LO-1 and GST P1-1 in airway epithelial cells. These results indicate that respiratory infection and cell injury may activate the 15-LO pathway in airway epithelial cells. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that airway epithelial cells have the capacity to produce EXC4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Brunnström
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Helene Leksell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Anna James
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; The Centre for Allergy Research, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbro Dahlén
- The Centre for Allergy Research, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Hans-Erik Claesson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wisastra R, Kok PAM, Eleftheriadis N, Baumgartner MP, Camacho CJ, Haisma HJ, Dekker FJ. Discovery of a novel activator of 5-lipoxygenase from an anacardic acid derived compound collection. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7763-78. [PMID: 24231650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) and cyclooxygenases (COXs) metabolize poly-unsaturated fatty acids into inflammatory signaling molecules. Modulation of the activity of these enzymes may provide new approaches for therapy of inflammatory diseases. In this study, we screened novel anacardic acid derivatives as modulators of human 5-LOX and COX-2 activity. Interestingly, a novel salicylate derivative 23a was identified as a surprisingly potent activator of human 5-LOX. This compound showed both non-competitive activation towards the human 5-LOX activator adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and non-essential mixed type activation against the substrate linoleic acid, while having no effect on the conversion of the substrate arachidonic acid. The kinetic analysis demonstrated a non-essential activation of the linoleic acid conversion with a KA of 8.65 μM, αKA of 0.38μM and a β value of 1.76. It is also of interest that a comparable derivative 23d showed a mixed type inhibition for linoleic acid conversion. These observations indicate the presence of an allosteric binding site in human 5-LOX distinct from the ATP binding site. The activatory and inhibitory behavior of 23a and 23d on the conversion of linoleic compared to arachidonic acid are rationalized by docking studies, which suggest that the activator 23a stabilizes linoleic acid binding, whereas the larger inhibitor 23d blocks the enzyme active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalina Wisastra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Mohd Fauzi F, Koutsoukas A, Cunningham A, Gallegos A, Sedefov R, Bender A. Computer-aided (in silico) approaches in the mode-of-action analysis and safety assessment of ostarine and 4-methylamphetamine. Hum Psychopharmacol 2013; 28:365-78. [PMID: 23881885 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study exemplifies computer-aided (in silico) approaches in assessing the risks of new psychoactive substances emerging in the European Union. In this work, we (i) consider the potential of Ostarine exhibiting psychoactivity and (ii) anticipate potential activities and toxicities of 4-methylamphetamine. METHOD The approach, termed in silico target prediction, suggests potential protein targets modulated by compounds given their chemical structure. This is achieved by first establishing the associations between chemical structure and protein targets using data from the bioactivity database, ChEMBL, via the use of two different computational algorithms. On the basis of the associations, protein targets and consequently the mode of action of novel compounds were predicted. RESULTS For Ostarine, none of the targets anticipated are currently known to elicit psychoactivity. Furthermore, Ostarine is unlikely to cross the blood-brain barrier to reach relevant target sites on the basis of its physicochemical properties. For 4-methylamphetamine, toxicities were anticipated, that is, serotonin syndrome (based on the prediction of SERT) and other effects similar to related substances, that is, methamphetamine. CONCLUSION From the two case studies, we showed that in silico target prediction appears to have potential in assessing new psychoactive compounds where experimental data are scarce. The applicability domain of target predictions when applied to psychoactive compounds needs to be established in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlin Mohd Fauzi
- Unilever Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
The resolution of inflammation in healthy airways is an active process, with specialized mediators and cellular mechanisms enlisted to restore tissue homeostasis. This article focuses on recent discoveries of natural mediators derived from essential fatty acids, including ω-3 fatty acids, with anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving. These pro-resolving mediators serve as agonists at specific receptors. Asthma is an incurable disease of chronic, nonresolving inflammation of the airways. While the biosynthesis of pro-resolving mediators occurs during asthma, defects in their production are associated with disease severity, suggesting that the pathobiology of asthma may result in part from impaired resolution of airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Levy
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Lu W, Zhao X, Zou S, Huang J. A fluorimetric assay for human reticulocyte 15-lipoxygenase-1 activity. Anal Biochem 2012; 426:66-8. [PMID: 22497768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive fluorescence-based assay for the determination of human 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) activity is described in this article. The assay utilizes the ability of 15-LOX-1-generated lipid hydroperoxides to oxidize nonfluorescent dihydrorhodamine 123, producing the highly fluorescent dye rhodamine 123. Formation of rhodamine 123 can be monitored through fluorescence spectroscopy using Ex/Em of 500 nm/536 nm. The IC(50) values of three well-known 15-LOX-1 inhibitors, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, quercetin, and fisetin, were evaluated in 96- and 384-well formats, and they conform to previously reported data. We believe this assay can be broadly used for the discovery of novel lipoxygenase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Lundström SL, Yang J, Källberg HJ, Thunberg S, Gafvelin G, Haeggström JZ, Grönneberg R, Grunewald J, van Hage M, Hammock BD, Eklund A, Wheelock ÅM, Wheelock CE. Allergic asthmatics show divergent lipid mediator profiles from healthy controls both at baseline and following birch pollen provocation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33780. [PMID: 22438998 PMCID: PMC3305349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a respiratory tract disorder characterized by airway hyper-reactivity and chronic inflammation. Allergic asthma is associated with the production of allergen-specific IgE and expansion of allergen-specific T-cell populations. Progression of allergic inflammation is driven by T-helper type 2 (Th2) mediators and is associated with alterations in the levels of lipid mediators. OBJECTIVES Responses of the respiratory system to birch allergen provocation in allergic asthmatics were investigated. Eicosanoids and other oxylipins were quantified in the bronchoalveolar lumen to provide a measure of shifts in lipid mediators associated with allergen challenge in allergic asthmatics. METHODS Eighty-seven lipid mediators representing the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolic pathways were screened via LC-MS/MS following off-line extraction of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Multivariate statistics using OPLS were employed to interrogate acquired oxylipin data in combination with immunological markers. RESULTS Thirty-two oxylipins were quantified, with baseline asthmatics possessing a different oxylipin profile relative to healthy individuals that became more distinct following allergen provocation. The most prominent differences included 15-LOX-derived ω-3 and ω-6 oxylipins. Shared-and-Unique-Structures (SUS)-plot modeling showed a correlation (R(2) = 0.7) between OPLS models for baseline asthmatics (R(2)Y[cum] = 0.87, Q(2)[cum] = 0.51) and allergen-provoked asthmatics (R(2)Y[cum] = 0.95, Q(2)[cum] = 0.73), with the majority of quantified lipid mediators and cytokines contributing equally to both groups. Unique structures for allergen provocation included leukotrienes (LTB(4) and 6-trans-LTB(4)), CYP-derivatives of linoleic acid (epoxides/diols), and IL-10. CONCLUSIONS Differences in asthmatic relative to healthy profiles suggest a role for 15-LOX products of both ω-6 and ω-3 origin in allergic inflammation. Prominent differences at baseline levels indicate that non-symptomatic asthmatics are subject to an underlying inflammatory condition not observed with other traditional mediators. Results suggest that oxylipin profiling may provide a sensitive means of characterizing low-level inflammation and that even individuals with mild disease display distinct phenotypic profiles, which may have clinical ramifications for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna L. Lundström
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Henrik J. Källberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Thunberg
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guro Gafvelin
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Z. Haeggström
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reidar Grönneberg
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Grunewald
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne van Hage
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Anders Eklund
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa M. Wheelock
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (CW); (AW)
| | - Craig E. Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (CW); (AW)
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Liu C, Schain F, Han H, Xu D, Andersson-Sand H, Forsell P, Claesson HE, Björkholm M, Sjöberg J. Epigenetic and transcriptional control of the 15-lipoxygenase-1 gene in a Hodgkin lymphoma cell line. Exp Cell Res 2011; 318:169-76. [PMID: 22094113 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases oxidatively metabolize polyunsaturated fatty acids to a rich spectrum of biologically active metabolites. The present study aimed at delineating the transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms leading to 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) expression in the Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) cell line L1236. Examination of the 15-LOX-1 5' promoter region demonstrated three putative binding sites for signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT6) within the proximal 1200 base pairs relative to the start codon. Analysis by serial promoter deletions and STAT6 binding site mutations indicated that all three STAT6 binding sites are required for full activation of the 15-LOX-1 promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that these regions were occupied by STAT6 in L1236 (15-LOX-1 positive) but not in L428 (15-LOX-1 negative) cultured HL cells. Furthermore, DNA hypomethylation and histone hyperacetylation were detectable within the core promoter region of 15-LOX-1 only in L1236 cells but not L428 cells. Taken together, our data indicate that STAT6 activation and chromatin remodeling by DNA demethylation and histone acetylation are crucial for transcriptional activation of 15-LOX-1 in cultured HL cells. These prerequisites are fulfilled in the L1236 cell line, but not in the L428 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lundström SL, Levänen B, Nording M, Klepczynska-Nyström A, Sköld M, Haeggström JZ, Grunewald J, Svartengren M, Hammock BD, Larsson BM, Eklund A, Wheelock ÅM, Wheelock CE. Asthmatics exhibit altered oxylipin profiles compared to healthy individuals after subway air exposure. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23864. [PMID: 21897859 PMCID: PMC3163588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM) and oxidants are important factors in causing exacerbations in asthmatics, and the source and composition of pollutants greatly affects pathological implications. OBJECTIVES This randomized crossover study investigated responses of the respiratory system to Stockholm subway air in asthmatics and healthy individuals. Eicosanoids and other oxylipins were quantified in the distal lung to provide a measure of shifts in lipid mediators in association with exposure to subway air relative to ambient air. METHODS Sixty-four oxylipins representing the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolic pathways were screened using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)-fluid. Validations through immunocytochemistry staining of BAL-cells were performed for 15-LOX-1, COX-1, COX-2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Multivariate statistics were employed to interrogate acquired oxylipin and immunocytochemistry data in combination with patient clinical information. RESULTS Asthmatics and healthy individuals exhibited divergent oxylipin profiles following exposure to ambient and subway air. Significant changes were observed in 8 metabolites of linoleic- and α-linolenic acid synthesized via the 15-LOX pathway, and of the COX product prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). Oxylipin levels were increased in healthy individuals following exposure to subway air, whereas asthmatics evidenced decreases or no change. CONCLUSIONS Several of the altered oxylipins have known or suspected bronchoprotective or anti-inflammatory effects, suggesting a possible reduced anti-inflammatory response in asthmatics following exposure to subway air. These observations may have ramifications for sensitive subpopulations in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna L. Lundström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bettina Levänen
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Nording
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Klepczynska-Nyström
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Sköld
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Z. Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Grunewald
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Svartengren
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Britt-Marie Larsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Eklund
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa M. Wheelock
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (CEW); (AMW)
| | - Craig E. Wheelock
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (CEW); (AMW)
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Biosynthesis of 14,15-Hepoxilins in Human L1236 Hodgkin Lymphoma Cells and Eosinophils. Lipids 2010; 46:69-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
To better understand the immunopathogenesis of chronic inflammatory lung disease, we established a mouse model of disease that develops after respiratory viral infection. The disease that develops in this model is similar to chronic obstructive lung disease in humans. Using this model we have characterized two distinct phases in the chronic disease process. The first phase appears at three weeks after viral infection and depends on type I interferon‐dependent expression and then subsequent activation of the high‐affinity IgE receptor (FcɛRI) on conventional lung dendritic cells, which in turn recruit IL‐13‐producing CD4+ T cells to the lower airways. The second phase becomes maximal at seven weeks after infection and depends on invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and lung macrophages. Cellular cross‐talk relies on interactions between the semi‐invariant Vα14Jα18 T‐cell receptor on lung iNKT cells and CD1d on macrophages as well as iNKT cell‐derived IL‐13 and IL‐13 receptor on macrophages. These interactions drive macrophages to a pattern of alternative activation and overproduction of IL‐13. This innate immune axis is also activated in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, as evidenced by increased numbers of iNKT cells and IL‐13‐producing alternatively activated macrophages marked by chitinase 1 production. Together the findings identify two new immune pathways responsible for early and late phases of chronic inflammatory lung disease in experimental and clinical settings. These findings extend our understanding of the complex mechanisms that underlie chronic obstructive lung disease and provide useful targets for diagnosis and therapy of this common disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loralyn A Benoit
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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18
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Abstract
To better understand the immune basis for chronic inflammatory lung disease, we analyzed a mouse model of lung disease that develops after respiratory viral infection. The disease that develops in this model is similar to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in humans and is manifested after the inciting virus has been cleared to trace levels. The model thereby mimics the relationship of paramyxoviral infection to the development of childhood asthma in humans. When the acute lung disease appears in this model (at 3 weeks after viral inoculation), it depends on an immune axis that is initiated by expression and activation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcvarepsilonRI) on conventional lung dendritic cells (cDCs) to recruit interleukin (IL)-13-producing CD4(+) T cells to the lower airways. However, when the chronic lung disease develops fully (at 7 weeks after inoculation), it is driven instead by an innate immune axis that relies on invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells that are programmed to activate macrophages to produce IL-13. The interaction between iNKT cells and macrophages depends on contact between the semi-invariant Valpha14Jalpha18-TCR on lung iNKT cells and the oligomorphic MHC-like protein CD1d on macrophages as well as NKT cell production of IL-13 that binds to the IL-13 receptor (IL-13R) on the macrophage. This innate immune axis is also activated in the lungs of humans with severe asthma or COPD based on detection of increased numbers of iNKT cells and alternatively activated IL-13-producing macrophages in the lung. Together, the findings identify an adaptive immune response that mediates acute disease and an innate immune response that drives chronic inflammatory lung disease in experimental and clinical settings.
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Liu C, Xu D, Liu L, Schain F, Brunnström Å, Björkholm M, Claesson HE, Sjöberg J. 15-Lipoxygenase-1 induces expression and release of chemokines in cultured human lung epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L196-203. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00036.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
15-Lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) has been proposed to be involved in various physiological and pathophysiological activities such as inflammation, atherosclerosis, cell maturation, and tumorigenesis. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are associated with increased expression of 15-LOX-1 in bronchial epithelial cells, but the potential functions of 15-LOX-1 in airway epithelial cells have not been well clarified. To study the function of 15-LOX-1 in bronchial epithelial cells, we ectopically expressed 15-LOX-1 in the human lung epithelial cell line A549. We found that overexpression of 15-LOX-1 in A549 cells leads to increased release of the chemokines MIP-1α, RANTES, and IP-10, and thereby to increased recruitment of immature dendritic cells, mast cells, and activated T cells. These results suggest that an increased expression and activity of 15-LOX-1 in lung epithelial cells is a proinflammatory event in the pathogenesis of asthma and other inflammatory lung disorders.
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Claesson HE. On the biosynthesis and biological role of eoxins and 15-lipoxygenase-1 in airway inflammation and Hodgkin lymphoma. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2008; 89:120-5. [PMID: 19130894 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This mini-review is focused on the enzyme 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1) and eoxins in airway inflammatory diseases and Hodgkin lymphoma. Several studies have demonstrated increased expression and activity of 15-LO-1 in the respiratory tissue from asthma patients , indicating a pathophysiological role of this enzyme in airway inflammation. Eoxins were recently identified as pro-inflammatory metabolites of arachidonic acid, formed through the 15-LO-1 pathway, in human eosinophils, mast cells, airway epithelial cells and Hodgkin lymphoma. Mice deficient of 12/15-LO, the ortholog to human 15-LO-1, had an attenuated allergic airway inflammation compared to wild type controls, also indicating a pathophysiological role of this enzyme in respiratory inflammation. The putative therapeutic implications of 15-LO-1 inhibitors in the treatment of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder and Hodgkin lymphoma are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Erik Claesson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm and Orexo AB, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells express 15-lipoxygenase-1 and are putative producers of eoxins in vivo: novel insight into the inflammatory features of classical Hodgkin lymphoma. FEBS J 2008; 275:4222-34. [PMID: 18647347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma has unique clinical and pathological features and tumour tissue is characterized by a minority of malignant Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells surrounded by inflammatory cells. In the present study, we report that the Hodgkin lymphoma-derived cell line L1236 has high expression of 15-lipoxygenase-1 and that these cells readily convert arachidonic acid to eoxin C(4), eoxin D(4) and eoxin E(4). These mediators were only recently discovered in human eosinophils and mast cells and found to be potent proinflammatory mediators. Western blot and immunocytochemistry analyses of L1236 cells demonstrated that 15-lipoxygenase-1 was present mainly in the cytosol and that the enzyme translocated to the membrane upon calcium challenge. By immunohistochemistry of Hodgkin lymphoma tumour tissue, 15-lipoxygenase-1 was found to be expressed in primary Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells in 17 of 20 (85%) investigated biopsies. The enzyme 15-lipoxygenase-1, however, was not expressed in any of 10 biopsies representing nine different subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In essence, the expression of 15-lipoxygenase-1 and the putative formation of eoxins by Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells in vivo are likely to contribute to the inflammatory features of Hodgkin lymphoma. These findings may have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications in Hodgkin lymphoma. Furthermore, the discovery of the high 15-lipoxygenase-1 activity in L1236 cells demonstrates that this cell line comprises a useful model system to study the chemical and biological roles of 15-lipoxygenase-1.
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Planagumà A, Kazani S, Marigowda G, Haworth O, Mariani TJ, Israel E, Bleecker ER, Curran-Everett D, Erzurum SC, Calhoun WJ, Castro M, Chung KF, Gaston B, Jarjour NN, Busse WW, Wenzel SE, Levy BD. Airway lipoxin A4 generation and lipoxin A4 receptor expression are decreased in severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:574-82. [PMID: 18583575 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200801-061oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Airway inflammation is common in severe asthma despite antiinflammatory therapy with corticosteroids. Lipoxin A(4) (LXA(4)) is an arachidonic acid-derived mediator that serves as an agonist for resolution of inflammation. OBJECTIVES Airway levels of LXA(4), as well as the expression of lipoxin biosynthetic genes and receptors, in severe asthma. METHODS Samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were obtained from subjects with asthma and levels of LXA(4) and related eicosanoids were measured. Expression of lipoxin biosynthetic genes was determined in whole blood, bronchoalveolar lavage cells, and endobronchial biopsies by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and leukocyte LXA(4) receptors were monitored by flow cytometry. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Individuals with severe asthma had significantly less LXA(4) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (11.2 +/- 2.1 pg/ml) than did subjects with nonsevere asthma (150.1 +/- 38.5 pg/ml; P < 0.05). In contrast, levels of cysteinyl leukotrienes were increased in both asthma cohorts compared with healthy individuals. In severe asthma, 15-lipoxygenase-1 mean expression was decreased fivefold in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. In contrast, 15-lipoxgenase-1 was increased threefold in endobronchial biopsies, but expression of both 5-lipoxygenase and 15-lipoxygenase-2 in these samples was decreased. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression was decreased in all anatomic compartments sampled in severe asthma. Moreover, LXA(4) receptor gene and protein expression were significantly decreased in severe asthma peripheral blood granulocytes. CONCLUSIONS Mechanisms underlying pathological airway responses in severe asthma include lipoxin underproduction with decreased expression of lipoxin biosynthetic enzymes and receptors. Together, these results indicate that severe asthma is characterized, in part, by defective lipoxin counterregulatory signaling circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Planagumà
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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23
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Andersson CK, Claesson HE, Rydell-Törmänen K, Swedmark S, Hällgren A, Erjefält JS. Mice lacking 12/15-lipoxygenase have attenuated airway allergic inflammation and remodeling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:648-56. [PMID: 18511709 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0443oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (LO)-1 has been implicated in allergic inflammation and asthma. The overall effect of 15-LO in allergic inflammation in vivo is, however, unclear. This study investigates systemic allergen sensitization and local allergic airway inflammation and remodeling in mice lacking the murine 12/15-LO, the ortholog to human 15-LO-1. Upon systemic sensitization with intraperitoneal ovalbumin, 12/15-LO-/- mice produced elevated levels of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E compared with wild-type (Wt) controls. However, when challenged with repeated aerosolized allergen, sensitized 12/15-LO-/- mice had an impaired development of airway allergic inflammation compared with Wt controls, as indicated by reduced bronchoalveolar lavage fluid leukocytes (eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13), as well as tissue eosinophils. Allergen-induced airway epithelial proliferation was also significantly attenuated in 12/15-LO-/- mice, whereas goblet cell hyperplasia was unaffected. However, 12/15-LO-/- mice had significantly reduced luminal mucus secretions compared with Wt controls. The repeated allergen challenges resulted in a dramatic increase of alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive alveolar cells in the peripheral airways, a phenomenon that was significantly less developed in 12/15-LO-/- mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that 12/15-LO-/- mice, although having a fully developed systemic sensitization, did not establish a fully developed allergic airway inflammation and associated manifestations of central and peripheral airway remodeling. These data suggest that 12/15-LO-derived metabolites play an important pathophysiologic role in allergen-induced inflammation and remodeling. Hence, pharmacologic targeting of the human 15-LO-1 may represent an attractive therapeutic strategy to control inflammation and remodeling in asthma.
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24
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Eoxins are proinflammatory arachidonic acid metabolites produced via the 15-lipoxygenase-1 pathway in human eosinophils and mast cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:680-5. [PMID: 18184802 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0710127105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human eosinophils contain abundant amounts of 15-lipoxygenase (LO)-1. The biological role of 15-LO-1 in humans, however, is unclear. Incubation of eosinophils with arachidonic acid led to formation of a product with a UV absorbance maximum at 282 nm and shorter retention time than leukotriene (LT)C4 in reverse-phase HPLC. Analysis with positive-ion electrospray tandem MS identified this eosinophil metabolite as 14,15-LTC4. This metabolite could be metabolized to 14,15-LTD4 and 14,15-LTE4 in eosinophils. Because eosinophils are such an abundant source of these metabolites and to avoid confusion with 5-LO-derived LTs, we suggest the names eoxin (EX)C4, -D4, and -E4 instead of 14,15-LTC4, -D4, and -E4, respectively. Cord blood-derived mast cells and surgically removed nasal polyps from allergic subjects also produced EXC4. Incubation of eosinophils with arachidonic acid favored the production of EXC4, whereas challenge with calcium ionophore led to exclusive formation of LTC4. Eosinophils produced EXC4 after challenge with the proinflammatory agents LTC4, prostaglandin D2, and IL-5, demonstrating that EXC4 can be synthesized from the endogenous pool of arachidonic acid. EXs induced increased permeability of endothelial cell monolayer in vitro, indicating that EXs can modulate and enhance vascular permeability, a hallmark of inflammation. In this model system, EXs were 100 times more potent than histamine and almost as potent as LTC4 and LTD4. Taken together, this article describes the formation of proinflammatory EXs, in particular in human eosinophils but also in human mast cells and nasal polyps.
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26
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Abu-Omar MM, Loaiza A, Hontzeas N. Reaction mechanisms of mononuclear non-heme iron oxygenases. Chem Rev 2005; 105:2227-52. [PMID: 15941213 DOI: 10.1021/cr040653o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi M Abu-Omar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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27
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Klein RF, Allard J, Avnur Z, Nikolcheva T, Rotstein D, Carlos AS, Shea M, Waters RV, Belknap JK, Peltz G, Orwoll ES. Regulation of bone mass in mice by the lipoxygenase gene Alox15. Science 2004; 303:229-32. [PMID: 14716014 DOI: 10.1126/science.1090985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The development of osteoporosis involves the interaction of multiple environmental and genetic factors. Through combined genetic and genomic approaches, we identified the lipoxygenase gene Alox15 as a negative regulator of peak bone mineral density in mice. Crossbreeding experiments with Alox15 knockout mice confirmed that 12/15-lipoxygenase plays a role in skeletal development. Pharmacologic inhibitors of this enzyme improved bone density and strength in two rodent models of osteoporosis. These results suggest that drugs targeting the 12/15-lipoxygenase pathway merit investigation as a therapy for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Klein
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Abstract
The diagnosis of allergic reactions in clinical practice is based on both clinical history and the determination of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), either in the serum or on skin mast cells. However, for various reasons, identification of the causative factors is not possible in all the cases. Moreover, not all allergies are IgE-dependent. In an attempt to find sensitive, specific and cost-effective methods to investigate hypersensitivity reactions, in vitro tests were developed at a very early stage. Allergen-induced mediator release assays analyze the mediator released from effector cells, mainly peripheral blood cells, when stimulated in vitro with serial dilutions of the putative allergens. Described initially as research tools, they could well become diagnostic tests. However, relatively few high quality reports have been published so far. In this review, we will detail allergen-dependent histamine, tryptase, arachidonic acid metabolite, e.g. cysteinyl leukotrienes and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic mediator release tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Demoly
- Maladies Respiratoires - INSERM U454, CHU de Montpellier, Cedex, France
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29
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Zhu J, Kilty I, Granger H, Gamble E, Qiu YS, Hattotuwa K, Elston W, Liu WL, Oliva A, Pauwels RA, Kips JC, De Rose V, Barnes N, Yeadon M, Jenkinson S, Jeffery PK. Gene expression and immunolocalization of 15-lipoxygenase isozymes in the airway mucosa of smokers with chronic bronchitis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 27:666-77. [PMID: 12444026 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.4820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) has been implicated in the inflammation of chronic bronchitis (CB), but it is unclear which of its isoforms, 15-LOa or 15-LOb, is primarily involved. To detect 15-LO gene (mRNA) and protein expression, we have applied in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively, to bronchial biopsies obtained from 7 healthy nonsmokers (HNS), 5 healthy smokers (HS), and 8 smokers with CB, and additionally include the airways of lungs resected from 11 asymptomatic smokers (AS) and 11 smokers with CB. Compared with HNS, biopsies in CB demonstrated increased numbers of 15-LOa mRNA+ cells (median: HNS = 31.3/mm(2) versus CB = 84.9/mm(2), P < 0.01) and protein+ cells (HNS = 2.9/mm(2) versus CB = 32.1/mm(2), P < 0.01). The HS group also showed a significant increase in protein+ cells (HNS = 2.9/mm(2) versus HS = 14/mm(2), P < 0.05). In the resected airways, 15-LOa protein+ cells in the submucosal glands of the CB group were more numerous than in the AS group (AS = 33/mm(2) versus CB = 208/mm(2); P < 0.001). 15-LOa mRNA+ and protein+ cells consistently outnumbered 15-LOb by approximately 7- and 5-fold, respectively (P < 0.01). Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of complementary biopsies confirmed the increased levels of 15-LOa in CB compared with that in either HNS or HS (P < 0.05). There was no difference between the subject groups with respect to 15-LOb expression. The numbers of cells expressing mRNA for 15-LOa in CB showed a positive association with those expressing interleukin (IL)-4 mRNA (r = 0.80; P < 0.01). We conclude that the upregulation of 15-LO activity in the airways of HS and of smokers with CB primarily involves the 15-LOa isoform: the functional consequences of its association the upregulation of IL-4 in chronic bronchitis requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Lung Pathology, Department of Gene Therapy, Imperial College at the Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
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Chanez P, Bonnans C, Chavis C, Vachier I. 15-lipoxygenase: a Janus enzyme? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 27:655-8. [PMID: 12444024 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.f253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Chanez
- Clinique des Maladies Respiratoires, INSERM U454-IFR 3, CHU-Montpellier, France.
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Chung KF, Adcock IM. Pathophysiological mechanisms of asthma. Application of cell and molecular biology techniques. Mol Biotechnol 2001; 18:213-32. [PMID: 11503516 DOI: 10.1385/mb:18:3:213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a common increasing and relapsing disease that is associated with genetic and environmental factors such as respiratory viruses and allergens. It causes significant morbidity and mortality. The changes occurring in the airways consist of a chronic eosinophilic and lymphocytic inflammation, together with epithelial and structural remodeling and proliferation, and altered matrix proteins, which underlie airway wall narrowing and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). Several inflammatory mediators released from inflammatory cells such as histamine and cysteinyl-leukotrienes induce bronchoconstriction, mucus production, plasma exudation, and BHR. Increased expression of T-helper 2 (Th2)-derived cytokines such as interleukin-4 and 5 (IL-4, 5) have been observed in the airway mucosa, and these may cause IgE production and terminal differentiation of eosinophils. Chemoattractant cytokines (chemokines) such as eotaxin may be responsible for the chemoattraction of eosinophils to the airways. The initiating events are unclear but may be genetically determined and may be linked to the development of a Th2-skewed allergen-specific immunological memory. The use of molecular biology techniques on tissues obtained from asthmatics is increasing our understanding of the pathophysiology of asthma. With the application of functional genomics and the ability to transfer or delete genes, important pathways underlying the cause if asthma will be unraveled. The important outcome of this is that new preventive and curative treatments may ensue.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Chung
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dovehouse St., London SW3 6LY, UK.
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Abstract
Lipid peroxidation of membrane phospholipids can proceed both enzymatically via the mammalian 15-lipoxygenase-1 or the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase system and non-enzymatically. In some cells, such as reticulocytes, this process is biologically programmed, whereas in the majority of biological systems lipid peroxidation is a deleterious process that has to be repaired via a deacylation-reacylation cycle of phospholipid metabolism. Several reports in the literature pinpoint a stimulation by lipid peroxidation of the activity of secretory phospholipase A(2)s (mainly pancreatic and snake venom enzymes) which was originally interpreted as a repair function. However, recent experiments from our laboratory have demonstrated that in mixtures of lipoxygenated and native phospholipids the former are not preferably cleaved by either secretory or cytosolic phospholipase A(2)s. We propose that the platelet activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolases of type II, which cleave preferentially peroxidised or lipoxygenated phospholipids, are competent for the phospholipid repair, irrespective of their role in PAF metabolism. A corresponding role of Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A(2), which has been proposed to be involved in phospholipid remodelling in biomembranes, has not been addressed so far. Direct and indirect 15-lipoxygenation of phospholipids in biomembranes modulates cell signalling by several ways. The stimulation of phospholipase A(2)-mediated arachidonic acid release may constitute an alternative route of the arachidonic acid cascade. Thus, 15-lipoxygenase-mediated oxygenation of membrane phospholipids and its interaction with phospholipase A(2)s may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diseases, such as bronchial asthma and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nigam
- Eicosanoid Research Division, Department of Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Benjamin Franklin, Free University Berlin, D-12200, Berlin, Germany.
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35
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Kowalski ML, Pawliczak R, Wozniak J, Siuda K, Poniatowska M, Iwaszkiewicz J, Kornatowski T, Kaliner MA. Differential metabolism of arachidonic acid in nasal polyp epithelial cells cultured from aspirin-sensitive and aspirin-tolerant patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:391-8. [PMID: 10673176 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.9902034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid [ASA]) sensitivity associated with severe asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps ("aspirin triad") has been attributed to arachidonic metabolism alternations, although the putative biochemical defects have not been elucidated. The aim of this study was assessment of the hypothesis that local production of eicosanoids in the respiratory epithelium in patients with ASA-sensitive asthma/rhinosinusitis (ASARS) differs from that of ASA-tolerant patients with rhinosinusitis (ATRS). Nasal polyps were obtained from 10 patients with ASARS and 15 with ATRS during routine polypectomies, and epithelial cells (ECs) were cultured on bovine collagen type I matrix (Vitrogen 100), in medium supplemented with growth factors. The generation of eicosanoids in supernatants of confluent ECs (6 to 8 d of culture; purity > 98%) was quantified by immunoassays. Unstimulated ECs from ASARS patients generated significantly less prostaglandin E(2)(PGE(2)) compared with ATRS (0.8 +/- 0.3 versus 2. 4 +/- 0.5 ng/microg double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid [dsDNA], respectively), although a similar relative increase in response to calcium ionophore and inhibition with ASA was observed in both groups. Basal levels of 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) were not different between groups, and calcium ionophore enhanced its production to a similar extent. However, cells incubation with 200 microM ASA for 60 min resulted in a significant increase (mean +359%) in 15-HETE generation only in ASARS patients, whereas no effect of ASA on 15-HETE generation in ATRS patients was observed. PGF(2alpha) generation was similar in both groups, and no significant generation of PGD(2) or leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)) was observed in epithelial cell cultures from either group. Our results indicate that nasal polyps ECs from ASA-sensitive patients have significant abnormality in basal and ASA-induced generation of eicosanoids which may be causally related to the mechanism of ASA sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Kowalski
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Medical University, Lodz, Poland.
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36
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Conrad DJ. The arachidonate 12/15 lipoxygenases. A review of tissue expression and biologic function. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 1999; 17:71-89. [PMID: 10436860 DOI: 10.1007/bf02737598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
12/15-Lipoxygenase is a highly regulated lipid-peroxidating enzyme whose expression and arachidonic acid metabolites are implicated in several important inflammatory conditions including airway and glomerular inflammation as well as atherosclerosis. Tissue expression of the original 12/15-lipoxygenase is well characterized in reticulocytes, eosinophils, airway epithelial cells, and monocytes/macrophages and is likely in other cell systems and tissues under specific conditions. The physiologic role of this family of enzymes is dependent on the context in which it is expressed. In general, the arachidonic acid metabolites antagonize inflammatory responses and counteract the proinflammatory effects of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. However, certain diHETEs are associaled with pro-inflammatory effects, specifically neutrophilic and eosiniphilic chemotaxis. The direct action of these enzymes on complex lipids and cellular membranes also links them to such significant process as reticulocyte maturation, LDL oxidation in atherosclerosis and pulmonary host defenses. The availability of new specific inhibitors and murine lines that lack expression of the homologous 12-lipoxygenase will allow confirmation of many of these effects with in vivo models of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Conrad
- Department of Medicine, San Diego Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of California, CA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mygind
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark
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Hart LA, Krishnan VL, Adcock IM, Barnes PJ, Chung KF. Activation and localization of transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB, in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158:1585-92. [PMID: 9817712 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.158.5.9706116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is associated with increased expression of inflammatory proteins including cytokines, enzymes, and adhesion molecules. Induction of many of the genes for these proteins is regulated by the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). We therefore examined whether airway cells from patients with asthma show increased activation of NF-kappaB. Nuclear proteins were extracted from cells of induced sputum and from bronchial biopsies of normal subjects and patients with asthma. NF-kappaB-binding to its consensus DNA binding site, as investigated with 32P-labeled oligonucleotides and electrophoretic-mobility-shift assay, showed a 2.5-fold increase (p < 0.003) in NF-kappaB-DNA binding in induced sputum of asthma patients. Nuclear staining, representing activated NF-kappaB, was observed in macrophages of induced sputum. Immunohistochemical examination of bronchial biopsy specimens with an antibody to p65, a constituent of NF-kappaB, showed more airway epithelial cells with nuclear staining in asthma patients (45.1 +/- 7.2% versus 20.7 +/- 3.9%; n = 9; p < 0.01), and a 2.5-fold greater number of cells with cytoplasmic staining in the mucosal region (p < 0.05). Pooled nuclear extracts of bronchial biopsy specimens from asthma patients showed a 44% greater level of NF-kappaB-DNA binding. Activation of NF-kappaB may be the basis for increased expression of many inflammatory genes and for the perpetuation of chronic airway inflammation in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Hart
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute at the Imperial College School of Medicine; and Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Chavis C, Vachier I, Bousquet J, Godard P, Chanez P. Generation of eicosanoids from 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in blood monocytes from steroid-dependent asthmatic patients. Biochem Pharmacol 1998; 56:535-41. [PMID: 9763231 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate eicosanoid metabolism by human peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) from steroid-dependent asthmatic patients as compared to control subjects and untreated asthmatic patients. Eicosanoid biosynthesis by PBM isolated from venous blood using Percoll gradient centrifugation was evaluated following stimulation of 5 x 10(6) cells with calcium ionophore A23187, with or without exogenous 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE), and analyzed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Without 15(S)-HETE, PBM synthesized leukotriene B4 (LTB4) only (40 +/- 12 ng and 59 +/- 11 ng for untreated and steroid-dependent asthmatics, respectively). In the presence of 15(S)-HETE, PBM produced six-fold smaller amounts of leukotriene B4 (P < 0.0001). They also released 5(S),15(S)-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5(S),15(S)-diHETE) in similar amounts for all the populations, whereas low amounts of lipoxins (LXs) were produced by PBM from asthmatics only (2.7 +/- 0.7 ng and 4.6 +/- 2.8 ng for untreated and steroid-dependent asthmatics, respectively). Moreover, PBM were also able to release an unknown compound containing conjugated triene chromophore. Cells from steroid-dependent asthmatic patients synthesized this unknown metabolite in higher amounts than controls and untreated asthmatics (133 +/- 18 ng vs 52 +/- 19 ng and 68 +/- 15 ng, respectively, P < 0.02). This work shows for the first time that human PBM are able to metabolize 15(S)-HETE and lead to lipoxins and to an unknown metabolite, with the amounts of the latter being enhanced by long-term corticosteroid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chavis
- INSERM U 454-IFR 3, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France.
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40
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Walter MJ, Look DC, Tidwell RM, Roswit WT, Holtzman MJ. Targeted inhibition of interferon-gamma-dependent intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression using dominant-negative Stat1. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:28582-9. [PMID: 9353323 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.45.28582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A subset of epithelial immune-response genes (including intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)) depends on an IFN-gamma signal transduction pathway with the Stat1 transcription factor as a critical intermediate. Excessive local activation of this pathway may lead to airway inflammation, so we sought to selectively down-regulate the pathway using a dominant-negative strategy for inhibition of epithelial Stat1 in a primary culture airway epithelial cell model. Using a Stat1-deficient cell line, we demonstrated that transfection of wild-type Stat1 expression plasmid restored appropriate Stat1 expression and IFN-gamma-dependent phosphorylation as well as consequent IFN-gamma activation of cotransfected ICAM-1 promoter constructs and endogenous ICAM-1 gene expression. However, mutations of Stat1 at Tyr-701 (JAK kinase phosphorylation site), Glu-428/429 (putative DNA-binding site), His-713 (splice site resulting in Stat1beta formation), or Ser-727 (MAP kinase phosphorylation site) all decreased Stat1 capacity to activate the ICAM-1 promoter. The Tyr-701 mutant (followed by the His-713 mutant) were most effective in disabling Stat1 function and in overcoming the activating effect of cotransfected wild-type Stat1 in this cell system thereby highlighting the effectiveness of blocking Stat1 homo- and hetero-dimerization. In experiments using primary culture human tracheobronchial epithelial cells (hTBECs) and each of the four Stat1 mutant plasmids, transfection with the Tyr-701 and His-713 mutants again most effectively inhibited IFN-gamma activation of an ICAM-1 gene promoter construct. Then by transfecting hTBECs with wild-type or mutant Stat1 tagged with a Flag reporter sequence, we used dual immunofluorescence to show that hTBECs expressing the Tyr-701 or His-713 mutants were prevented from expressing endogenous ICAM-1 in response to IFN-gamma treatment. The capacity of a specific Stat1 mutations to exert a potent dominant-negative effect on IFN-gamma signal transduction provides for further definition of Stat1 structure function and a means for natural or engineered expression of mutant Stat1 to selectively down-regulate activity of this pathway in a cell type- or tissue-specific manner during immune and/or inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Walter
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Brash AR, Boeglin WE, Chang MS. Discovery of a second 15S-lipoxygenase in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:6148-52. [PMID: 9177185 PMCID: PMC21017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.12.6148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/1997] [Accepted: 04/09/1997] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipoxygenase metabolism of arachidonic acid occurs in specific blood cell types and epithelial tissues and is activated in inflammation and tissue injury. In the course of studying lipoxygenase expression in human skin, we detected and characterized a previously unrecognized enzyme that at least partly accounts for the 15S-lipoxygenase metabolism of arachidonic acid in certain epithelial tissues. The cDNA was cloned from human hair roots, and expression of the mRNA was detected also in prostate, lung, and cornea; an additional 16 human tissues, including peripheral blood leukocytes, were negative for the mRNA. The cDNA encodes a protein of 676 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 76 kDa. The amino acid sequence has approximately 40% identity to the known human 5S-, 12S-, and 15S-lipoxygenases. When expressed in HEK 293 cells, the newly discovered enzyme converts arachidonic acid exclusively to 15S-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid, while linoleic acid is less well metabolized. These features contrast with the previously reported 15S-lipoxygenase, which oxygenates arachidonic acid mainly at C-15, but also partly at C-12, and for which linoleic acid is an excellent substrate. The different catalytic activities and tissue distribution suggest a distinct function for the new enzyme compared with the previously reported human 15S-lipoxygenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.
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Henricks PA, Bloemen PG, Nijkamp FP. Adhesion molecules and the recruitment of eosinophils to the airways. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 148:18-28. [PMID: 9176915 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(97)86270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P A Henricks
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Holgate ST. Asthma: a dynamic disease of inflammation and repair. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 1997; 206:5-28; discussion 28-34, 106-10. [PMID: 9257003 DOI: 10.1002/9780470515334.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that asthma in its varied forms is an inflammatory disorder of the airways in which mediator release from activated mast cells and eosinophils plays a major role. T lymphocytes take a primary role in orchestrating these processes through their capacity to generate a range of cytokines of the interleukin 4 gene cluster encoded on the long arm of chromosome 5. Additional cytokines derived from mast cells and eosinophils also play a key role, especially tumour necrosis factor alpha, which is responsible for initiating the up-regulation of vascular adhesion molecules involved in the recruitment of eosinophils and other inflammatory cells from the circulation. The importance of C-X-C and C-C chemokines as local chemoattractants and activating stimuli is also recognized. In addition to releasing an array of pharmacologically active autacoids, the inflammatory response in asthma results in the generation of proteolytic activities from mast cells (tryptase, chymase), eosinophils (MMP-9) and the epithelium itself (MMP-2, MMP-9), which exert tissue-destructive and cell-signalling effects. The epithelium is also highly activated, as evidenced by the up-regulation of cytokine production, inducible enzymes and soluble mediators. Increased surface expression of the epithelial isoform of CD44 (9v) and subepithelial proliferation of myofibroblasts are indicative of a simultaneous active repair process and the laying down of new interstitial collagens. Together, inflammatory and repair processes create the complex phenotype that characterizes asthma and its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Holgate
- School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, UK
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44
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Cornicelli JA, Welch K, Auerbach B, Feinmark SJ, Daugherty A. Mouse peritoneal macrophages contain abundant omega-6 lipoxygenase activity that is independent of interleukin-4. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16:1488-94. [PMID: 8977453 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.16.12.1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The action of an omega-6 lipoxygenase (LO) has been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis through a mechanism involving oxidation of LDL, and its regulation in macrophages may have important implications for the disease process. Human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) showed no demonstrable LO protein or activity unless they were incubated with interleukin-4 (IL-4). In contrast, mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs) possessed significant basal levels of LO activity and protein that were augmented by IL-4 treatment. Interferon gamma prevented the induction of LO in both HMDMs and MPMs. Whereas interferon gamma could completely block the IL-4 induction of LO in human cells, it did not suppress basal LO activity in MPMs. Both HMDMs and MPMs exhibited similar concentration-response relationships for stimulation of LO activity and protein, with maximal induction at 1 ng/mL IL-4. The time course of IL-4 induction of LO activity was markedly different in human and murine cells. IL-4 induced LO activity and protein in human cells by 48 hours that were maximal by 72 hours; there was a decline to a new baseline by 96 hours. MPMs have a significant amount of LO activity at baseline, which declined with time by nearly 10-fold in the absence of IL-4, IL-4 blunted the decline of LO activity with time and restored activity to that found at baseline by 48 hours. IL-4 was not responsible for the LO activity present in freshly isolated MPMs since both activity and protein content were similar in cells harvested from IL-4+/+ and IL-/- mice. Therefore, whereas IL-4 may be an important modulator of LO production in vitro, it is not essential for the in vivo expression of this protein. Further, these studies demonstrate that significant differences exist between monocyte-derived macrophages matured in vitro and tissue macrophages that have matured in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Cornicelli
- Department of Atherosclerosis Therapeutics, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division, Warner Lambert Co, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Kuitert LM, Newton R, Barnes NC, Adcock IM, Barnes PJ. Eicosanoid mediator expression in mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells in normal subjects and patients with atopic asthma and cystic fibrosis. Thorax 1996; 51:1223-8. [PMID: 8994519 PMCID: PMC472767 DOI: 10.1136/thx.51.12.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eicosanoids such as leukotrienes, prostaglandins, lipoxins, and 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) cause bronchoconstriction, increased microvascular permeability, mucus secretion, and polymorph chemotaxis. These pro-inflammatory effects are important in diseases such as asthma and cystic fibrosis where the levels of mediators are increased both in the stable and acute state. A study was conducted to examine the expression of the mRNA for the enzymes of the eicosanoid pathways (5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP), cyclo-oxygenases 1 and 2 (COX-1, COX-2), and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO)) in normal subjects and in patients with stable atopic asthma and stable cystic fibrosis. METHODS Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to examine the expression of total RNA for 5-LO, FLAP, COX-1, COX-2, and 15-LO in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells and mononuclear cells from the three subjects groups. RESULTS The expression of mRNA for 5-LO and FLAP was similar in normal subjects and in patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis. COX-1 was increased in both cell types in asthmatic patients. COX-2 and 15-LO were increased in polymorphs of patients with atopic asthma but not in mononuclear cells. COX-2 and 15-LO were undetectable in either cell type in patients with cystic fibrosis whereas COX-1 levels in polymorphs were similar to those in patients with asthma. CONCLUSIONS The increased leukotriene production in asthma and cystic fibrosis is not explained by an increase in transcription of 5-LO and FLAP. Transcription of 15-LO and COX-2 is increased in atopic asthma. Transcription of COX-1 is increased in both atopic asthma and cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Kuitert
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
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46
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The eicosanoids: cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and epoxygenase pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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48
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Abstract
There have been significant advances in our understanding of the role of eicosanoids as mediators in inflammation since their discovery over 50 years ago. Our more recent understanding of asthma as an inflammatory disease has led to the appreciation of eicosanoids potentially being pivotal mediators in promoting some of the changes in asthma. Of particular importance are the cysteinyl LTs in producing bronchospasm and bronchial hyperresponsivenss, and PGE2 in modulating the bronchospastic and inflammatory response. Evidence from clinical studies suggests that other eicosanoids may also contribute, but their importance is secondary and their relative contributions vary between individuals. The development of new drugs based on our partial understanding of the role that eicosanoid mediators may play in asthma promises new approaches to the treatment of this common chronic inflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Thien
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Vic, Australia
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Holtzman MJ, Zhang V, Hussain H, Roswit WT, Wilson JD. Prostaglandin H synthase and lipoxygenase gene families in the epithelial cell barrier. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 744:58-77. [PMID: 7825863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb52724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial barrier cells (in skin, gut, and airway) are both active modulators and important targets of the inflammatory response, and some of these cellular events may be regulated at a molecular level by products of phospholipid-arachidonic acid metabolism. Accordingly, we have defined some of the characteristics of gene expression and enzyme regulation for distinct members of the PGH synthase and lipoxygenase gene families in normal and inflamed epithelial tissues and in epithelial cells isolated from mucosal and epidermal tissue (Table 1). A unifying scheme for our findings includes the following enzymatic systems: (i) a PGH synthase-1/PG isomerase pathway responsible for constitutive generation of prostaglandins (e.g., PGE2) and maintenance of physiologic epithelial function; (ii) a PGH synthase-2/PG isomerase and synthase pathway capable of producing additional prostaglandins (e.g., excess PGE2 and/or PGF2 alpha and PGD2) especially after stimulation by growth factors and cytokines; and (iii) a family of arachidonate 12- and 15-lipoxygenases that may serve to generate hydroxy acids (e.g., 12- and 15-HETE) as mediators of basal epithelial function and that (after overexpression and oxidant activation) may also catalyze membrane peroxidation that contributes to epithelial damage during inflammation. The regulatory mechanisms inherent in the control of this scheme provide a biochemical rationale for balancing constitutive and inducible oxygenation activities and maintaining epithelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Holtzman
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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Hussain H, Shornick LP, Shannon VR, Wilson JD, Funk CD, Pentland AP, Holtzman MJ. Epidermis contains platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase that is overexpressed in germinal layer keratinocytes in psoriasis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1994; 266:C243-53. [PMID: 8304420 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1994.266.1.c243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human epidermal cells exhibited none of the cytosolic lipoxygenase activity that is prominent in mucosal epithelial cells, but instead contained a microsomal activity that converted arachidonic acid to 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE). Identification of the extractable 12-HETE-forming activity as a 12-lipoxygenase (distinct from cytochrome P-450) included (S)-12-stereospecificity of product formation, trapping of 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid as an intermediate reaction product, and lack of NADPH dependence for activity. Epidermal cell poly(A)+ RNA contained high levels of a 2.3-kb mRNA that selectively hybridized with human platelet 12-lipoxygenase cDNA, and partial cDNA sequence of this mRNA indicated identity to platelet 12-lipoxygenase. The epidermal 12-lipoxygenase was not recognized by antibodies against the leukocyte-type 12- and 15-lipoxygenases (found in leukocytes, reticulocytes, and mucosal epithelial cells) but was detected by an antiplatelet 12-lipoxygenase antibody. The epidermal 12-lipoxygenase antigen was selectively expressed in germinal layer keratinocytes in healthy and psoriatic skin, and these layers exhibited hyperplasia and increased immunostaining in inflamed psoriatic skin. Together with previous results, these observations indicate that 1) epidermis generates 12-HETE by either cytochrome P-450 or lipoxygenase-based mechanisms depending on reaction conditions, and 2) 12-lipoxygenases (originally described in hematopoietic cell types) may be expressed in at least two distinct isoforms in epithelial barriers in humans, and in the case of the skin, a microsomal (platelet-type) 12-lipoxygenase is selectively overexpressed in germinal layer keratinocytes during psoriatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hussain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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